Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

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Effects of Soybean and Maize Stubbles on Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Winter Wheat Rhizosphere Soil

GUO Hui, LIAN Yanhao, ZHAO Zhibo, REN Yongzhe, WANG Zhiqiang, LIN Tongbao

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 79-89. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.009

Abstract （1292）

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To explore the differences in the effects of maize stubble and soybean stubble in the Huang‑Huai‑Hai area，in 2023，rhizosphere soil samples at the jointing stage of winter wheat were collected under the conditions of long‑term positioning test fields for up to 4 years（2019—2023）.The responses of rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and function to no nitrogen application（N0）and conventional nitrogen application（N240，pure nitrogen 240 kg/ha） were studied by using 16S high‑throughput sequencing technology combined with Tax4Fun2 function prediction analysis in the jointing stage of winter wheat under maize（M）stubble and soybean（S）stubble，respectively.There were four treatments（MN0，SN0，MN240，SN240）in total.The results showed that，at the phylum level，Proteobacteria，Acidobacteria，Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriota were the dominant rhizosphere bacteria of winter wheat with a relative abundance of 66.66%—69.56%.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in S stubble was significantly increased by 19.10% compared with that in M stubble（ P<0.05），and under N240 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in S stubble was significantly increased by 11.90% compared with that in M stubble（ P<0.05）.At the order level，Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales were the dominant bacteria with a relative abundance of 18.42%—19.68%. Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Vicinamibacterales in S stubble was significantly reduced by 13.69% compared with that in M stubble（ P<0.05）；The relative abundance of Burkholderiales was increased significantly by 11.31%（ P<0.05）.Through the Tax4Fun2 function prediction and the KEGG data comparison，it was found that there were significant differences in the relative abundance of seven functional pathways under the metabolism category under N0 nitrogen application rate（ P<0.05），and correlation analysis further revealed that there was a significant correlation between Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales and amino acid metabolism pathways（ P<0.01）.There were 26 functional genes involved in soil nitrogen cycling pathway in winter wheat soil bacteria，and the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes accounted for the largest proportion.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes norB，norC and nirS in M stubble was significantly higher than that in S stubble（ P<0.05）.In conclusion，the stubble causes the soil bacterial community structure of winter wheat to change under different amount of nitrogen. Different stubble affects the nitrogen metabolism function of bacterial community by changing the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial community.

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Effect of Biochar on Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Community Structure of Flue‑cured Tobacco Varieties with Different Resistance to Black Shank Disease

REN Zhichao, LI Xiang, LI Xianfeng, WU Lili, WANG Jing, PENG Zhiliang, LIU Guoshun, YIN Quanyu

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (1): 105-115. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.012

Abstract （1084）

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To explore the effect of biochar on the fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil of flue‑cured tobacco varieties with different resistance to black shank disease，and to provide theoretical basis for regulating tobacco microenvironment and comprehensively controlling black shank disease，pot experiments were conducted with different flue‑cured tobacco varieties Jingyehuang（highly susceptible variety），K326（moderately resistant variety）and NC82（highly resistant variety）as materials，and no tobacco cultivation was used as control（CK）.Two levels of biochar and no biochar were set up，with a total of eight treatments，and the effect of biochar on fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil of flue‑cured tobacco varieties with different resistance to black shank was explored by high‑throughput sequencing technique. The results showed that，after applying biochar，the incidence and disease index of black shank disease of flue‑cured tobacco varieties with different resistance to black shank disease were significantly reduced，and the control effects for highly susceptible variety Jingyehuang，moderately resistant variety K326 and highly resistant variety NC82 were 56.52%，31.00% and 27.00% respectively. Under the condition of no biochar application，the fungal diversity of rhizosphere soil of high‑resistance variety NC82 and high‑sensitivity variety Jingyehuang was relatively higher，while that of middle‑resistance variety K326 was relatively lower. After biochar application，the fungal diversity of middle‑resistance variety K326 increased significantly，while the fungal diversity of high‑sensitivity variety Jingyehuang and high‑resistance variety NC82 decreased in different degrees. LefSe analysis showed that the key microbial groups in rhizosphere soil of different resistant flue‑cured tobacco varieties were significantly different without biochar application，and the application of biochar changed the key microbial groups in rhizosphere soil，with obvious differences among varieties. PCoA analysis showed that under the condition of no biochar application，compared with the soil without tobacco planting，the sample points of three flue‑cured tobacco varieties were obviously separate，and the application of biochar changed the fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil of three flue‑cured tobacco varieties.To sum up，applying biochar can significantly reduce the occurrence of tobacco black shank disease.The rhizosphere soil fungal community structure of flue‑cured tobacco varieties with different resistance to black shank disease has different responses to biochar input. In production，variety factors should be considered when using biochar to improve soil and tobacco microecological environment.

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Screening of miRNAs Related to High Temperature Stress in Maize Pollen and Analysis of Their Target Genes

LI Chuan, ZHANG Panpan, ZHANG Meiwei, NIU Jun, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, QIAO Jiangfang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 1-16. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.001

Abstract （1019）

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By using high⁃throughput miRNA sequencing technology，differentially expressed miRNAs were indentified in pollens of high heat tolerant maize variety Zhengdan 958 and low heat tolerant maize variety Xianyu 335 under high temperature stress at flowering stage，their target genes were predicted，and the enrichment analysis of genetic characteristics and metabolic pathways of these target genes were conducted. The results showed that a total of 818 miRNA precursor sequences were identified. Nineteen significantly differentially expressed miRNA sequences were screened in the group of Zhengdan 958 pollen under high temperature stress compared with the control pollen under normal condition(HT958 vs CK958). Among them，15 miRNA sequences were up⁃regulated，4 miRNA sequences were down⁃regulated，and expression level difference of 3 miRNA sequences reached extremely significant level( P<0.01).The predicted results of target genes of 19 differentially expressed miRNA sequences showed that a total of 503 gene transcripts were obtained，their enriched GO biological process terms included regulation of transcription，DNA⁃templated，microtubule⁃based process，hosphorylation，positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase Ⅱ ，methylation and so on，and the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were glutathione metabolism，carbon metabolism，arachidonic acid metabolism lycolysis/gluconeogenesis，folate biosynthesis and so on. Fiveteen significantly differentially expressed miRNA sequences were identified in the group of Xianyu 335 pollen under high temperature stress compared with the control pollen(HT335 vs CK335). Among them，7 miRNA sequences were up⁃regulated,8 were down⁃regulated，and the expression level difference of 1 miRNA sequence reached highly significant level( P<0.01).The predicted results of target genes of 15 differentially expressed miRNA sequences showed that a total of 454 gene transcripts were obtained，their enriched GO biological process terms included regulation of transcription，DNA⁃templated，phosphorylation，protein phosphorylation,proteolysis，DNA repair and so on，and the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were other glycan degradation,linoleic acid metabolism,metabolic pathways，thiamine metabolism，protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and so on.Eighty⁃five significantly differentially expressed miRNA sequences were identified in the group of Zhengdan 958 pollen under high temperature stress compared with Xianyu 335 pollen under high temperature stress(HT985 vs HT335). Among them，35 miRNA sequences were up⁃regulated，50 were down⁃regulated，and expression level difference of 24 miRNA sequences reached extremely significant level( P<0.01). The predicted results of target genes of 85 differentially expressed miRNA sequences showed that a total of 2 286 gene transcripts were obtained，their enriched GO biological process terms included regulation of transcription，DNA⁃templated，phosphorylation,protein phosphorylation,proteolysis,transmembrane transport and so on，the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were sphingolipidmetabolism，starch and sucrose metabolism，other glycan degradation，metabolic pathways，cysteine and methionine metabolism and so on. Ninety⁃four significantly differentially expressed miRNA sequences were identified in the HT958 vs CK958 group compared with HT335 vs CK335 group. The predicted results of target genes of 94 differentially expressed miRNA sequences showed that a total of 4 569 gene transcripts were obtained.Among them，the expression level difference of 28 miRNA sequences showed extremely significant( P<0.01),including PC⁃3p⁃10069_1143C⁃3p⁃18335_646，zma⁃miR164f⁃5p and so on. The enriched GO biological process terms of target genes of 94 differentially expressed miRNA sequences included regulation of transcription,DNA⁃templated,phosphorylation,protein phosphorylation,protein transport,proteolysis and so on,and the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum，ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes，spliceosome，sphingolipid metabolism，endocytosis and so on.

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Identification of Citrus Diseases Based on Improved ShuffleNet V2

YU Yannan, MO Yongbin, YAN Jichi, XIONG Chunlin, DOU Shiqing, YANG Rongfeng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (1): 142-151. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.016

Abstract （850）

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Large convolutional neural networks are difficult to deploy in practical applications because of the complexity of models，while lightweight networks are often less accurate than the former because of the optimization of model structure. To solve these problems，ShuffleNet V2 was improved and a lightweight MAM‑ShuffleNet citrus disease recognition model was proposed. Firstly，the mixed attention module（MAM）was introduced in ShuffleNet V2 to improve the ability of the model to extract disease features. Secondly，Ghost module was used to optimize the convolutional layer in the network，which effectively reduced the number of network model parameters and calculation cost. Finally，the stacking times of ShuffleNet V2 unit in the network structure were adjusted to further simplify the network parameters. The results showed that the average recognition accuracy of MAM‑ShuffleNet model reached 97.7% in the self‑built citrus leaf data. Compared with the original ShuffleNet V2，the number of parameters was reduced by 45.7%，and the recognition accuracy was increased by 1.2 percentage points.The comprehensive performance was better than ResNet50 and DenseNet121 models.

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Research on Millet Disease Identification Based on Transfer Learning and Residual Network

ZHANG Hongtao, LUO Yiming, TAN Lian, YANG Jiapeng, WANG Yu

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2023, 52 (12): 162-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.018

Abstract （795）

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A method of millet disease image recognition based on transfer learning and residual network（Residual CNN）was proposed for millet disease. First，the original sample set was established，whichwas composed of four kinds of disease images including millet white disease，blast，red leaf disease，rustdisease and normal millet leaf image.Then，the original image was segmented by using the maximum inter‐class variance method based on super green feature，the millet disease segmentation image dataset was established，and the dataset was extended. Finally，based on the expanded segmentation image data set of millet disease，the recognition model of millet disease was established by using the idea of transfer learning and residual network. The results showed that the recognition rate of this model reached 98.2%，which was 8.9 percentage points higher than that of the support vector machine（SVM）based millet disease recognition model，and the training time of this model was reduced by 17.69 min compared with that of the convolutional neural network（CNN） based millet disease recognition model.The results indicated that the recognition model of millet disease based on transfer learning and residual network could effectively identify the four kinds of millet leaf diseases.

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Identification of Lasioderma serricorne in Tobacco Leaf Raw Materials Based on Improved YOLOv3 Algorithm

ZHANG Weizheng, CHEN Saiyueyang, WANG Yanling, TIE Jinxin, DING Jia, LI Meng, LI Canlin, SU Xiaoke, GAN Yong

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2023, 52 (11): 157-166. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.017

Abstract （719）

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In order to solve the problem of low efficiency and inaccuracy in manual recognition of tobacco beetles（ Lasioderma serricorne）in tobacco leaf raw materials，and achieve accurate and intelligent recognition of tobacco beetles，a tobacco beetle recognition model was proposed based on the improved YOLOv3 algorithm.Firstly，Random Mix data augmentation technology was used to expand the tobacco beetle dataset；By introducing the K⁃means++ algorithm to recluster anchor boxes，YOLOv3’s recognition ability for tobacco beetles was improved；SIoU Loss was used to improve the Loss function of YOLOv3 bounding box to improve the accuracy of model positioning and accelerate model convergence；Finally，a feature refinement module was added to filter conflict information and optimize the accuracy of the model in identifying small targets in the tobacco beetle dataset.The results showed that，the improved YOLOv3 network model achieved average detection accuracy，recall，F1 score，and mAP of 93.26%，88.25%，0.90，and 94.59% for tobacco beetles in the test set，respectively，increased by 12.21 percentage points，11.79 percentage points，0.12，and 12.40 percentage points compared to the existing YOLOv3 algorithm，providing support for the effective recognition of tobacco beetles.

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Effects of Straw Mulching on Soil Microbial Biomass，Enzyme Activity，and Soybean Yield in Black Soil Areas

KONG Fandan, ZHOU Lijun, ZHENG Meiyu, ZHANG Zuohe, YANG Zeyi, WU Juan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (1): 87-95. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.010

Abstract （680）

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In order to investigate the effects of straw coverage on soil microbial biomass，enzyme activity，and soybean yield in black soil areas，Kenfeng 16 was used as the experimental material. Four treatments were set up，including no straw coverage（CK），0.5 kg/m ² straw return coverage（T1），1.0 kg/m ² straw return coverage（T2），and 1.5 kg/m ²straw return coverage（T3），to determine the number of bacteria，fungi，actinomycetes，and the activity of urease and catalase in the soil of the cultivation layer during the soybean growth period，and soybean yield，and compare and analyze the effects of different straw coverage amount on soil microbial biomass，enzyme activity，and soybean yield.The results showed that the number of soil bacteria showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing throughout the entire growth period of soybean，with T2 treatment having the highest total number of bacteria，which increased by 33.08%，9.30%，and 65.38% compared to T1，T3，and CK treatments，respectively.The number of fungi showed a trend of first increasing，then decreasing，and then increasing and then decreasing，with T2 treatment having the highest total number of fungi. The overall number of actinomycetes showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and increased with the increase of straw coverage.The urease activity of each treatment showed T1>T2>T3>CK，and the straw covering treatment increased by 32.64%，29.42%，and 18.23% compared to CK treatment，respectively.The activity of catalase showed T2>T3>T1>CK，and the enzyme activity reached the highest in different treatments during the flowering period. The soybean yield under straw cover treatment was significantly higher than that under CK. The impact of straw cover on soybean yield did not continue to increase with the increase of straw cover，with T2 treatment having the highest yield.There was a significant positive correlation between soybean yield and urease activity，bacterial count，and fungal count；There was a significant positive correlation between catalase activity and urease activity，as well as the number of fungi. In summary，under the conditions of this study，1.0 kg/m ² straw coverage is the optimal straw coverage amount.

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Expression and Functional Analysis of Maize Stress Response Gene ZmTPR1

CAO Liru, LIANG Xiaohan, MA Chenchen, YE Feiyu, PANG Yunyun, LI Weiya, ZHANG Xin, LU Xiaomin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (1): 12-21. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.002

Abstract （646）

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On the basis of previous transcriptome sequencing of maize under drought‑rehydration treatment， ZmTPR1 （tetratricopeptide repeat 1）was identified in response to drought stress.Bioinformatics analysis was conducted，and expression pattern was analyzed in different tissues and under different stresses. The homologous gene AtTPR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana was knocked out by CRISPR‑Cas9 technology，the phenotype，physiological and biochemical indexes of homozygous mutant plants were analyzed under drought stress，and the function of this gene was preliminarily explored，which would provide genetic resources for breeding drought‑resistant maize varieties.The results showed that ZmTPR1 gene was located on chromosome 3 of maize，encoding 421 amino acids，containing a conserved coiled coil domain，and might be involved in the response of maize to plant hormones，drought and so on. ZmTPR1 gene expressed in all tissues of maize，with the highest expression level in young stems.Drought，high temperature，salt and nitrogen deficiency stresses could induce the expression of ZmTPR1 gene，and the expression level of ZmTPR1 gene was most up‑regulated after drought stress.The expression level of ZmTPR1 gene in drought‑resistant maize inbred line Zheng 36 was significantly higher than that in drought‑sensitive maize inbred line B73 after drought stress. Drought resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana decreased after AtTPR1 gene was knocked out，the growth of Attpr1 mutant was severely inhibited under drought stress，and the leaves were wilted or even dried out. At the same time，the relative water content，chlorophyll content，net photosynthetic rate，activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase significantly decreased，and the content of malondialdehyde significantly increased.In summary， ZmTPR1 gene is involved in the response of maize to various abiotic stresses，and plays an important role in drought stress.

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Sensitivity Analysis and Applicability Evaluation of the AquaCrop Model for Sesame Crop Parameters

LI Mengyao, GUAN Haoyue, ZHANG Jiantao, HUANG Ming, LI Feng, RONG Yasi, LI Youjun, LI Guoqiang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 149-159. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.017

Abstract （608）

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The objective is to enhance the calibration efficiency of the AquaCrop model for sesame crop parameters and verify the applicability of the model. The initial value and value range of sesame crop parameters were determined based on the experimental data（2022—2023）and related literatures.The EFAST method was used to perform global sensitivity analysis of 53 sesame crop parameters，uncertainty analysis of simulation results and parameters calibration validation. The results showed that 27 parameters were sensitive to the maximum biomass of each treatment，including CDM，CDSE，POFE，RSWT，PSENSP，PSTOSP，RSWB and ECSW with TS_i above 0.3.And 14 parameters were sensitive to grain yield of each treatment，including POHX，RSWT，CDSE，DMCON，PSTO and PSTOSP with TS_i higher than 0.2.The decision coefficient（ R ²） of simulated and measured canopy coverage and aboveground biomass ranged from 0.875 to 0.954 and 0.951 to 0.970，respectively.Futhermore，the normalized root mean square error（ NRMSE） ranged from 11. 5% to 18.1% and 18. 9% to 27.7%，respectively.Meanwhile，the Nash‑Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients（ NSE） were 0.873—0.940 and 0.930—0.959，respectively.The relative error between the simulated and measured values of yield was between 0.03 and 0.07.The localized AquaCrop model can better simulate the dynamic development process of sesame，which can be used to optimize sesame management and forecast future production.

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Research Progress on the Effect of Organic Carbon on the Formation of Soil Aggregates

ZHOU Jiahao, CHU Junjie, SUN Wanchun, ZOU Ping, YU Qiaogang, MA Junwei, YANG Jun

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2023, 52 (11): 10-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.002

Abstract （287）

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Soil organic carbon（SOC），as an important substance involved in biogeochemical cycles，plays an important role in the formation and stability of soil aggregates.The definition，characteristics and formation theory of soil aggregates were reviewed，the turnover process of SOC in aggregates was analyzed，and the role and influence of SOC quantity，SOC structure，microbial residue carbon and SOC loss in the formation of soil aggregates were reviewed.Suggestions on the cultivation of healthy soil were put forward from the perspective of the synergistic relationship between soil carbon sink and aggregates，and the future research direction of soil aggregates was prospected in order to provide reference for the sustainable development of soil resources.

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Current Status and Progress of Research on Soil Water Movement and Distribution in Subsurface Drip Irrigation

WANG Dongbo, QIAN Zhiyong, WANG Dong, HUANG Guoliang, YANG Zhenjie, ZHANG Yijie

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2023, 52 (12): 1-13. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.001

Abstract （240）

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The movement and distribution of soil water under subsurface drip irrigation has always been a hot topic in academic circles. In order to clarify the research progress of influencing factors of soil water migration and distribution under subsurface drip irrigation，the basic principles，main characteristics and development history of subsurface drip irrigation technology were summarized.The research methods and conclusions of soil water migration and distribution under different subsurface drip irrigation methods were systematically expounded，and the application status of numerical simulation technology in soil water distribution law research was introduced.The key factors affecting soil water migration and distribution under subsurface drip irrigation conditions were comprehensively analyzed.The current research status and development bottlenecks were summarized，and the future research direction was prospected，in order to provide theoretical reference for further research and improvement of irrigation water use efficiency.

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mRNA Vaccines：Research Progress and Applications in Animal Infectious Diseases

ZHAI Chongkai, MAO Fuchao, TIAN Wenjing, WANG Conghui, WANG Yingxian, ZHANG Hewei

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 10-21. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.002

Abstract （213）

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Compared to traditional approaches，RNA vaccines offer advantages such as high safety，good efficacy，and short development cycle，which makes them have unique advantages in the prevention and control of infectious diseases.Currently，mRNA vaccines have made great progress in the prevention and control of COVID‑19，influenza，Ebola，Zika and other human diseases，but the research on mRNA vaccines for animals is still not in‑depth.Therefore，the development of mRNA vaccines for animals to prevent and control infectious diseases in livestock，poultry，and wild animals has become one of the important research directions in the field of animal diseases and public health.This review comprehensively discusses the design，preparation，delivery system，application，advantages，challenges and prospects of mRNA vaccines against animal infectious diseases，to provide valuable insights for the development and research of future animal mRNA vaccines.

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Progress on Application of Rational Design of Enzyme in Crop Breeding and Prospect

WANG Donghui, WANG Aoxuan, HE Changhai, LIU Zhihao, SHI Yongchun, WANG Ran, WANG Xiaoran

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.001

Abstract （207）

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Excellent germplasm resources are important guarantee for food security，and traditional breeding techniques have problems such as long breeding cycles and intensive workloads. With the deep integration of biology and computer technology，the rational design of enzyme used for directional optimization of key crop genes has laid the foundation for greater exploitation of high‑quality genetic resources.It further integrates with gene editing and transgenic technologies，and becomes one of the important directions in the exploration of molecular breeding technology.This article elaborated the common methods of rational design of enzyme，such as molecular docking，molecular dynamic simulations，binding free energy evaluation and so on，reviewed the progress on application of rational design of enzyme in improvement of crop quality，stress resistance and biomass，and the future was prospected，to provide reference for the development and utilization of new technologies in crop breeding.

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Progress on Application of bHLH Transcription Factors in Cold Tolerance Genetic Engineering of Plants

QI Xueli, LI Ying, LI Chunying, HAN Liupeng, ZHAO Mingzhong, ZHANG Jianzhou

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2023, 52 (11): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.001

Abstract （197）

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Plants often encounter cold stress，which influences the growth and geographical distribution，and decreases yield and quality of plants. bHLH（basic helix⁃loop⁃helix）family is the second largest transcription factor family in plant，which plays an important role in regulation of tolerance to cold stress.This paper elaborated the structure and the application of MYC（avian myelocytoma virus）⁃like bHLH transcription factor ICE［inducer of CBF（C⁃repeat binding factor） expression］ and other bHLH transcription factors in plant cold tolerance genetic engineering，so as to provide some references for the utilization of bHLH transcription factors in cold tolerance genetic improvement and breeding.

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Comparison of Dumas Combustion Method and Kjeldahl Nitrogen Determination Method in Determination of Total Nitrogen in Fertilizer

JIA Bin, SHANG Lijun, PAN Jie, SUN Hongmei, WANG Ying, YUAN Erding

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 85-91. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.009

Abstract （188）

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To evaluate the applicability of Dumas combustion method and Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method in determining the total nitrogen content of different types of fertilizers,20 different types of nitrogen⁃containing fertilizers and 4 standard samples were selected as experimental objects.Dumas combustion method and Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method were used to determine the total nitrogen content,and the precision,accuracy,correlation of the results,and advantages and disadvantages of the two methods were compared.The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods in determining fertilizers without nitrate nitrogen,but the precision of Dumas combustion method was higher.When measuring nitrate nitrogen⁃containing fertilizers,there was a significant difference in the results of the two methods.The results of Dumas combustion method were closer to the true content and had good repeatability,while Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method had a lower value and poor repeatability.For urea nitrogen fertilizers with high nitrogen content,the precision of Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method was slightly higher than that of Dumas combustion method.Taking into account factors such as environmental friendliness,work efficiency,experimental costs,precision and accuracy of the measurement results,Dumas combustion method is more suitable for determining the total nitrogen content of fertilizers.

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Research Progress on Heavy Metal Stress Effects and Phytoremediation Mechanism of Forage Grass

WU Yafen, ZHOU Liuting, WANG Yixiang, LUO Tao, HUANG Xiaoyun, HUANG Xiusheng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (1): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.001

Abstract （184）

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Soil heavy metal pollution is the main factor that causes the decline of ecological environment quality，the excessive content of heavy metals in crops and the harm to human health. Phytoremediation is one of the important ways to control heavy metals，which has both ecological and economic benefits.However，most plant species have limited remediation ability and cannot achieve good heavy metal removal effect. In contrast，forage grass is easy to cultivate，with large biomass and short growth cycle.It shows strong remediation ability in the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soil，and has good application prospect and development value. Based on the current situation of heavy metal contaminated soil remediation by herbage plants，the response characteristics of herbage plants under heavy metal stress，the enrichment effect of heavy metals and the remediation mechanism were systematically expounded，aiming to provide reference for the efficient use of herbage plants for heavy metal contaminated soil treatment.

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Effects of Different Sowing and Irrigation Methods on Seedling Emergence，Dry Matter Accumulation，Transport and Yield of Summer Maize

YANG Mingda, ZHANG Suyu, LI Shuai, ZHENG Dongfang, YANG Shenjiao, GUAN Xiaokang, WANG Tongchao

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (1): 22-31. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.003

Abstract （183）

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The effects of different sowing and irrigation methods［conventional sowing under surface drip irrigation（DI），deep sowing under subsurface drip irrigation（SDI）and conventional sowing under surface irrigation（CK）］on the seedling emergence，dry matter accumulation，transport and yield of summer maize were explored，so as to select suitable sowing and irrigation methods for field production.The results showed that under 40 mm irrigation after sowing，the soil moisture under SDI treatment could move up to the seed bed layer and penetrate down to 80 cm from the surface.The soil water content in the 5—10 and 10—20 cm soil layers reached 68.69% and 75.35% of the field capacity，respectively.The range of wetted soil was above 60 cm of soil layer for CK and DI treatments.SDI treatment significantly prolonged the seedling emergence time of summer maize，resulting in a significant decrease in leaf area and dry matter weight per plant at seedling stage than other treatments，but its seedling emergence rate did not significantly decrease. Under irrigation conditions during the growth period，compared with CK， SDI treatment reduced the soil water content of 0—20 cm soil layer at the late jointing and early filling stages，but increased the soil water content of 40—120 cm soil layers.DI treatment increased the soil water content of upper and middle soil layers at the late jointing stage and the whole profile at the early filling stage when compared to CK. Compared with CK，SDI and DI treatments could not only promote pre‑anthesis dry matter transport，but also improve the leaf area index and aboveground dry matter accumulation at anthsis and filling stages.Finally，SDI and DI treatments improved aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity，yield and water use efficiency by 8.51%，11.22%，11.41% and 6.18%，6.38%% ，9.94%，respectively.SDI treatment increased the grain number per ear and yield compared with DI treatment，but the difference in water use efficiency between the two treatments was not significant.In sum，deep sowing under subsurface drip irrigation did not significantly affect the seedling emergence rate of summer maize.Moreover，deep sowing under subsurface drip irrigation could increase the soil water content in the middle and lower layers，which was beneficial for the increase of pre‑anthesis dry matter transport amount，post‑anthesis leaf area index and aboveground dry matter accumulation，and finally obtained the highest yield and water use efficiency.

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Advance in Biological Pollutants in Agricultural Irrigation with Reclaimed Water

ZHANG Hongwei, CUI Bingjian, LIU Chuncheng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 1-16. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.001

Abstract （182）

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Rational and safe utilization of reclaimed water is one of the effective ways to alleviate the shortage of freshwater resources in farmland irrigation.Reclaimed water contains certain nutrient elements，but also contains certain harmful elements. Through literature review，this paper introduced in detail the research progress of reclaimed water utilization in agricultural irrigation from the aspects of definition and utilization of reclaimed water，types of biological pollutants，risk identification of biological pollution and risk control technology of reclaimed water quality in order to provide the references for the utilization of reclaimed water.The key future researches on reclaimed water utilization in agriculture were put forward，including evaluating the safety of reclaimed water utilization through long‐term positioning tests，analyzing the half‐life of antibiotics and other emerging pollutants in reclaimed water，formulating corresponding utilization standards，and developing low‐cost and rapid sewage treatment technology.

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Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Filling Characteristics，Yield and Quality of Different Summer Maize Varieties

QIAO Jiangfang, HE Jiawen, HOU Chuanwei, ZHANG Meiwei, YANG Mingbo, HAN Linlin, ZHANG Panpan, LI Chuan, NIU Jun, GUO Hanxiao, MU Weilin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 33-42. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.003

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Two maize varieties Dika 517（DK 517，with faster dehydration rate）and Zhengdan 1002（ZD1002，with slower dehydration rate）were used as the materials to explore the effects of nitrogen rate[0 kg/ha(N0)180 kg/ha(N1)and 300 kg/ha(N2)]on grain filling characteristics，dehydration rate，yield and quality of summer maize，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the high‐quality and efficient production of summer maize in Huang‐Huai‐Hai region.The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen rate，the dry grain weight of DK 517 and ZD 1002 generally gradually increased，grains number per row and yield first increased and then decreased，crude protein content of grains increased，and crude starch content decreased.In general，N1 treatment had the highest biomass under maximum grain filling rate and maximum grain filling rate，the longest active filling period，the highest grains number per row，then the highest yield，which was 9 694. 60 kg/ha and 11 204.56 kg/ha for DK 517 and ZD 1002，respectively，and the grain crude protein content was higher.Different nitrogen application rate treatments had different effects on grain filling characteristics of maize varieties with different dehydration rates.At 15—24 days after pollination，there were significant differences in grain moisture content under different nitrogen application rate treatments. At 58 days after pollination，the grain moisture content of DK 517 showed N2>N1>N0，and that of ZD 1002 showed N1>N0>N2.At 49—58 days after pollination，the dehydration rate of grain was the highest under N0 treatment.Compared with ZD 1002，DK 517 had higher biomass under maximum grain filling rate and maximum grain filling rate，earlier days reaching maximum filling rate，shorter active filling period，lower grain moisture content，lower grain dehydration rate at the early filling stage and higher rate at the middle and late filling stages，lower grains number per row，100‐grain weight，yield and crude fat content of grain，and higher crude protein and starch content.The dehydration rate of grains was significantly negatively correlated with spike diameter and bald tip length，and significantly positively correlated with spike length and crude starch content.To sum up，nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/ha can promote grain filling，and improve yield and crude protein content of grain.

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Lightweight YOLO v5s Blueberry Detection Algorithm Based on Attention Mechanism

LIU Yongmin, ZHANG Wei, MA Haizhi, LIU Yuan, ZHANG Yi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 151-157. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.016

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To achieve precise and rapid detection of blueberries in natural environments，an improved algorithm combining lightweight networks and attention mechanisms was proposed based on YOLO v5s.Firstly，the structure of the maximum object detection layer was removed at the positions of the backbone network and detection heads，thereby reducing the number of model parameters and enhancing the model’s ability to detect small targets. Secondly，MHSA（Multi‐head self‐attention）was used to replace the C3 module before SPPF（Spatial pyramid pooling‐fast），enabling the model to learn more comprehensive feature representations and enhancing its understanding of complex spatial relationships and contextual information in blueberry images. Finally，S‐PSA（Sequential polarized self‐attention）was added to the C3 module to better capture the contextual dependencies between adjacent regions in the feature map. The experimental results showed that the improved YOLO v5s algorithm improved the detection accuracy of mature blueberries，semi mature blueberries，and immature blueberries by 1.2，4.4，2.6 percentage points，respectively，with average accuracy increase of 2.7 percentage points and 76% reduction in model parameter count. Compared with the current mainstream lightweight object detection models，the improved model has superior performance and can provide an effective solution for the visual system of blueberry picking robots in natural environments.

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Winter Wheat Aboveground Biomass and Yield Estimation Based on Multi‐Source Information from UAV Imagery

GUO Yan, JING Yuhang, HE Jia, ZHANG Huifang, JIA Dewei, WANG Laigang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2023, 52 (12): 149-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.017

Abstract （173）

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Winter wheat aboveground biomass is an important indicator to characterize yield，and rapid and non‐destructive monitoring of winter wheat aboveground biomass by UAV remote sensing technology can grasp the growth of winter wheat in time，which is of great significance to the estimation of winter wheat yield. In this study，based on the spectral information and texture characteristics of UAV digital orthophoto map（DOM） and plant height（H _DSM） extracted by digital surface model（DSM） during the booting，flowering，and filling stages of winter wheat，multiple linear regression（MLR），partial least squares regression（PLSR），and random forest（RF）methods were used to construct the winter wheat aboveground biomass and yield estimation models.The results showed that when using DOM information for winter wheat aboveground biomass estimation，the models constructed by integrating SIs+TFs were better than those constructed by a single spectral index or a texture feature；the accuracy of the winter wheat aboveground biomass estimation model constructed by incorporating H _DSM information was improved，the RF model at the flowering stage had the highest accuracy；when incorporating the H _DSM information into the aboveground biomass estimation of winter wheat，the accuracy of the estimation model was most obviously improved by TFs+H _DSM.In the early estimation of winter wheat yield，the logarithmic function model had the highest accuracy in fitting the measured aboveground biomass to yield，and the R ² of the models for the booting，flowering，and filling stages were 0.87，0.88，and 0.92，respectively. The optimal models for aboveground biomass and yield estimation were coupled to estimate the yield，and the highest accuracy of the estimation model was obtained at the filling stage，with R ² ，RPD，and RMSE of 0.90，2.77，and 244.61 kg/ha，respectively.Therefore，the integration of multi‐source information from UAV imagery and machine learning algorithms，can be used to quickly and efficiently estimate the aboveground biomass and yield of winter wheat，which is of great significance for the accurate formulation of food security policies.

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Analysis of Chemical Composition and Quality Difference in Different Sections of Cigar Filler and Wrapper Leaves

LI Jingjing, RONG Shibin, QIN Yanqing, ZHOU Jun, ZENG Dailong, ZHONG Qiu, ZHAO Yuanyuan, LIU Deshui, ZHANG Ruina, SHI Hongzhi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (1): 62-69. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.007

Abstract （164）

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In order to explore the quality difference of different sections of cigar leaves，the first grade cigar filler and wrapper leaves sorted out after the fermentation of cigar variety Dexue No.1 were used as materials to detect and analyze the conventional chemical composition，neutral aroma composition，tobacco‑specific nitrosamines（TSNAs）and precursors content in five different sections from the leaf base to the tip.The results showed that，there were significant differences in chemical composition between different sections of cigar tobacco leaves.The contents of reducing sugar and total sugar were relatively higher in the leaf tip and near the leaf tip sections.The contents of total nitrogen and protein were higher near the leaf base，and the nicotine content first increased and then decreased from the leaf base to the leaf tip.The content of neutral aroma components of cigar filler and wrapper leaves increased from the leaf base to the tip and then decreased，cigar filler in the middle of the leaf was the highest，while wrapper was the highest in the near‑base part. The TSNAs content of two types of cigar leaves from leaf base to the tip decreased continuously，but the decline range was different. The leaf tip of cigar filler was 68.25% lower than that of the leaf base，and the wrapper decreased by 30.19%.In addition，the sensory quality of the two types of cigar leaves increased first and then decreased from leaf base to the tip，with the quality of the middle and near‑tip parts being better. In summary，the middle and near‑tip parts of cigar tobacco leaves have strong aroma，low harmful components，and better smoking quality.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance and Genome‑Wide Association Study of Japonica Rice Germplasms at Seedling Stage

FENG Peiyuan, DONG Yue, JIAO Zilan, CHEN Min, KONG Weiru, RAN Jie, LI Peifu, TIAN Lei

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.001

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To investigate the distribution characteristics of Na ⁺and K ⁺in japonica rice germplasms at seedling stage under salt stress，identify elite salt‑tolerant germplasms and detect ion homeostasis‑related loci，181 japonica rice germplasms were used to determine the salt tolerance score（STS），shoot Na ⁺content（SNC），root Na ⁺content（RNC），shoot K ⁺content（SKC），root K ⁺content（RKC），calculate shoot Na ⁺/K ⁺（SNK），root Na ⁺/K ⁺（RNK）and comprehensive evaluation value（D），and conduct genome‑wide association study（GWAS）.The results showed that seven indexes STS，SNC，RNC，SKC，RKC，SNK and RNK showed abundant variation，and the variation coefficient ranged from 23.7% to 70.5%.The correlation analysis result showed that，SNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with RNC，SNK and RNK；RNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with SNK and RNK；SKC was significantly positively correlated with RKC and extremly significantly negatively correlated with SNK.Principal component analysis（PCA）results showed that four major components were extracted，with a cumulative contribution rate of 89. 545%. Subsequently，five salt‑tolerant germplasms，including Bertone，Cigalon，Banat2951，Zaonuodao and Shennong 2，were selected by D value，and Jiahe 1，Yueguang，Xingshi，Shanfuliya and Qianchonglang were salt‑sensitive germplasms.The GWAS analysis revealed a total of 16 salt tolerance related InDel loci and 32 allelic variants，with contribution rate of 10.82%—20.57%.Among them，nine InDel loci were significantly associated with RNC，which were located on chromosomes 1，4，6，8，9 and 11；seven InDel loci were significantly associated with RNK，which were located on chromosomes 4，5，6，7，9 and 10，with contribution rate of 11.04%—18.79%.The allele 6IM20. 68Mb‑2 was detected in RNC and RNK，respectively.The InDel locus 9IM20.21Mb，which was significantly associated with RNK，showed three haplotypes.The RNK of Hap1 was significantly lower than that of Hap2 and Hap3，so it was a typical salt‑tolerant haplotype.

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Research Progress of Nitrogen Inhibitors

HUANG Boxuan, ZHENG Cangsong, SUN Miao, SHAO Jingjing, FENG Weina, LI Pengcheng, DONG Helin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (8): 1-10. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.001

Abstract （163）

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Nitrogen inhibitors have the advantages of increasing crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency，and reducing nitrogen application costs and environmental pollution risks，providing a technological pathway for the green and efficient development of modern agriculture.They mainly included nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors.This article summarized the research and development history，mechanism of action，and application effects of nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors，and prospected their future research directions，in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of nitrogen inhibitors.

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Effects of Temperature and Light Conditions on Yield and Quality of Indica Rice under Different Sowing Dates

FAN Yifan, ZHANG Yanyan, WANG Yimei, LI Junzhou, DU Yanxiu, SUN Hongzheng, PENG Ting, ZHAO Quanzhi, ZHANG Jing

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 17-27. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.002

Abstract （159）

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In order to clarify the temperature and light conditions for high yield and high quality of indica rice in southern Henan，a field experiment was conducted with three indica rice varieties（Zhaoyou 5431，Zhongzheyou 8 and Yliangyou 900） as experimental materials. The accumulated temperature，accumulated light time and accumulated light intensity of indica rice from heading to maturity under different sowing dates of April 15（T1），April 30（T2），May 15（T3），May 30（T4）and June 14（T5）were analyzed for two consecutive years，and the rice yield，milling quality，appearance quality，nutritional quality and cooking quality were analyzed.The redundancy analysis（RDA）of the effect of temperature and light factors on the quality of indica rice under different sowing dates was carried out，and the key environmental factors affecting the quality of rice in southern Henan were found through the interpretation rate of temperature and light factors. The results showed that with the delay of sowing date，the yield，milling quality and nutritional quality of the three indica rice varieties increased first and then decreased.In the two years，the yield of T2 treatment was the highest，the milling quality，appearance quality and cooking quality were better，and the yield and quality of T5 treatment were the worst. Among them，in 2019，the yield of T2 treatment increased by 129.4% compared with T5 treatment，the head milled rice rate increased by 32.1%，the chalkiness degree and chalky grain rate decreased by 69.8% and 69.9%，respectively，and the amylose content decreased by 13.7%. In 2020，the yield of T2 treatment increased by 271.0% compared with T5 treatment，the head milled rice rate increased by 83.9%，the chalkiness degree and chalky grain rate decreased by 85.2% and 77.6%，respectively，and the amylose content decreased by 19.2%. The protein content of rice was the highest under T3 treatment，which was 13.6% and 20.0% higher than that under T5 treatment in 2019 and 2020，respectively. There was no significant difference in quality indexes between T2 and T3 treatments.The yield of Yliangyou 900 under T2 treatment was the highest in both years，and its quality was better. The accumulated temperature，accumulated light time and accumulated light intensity of the three varieties from heading to maturity decreased with the delay of sowing date. The accumulated temperature and accumulated light time of Yliangyou 900 decreased the most，and the decrease of Zhaoyou 5431 and Zhongzheyou 8 was similar.RDA and interpretation rate analysis showed that the temperature and light factors from heading to mature stage were the main environmental factors that caused the difference of rice quality，and the accumulated light time of 10—20 days after heading was the most important ecological factor affecting rice quality. In summary，the yield of indica rice in southern Henan is the highest when sown on April 30，and the quality is better.

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Creating of Wheat Taaap3 Mutant with Low Fertilizer Tolerance Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

LI Yan, CHEN Yanyan, HUA Xia, FANG Yuhui, WANG Yumin, GONG Chen, QI Xueli, HU Lin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2023, 52 (11): 33-41. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.004

Abstract （159）

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In order to create new wheat（ Triticum aestivum L.）germplasm with low fertilizer tolerance and high yield，the CRISPR/Cas9 technology was utilized to edit the amino acid permeability enzyme gene TaAAP3 in wheat，the types of mutants were determined，the yields of mutants under low fertilizer condition were analyzed，and new wheat materials with low fertilizer tolerance and high yield were screened.The results showed that three mutants of TaAAP3 gene were obtained，including one monogenomic homozygous mutant and two trigenomic homozygous mutants.The main mutations were insertion of single base and insertion or deletion of small fragment of DNA，resulting in frameshift mutations that terminated translation prematurely and caused the protein sequence completely altered.The expression level of TaAAP3 gene in the leaves of Taaap3 mutants seedlings was significantly lower than that of wild type，and the expression level of TaAAP3 in mutants with trigenomic mutations was significantly lower than that with monogenomic mutation.The grain yields of the three Taaap3 mutants were significantly higher than that of wild type under low fertilizer condition，and the lower expression level of TaAAP3 gene，the greater increase of grain yield.Overall，knocking out the TaAAP3 gene in wheat significantly reduces its expression level，and significantly increases grain yield under low fertilizer condition.

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Recognition of Cotton Pests and Diseases Named Entities Based on RoBERTA Multi⁃feature Fusion

LI Dongya, BAT Tao, XIANG Huimin, DAI Shuo, WANG Zhenlu, CHEN Zhen

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 152-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.017

Abstract （158）

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Aiming at the scarcity of cotton pest and disease text corpus data and the lack of Chinese named entity recognition corpus,and the problems of complexity,diversity and uneven distribution of the content of cotton pest and disease entities,a Chinese entity recognition corpus CDIPNER containing 11 categories of cotton pests and diseases entities was constructed，and a named entity recognition model based on RoBERTa multi⁃feature fusion was proposed.The model adopted RoBERTa pre⁃training model with stronger mask learning ability for character⁃level embedding vector conversion,extracted feature vectors jointly by BiLSTM and IDCNN models to capture the temporal and spatial features of the text,respectively,fused the extracted feature vectors using a multi⁃head self⁃attention mechanism,and finally generated predicted sequences using the CRF algorithm.The results showed that the model had 96.60% recognition accuracy,95.76% recall,and 96.18% F1 value for named entities in cotton pest and disease text;it also had good results on public datasets such as ResumeNER.The results indicate that the model could effectively identify named entities of cotton pest and disease and has certain generalisation ability.

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Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Depth on Root Distribution，Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization and Yield of Foxtail Millet

ZHU Cancan, FU Senjie, QIN Na, WANG Chunyi, DAI Shutao, SONG Yinghui, WEI Xin, LI Junxia

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2023, 52 (12): 22-30. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.003

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In order to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of phosphate fertilizer in foxtail millet production，a field experiment was conducted with four phosphate fertilizer application depths of 5 cm（P5），10 cm（P10），15 cm（P15）and 20 cm（P20）with no phosphate fertilizer application as control（CK），and the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application depth on root distribution，dry matter accumulation and transportation，nitrogen uptake and utilization，and yield of foxtail millet were studied.The results showed that suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer promoted the growth of foxtail millet roots，and increased root length，root surface area and dry weight of root，showing a trend of P15>P10>P5>P20>CK. With the increase of phosphate fertilizer application depth，the root length，root surface area and dry weight of root of foxtail millet in deep soil increased，and the values showed P20>P15>P10>P5>CK in 20—40 cm soil layer. Suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer could promote dry matter accumulation and transportation of foxtail millet. Compared with P5 treatment，the dry matter accumulations at maturity of P10，P15 and P20 treatments increased by 4.60%，10.29% and 0.92%，respectively，and the dry matter transfer rates increased by 6.49%，10.06% and -20.13%，respectively.Deep application of phosphate fertilizer increased the uptake and utilization of nitrogen by roots in deep soil.The available nitrogen content in deep soil，especially in the 20—40 cm soil layer，significantly decreased compared with P5 treatment. Compared with P5 treatment，the total nitrogen accumulations of P10，P15 and P20 treatments increased by 3.91%，17.85% and 5.31% at maturity，respectively；nitrogen absorption efficiencies increased by 5.88%，19.12% and 7.35%，and partial productivities of nitrogen increased by 18.95%，32.88% and -1.26%，respectively. Suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer increased grain weight per spike，yield and harvest index，which all showed P15>P10>P5>P20>CK，the yields of P10 and P15 treatments increased by 18.98% and 32.86% compared with P5 treatment，respectively，and the yield of P20 treatment decreased by 1.27% compared with P5 treatment.In conclusion，15 cm is the optimal depth of phosphorus fertilizer application，which can promote the growth and down lapping of foxtail millet roots，improve the uptake and utilization of nitrogen by roots in soil，promote the accumulation and transportation of dry matter，and increase the yield by 32.86% compared with the shallow application of phosphorus fertilizer at 5 cm.

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Effects of Nitrogen Topdressing Rates on Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Winter Wheat under Long⁃Term Straw Returning

HAO Yonghui, JIN Haiyang, YAN Yaqian, LI Xiangdong, ZHENG Fei, YUE Junqin, ZHANG Deqi, FANG Baoting, YANG Cheng, CHENG Hongjian, LI Chunxi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (4): 9-19. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.04.002

Abstract （149）

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The effects of nitrogen topdressing rates[0 kg/ha(N150),37.5 kg/ha(N150+37.5),75 kg/ha(N150+75),112.5 kg/ha(N150+112.5) and 150 kg/ha(N150+150)]on winter wheat population dynamics,accumulation and transport of dry aboveground matter and nitrogen,grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency were studied under long⁃term straw returning and sufficient basal nitrogen application(150 kg/ha)to clarify the nitrogen topdressing rate for synergistically achieving higher grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for efficient nitrogen fertilizer management of winter wheat under straw returning.The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate,the number of tillers before winter and effective panicles showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,achieving higher values under treatments of N150+75 and N150+112.5.The aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation before anthesis gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate,while the aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after anthesis followed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing.The aboveground dry matter transport amount and rate before anthesis of treatments with no topdressing nitrogen(N150)and low topdressing nitrogen(N150+37.5，N150+75)were generally significantly higher than those with high topdressing nitrogen(N150+112.5,N150+150)and no nitrogen application(N0);The nitrogen transport amount before anthesis gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,reaching its maximum value under N150+150 treatment,but its nitrogen transport rate before anthesis was significantly lower than the other treatments.Compared with the treatment with only basal nitrogen of 150 kg/ha,topdressing nitrogen of 37.5—150 kg/ha at the jointing stage increased grain yield by 10.45%—33.64%.With the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate，the grain yield showed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing，reaching its maximum value under N150+112.5 treatment,which significantly increased by 30.85%—33.64%,15.04%—20.99%,6.62%—11.07% and 7.35%—7.81% compared with N150，N150+37.5,N150+70 and N150+150 treatments respectively；Partial factor productivity，agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency of applied nitrogen decreased linearly,and the difference between N150+75 and N150+112.5 treatments was not significant as a whole.In summary,topdressing nitrogen at the jointing stage is beneficial for increasing the accumulation and transport of dry matter and nitrogen of winter wheat before and after anthesis.However,excessive topdressing nitrogen leads to a significant decrease of transport rate of dry matter and nitrogen before and after anthesis,reduce the effect of yield increase,and significantly reduce nitrogen utilization efficiency. Under the condition of long⁃term straw returning and basal nitrogen of 150 kg/ha,nitrogen topdressing rate of 112.5 kg/ha at the jointing stage is conducive to the coordination of accumulation and transport of dry matter and nitrogen before and after anthesis.According to fitting analysis,nitrogen topdressing rate of 107.81—139.50 kg/ha at jointing stage can obtain high grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency.

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