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Identification of TCP Transcription Factors in Artemisia annua and Analysis of Their Expression Patterns under MeJA Treatment MA Qiyang, SONG Ge Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 62-74.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.007 Abstract （1460）      PDF （13374KB）（25）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the genome data of Artemisia annua，the TCP gene family members were identified，and their protein physicochemical properties，evolutionary relationships，and cis‑acting elements were analyzed. Transcriptome data were used to analyze the expression pattern of TCP transcription factors in Artemisia annua under different light treatments，and qRT‑PCR was used to detect their expression under methyl jasmonate（MeJA）treatment.The results showed that a total of 29 TCP genes（AaTCPs）were identified. AaTCPs differed greatly in protein physicochemical properties，in which the number of amino acids and protein molecular mass ranged from 132 to 443 and 14.60 to 47.86 ku，respectively，and the isoelectric points，instability indices，and fat coefficients were in the ranges of 5.67 to 9.99，33.28 to 69.77，and 51.70 to 77.40，respectively，and all of them were nuclear proteins.Phylogenetic relationships showed that AaTCPs could be classified into class Ⅰ（11）and class Ⅱ（18），unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes.The Motif number of AaTCPs ranged from 1 to 7，all of them contained one conserved TCP2 structural domain，and a large number of light‑，hormone‑，and stress‑responsive elements were present in their promoters.Protein interaction predictions revealed tight interactions among the protein members of AaTCPs except for AaTCP12 and AaTCP8.Transcriptome data showed that the expression levels of AaTCPs varied under different light treatments，and the expression of most genes was induced by light. qRT‑PCR analysis revealed that the expression of AaTCPs all increased to different degrees under MeJA treatment，showing dynamic changes with the extension of treatment time.In summary，the AaTCP gene family plays a significant role in light regulation and hormone response processes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Soybean and Maize Stubbles on Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Winter Wheat Rhizosphere Soil GUO Hui, LIAN Yanhao, ZHAO Zhibo, REN Yongzhe, WANG Zhiqiang, LIN Tongbao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 79-89.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.009 Abstract （1438）      PDF （3686KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the differences in the effects of maize stubble and soybean stubble in the Huang‑Huai‑Hai area，in 2023，rhizosphere soil samples at the jointing stage of winter wheat were collected under the conditions of long‑term positioning test fields for up to 4 years（2019—2023）.The responses of rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and function to no nitrogen application（N0）and conventional nitrogen application（N240，pure nitrogen 240 kg/ha） were studied by using 16S high‑throughput sequencing technology combined with Tax4Fun2 function prediction analysis in the jointing stage of winter wheat under maize（M）stubble and soybean（S）stubble，respectively.There were four treatments（MN0，SN0，MN240，SN240）in total.The results showed that，at the phylum level，Proteobacteria，Acidobacteria，Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriota were the dominant rhizosphere bacteria of winter wheat with a relative abundance of 66.66%—69.56%.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in S stubble was significantly increased by 19.10% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05），and under N240 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in S stubble was significantly increased by 11.90% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05）.At the order level，Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales were the dominant bacteria with a relative abundance of 18.42%—19.68%. Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Vicinamibacterales in S stubble was significantly reduced by 13.69% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05）；The relative abundance of Burkholderiales was increased significantly by 11.31%（P<0.05）.Through the Tax4Fun2 function prediction and the KEGG data comparison，it was found that there were significant differences in the relative abundance of seven functional pathways under the metabolism category under N0 nitrogen application rate（P<0.05），and correlation analysis further revealed that there was a significant correlation between Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales and amino acid metabolism pathways（P<0.01）.There were 26 functional genes involved in soil nitrogen cycling pathway in winter wheat soil bacteria，and the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes accounted for the largest proportion.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes norB，norC and nirS in M stubble was significantly higher than that in S stubble（P<0.05）.In conclusion，the stubble causes the soil bacterial community structure of winter wheat to change under different amount of nitrogen. Different stubble affects the nitrogen metabolism function of bacterial community by changing the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial community. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of Callus Induction and Regeneration System of Cyperus esculentus ZHU Yajing, ZHANG Xiangge, XU Xinran, HU Haiyan, CHENG Shan, CHEN Chen, LI Chunxin, SONG Wanxian, SONG Wenxu, WANG Huiwei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 73-81.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.009 Abstract （1420）      PDF （3147KB）（41）       Knowledge map    Save In order to establish an efficient callus induction and regeneration system of Cyperus esculentus,the explants（young root,young leaf,young leaf sheath and tillering node)for callus induction were screened,and the effects of different plant growth regulator combinations on callus induction,proliferation and differentiation were explored.The results showed that the best explant for callus induction of Cyperus esculentus was tillering node;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus induction was 2.5 mg/L 2,4⁃D+0.6 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.6 mg/L NAA+0.9 mg/L ZT,and the induction rate could reach 65.58%;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus proliferation was 0.5 mg/L 2,4⁃D+0.9 mg/L 6⁃BA+1.2 mg/L NAA+1.2 mg/L ZT,and the proliferation rate could reach 68.12%;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus differentiation was 0.9 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.6 mg/L NAA,and the differentiation rate could reach 66.67%.In this study,the best explants suitable for callus induction of Cyperus esculentus were screened,and the conditions of callus induction,proliferation and differentiation of Cyperus esculentus were optimized,which could lay a foundation for the subsequent research and breeding application of biotechnology such as somatic hybridization and genetic transformation of Cyperus esculentus. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Analysis of Chromosome Sets Characteristics of Sesame Cultivated Species and Wild Species Based on FISH and GISH Technologies MA Qin, ZHAO Ruihong, JU Ming, CHEN Chengbin, DUAN Yinghui, YANG Weifei, MIAO Hongmei, ZHANG Haiyang, Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 48-53.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.006 Abstract （1387）      PDF （2483KB）（55）       Knowledge map    Save To reveal the evolutionary characteristics of Sesamum,explore the genome structure revolution and species evolution,and promote the development and utilization of wild resources,the cultivated species S.indicum(var.Yuzhi 11)and the 2n=26 type wild species S.alatum(var.3651)were used as experimental materials,fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)and genome fluorescence in situ hybridization(GISH)techniques were used to analyze the chromosome sets characteristics of sesame cultivated species and wild species.The results showed that both the cultivated species Yuzhi 11 and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)were 2n=2x=26 karyotype;the rDNA⁃FISH hybridization results indicated that in the 13 pairs of chromosomes of the cultivated species Yuzhi 11,3 pairs of chromosomes(the 7th,8th and 9th pairs)had 45S rDNA⁃specific signals at the short arm tips,which were displayed as satellite specific chromosome.At the same time,2 pairs of chromosomes(the 5th and 11th pairs)had 5S rDNA⁃specific signals on the short arms,with the 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA signals located on different chromosomes. In the wild species S.alatum(var.3651),2 pairs of chromosomes(the 4th and 7th pairs)carried 45S rDNA hybridization signals and 1 pair of chromosome(the 4th pair)carried 5S rDNA specific signals,with the 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA signals located on the same chromosome but at different positions.This indicated that there were significant differences in chromosome characteristics between the cultivated species and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651).The GISH hybridization results showed that when using the genomic DNA of the cultivated species Yuzhi 11 and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)as probes for self⁃hybridization,each chromosome carried hybridization signals of varying strengths,while hybridization with the other’s chromosomes showed very few hybridization signals.The cultivated species and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)have the same number of chromosomes,but there are clear differences in the quantity,distribution of rDNA,and GISH signal sites,indicating that the 2n=26 type cultivated species and wild species have distant phylogenetic relationship. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth Response and Tolerance Evaluation of 32 Spinach Varieties to Cadmium Stress MIAO Mingjun, LI Jiajia, LEI Xiaokui, LIN Yang, LIAO Jichao, ZHONG Jian, LI Ju, LI Yuejian, CHANG Wei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 108-116.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.011 Abstract （1340）      PDF （2257KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save Cadmium(Cd)is a highly toxic heavy metal element.To identify Cd‑tolerant spinach varieties and screen related identification indexes,and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of Cd‑tolerant varieties,in the present study,we conducted a hydroponic experiment using 32 spinach varieties in China.The spinach was exposed to Cd stress(Cd concentration of 50 μmol/L)for 20 days,while the other group of plants was treated as a control(Cd concentration of 0 μmol/L).After the plants reached maturity,we measured the agronomic traits and Cd content.The integrated Cd tolerance of each spinach variety was evaluated by principal component analysis,affiliation function analysis,and correlation analysis.The results showed that plant height,root length,underground fresh weight,aboveground fresh weight,aboveground Cd content,underground Cd content and translocation coefficient of the participating varieties under Cd stress conditions were significantly different from the control.Under Cd stress,the growth and biomass accumulation of spinach were inhibited,and the indicators of each trait decreased significantly.The order of average reduction of each agronomic index was aboveground fresh weight>plant height>underground fresh weight>root length.The principal component analysis of Cd stress tolerance index of the seven indexes was performed,and three principal components were selected，with a cumulative variance contribution of 81.552%;The composite evaluation value(D value)showed highly significant positive correlations(P<0.01)with plant height,underground fresh weight,aboveground fresh weight,aboveground Cd content,and translocation coefficient,which can be used as the preferred indexes for the evaluation of Cd tolerance in spinach.Based on the principal component analysis,we classified the 32 spinach varieties into three categories:Cd‑tolerant,moderate,and Cd‑sensitive varieties.Among the varieties tested,Jin’ge and Micro orchid exhibited strong Cd tolerance,while Desai 176 was found to be Cd‑sensitive. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Filling Characteristics of Grains at Different Positions of Maize Ear ZHANG Panpan, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, YU Xiaohong, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, QIAO Jiangfang, ZHANG Guitang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 16-27.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.002 Abstract （1233）      PDF （1837KB）（58）       Knowledge map    Save The high Zn efficiency variety Zhengdan 958(ZD958)and Zn no‑sensitive variety Longping 638(LP638)were used as materials.The field plot experiment was conducted with three N rates[225 kg/ha(HN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 90 kg/ha(LN)]and two foliar Zn treatments［no Zn(F0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(F1)],and the effects of N and Zn application on the filling characteristics of grains at different positions and their relationship with grain yield of different Zn efficiency varieties were studied,so as to provide reference for N and Zn application in the maize production.The results showed that HN treatment had the highest yield,followed by MN treatment,and there was no significant difference between HN treatment and MN treatment.HN treatment increased grain weight at different positions.MN treatment delayed the time with the maximum grain‑filling rate(TGmax)at different positions,and increased the maximum grain‑filling rate(Gmax)at upper position and active grain‑filling period(D)at basal position of ZD958 ear,while HN treatment delayed TGmax,prolonged D of different positions,and enhanced the grain weight with the maximum grain‑filling rate(WGmax)at upper and basal positions of LP638 ear,thus increasing grain yield.Compared with F0 treatment,F1 treatment significantly decreased the bare tip length by 9.9%,significantly increased the yield by 2.0%,increased the grain weight,extended D and postponed TGmax at upper and basal positions of ZD958 ear,and increased WGmax.The grain yield was significantly positively correlated with TGmax at basal position of ear,and the grain weight at middle position of ear was extremely significantly positively correlated with the grain weight at basal position of ear.To sum up,applying 180 kg/ha N and spraying 4.5 kg/ha Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can delay TGmax at upper and basal positions of ear，extend D,and increase WGmax and grain weight of high Zn efficiency maize genotype,thus promoting the increase of yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of HSF Gene Family in Eucommia ulmoides and Its Expression Analysis under Adverse Stresses WU Shujuan, XU Feng, WANG Guangan, WANG Chen Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 46-56.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.005 Abstract （1169）      PDF （6355KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Save Heat shock transcription factors（HSFs）play important roles in plant growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses.In order to understand the information of HSF gene family members in Eucommia ulmoides and reveal the structural characteristics and expression patterns of EuHSFs,this study analyzed the physicochemical properties,protein structure,phylogeny,gene structure,conserved domains,promoter cis‑acting elements,and the expression patterns of EuHSF genes in different developmental periods and abiotic stresses by bioinformatics methods and qRT‑PCR.The results showed that a total of 21 EuHSF genes were identified from Eucommia ulmoides,which differed in protein properties,with amino acid numbers,protein theoretical molecular masses,isoelectric points and instability coefficients ranging from 68—369,7.72—42.06 ku,4.31—9.22,and 7.05—67.28,respectively,and mainly consisted of acidic,hydrophilic,and unstable nuclear proteins.Phylogeneticanalysis showed that EuHSFs were divided into three subgroups,including ClassⅠ(1 EuHSF),ClassⅡ(7 EuHSFs)and ClassⅢ(13 EuHSFs),and promoter cis‑acting element analysis revealed that a large number of light‑responsive and hormone‑responsive elements in EuHSF genes.In addition,EuHSF genes were expressed at different developmental periods in Eucommia ulmoides leaves,but there were significant differences in the expression patterns. qRT‑PCR revealed that all EuHSFs responded to different abiotic stresses(high temperature,low temperature,high salinity,and drought),e.g.,most of the EuHSFs showed elevated expression under high‑temperature stress with the prolongation of the treatment time，and they were strongly responsive to both high and low temperatures.In summary,the EuHSF gene family has the function of regulating plant response to abiotic stresses. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Expression Analysis of HD‑ZIP Family in Salvia miltiorrhiza LI Wan, CHENG Ruixing, DANG Xin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 66-78.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.008 Abstract （1046）      PDF （6842KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save To screen HD‑ZIP genes（SmHD‑ZIPs）in Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to high temperature stress，SmHD‑ZIPs were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics，and the expression pattern of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature stress was detected by qPCR. The results showed that there were 44 HD‑ZIP genes in S.miltiorrhiza，most of which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes. SmHD‑ZIPs could be divided into four subfamilies：HD‑ZIP Ⅰ，HD‑ZIP Ⅱ，HD‑ZIP Ⅲ，HD‑ZIP Ⅳ. The sequence analysis results showed that the amino acid residues of these proteins ranged from 180 to 982，and the relative molecular weight of these proteins ranged from 20. 947 ku to 109. 620 ku. SmHD‑ZIPs were hydrophilic proteins without transmembrane domain，and most of them did not contain signal peptides.The isoelectric points of SmHD‑ZIPs were between 4. 48 and 10. 91，and they were almost expressed in the nucleus with the poor protein stability. Among the 44 SmHD‑ZIP genes，there were 10 gene duplication events，all of which were purified selection. The results of structure and motif analysis showed that the exon number of members of the same subfamily was basically the same，and the members of HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily had the largest exon number and the largest motif number. Motifs 1 and 6 were conserved motifs of SmHD‑ZIP，motifs 10，11，12，13 and 15 was unique to the HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily，while motif 5 were unique to the HD‑ZIP IV subfamily. By analyzing the expression patterns of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature（37℃）stress，it was found that the number of genes with increased and decreased expression was basically the same. Among the genes with up‑regulated expression，the expression levels of SmHD‑ZIP1.11，SmHD‑ZIP1.13，SmHD‑ZIP2.2，SmHD‑ZIP2.5，SmHD‑ZIP3.1，SmHD‑ZIP3.4，SmHD‑ZIP4.9，SmHD‑ZIP4.10 and SmHD‑ZIP4.12 were increased by more than 10 times，which could be used as candidate gene resources to improve the heat resistance of S.miltiorrhiza. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Complete Gene Sequencing of Bacilus subtilis Isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa and Study of Genes Related to Growth‑promoting Effects LA Guixiao, WANG Linlin, GUO Junqi, ZHAO Yulong, GUO Hongxia, JIA Hui, YANG Tiegang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 75-85.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.008 Abstract （1040）      PDF （3510KB）（45）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the genes associated with the growth‑promoting effects of Bacillus subtilis in Rehmannia glutinosa，whole genome sequencing was performed in this study and the genes associated with the growth‑promoting effects were discovered through functional annotation.The results showed that the genome size of Bacillus subtilis，an endophytic growth‑promoting bacterium of Rehmannia glutinosa，was 4 310 699 bp，with a GC content of 43.44%，and a total of 4 521 predicted coding genes.A total of 3 013，3 354，4 395，206，52，and 212 functional genes were annotated in the clusters of orthologous groups（COG） ，gene ontology（GO） ，kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） ，carbohydrate‑active enzymes（CAZyme），comprehensive antibiotic resistance database（CARD），and virulence factor database（VFDB），respectively.The annotation results indicated that there were 46 genes related to growth‑promoting function，with the majority of these genes involved in phosphorus solubilization，nitrogen fixation，and iron carrier processes.In the meantime，anti‑SMASH predicted that a total of 409 genes were enriched into 12 secondary metabolite synthesis gene clusters，with the majority encoding eight repressors，including fengycin，1‑carbapen‑2‑em‑3‑carboxylic acid，bacillaene，bacilysin，subtilosin A，surfactin，pulcherriminic acid，and bacillibactin.Among these，pulcherriminic acid and bacillibactin had been observed to facilitate the chelation of ferric ions in the surrounding environment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Accumulation and Distribution of Mineral Elements in Plant of Maize Varieties with Different Zinc Efficiency ZHANG Panpan, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, ZHOU Yanli, CHENG Zeqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.001 Abstract （971）      PDF （2797KB）（137）       Knowledge map    Save With Zhengdan 958(ZD958)with high zinc(Zn)efficiency and Longping 638(LP638)with Zn insensitivity as materials,the field plot experiment was conducted with three nitrogen(N)rates[90 kg/ha(LN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 225 kg/ha(HN)]and two foliar Zn treatments[no Zn(F0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(F1)]to analyze the effects of N and Zn application on content,accumulation and distribution of mineral elements in plant and grain yield of maize,so as to provide reference for N and Zn application in the maize production.The results showed that the highest copper(Cu)and Zn content in grain was found under MN treatment,with 1.82 mg/kg and 16.23 mg/kg,respectively.F1 treatment could increase the contents of N and Zn and Zn availability.The accumulation of N,phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)in plant was the highest in LP638 under MNF1 treatment;The highest accumulation of Cu and Zn was found in ZD958 under LNF1 treatment,while the highest accumulation of manganese(Mn)and iron(Fe)under HNF1 treatment.The highest proportion of N,P and Cu in grain was obtained in LP638 under HNF1 treatment;The higher proportion of Zn was found in ZD958 under HNF0 and LNF0 treatments.HN treatment had the highest grain yield with an average of 10.31 t/ha,followed by MN treatment,and LN treatment was the lowest.There was significantly positive correlation between P content and Mn content in grain of two varieties;K content was significantly positively correlated with Fe content and Zn content,but significantly negatively correlated with Cu content in LP638.To sum up,180 kg/ha N and spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can increase Zn availability and accumulation of mineral elements in maize grain，promote the synchronous improvement of yield and mineral nutrition,and can be promoted in maize field production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Metabolites Mining and Path Enrichment Analysis of Tigernut Tuber Formation GUO Xiaoyang, LA Guixiao, XU Xinran, YU Yange, DAI Dandan, LI Yanpeng, WANG Yanhong, GUO Hongxia, YANG Tiegang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 30-43.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.004 Abstract （812）      PDF （4749KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Save In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography Abstract：In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.And then，the differential metabolites related to the formation of tubers were screened by multivariate statistical method，and KEGG metabolic pathways associated with differential metabolites were enriched.The results showed that a total of 1 217 metabolites were detected in unexpanded stolons（PFJ1），expanded stolons（PFJ2）and new tubers（JD1）.According to the conditions of VIP（Variable importance in the projection）>1，P<0.05 and FC（Fold change）>2 or FC<0.5，35 differential metabolites were screened for JD1 vs PFJ1，of which 26 were up‑regulated and nine were down‑regulated；JD1 vs PFJ2 identified 57 differential metabolites，of which 50 were up‑regulated and seven were down‑regulated；PFJ2 vs PFJ1 identified 39 differential metabolites，of which three were up‑regulated and 36 down‑regulated. The metabolites were identified as amino acids and their derivatives，nucleotides and their derivatives，organic oxygen compounds，flavonoids，phenylpropanes，phenols and so on. The relative content analysis of differential metabolites showed that the content of glutathione in JD1 was 14.021 times that in PFJ1 and 29.195 times that in PFJ2.The content of 3‑methy‑L‑histidine in JD1 was 10.463 times that in PFJ1 and 129.931 times that in PFJ2.The content of kaempferol in JD1 was 0.421 times that in PFJ1 and 0.358 times that in PFJ2.KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed metabolites was further conducted，and they were mainly concentrated into KEGG pathways such as aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis，arginine and proline metabolism，alanine，aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism，phenylalanine metabolism，flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.In summary，amino acids and flavonoids were the main metabolites related to the formation of tubers，and the metabolic pathways were mainly concentrated in aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.   Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sensitivity Analysis and Applicability Evaluation of the AquaCrop Model for Sesame Crop Parameters LI Mengyao, GUAN Haoyue, ZHANG Jiantao, HUANG Ming, LI Feng, RONG Yasi, LI Youjun, LI Guoqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 149-159.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.017 Abstract （684）      PDF （3280KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Save The objective is to enhance the calibration efficiency of the AquaCrop model for sesame crop parameters and verify the applicability of the model. The initial value and value range of sesame crop parameters were determined based on the experimental data（2022—2023）and related literatures.The EFAST method was used to perform global sensitivity analysis of 53 sesame crop parameters，uncertainty analysis of simulation results and parameters calibration validation. The results showed that 27 parameters were sensitive to the maximum biomass of each treatment，including CDM，CDSE，POFE，RSWT，PSENSP，PSTOSP，RSWB and ECSW with TSi above 0.3.And 14 parameters were sensitive to grain yield of each treatment，including POHX，RSWT，CDSE，DMCON，PSTO and PSTOSP with TSi higher than 0.2.The decision coefficient（R2） of simulated and measured canopy coverage and aboveground biomass ranged from 0.875 to 0.954 and 0.951 to 0.970，respectively.Futhermore，the normalized root mean square error（NRMSE） ranged from 11. 5% to 18.1% and 18. 9% to 27.7%，respectively.Meanwhile，the Nash‑Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients（NSE） were 0.873—0.940 and 0.930—0.959，respectively.The relative error between the simulated and measured values of yield was between 0.03 and 0.07.The localized AquaCrop model can better simulate the dynamic development process of sesame，which can be used to optimize sesame management and forecast future production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Nitrogen Inhibitors HUANG Boxuan, ZHENG Cangsong, SUN Miao, SHAO Jingjing, FENG Weina, LI Pengcheng, DONG Helin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.001 Abstract （387）      PDF （1303KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen inhibitors have the advantages of increasing crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency，and reducing nitrogen application costs and environmental pollution risks，providing a technological pathway for the green and efficient development of modern agriculture.They mainly included nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors.This article summarized the research and development history，mechanism of action，and application effects of nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors，and prospected their future research directions，in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of nitrogen inhibitors. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Respiration ZHU Leyang, ZHANG Xizhe, TAO Jiang, WANG Xiu, HAN Yanying, YE Yanhui Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 1-11.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.001 Abstract （336）      PDF （1280KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen deposition，as a critical ecological factor in the soil ecosystem，significantly affects the structure and function of ecosystems.To systematically elucidate the impact of nitrogen deposition on soil respiration，the effects of nitrogen deposition on soil root respiration，soil microorganism respiration，soil animal respiration and chemical oxidation of soil carbon⁃containing minerals were reviewed，and the specific effects of different nitrogen deposition gradients on soil respiration were analyzed.In order to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent in⁃depth monitoring and research of soil respiration and related life activities，the future research directions in the field of soil respiration were prospected. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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mRNA Vaccines：Research Progress and Applications in Animal Infectious Diseases ZHAI Chongkai, MAO Fuchao, TIAN Wenjing, WANG Conghui, WANG Yingxian, ZHANG Hewei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 10-21.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.002 Abstract （326）      PDF （3322KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Save Compared to traditional approaches，RNA vaccines offer advantages such as high safety，good efficacy，and short development cycle，which makes them have unique advantages in the prevention and control of infectious diseases.Currently，mRNA vaccines have made great progress in the prevention and control of COVID‑19，influenza，Ebola，Zika and other human diseases，but the research on mRNA vaccines for animals is still not in‑depth.Therefore，the development of mRNA vaccines for animals to prevent and control infectious diseases in livestock，poultry，and wild animals has become one of the important research directions in the field of animal diseases and public health.This review comprehensively discusses the design，preparation，delivery system，application，advantages，challenges and prospects of mRNA vaccines against animal infectious diseases，to provide valuable insights for the development and research of future animal mRNA vaccines. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Application of Rational Design of Enzyme in Crop Breeding and Prospect WANG Donghui, WANG Aoxuan, HE Changhai, LIU Zhihao, SHI Yongchun, WANG Ran, WANG Xiaoran Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.001 Abstract （292）      PDF （1812KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save Excellent germplasm resources are important guarantee for food security，and traditional breeding techniques have problems such as long breeding cycles and intensive workloads. With the deep integration of biology and computer technology，the rational design of enzyme used for directional optimization of key crop genes has laid the foundation for greater exploitation of high‑quality genetic resources.It further integrates with gene editing and transgenic technologies，and becomes one of the important directions in the exploration of molecular breeding technology.This article elaborated the common methods of rational design of enzyme，such as molecular docking，molecular dynamic simulations，binding free energy evaluation and so on，reviewed the progress on application of rational design of enzyme in improvement of crop quality，stress resistance and biomass，and the future was prospected，to provide reference for the development and utilization of new technologies in crop breeding. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application Status and Research Progress of Bioaugmentation Technology in Agricultural Waste Composting Treatment TIAN Jingjie, CUI Erping, LIU Chuncheng, HU Chao, LI Zhongyang, CUI Bingjian Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (11): 1-16.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.11.001 Abstract （255）      PDF （1510KB）（103）       Knowledge map    Save Composting treatment is one of the crucial approaches to achieve the harmlessness and resource utilization of agricultural wastes.Nevertheless,conventional composting methods suffer from issues such as a prolonged fermentation period,low conversion efficiency,significant nutrient loss，difficult control of secondary pollution,as well as the emission of odors and greenhouse gases.Microorganisms have emerged as effective means to address the aforementioned problems due to their characteristics of promoting decomposition,deodorization,emission reduction,and enhancing fertilizer efficacy.Regarding the bioaugmentation technology for composting using agricultural wastes as raw materials，this paper summarizes the application and research progress of bioaugmentation technology in the composting process of agricultural wastes at home and abroad from aspects such as the types of functional microbial strains and screening,the construction of complex microbial agents,the functions of microorganisms,and the influencing factors and mechanisms of bioaugmentation.Moreover,it explores the existing problems in the composting process of agricultural wastes and proposes the development trends and countermeasure suggestions for the resource treatment and utilization of agricultural wastes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Ratios of Organic Fertilizers Substituting Chemical Fertilizers on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and N2O Emissions in Summer Maize Season LI Xinmei, QI Hongzhi, HE Jiashuai, YANG Kangna, WEI Yuepeng, GUO Hangzhao, SUN Leikang, LI Xiaoyong, JIA Xucun, LI Yuxia, LI Rongfa, WANG Qun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 92-100.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.010 Abstract （251）      PDF （1584KB）（151）       Knowledge map    Save This study was set up to explore the effects of different organic fertilizer substitution ratios on maize yields and plant uptake and utilization of nitrogen fertilizers in 2022 and 2023 for two consecutive years，including five treatments:No fertilizer(CK),conventional fertilizer(CF),organic fertilizers substituting 10% nitrogen fertilizer(FM1),organic fertilizer substituting 30% nitrogen fertilizer(FM2)and organic fertilizer substituting 50% nitrogen fertilizer(FM3).The results showed that compared with CF treatment,the two‑year average soil bulk density of FM1,FM2,and FM3 treatments decreased by 1.43%,2.15%,and 4.67%,respectively.The two‑year average soil porosity increased by 2.07%,2.60%,and 5.51%,respectively.The two‑year average nitrate nitrogen content increased by 9.67%,14.86%,and 11.01%,respectively.Compared with CF treatment,FM1 treatment increased the two‑year average dry matter accumulation and yield of corn plants by 3.41% and 3.42% over the two years,while FM3 treatment decreased by 3.25% and 6.73%,respectively.Compared with CF treatment,FM1 treatment increased the two‑year average nitrogen accumulation by 4.49% over two years,and the two‑year average nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and agronomic utilization efficiency increased by 13.62% and 6.11% respectively.The two‑year average economic benefit increased by 2.87% over two years,and the two‑year average nitrogen dioxide(N2O)emission decreased by 16.41% over two years.Moreover,FM1 treatment increased the nitrogen accumulation in stems and leaves.When the proportion of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer was 30% or more(FM2,FM3 treatments),the yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency were significantly reduced,and the economic benefit was reduced.In summary，substituting 10% chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer can significantly improve nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and reduce N2O emission,making it a recommended proportion for achieving nitrogen fertilizer reduction and green and high‑yield agriculture. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of Cellulose and Lignin Degrading Bacteria and Their Effect on Composting of Mushroom Residue WANG Xianxin, QI Lihua, SONG Jiangfu, ZHANG Qingge, LIU Congcong, ZHANG Qi, SONG Feifei, XU Ailing Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 66-79.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.007 Abstract （242）      PDF （6107KB）（143）       Knowledge map    Save In order to screen high‑efficiency composite bacteria that promote the degradation of cellulose and lignin in the composting process of mushroom residue,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose plate method,Congo red staining method and lignin plate method were used for preliminary screening，combined with filter paper strip disintegration test,aniline blue decolorization rate determination and cellulose and lignin enzyme activity determination test for rescreening from the mushroom residue waste,and then they were used for aerobic composting test to study the physical and chemical parameters and microbial community changes in the process,and to evaluate their degradation ability of cellulose and lignin in mushroom residue.The results showed that the enriched cellulose‑degrading bacteria could completely degrade the filter paper within 6 days,and the activities of carboxymethyl cellulase(CMCase),filter paper enzyme(FPA),exoglucanase(C1)and β‑glucosidase(β‑Gase)reached 2.50,7.30,3.43 and 2.90 U/mL,respectively.The maximum decolorization rate of aniline blue reached 92.10% within 5 days by enriched lignin degrading bacteria，and the activities of lignin peroxidase(Lac),laccase(Lip)and manganese peroxidase(Mnp)reached 0.80,2.42 and 1.35 U/mL,respectively.The results of composting test showed that compared with the natural composting treatment(CK),the highest temperature of the pile body was 58.77℃,and the high temperature(>55℃)lasted for 5 days.The relative decomposition rate of cellulose and lignin increased by 35.83% and 54.33% respectively.The addition of microbial agents increased the richness of bacterial community in the middle stage of composting,and the relative abundance of Pseudomonas,Idiomarina,lutamicibacter,Thiopseudomonas,Globicatella,Pusillimonas,Lysobacter and Brumimicrobium increased. Redundancy analysis(RDA)results showed that temperature,pH value and electrical conductivity(EC value)were the significant factors affecting the composition of bacterial community in the middle stage of composting.In summary,the composite degrading bacteria screened in this study can effectively degrade cellulose and lignin,and prolong the high temperature period of composting Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance and Genome‑Wide Association Study of Japonica Rice Germplasms at Seedling Stage FENG Peiyuan, DONG Yue, JIAO Zilan, CHEN Min, KONG Weiru, RAN Jie, LI Peifu, TIAN Lei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.001 Abstract （236）      PDF （3135KB）（164）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the distribution characteristics of Na+and K+in japonica rice germplasms at seedling stage under salt stress，identify elite salt‑tolerant germplasms and detect ion homeostasis‑related loci，181 japonica rice germplasms were used to determine the salt tolerance score（STS），shoot Na+content（SNC），root Na+content（RNC），shoot K+content（SKC），root K+content（RKC），calculate shoot Na+/K+（SNK），root Na+/K+（RNK）and comprehensive evaluation value（D），and conduct genome‑wide association study（GWAS）.The results showed that seven indexes STS，SNC，RNC，SKC，RKC，SNK and RNK showed abundant variation，and the variation coefficient ranged from 23.7% to 70.5%.The correlation analysis result showed that，SNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with RNC，SNK and RNK；RNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with SNK and RNK；SKC was significantly positively correlated with RKC and extremly significantly negatively correlated with SNK.Principal component analysis（PCA）results showed that four major components were extracted，with a cumulative contribution rate of 89. 545%. Subsequently，five salt‑tolerant germplasms，including Bertone，Cigalon，Banat2951，Zaonuodao and Shennong 2，were selected by D value，and Jiahe 1，Yueguang，Xingshi，Shanfuliya and Qianchonglang were salt‑sensitive germplasms.The GWAS analysis revealed a total of 16 salt tolerance related InDel loci and 32 allelic variants，with contribution rate of 10.82%—20.57%.Among them，nine InDel loci were significantly associated with RNC，which were located on chromosomes 1，4，6，8，9 and 11；seven InDel loci were significantly associated with RNK，which were located on chromosomes 4，5，6，7，9 and 10，with contribution rate of 11.04%—18.79%.The allele 6IM20. 68Mb‑2 was detected in RNC and RNK，respectively.The InDel locus 9IM20.21Mb，which was significantly associated with RNK，showed three haplotypes.The RNK of Hap1 was significantly lower than that of Hap2 and Hap3，so it was a typical salt‑tolerant haplotype. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Major QTL Mapping and Effect Analysis for Resistance to Southern Corn Rust LI Zhimin, LI Zheng, DING Junqiang, TIAN Zhiqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 109-116.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.012 Abstract （231）      PDF （2594KB）（136）       Knowledge map    Save Southern corn rust（SCR）is a major maize disease worldwide. In this study，a BC1F4 population including 165 families was derived from the cross between the susceptible line Lx9801 and the resistant line TY4，which was used for dissecting the QTLs for resistance to SCR.A 23K‑SNP chip was used for genotyping the family lines of the BC1F4 population as well as the parental lines. In total 4 654 polymorphic SNP markers between the parental lines were selected to construct the high‑density genetic linkage map. Combined with the phenotype evaluation of resistance to SCR in three environments，a total of six QTLs against SCR were detected，which could explain 3.93%—17.87% of the phenotypic variation.Among these QTLs，one QTL located on chromosome 6（i.e.，qSCR6.01）was a stable QTL in all three environments，which could explain up to 17.87% of the phenotypic variation.The BC1F5 population including 366 families was used for fine‑mapping qSCR6.01.Combined with marker development in the QTL region and resistance identification of key recombinant plants，the QTL was finally narrowed down to the interval of 4.09 Mb between the markers M3 and M4，and temporarily named as RppT. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Evaluation of Resistance to Stripe Rust of 480 Wheat Germplasms DAI Ziju, LI Wenxu, YANG Huimin, ZHU Xiuhua, WANG Yahuan, XU Fuxin, LIU Dongyang, HOU Jinna, QIN Maomao, WU Zhengqing, ZHOU Zhengfu, LEI Zhensheng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 1-15.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.001 Abstract （227）      PDF （1619KB）（152）       Knowledge map    Save The main purpose of the present study is to understand the resistance to stripe rust and the utilization of stripe rust resistant genes in current bred wheat varieties,and find the varieties containing novel stripe rust resistant loci.Totally,480 domestic and foreign wheat germplasms were collected from various planting regions.The varieties were inoculated with mixed races of CYR32,CYR33 and CYR34 for testing the adult plant resistance.Simultaneously,the resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew was investigated in infected field.The KASP markers closely linked or co‑segregated with stripe rust,leaf rust and powdery mildew genes,Yr18/Lr34/Sr57/Pm38(7DS),Yr29/Lr46/Pm39/Sr58(1BL)and Yr30/Lr27/Sr2/Sb3(3BS),were selected for identifying the previous reported pleiotropic resistant genes.The results showed that there were 35(accounting for 7.29%)germplasms showed immunization to CYR32,CYR33 and CYR34,while the numbers of high‑resistant and medium‑resistant germplasms were 69(14.38%)and 79(16.46%),respectively.And the other 297(61.88%)germplasms demonstrated medium‑ or high‑ susceptible to the inoculated races.There were 13,10 and 7 germplasms containing the Yr18,and Yr29 and Yr30 genes,respectively;only 3 germplasms contained two of the resistant genes;no germplasm was detected with all the three resistant genes.In conclusion,183(accounting for 38.12%)germplasms showed resistant to stripe rust at adult plant stage,and 27 germplasms were detected with the above resistant genes.Yr18 or Yr30 gene showed resistant to the current races of stripe rust,however,the resistance level of Yr29 gene was partly lost at adult plant stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Alleviating Continuous Cropping Obstacles by Allium L.Plants GUO Jianing, LI Nannan, LI Kun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 11-20.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.002 Abstract （222）      PDF （1333KB）（276）       Knowledge map    Save Soil continuous cropping obstacles commonly occur in many plants，such as grain crops，fruit trees，vegetables，Chinese herbal medicines and others，restricting the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.Intercropping，rotation and relay intercropping are important agricultural management measures，and they can regulate the microecological environment of rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping，reducing the harm of continuous cropping.Allium L.plants contain various biologically active components such as organic sulfur compounds，saponins，flavonoids，and other compounds.They are often used as an intercropping，rotation or relay intercropping crop to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.This paper expounded the alleviative effects of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstaces，and the alleviating mechanism of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstacles was discussed from photosynthetic characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activity，root exudate characteristics and soil nutrients，enzyme activity and microorganisms quantity and community structure.The components contained in root exudates and plant volatiles of Allium L.plants were analyzed.Finally，the research direction of mechanisms of Allium L.plants alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and the development of active substances were proposed，which laid a theoretical foundation for further application of Allium L.plants in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Safety Evaluation of Herbicides for Weed Control in Tobacco Fields in Guizhou GUO Tao, YU Zhihe, XUE Yuan, JIANG Chaoying, CHEN Lili, WANG Ying, WANG Hancheng, CHEN Li, LIN Musen, GAO Gui Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 112-122.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.012 Abstract （219）      PDF （6655KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Save In order to understand the weed species in the tobacco fields of Guizhou,screen for safe and efficient weed control herbicides and evaluate their safety,we investigated the hazardous conditions of weeds in the tobacco fields of Guizhou,and evaluated the efficacy of eight herbicides(960 g/L S‑metolachlor EC,480 g/L metribuzin SC,30% glyphosate AS,81.5% acetochlor EC,30% clopyralid AS,20% diquat AS，108 g/L haloxyfop‑R‑methyl EC and 36% glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate AS）by pre‑emergence and stem‑leaf control of weeds in tobacco fields,as well as their safety to tobacco.The results showed that there were a total of 49 species of weeds in 26 families and 43 genera in the tobacco fields,with Polygonum,Asteraceae and Gramineae weed species predominating,and there were nine common species of Polygonum nepalense,Chenopodium album,Amaranthus vividis,Stellaria media,Capsella bursa‑pastoris,Galinsoga parviflra,Digitaria sanguinalis,Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus rotundus.The tested herbicides showed different weed control effects,among which the pre‑emergence soil sealing treatments of acetochlor,S‑metolachlor and metribuzin and the post‑emergence stem‑leaf treatments of glyphosate,glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate,diquat and metribuzin had a population control effect of 90.41%—97.71% against weeds in the tobacco fields,and clopyralid and haloxyfop‑R‑methyl were selective for weeds control and were effective against Asteraceae and Gramineae weeds,respectively.Soil treatments of S‑metolachlor and acetochlor were safe for tobacco at recommended dosage,but were harmful at high dosage.Haloxyfop‑R‑methyl,glyphosate,diquat and glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate were relatively safe for tobacco in targeted spraying of them on weed stems and leaves.Both soil treatment and stem‑leaf treatment of metribuzin and clopyralid caused serious harm to tobacco. In conclusion,S‑metolachlor and acetochlor were suitable for soil sealing treatment to control weeds at recommended dosage,haloxyfop‑R‑methyl was suitable for stem‑leaf treatment to control grass weeds,glyphosate,diquat and glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate could be used for strictly targeted spray on weed stems and leaves between rows in tobacco fields,and metribuzin and clopyralid were not suitable for weed control in tobacco fields. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on the Photosynthesis，ASA‑GSH Cycle，and Hormone Changes of Malus‘Royalty’under Drought Stress YANG Yan, XIAO Bin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 100-110.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.011 Abstract （214）      PDF （1670KB）（156）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin(MT)on the growth status,photosynthesis,hormone metabolism,and ASA‑GSH cycle physiology of Malus‘Royalty’under drought stress,under potted conditions,normal water(CK),drought stress(DS),and six concentrations of melatonin(50,100,150,200,250,300 mg/kg,denoted as MT1,MT2,MT3,MT4,MT5,and MT6)under drought stress were designed,for a total of eight treatments.The effects of different concentrations of melatonin treatment on the growth,chlorophyll content,photosynthetic parameters,hormone metabolism,enzyme activity and antioxidant content in the ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’under drought stress were analyzed.Compared with DS treatment,the plant height,basal diameter,total dry weight,total root volume,and average root diameter under DS+MT3 treatment increased by 54.7%,20.0%,143.2%,33.5%,and 6.9%,respectively.The content of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,and carotenoids increased by 20.5%,115.7%,and 83.0%,respectively.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),and water use efficiency(WUE) in the photosynthetic parameters increased by 51.8%,110.9%,55.5%,and 96.6%,respectively,and Pn returned to the CK level.The intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(Ci)and stomatal limitation value(Ls)decreased by 43.3% and 57.0%,respectively.Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ and Fv′/Fm′ increased by 5.4%,61.8%,171.6%,and 168.7%,respectively.The activities of ascorbate peroxidase(APX),dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR),monodehydroascorbate reductase(MDHAR),and glutathione reductase(GR)in the ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’increased by 168.3%,90.4%,167.2%,and 126.0%,respectively.The content of ascorbic acid(ASA),glutathione(GSH),ascorbic acid/dehydroascorbic acid(ASA/DHA),and reduced/oxidized glutathione(GSH/GSSG)increased by 102.5%,67.5%,129.8%,and 342.1%,respectively.The content of auxin(IAA),gibberellin(GA),and zeatin nucleoside(ZR)increased by 26.2%,24.6%and 89.3%,respectively,while the content of abscisic acid(ABA)decreased by 49.0%.Under drought stress,the growth parameters,photosynthesis,and ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’are inhibited,and the hormone balance is disrupted.Spraying different concentrations of melatonin on leaves can regulate the metabolism level of endogenous hormones,improve photosynthesis,enhance the activity of related enzymes and antioxidant content in the ASA‑GSH cycle,promote the synthesis and cumulation of photosynthetic pigments，improve chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and thereby increase plant biomass and enhance the drought resistance of Malus‘Royalty’.Foliar spraying of 150 mg/kg of melatonin has the best drought resistance effect on Malus‘Royalty’. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Intercropping of Different Genotypes of Maize on Stomatal Characteristics and Yield LI Fangjie, CHANG Zhijie, SHI Dakun, WEI Xiaoyi, WEI Feng, HONG Defeng, MA Junfeng, ZHENG Qiudao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 21-29.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.003 Abstract （208）      PDF （4751KB）（152）       Knowledge map    Save Using four maize varieties[Weiyu 618(WY618),MY73,Yudan 9953(YD9953)and Zhengdan 958(ZD958)]as materials，four single cropping treatments and three intercropping treatments were set up to study the effects of intercropping of different genotypes of maize on stomatal characteristics，spatial layout and yield of maize,so as to provide theoretical basis for increasing maize yield by intercropping of different genotypes of maize from the perspective of stomata.The results showed that maize yield could be improved by intercropping with different genotypes of maize.For WY618 intercropping with MY73 and ZD958,the yield of WY618 significantly increased by 9.41% and 12.94% compared with WY618 single cropping,respectively,and WY618 had more yield advantage.The land equivalent ratio of WY618 intercropping with ZD958 was 1.08,the intercropping advantage was the most obvious，followed by WY618 intercropping with MY73.Maize intercropping could improve the stomatal density,length,width,circumference,area and shape index in the paraxial and abaxial planes of leaves,and make stomatal spatial layout more regular and rational.The density,width and area of stomata in the distal axial plane of leaves were significantly positively correlated with yield.In conclusion,maize intercropping with different genotypes of maize can improve the stomatal characteristics and spatial layout in leaves,which is conducive to the increase of maize yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Traits of Wheat Varieties in Henan Province Consortium Experiment ZHANG Huifang, YAN Zhaoling, LIU Haijiao, DUAN Junzhi, CHEN Haiyan, GUO Yan, WANG Nan, YANG Cuiping, QI Hongzhi Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 35-43.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.005 Abstract （205）      PDF （1254KB）（203）       Knowledge map    Save Consortium experiment is a new measure to broaden the channels of crop variety approval experiment under the current agricultural situation in China.In order to deeply understand the experiment capacity of wheat consortium experiment in Henan Province and master the agronomic traits and quality traits of its varieties，comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted between the consortium experiment varieties and the provincial unified experiment varieties，based on the wheat varieties approved by Henan Province in the past three years（2021—2023）.The results showed that Henan Province approved a total of 355 wheat varieties from 2021 to 2023，including 187 consortium experiment varieties.The consortium experiment capacity showed an upward trend，and the proportion of varieties increased from 48.3% in 2021 to 61.2% in 2023.The consortium experimental group was single，mainly including winter wheat‑irrigation group. In the winter wheat‑irrigation group，when applicants independently applied for varieties，the proportion of universities and research institutes through consortium experiment channel was higher than that through provincial unified experiment channel，and individual applicants were more inclined to provincial unified experiment channel.Compared with the provincial unified experiment，the difference of agronomic traits of the consortium experiment wheat was larger at the early stage and smaller at the later stage. Among the 7 agronomic traits，5 traits were significantly or extremely significantly different in 2021，and 2 traits were significantly different in 2023.The difference of quality traits was relatively smaller，but also showed the rule of large at the early stage and small at the late stage. Among the 7 quality traits，2 traits were significantly different in 2021，and there was no significant difference in 2023.The variation coefficient and diversity of agronomic and quality traits of the consortium experiment varieties were greater than those of provincial unified experiment varieties. Principal component analysis was used to transform 14 agronomic and quality traits into 7 principal components，which reflected 81.51% of the original information.The evaluation results based on principal component analysis showed that among the top 50 varieties with comprehensive scores，the varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the wheat consortium experiment accounted for a relatively smaller proportion of all varieties.In 2021 and 2023，there were 5 and 14 varieties respectively，accounting for 9.3% and 17.9% of all consortium experiment varieties.The varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the provincial unified experiment accounted for a relatively larger proportion of all varieties，with 4 and 5 in 2021 and 2023，respectively，accounting for 19.0% and 35.7% of all provincial unified experiment varieties.In summary，the capacity of Henan wheat consortium experiment is constantly increasing，and the dispersion of agronomic and quality traits is relatively larger；The gap of comprehensive scores of varieties between the consortium experiment and the provincial unified experiment is narrowing；Relevant departments can adjust and optimize the consortium experimental group according to the market in the future，focus on the issues of consortium experiment channel，and promote the high‑quality development of the consortium experiment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Heat Damage at Flowering Stage of Summer Maize in Henan Province LI Zhi, LU Haoran, YANG Guanguan, LI Hongping, WANG Qun, LI Chaohai, ZHOU Guotao, LU Chunguang, ZHANG Yongen Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 10-20.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.002 Abstract （204）      PDF （8149KB）（154）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the daily meteorological data of 109 counties（districts）meteorological stations in Henan Province from 1957 to 2022，the duration days and cumulative days of daily maximum temperature≥35℃ at flowering stage of summer maize were calculated. The frequency and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize in Henan Province were analyzed from two aspects of continuous heat damage and non‑continuous heat damage，so as to provide scientific basis for disaster prevention and disaster avoidance in summer maize production in Henan Province. The results showed that in terms of time distribution，from 1957 to 2022，the frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize decreased first and then increased in Henan Province.After 2010，the frequency of heat damage showed a trend of frequent occurrence，and the frequency of continuous heat damage was higher. The higher frequency of heat damage happened in 1960s and after 2010，and the 1960s was dominated by moderate and severe heat damage，and after 2010，mild and moderate heat damage dominated.In terms of spatial distribution，the frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize was higher in eastern and southern Henan，and lower in western and northern Henan. The high‑risk areas of heat damage were south of Nanyang City，Zhumadian City，Zhoukou City and the east of Shangqiu City. The low risk areas of heat damage were Anyang City，Puyang City and Hebi City.In terms of the type of heat damage，the south of Shangqiu City was more prone to continuous heat damage；Luohe City and Zhoukou City were more prone to non‑continuous mild heat damage，southern Nanyang City was more prone to non‑continuous moderate and severe heat damage，and southern Zhumadian City was more prone to non‑continuous severe heat damage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Dissection of Dwarf Genes in Varieties（Lines）Derived from Core Wheat Parent Zhou 8425B LI Xiaode, YANG Yuxin, ZHU Chenjia, LI Yujia, CHEN Shulin, YIN Guihong, DONG Chunhao, WANG Daowen, ZHANG Kunpu Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 21-27.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.003 Abstract （203）      PDF （1735KB）（154）       Knowledge map    Save In this study，219 wheat varieties（lines）derived from Zhou 8425B were used as test materials，and the molecular markers of four main dwarf genes［reduced height 1（Rht1），Rht2，Rht8 and Rht24］were used to detect them to determine the distribution，combination type and influence of the dwarf genes on plant height and yield related traits of wheat，so as to lay the foundation for the continuous genetic research of core wheat parent Zhou 8425B and the application of molecular marker‑assisted selection for dwarf genes in wheat.The results showed that the distribution frequencies of dwarf genes Rht1，Rht2，Rht8 and Rht24 were 94.52%，100.00%，42.00% and 97.26% in varieties（lines）derived from Zhou 8425B，respectively.Among the 219 samples，the type of single dwarf gene wasn’t found；instead，various dwarf genes were found to coexist in combination. There were seven combination types for the four dwarf genes，namely Rht1+Rht2，Rht2+Rht8，Rht2+Rht24，Rht1+Rht2+Rht8，Rht1+Rht2+Rht24，Rht2+Rth8+Rth24 and Rth1+Rth2+Rth8+Rth24.The frequency of Rht1+Rht2+Rht24 was the highest with 53.42%，and the frequency of Rht2+Rht8 was the lowest with 0.46%.For single dwarf gene，Rht8 had the strongest culm reduction effect，while Rht1 had the weakest；for dwarf gene combination，Rht1+Rht2 combination had the strongest culm reduction effect，while Rht1+Rht2+Rht8 combination had the weakest. For single dwarf gene，Rht2 genotype had the highest yield，with plant height of 77.38 cm；the yield of Rht8 genotype was the lowest，with plant height of 76.71 cm. For dwarf gene combination，Rht2+Rht8 combination had the highest yield，with plant height of 78.21 cm；the combination of Rht1+Rht2 had the lowest yield，with plant height of 75.85 cm.The results of correlation analysis between yield‑related traits and four dwarf genes showed that，in a certain range，proper increase of plant height was beneficial to the increase of plant biomass，harvest index and yield.Three wheat materials with higher yields were selected，including Zhengmai 103，Cunmai 13 and Zhongyu 1220，with plant heights of 82.79 cm，78.71 cm and 82.50 cm，respectively，and their dwarf gene combination was all Rht1+Rht2+Rht24. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rapid Detection of Three Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Using Colloidal Gold Immunoassay WEI Maoqiong, WANG Li, LAN Shanshan, LIU Zhenhuan, SHA Lingjie, LIN Xin, LI Jun, PU Yali, LIU Hongcheng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 79-90.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.009 Abstract （203）      PDF （6356KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid test strips for the detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were developed based on colloidal gold immunochromatography,and its application effect in the detection of garlic and cabbage was evaluated.The test strips for rapid detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were established by preparation of colloidal gold by reduction with trisodium citrate,with the monoclonal antibodies of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran labeled with colloidal gold particles as the detection probes,nitrocellulose membrane as the solid‑phase carrier,imidacloprid‑BSA,profenofos‑BSA and carbofuran‑BSA conjugate as the detection lines,and goat anti‑mouse IgG antibody as the control line.The parameter conditions,including gold‑labeled antibody usage,concentrations of antibody for labeling,and concentration of the coating antigen were optimized. Under the optimal condition,the sensitivity,specificity and stability,as well as the accuracy of the test strips were evaluated.With optimization of sample extraction,the test strips were employed for the detection of pesticides in two vegetable samples by negative detection and addition of standardized pesticide products.The results showed that in the optimized process parameters，the concentrations of colloidal gold labeled antibody of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 9.6,8.4,9.6 μg/mL,respectively,the concentrations of the antigens coated were all 0.3 mg/mL,and the detection time was about 15 min.The limits of detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 20,3 000,and 20 ng/mL,which were in compliance with the limits of the national standard for the two kinds of vegetables.There was no cross‑reactivity and good specificity in the detection of other drugs with similar function and structure as imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran.The most suitable extractants for carbofuran and imidacloprid pesticides were 4 mL of ethyl acetate and 4 mL of methanol,respectively,with a sample size of 2 g and a supernatant of 3 mL;for profenofos pesticide,the most suitable extractant was 9 mL of ethyl acetate,with a sample size of 3 g and a supernatant of 8 mL,and the supernatant was dried with nitrogen gas.The detection results of 50 negative and spiked samples of vegetables showed a false positive rate of 6% and a false negative rate of 0.It can be seen that the developed test strips are suitable for on‑site rapid detection of garlic and cabbage as well as screening of a large number of samples in grass‑roots laboratories,and can provide an effective regulatory tool for the control of pesticide residues in garlic and cabbage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Expression Analysis of EIL Family under Saline‑alkali Stress in Capsicum annuum L. WU Peng, LI Dongxue, GUO Qianqian Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 123-132.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.013 Abstract （201）      PDF （10606KB）（65）       Knowledge map    Save EIL(ethylene‑insensitive 3‑like)genes play important roles in the transduction involved in the ethylene signaling pathway and development of plants.In order to understand the information of EIL gene family members in Capsicum annuum L.,this study analyzed the physicochemical properties,protein structure，phylogeny,gene architecture,conserved domains,promoter cis‑acting elements,the expression patterns of CaEILs genes in different tissue parts and under different abiotic stress conditions using bioinformatics.The expression pattern of CaEILs in pepper leaves under saline‑alkali stress was also investigated using real‑time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT‑PCR).The results showed that nine CaEILs of Capsicum annuum L.were distributed on six chromosomes.The number of amino acids,molecular weight and aliphatic index were from 209 to 677,23.77 to 76.07 ku，and 63.10 to 87.75,respectively and they were mainly acid,hydrophilic,and unstable nuclear proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CaEILs were divided into four subfamily groups,nine CaEILs were expressed in different degrees in roots,stems,leaves,buds,and flowers,and low temperature stress,high temperature stress,high salt stress,and drought stress induced the expression of CaEILs,which responded to the above abiotic stresses to different degrees. In addition，qRT‑PCR was performed to detect CaEILs expression in pepper leaves under saline‑alkali stress，and it was found that with the extension of treatment time，the expression of CaEIL1,CaEIL2,CaEIL4,CaEIL5,and CaEIL8 showed an increasing trend，while the expression of CaEIL3,CaEIL6,CaEIL7,and CaEIL9 showed an decreasing trend.The above results lay a foundation for the study of the functions of CaEILs and their mechanisms of action in response to saline‑alkali stress. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect Analysis of Morphological Traits on Body Weight of Cipangopaludina cathayensis LONG Liuping, PAN Xianhui, LIN Yong, LI Zhe, ZOU Xinxi, QIN Junqi, PENG Jinxia, WANG Dapeng, CHEN Zhong, HUANG Yin, DENG Qian, ZHOU Kangqi Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 141-149.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.015 Abstract （201）      PDF （1592KB）（150）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the relationship between morphological traits and body weight of Cipangopaludina cathayensis，a total of 505 C.cathayensis were collected,and their shell width(Z1)，shell height(Z2)，shell mouth height(Z3)，shell mouth width(Z4)，body snail layer height(Z5)，spiral height(Z6)，the penultimate snail layer width(Z7),the penultimate snail layer height(Z8)and body weight(W)were measured.Through statistical analysis，correlation analysis,path analysis and regression analysis，the main morphological traits of C.cathayensis with greater influence on body weight were determined，and the regression equation was established.The results showed that the coefficient of variation of the body weight of C.cathayensis was 59.61%，and its breeding potential was great.The correlation coefficients of shell width，shell height，body snail layer height and the penultimate snail layer width with body weight were higher(≥0.949).Path analysis and ridge regression analysis showed that shell height had the greatest direct effect on body weight(0.963,0.152),and the direct determination coefficient was the highest(0.927).The co‑determination coefficients of other traits and shell height on body weight were higher,and the total determination coefficient was 1.117.The optimal multiple regression equation of body weight and main influencing traits of C. cathayensis was established ：W=-24.346+0.214Z1+0.148Z2+0.123Z3+0.306Z4+0.188Z5+0.083Z6+0.383Z7+0.882Z8,R2=0. 943. The analysis of variance of the regression equation showed that the regression relationship reached a very significant level(P<0. 01).In summary,shell height is the most important trait affecting the body weight of C.cathayensis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Tobacco Bud Extract on Fermentation of Cigar Leaves DING Jingyi, YU Jun, YANG Chunlei, CHEN Xiong, YAO Lan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 168-180.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.019 Abstract （198）      PDF （3413KB）（144）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the effect of tobacco bud water extract fermentation by yeast on the aroma of cigar tobacco leaves，gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS）technology was applied to analyze the aroma components of cigar tobacco leaves after solid‑state fermentation with flower bud water extract fermented by Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum，Cyberlindnera fabianii，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii.The results showed that a total of 58 volatile substances were detected after fermentation，and the total content of volatile substances after treatment by Torulaspora delbrueckii was the highest（1 470.48 μg/g）.The results of odor activity value（OAV）analysis showed flower aroma> tobacco aroma>fruit aroma>baking aroma. Principal component analysis（PCA）results indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate was 71.1%.Cyberlindnera fabianii was closely related to β‑cyclocitral，geranylacetone，2‑methoxy‑4‑vinylphenol，phenylacetaldehyde，6‑methyl‑5‑hepten‑2‑one，styrene，benzaldehyde，4，7，9‑megastigmatrien‑3‑one a and（+）‑limonene.Zygosaccharomyces bailii was highly correlated with 4‑hydroxy‑β‑damascone，dihydroactinidiolide and phenylethyl alcohol.The results of cluster analysis showed that the aroma of cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of flower buds in the two groups of yeasts，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum and Zygosaccharomyces bailii，was similar. In summary，the cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of tobacco bud with the five yeasts have different flavor types，which is of great significance to the development of domestic cigars. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation，Identification and Antibacterial Activity Research of Metabolites of Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp.from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada in Guizhou TAO Xiaoyan, ZHANG Tao, ZHOU Sixuan, TANG Yuanjiang, LU Yuxi, QING Chengxin, SHI Kaizhi, ZHAO Yu, YANG Yueqian Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 142-148.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.016 Abstract （194）      PDF （1467KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Save The aim is to investigate the chemical constituents of the metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp.QX4G6 from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada in Guizhou，which has antibacterial activity，and to screen the antibacterial active compounds.After expanding culture of the strain Diaporthe sp.QX4G6，the metabolites were isolated and purified by various separation methods，and their structures were identified by spectrography combined with literature reports.The bacteriostatic activity of the monomers against E.coli and Salmonella was determined by microbroth dilution method and plate coating method,respectively.The results showed that four monomer compounds were isolated and purified from the metabolites of Diaporthe sp. QX4G6.The compounds were analyzed by NMR and MS.They were identified as dibutyl phthalate (compound 1) ,1‑[(12E,16E)‑12,16‑eicosadienoyl]‑2‑[(E,E)-7，10‑octadecadienoyl]‑3‑stearacylglycerol(compound2),3‑(4‑toluoxy)‑propionic acid(compound 3)，tyrosol(compound 4).The results of bacteriostatic test showed that compounds 1—3 displayed certain inhibitory activity against E.coli and Salmonella，and the inhibitory effect on Salmonella was stronger under the same conditions.Compound 3 showed the strongest antibacterial activity with MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration)of 7.81 μg/mL and 3.91 μg/mL，and MBC(minimum bactericidal concentration)of 15.63 μg/mL and 7.81 μg/mL，respectively.In summary,all the four compounds were isolated from the metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp.for the first time,and three compounds showed certain antibacterial activity on E.coli and Salmonella in vitro，which provided a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of endophytic fungal metabolites from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Root Development and Auxin in Tea Plants to Different Nitrogen Forms HUANG Shuangjie, LI Mengzhen, LUO Jinlei, CHANG Yali, ZHANG Yali, GUO Guiyi Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 54-65.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.007 Abstract （189）      PDF （2369KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save Tea plants（Camellia sinensis）prefer NH4+ as the dominant nitrogen（N）source.Although it has been proven that the use of mixed nitrate（NO3-）and ammonium（NH4+）as a N source can improve plant growth，whether genotypic difference in response to mixed nutrition exists in different tea plants remains obscure.Two tea cultivars（Camellia sinensis cv.Xinyang 10 and Zhongcha 108）were grown at three ratios of NH4+/NO3-（4∶0，3∶1 and 0∶4）to elucidate how the ratio of NH4+/NO3- modulate the architecture of the root system by investigating root growth，N content and auxin content as well as the expression of related genes.Xinyang 10 had the highest root and shoot dry matter and root N content under mixed nutrition（3∶1）And Xinyang 10 had the longer adventitious roots under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH4+，but no difference was observed in growth of lateral root between sole NH4+ andmixed nutrition treatments.IAA content was significantly increased in the roots of Xinyang 10，but significantly decreased in its leaves.Response of Zhongcha 108 to ratios of NH4+/NO3- was different from Xinyang 10.Shoot biomass and N content of root and shoot in Zhongcha 108 were significantly reduced under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH4+，while length of adventitious root increased，but not reaching statistical significance. Compared with sole NH4+，mixed nutrition increased length of lateral root but decreased the number and density of lateral roots in Zhongcha 108.And the IAA content in roots of Zhongcha 108 was significantly reduced under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH4+，but not in its leaves.The results of qRT‑PCR showed that auxin synthetic genes CsTSA，CsNIT1，transportation genes CsPIN3a，CsPIN3b and response genes CsARF3，CsIAA27 in roots of Xinyang 10 were significantly up‑regulated under mixed nutrition compared with sole NH4+；however，auxin synthetic genes CsNIT1，CsNIT2，transportation CsABCB4 and response genes CsARF1，CsARF3，CsARF5，CsARF6 in roots of Zhongcha 108 were significantly down‑regulated under mixed nutrition compared with sole NH4+. In conclusion，Xinyang 10 and Zhongcha 108 have genotypic differences when responding to N forms.The former is tolerant to NO3- and suitable for growth at the ratio of NH4+/NO3- as 3∶1，while the latter is sensitive to NO3- and suitable for growth under sole NH4+ nutrition. Under the ratio of NH4+/NO3- at 3∶1，auxin transport to roots of Xinyang 10 increases but to those of Zhongcha 108 decreases，which may be one of the physiological mechanisms conferring different response of different tea roots to N forms. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Soil Quality Assessment of Tobacco Field Based on Minimum Data Set in Southwest Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture LIU Zhiyong, LUO Fufang, LU Wanhua, ZHU Bo, LI Hongxun, LIU Zhangyong, CHEN Jie, YI Lixia Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 100-108.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.011 Abstract （188）      PDF （1622KB）（90）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract：To clarify the soil quality characteristics of typical flue‑cured tobacco planting areas in Southwest Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture，51 representative soil sampling points were selected to study the physicochemical properties and biological characteristics for topsoil（0—10 cm）and subtopsoil（10—20 cm）.Concurrently，a minimum data set（MDS）was established based on principal component analysis（PCA） to evaluate the impact of varying tobacco cropping durations（Y1：0—10 years；Y2：10—20 years；Y3：over 20 years）on soil quality indicator（SQI）in tobacco‑growing areas.The results of PCA indicated that MDS consisted of six indicators：soil organic matter，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，alkali‑hydrolyzable nitrogen，available potassium content，and urease activity. The soil quality indicator（TDS‑SQI，mean 0. 589）of the total data set（TDS）was highly positively correlated with MDS‑SQI（mean 0.581）（R2=0.993，P<0.01），suggesting that both MDS and TDS could be used to explain soil quality characteristics.Additionally，MDS‑SQI showed a highly significant positive correlation with tobacco plant height and length of leaf，indicating a better growth condition of tobacco plants in areas with higher MDS‑SQI values，and revealing the good representativeness of indicators belonging to MDS.There were no significant differences in SQI between different soil layers（0—10 cm and 10—20 cm）；however，SQI of Y3（over 20 years）tobacco field was lower than that of Y2（10—20 years）and Y1（0—10 years），with a significant difference between Y1 and Y3 SQI values（P<0.05）.In conclusion，six indicators including soil organic matter，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen，available potassium content，and urease activity can effectively evaluate the soil quality of tobacco fields in Southwest Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture；Long‑term continuous cropping of tobacco leads to declining of soil quality. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of Carbohydrate Content and C/N in Branches and Leaves during Flower Bud Differentiation of Tianhong 2 Apple WANG Jinxin, JIA Linguang, SHAO Jianzhu, SUN Jianshe, PENG Jianying Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 124-132.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.014 Abstract （185）      PDF （2132KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Save The changes of carbohydrate content and C/N in the leaves and branches of short and medium branches with different rootstocks during flower bud differentiation in Tianhong 2 apple were studied.The results showed that the flowering rate of Tianhong 2 apple was not affected by rootstocks during the stable yield stage.During the whole flower bud differentiation period，in the same branch of SH40 interstock and vigorous stock，the contents of soluble sugar，sucrose，fructose and nitrogen exhibited higher levels in leaves compared to branches，while the content of starch and C/N displayed lower levels. Within SH40 interstock，the contents of starch and fructose were lower in leaves of short branch with high flowering rate compared to those in leaves of medium branch with low flowering rate.The contents of soluble sugar，sucrose and C/N were higher in leaves of short branch than those in leaves of medium branch from the initial differentiation stage to petal primordium stage. The contents of soluble sugar，fructose and C/N were lower in branches of short branch than those in medium branch，and the starch content was higher in branches of short branch than that in medium branch before the petal primordium stage. Similarly for vigorous stock，the contents of soluble sugar，starch，fructose and C/N were lower in leaves of short branch with high flowering rate compared to those in leaves of medium branch with low flowering rate.The contents of soluble sugar，fructose and C/N were lower in branches of short branch than those in medium branch，and the starch content was lower in branches of short branch than that in medium branch during the transformation stage.It was concluded that carbohydrate content and C/N did not play a decisive role in apple flowering. During the whole flower bud differentiation period，there was an increasing trend in the soluble sugar content in leaves，while the content of starch and C/N in branches showed a fluctuating upward trend，suggesting that the accumulation of carbohydrates and C/N was essential for the morphological differentiation of Tianhong 2 apple flower buds. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Panicle Potassium Fertilizer Rates and Foliar Fertilizer on Rice Physiological Characteristics，Yield and Quality under Crayfish‑Rice Integrated System DONG Hongrui, ZHU Jie, ZHOU Yong, LI Haoxuan, YANG Wei, JIANG Mengdie, ZHU Bo, NIE Jiangwen, LIU Zhangyong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 30-39.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.004 Abstract （185）      PDF （1995KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Save In order to provide scientific basis for rice green high‑yield and high‑quality cultivation under crayfish‑rice integrated system，the effects of panicle potassium fertilizer rates [0 kg/ha(S0)，45kg/ha(S1)，90 kg/ha(S20]and foliar fertilizer[no foliar fertilizer(P0)and spraying foliar fertilizer(P1)]on physiological characteristics，yield and quality of rice were investigated under crayfish‑rice integrated system.The results showed that spraying foliar fertilizer and applying panicle potassium fertilizer increased the SPAD value，superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(RuBisCO)activity,peroxidase(POD)activity,soluble sugar content,aboveground dry matter accumulation，dry matter transport amount and transport rate of stem and leaf and their contribution rates to grain，and decreased the content of malondialdehyde(MDA),overall,S1P1 was the best treatment.Spraying foliar fertilizer and applying panicle potassium fertilizer could increase filled grain number per panicle and setting rate，thus increasing yield. P1 treatment could increase yield by 13.60%,9.76% and 6.55% under S0,S1 and S2 conditions,respectively;S1 and S2 treatments could increase yield by 3.70% and 2.47%,respectively，and S1P1 treatment had the highest yield.Compared with P0 treatment，the whole polished rice rate of P1 treatment significantly increased by 2.21% and 1.82% under S0 and S1 conditions,chalky grain rate significantly decreased by 55. 88% and 50.01%,chalkiness degree significantly decreased by 49.98% and 50.00%,and total protein content significantly decreased by 8.77% and 12.08%,respectively.Compared with S0 treatment，chalky grain rate of S1 and S2 treatments significantly decreased by 11.23% and 30.61%,espectively,and total protein content of S1 treatment significantly decreased by 4.15%.Overall，S1P1 had the best effect.In summary,the application of foliar fertilizer and panicle potassium fertilizer can improve leaf photosynthesis,increase the accumulation and transport of aboveground dry matter,and improve yield and quality,and S1P1 treatment has the best effect. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fine‑Grained Flower Image Classification Based on Neural Network Architecture Search ZHENG Xingkai, YANG Tiejun, HUANG Lin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 164-171.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.018 Abstract （183）      PDF （3807KB）（156）       Knowledge map    Save To enhance the automation of deep convolutional neural network(CNN)design and improve fine‑grained flower image classification accuracy，an advanced neural network search approach based on differentiable architecture search(DARTS) was proposed.This method automatically constructed fine‑grained flower image classification models.Initially,an attention‑convolution module was constructed to create a comprehensive attention‑convolution search space，thereby increasing the network’s focus on discriminative features. Subsequently,a densely connected reduction cell(DCR cell)with more shallow feature input nodes was developed to retain additional shallow feature information，reducing the loss of discriminative feature information and promoting multi‑scale feature fusion.Lastly,the positions of DCR cells were adjusted when stacking the best cells to create network models of varying parameter sizes,enabling deployment on a broader range of terminal devices.The results showed that this method took approximately 4.5 hours to find the optimal neural network model,achieving classification accuracies of 96.14% on the Oxford 102 dataset and 94.12% on the Flower 17 dataset.Compared with methods like AGNAS,it improved accuracy by 1.40 percentage points on Oxford 102 and 3.09 percentage points on Flower 17. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Intercropping Promoting Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization WU Xin, BI Jiayu, GE Yingtong, HE Yangfa, WANG Yuyun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.001 Abstract （181）      PDF （1931KB）（165）       Knowledge map    Save The application of phosphate fertilizer and mineral weathering are the main sources of soil phosphorus，but the low utilization rate of phosphorus and the limited ability of crops to absorb and utilize phosphorus lead to the accumulation of soil phosphorus，which limits the growth of crops.Intercropping system can improve soil phosphorus availability.The effects of intercropping on phosphorus utilization rate were summarized.The mechanism of intercropping to improve soil phosphorus availability was reviewed from three aspects：soil microorganisms，crop roots，and changes in endogenous hormones.It is suggested that in the future，we should focus on the in‑situ characterization of plant root morphology，auxin‑related gene expression，soil microorganisms and related functional genes，in order to provide reference for improving phosphorus utilization rate through intercropping. Related Articles | Metrics