Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

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Establishment of Callus Induction and Regeneration System of Cyperus esculentus

ZHU Yajing, ZHANG Xiangge, XU Xinran, HU Haiyan, CHENG Shan, CHEN Chen, LI Chunxin, SONG Wanxian, SONG Wenxu, WANG Huiwei

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (10): 73-81. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.009

Abstract （1386）

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In order to establish an efficient callus induction and regeneration system of Cyperus esculentus,the explants（young root,young leaf,young leaf sheath and tillering node)for callus induction were screened,and the effects of different plant growth regulator combinations on callus induction,proliferation and differentiation were explored.The results showed that the best explant for callus induction of Cyperus esculentus was tillering node;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus induction was 2.5 mg/L 2,4⁃D+0.6 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.6 mg/L NAA+0.9 mg/L ZT,and the induction rate could reach 65.58%;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus proliferation was 0.5 mg/L 2,4⁃D+0.9 mg/L 6⁃BA+1.2 mg/L NAA+1.2 mg/L ZT,and the proliferation rate could reach 68.12%;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus differentiation was 0.9 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.6 mg/L NAA,and the differentiation rate could reach 66.67%.In this study,the best explants suitable for callus induction of Cyperus esculentus were screened,and the conditions of callus induction,proliferation and differentiation of Cyperus esculentus were optimized,which could lay a foundation for the subsequent research and breeding application of biotechnology such as somatic hybridization and genetic transformation of Cyperus esculentus.

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Effects of Soybean and Maize Stubbles on Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Winter Wheat Rhizosphere Soil

GUO Hui, LIAN Yanhao, ZHAO Zhibo, REN Yongzhe, WANG Zhiqiang, LIN Tongbao

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 79-89. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.009

Abstract （1370）

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To explore the differences in the effects of maize stubble and soybean stubble in the Huang‑Huai‑Hai area，in 2023，rhizosphere soil samples at the jointing stage of winter wheat were collected under the conditions of long‑term positioning test fields for up to 4 years（2019—2023）.The responses of rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and function to no nitrogen application（N0）and conventional nitrogen application（N240，pure nitrogen 240 kg/ha） were studied by using 16S high‑throughput sequencing technology combined with Tax4Fun2 function prediction analysis in the jointing stage of winter wheat under maize（M）stubble and soybean（S）stubble，respectively.There were four treatments（MN0，SN0，MN240，SN240）in total.The results showed that，at the phylum level，Proteobacteria，Acidobacteria，Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriota were the dominant rhizosphere bacteria of winter wheat with a relative abundance of 66.66%—69.56%.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in S stubble was significantly increased by 19.10% compared with that in M stubble（ P<0.05），and under N240 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in S stubble was significantly increased by 11.90% compared with that in M stubble（ P<0.05）.At the order level，Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales were the dominant bacteria with a relative abundance of 18.42%—19.68%. Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Vicinamibacterales in S stubble was significantly reduced by 13.69% compared with that in M stubble（ P<0.05）；The relative abundance of Burkholderiales was increased significantly by 11.31%（ P<0.05）.Through the Tax4Fun2 function prediction and the KEGG data comparison，it was found that there were significant differences in the relative abundance of seven functional pathways under the metabolism category under N0 nitrogen application rate（ P<0.05），and correlation analysis further revealed that there was a significant correlation between Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales and amino acid metabolism pathways（ P<0.01）.There were 26 functional genes involved in soil nitrogen cycling pathway in winter wheat soil bacteria，and the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes accounted for the largest proportion.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes norB，norC and nirS in M stubble was significantly higher than that in S stubble（ P<0.05）.In conclusion，the stubble causes the soil bacterial community structure of winter wheat to change under different amount of nitrogen. Different stubble affects the nitrogen metabolism function of bacterial community by changing the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial community.

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Growth Response and Tolerance Evaluation of 32 Spinach Varieties to Cadmium Stress

MIAO Mingjun, LI Jiajia, LEI Xiaokui, LIN Yang, LIAO Jichao, ZHONG Jian, LI Ju, LI Yuejian, CHANG Wei

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (9): 108-116. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.011

Abstract （1294）

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Cadmium(Cd)is a highly toxic heavy metal element.To identify Cd‑tolerant spinach varieties and screen related identification indexes,and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of Cd‑tolerant varieties,in the present study,we conducted a hydroponic experiment using 32 spinach varieties in China.The spinach was exposed to Cd stress(Cd concentration of 50 μmol/L)for 20 days,while the other group of plants was treated as a control(Cd concentration of 0 μmol/L).After the plants reached maturity,we measured the agronomic traits and Cd content.The integrated Cd tolerance of each spinach variety was evaluated by principal component analysis,affiliation function analysis,and correlation analysis.The results showed that plant height,root length,underground fresh weight,aboveground fresh weight,aboveground Cd content,underground Cd content and translocation coefficient of the participating varieties under Cd stress conditions were significantly different from the control.Under Cd stress,the growth and biomass accumulation of spinach were inhibited,and the indicators of each trait decreased significantly.The order of average reduction of each agronomic index was aboveground fresh weight>plant height>underground fresh weight>root length.The principal component analysis of Cd stress tolerance index of the seven indexes was performed,and three principal components were selected，with a cumulative variance contribution of 81.552%;The composite evaluation value(D value)showed highly significant positive correlations( P<0.01)with plant height,underground fresh weight,aboveground fresh weight,aboveground Cd content,and translocation coefficient,which can be used as the preferred indexes for the evaluation of Cd tolerance in spinach.Based on the principal component analysis,we classified the 32 spinach varieties into three categories:Cd‑tolerant,moderate,and Cd‑sensitive varieties.Among the varieties tested,Jin’ge and Micro orchid exhibited strong Cd tolerance,while Desai 176 was found to be Cd‑sensitive.

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Filling Characteristics of Grains at Different Positions of Maize Ear

ZHANG Panpan, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, YU Xiaohong, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, QIAO Jiangfang, ZHANG Guitang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (9): 16-27. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.002

Abstract （1200）

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The high Zn efficiency variety Zhengdan 958(ZD958)and Zn no‑sensitive variety Longping 638(LP638)were used as materials.The field plot experiment was conducted with three N rates[225 kg/ha(HN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 90 kg/ha(LN)]and two foliar Zn treatments［no Zn(F0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(F1)],and the effects of N and Zn application on the filling characteristics of grains at different positions and their relationship with grain yield of different Zn efficiency varieties were studied,so as to provide reference for N and Zn application in the maize production.The results showed that HN treatment had the highest yield,followed by MN treatment,and there was no significant difference between HN treatment and MN treatment.HN treatment increased grain weight at different positions.MN treatment delayed the time with the maximum grain‑filling rate(T _Gmax)at different positions,and increased the maximum grain‑filling rate(Gmax)at upper position and active grain‑filling period(D)at basal position of ZD958 ear,while HN treatment delayed T _Gmax,prolonged D of different positions,and enhanced the grain weight with the maximum grain‑filling rate(W _Gmax)at upper and basal positions of LP638 ear,thus increasing grain yield.Compared with F0 treatment,F1 treatment significantly decreased the bare tip length by 9.9%,significantly increased the yield by 2.0%,increased the grain weight,extended D and postponed TGmax at upper and basal positions of ZD958 ear,and increased W _Gmax.The grain yield was significantly positively correlated with TGmax at basal position of ear,and the grain weight at middle position of ear was extremely significantly positively correlated with the grain weight at basal position of ear.To sum up,applying 180 kg/ha N and spraying 4.5 kg/ha Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can delay T _Gmax at upper and basal positions of ear，extend D,and increase W _Gmax and grain weight of high Zn efficiency maize genotype,thus promoting the increase of yield.

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Screening of miRNAs Related to High Temperature Stress in Maize Pollen and Analysis of Their Target Genes

LI Chuan, ZHANG Panpan, ZHANG Meiwei, NIU Jun, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, QIAO Jiangfang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 1-16. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.001

Abstract （1083）

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By using high⁃throughput miRNA sequencing technology，differentially expressed miRNAs were indentified in pollens of high heat tolerant maize variety Zhengdan 958 and low heat tolerant maize variety Xianyu 335 under high temperature stress at flowering stage，their target genes were predicted，and the enrichment analysis of genetic characteristics and metabolic pathways of these target genes were conducted. The results showed that a total of 818 miRNA precursor sequences were identified. Nineteen significantly differentially expressed miRNA sequences were screened in the group of Zhengdan 958 pollen under high temperature stress compared with the control pollen under normal condition(HT958 vs CK958). Among them，15 miRNA sequences were up⁃regulated，4 miRNA sequences were down⁃regulated，and expression level difference of 3 miRNA sequences reached extremely significant level( P<0.01).The predicted results of target genes of 19 differentially expressed miRNA sequences showed that a total of 503 gene transcripts were obtained，their enriched GO biological process terms included regulation of transcription，DNA⁃templated，microtubule⁃based process，hosphorylation，positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase Ⅱ ，methylation and so on，and the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were glutathione metabolism，carbon metabolism，arachidonic acid metabolism lycolysis/gluconeogenesis，folate biosynthesis and so on. Fiveteen significantly differentially expressed miRNA sequences were identified in the group of Xianyu 335 pollen under high temperature stress compared with the control pollen(HT335 vs CK335). Among them，7 miRNA sequences were up⁃regulated,8 were down⁃regulated，and the expression level difference of 1 miRNA sequence reached highly significant level( P<0.01).The predicted results of target genes of 15 differentially expressed miRNA sequences showed that a total of 454 gene transcripts were obtained，their enriched GO biological process terms included regulation of transcription，DNA⁃templated，phosphorylation，protein phosphorylation,proteolysis，DNA repair and so on，and the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were other glycan degradation,linoleic acid metabolism,metabolic pathways，thiamine metabolism，protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and so on.Eighty⁃five significantly differentially expressed miRNA sequences were identified in the group of Zhengdan 958 pollen under high temperature stress compared with Xianyu 335 pollen under high temperature stress(HT985 vs HT335). Among them，35 miRNA sequences were up⁃regulated，50 were down⁃regulated，and expression level difference of 24 miRNA sequences reached extremely significant level( P<0.01). The predicted results of target genes of 85 differentially expressed miRNA sequences showed that a total of 2 286 gene transcripts were obtained，their enriched GO biological process terms included regulation of transcription，DNA⁃templated，phosphorylation,protein phosphorylation,proteolysis,transmembrane transport and so on，the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were sphingolipidmetabolism，starch and sucrose metabolism，other glycan degradation，metabolic pathways，cysteine and methionine metabolism and so on. Ninety⁃four significantly differentially expressed miRNA sequences were identified in the HT958 vs CK958 group compared with HT335 vs CK335 group. The predicted results of target genes of 94 differentially expressed miRNA sequences showed that a total of 4 569 gene transcripts were obtained.Among them，the expression level difference of 28 miRNA sequences showed extremely significant( P<0.01),including PC⁃3p⁃10069_1143C⁃3p⁃18335_646，zma⁃miR164f⁃5p and so on. The enriched GO biological process terms of target genes of 94 differentially expressed miRNA sequences included regulation of transcription,DNA⁃templated,phosphorylation,protein phosphorylation,protein transport,proteolysis and so on,and the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum，ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes，spliceosome，sphingolipid metabolism，endocytosis and so on.

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Accumulation and Distribution of Mineral Elements in Plant of Maize Varieties with Different Zinc Efficiency

ZHANG Panpan, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, ZHOU Yanli, CHENG Zeqiang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (6): 1-10. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.001

Abstract （934）

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With Zhengdan 958(ZD958)with high zinc(Zn)efficiency and Longping 638(LP638)with Zn insensitivity as materials,the field plot experiment was conducted with three nitrogen(N)rates[90 kg/ha(LN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 225 kg/ha(HN)]and two foliar Zn treatments[no Zn(F0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(F1)]to analyze the effects of N and Zn application on content,accumulation and distribution of mineral elements in plant and grain yield of maize,so as to provide reference for N and Zn application in the maize production.The results showed that the highest copper(Cu)and Zn content in grain was found under MN treatment,with 1.82 mg/kg and 16.23 mg/kg,respectively.F1 treatment could increase the contents of N and Zn and Zn availability.The accumulation of N,phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)in plant was the highest in LP638 under MNF1 treatment;The highest accumulation of Cu and Zn was found in ZD958 under LNF1 treatment,while the highest accumulation of manganese(Mn)and iron(Fe)under HNF1 treatment.The highest proportion of N,P and Cu in grain was obtained in LP638 under HNF1 treatment;The higher proportion of Zn was found in ZD958 under HNF0 and LNF0 treatments.HN treatment had the highest grain yield with an average of 10.31 t/ha,followed by MN treatment,and LN treatment was the lowest.There was significantly positive correlation between P content and Mn content in grain of two varieties;K content was significantly positively correlated with Fe content and Zn content,but significantly negatively correlated with Cu content in LP638.To sum up,180 kg/ha N and spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can increase Zn availability and accumulation of mineral elements in maize grain，promote the synchronous improvement of yield and mineral nutrition,and can be promoted in maize field production.

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Combined Application on Absorption and Transport of Nitrogen and Zinc in Summer Maize Grain at Filling Stage

ZHANG Panpan, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, CEN Junjuan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 17-32. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.002

Abstract （930）

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Field experiment was conducted with three nitrogen（N）rates（225，180 and 90 kg/ha，named as HN，MN and LN，respectively）and four foliar spray stages of zinc（Zn）（no Zn，spraying Zn of 4.5 kg/ha according to 1∶1 at seedling stage and jointing stage，spraying Zn of 4.5 kg/ha according to 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage，and spraying Zn of 4.5 kg/ha at flare opening stage，named as Zn0，Zn1，Zn2 and Zn3，respectively）.The effect of N and Zn combined application on the absorption and transport of N and Zn in the grain of summer maize was studied at filling stage with ZD958 and GSY66 as materials，so as to provide the basis for fertilization of N and Zn in the production.The result showed that the N and Zn concentrations in grain generally decreased with the growth of plant.At mature stage，GSY66 of MNZn2 treatment had the highest N concentration in grain with 14.64 g/kg，while ZD958 of MNZn2 treatment had the highest N accumulation. GSY66 of MNZn3 treatment had higher Zn concentration and accumulation in grain.MN treatment had the highest N absorption and its contribution rate after anthesis with 50.42 kg/ha and 44.20% respectively，and the highest Zn transport amount with 61.68 g/ha；Zn2 treatment had the highest N absorption and its contribution rate after anthesis with 54.56 kg/ha and 44.31% respectively，and the highest contribution rate of Zn transport amount with 17.26%；under the above two treatments，the grain number per ear，1 000‐grain weight and yield were higher. There was significantly or extremely significantly negative correlation between N transport amount and absorption after anthesis of N and Zn.There was significantly or extremely significantly positive correlation between Zn absorption after anthesis and the concentrations of N and Zn in grain and N absorption after anthesis.To sum up，N application rate of 180 kg/ha and spraying Zn of 4.5 kg/ha according to 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can promote the absorption and transport of N and Zn at filling stage，increase the concentrations of N and Zn in grain，maintain the high yield，and realize synchronously increase of grain yield and Zn nutrition in the summer maize production.

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Metabolites Mining and Path Enrichment Analysis of Tigernut Tuber Formation

GUO Xiaoyang, LA Guixiao, XU Xinran, YU Yange, DAI Dandan, LI Yanpeng, WANG Yanhong, GUO Hongxia, YANG Tiegang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (8): 30-43. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.004

Abstract （777）

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In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography Abstract：In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.And then，the differential metabolites related to the formation of tubers were screened by multivariate statistical method，and KEGG metabolic pathways associated with differential metabolites were enriched.The results showed that a total of 1 217 metabolites were detected in unexpanded stolons（PFJ1），expanded stolons（PFJ2）and new tubers（JD1）.According to the conditions of VIP（Variable importance in the projection）>1， P<0.05 and FC（Fold change）>2 or FC<0.5，35 differential metabolites were screened for JD1 vs PFJ1，of which 26 were up‑regulated and nine were down‑regulated；JD1 vs PFJ2 identified 57 differential metabolites，of which 50 were up‑regulated and seven were down‑regulated；PFJ2 vs PFJ1 identified 39 differential metabolites，of which three were up‑regulated and 36 down‑regulated. The metabolites were identified as amino acids and their derivatives，nucleotides and their derivatives，organic oxygen compounds，flavonoids，phenylpropanes，phenols and so on. The relative content analysis of differential metabolites showed that the content of glutathione in JD1 was 14.021 times that in PFJ1 and 29.195 times that in PFJ2.The content of 3‑methy‑L‑histidine in JD1 was 10.463 times that in PFJ1 and 129.931 times that in PFJ2.The content of kaempferol in JD1 was 0.421 times that in PFJ1 and 0.358 times that in PFJ2.KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed metabolites was further conducted，and they were mainly concentrated into KEGG pathways such as aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis，arginine and proline metabolism，alanine，aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism，phenylalanine metabolism，flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.In summary，amino acids and flavonoids were the main metabolites related to the formation of tubers，and the metabolic pathways were mainly concentrated in aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.

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Sensitivity Analysis and Applicability Evaluation of the AquaCrop Model for Sesame Crop Parameters

LI Mengyao, GUAN Haoyue, ZHANG Jiantao, HUANG Ming, LI Feng, RONG Yasi, LI Youjun, LI Guoqiang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 149-159. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.017

Abstract （652）

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The objective is to enhance the calibration efficiency of the AquaCrop model for sesame crop parameters and verify the applicability of the model. The initial value and value range of sesame crop parameters were determined based on the experimental data（2022—2023）and related literatures.The EFAST method was used to perform global sensitivity analysis of 53 sesame crop parameters，uncertainty analysis of simulation results and parameters calibration validation. The results showed that 27 parameters were sensitive to the maximum biomass of each treatment，including CDM，CDSE，POFE，RSWT，PSENSP，PSTOSP，RSWB and ECSW with TS_i above 0.3.And 14 parameters were sensitive to grain yield of each treatment，including POHX，RSWT，CDSE，DMCON，PSTO and PSTOSP with TS_i higher than 0.2.The decision coefficient（ R ²） of simulated and measured canopy coverage and aboveground biomass ranged from 0.875 to 0.954 and 0.951 to 0.970，respectively.Futhermore，the normalized root mean square error（ NRMSE） ranged from 11. 5% to 18.1% and 18. 9% to 27.7%，respectively.Meanwhile，the Nash‑Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients（ NSE） were 0.873—0.940 and 0.930—0.959，respectively.The relative error between the simulated and measured values of yield was between 0.03 and 0.07.The localized AquaCrop model can better simulate the dynamic development process of sesame，which can be used to optimize sesame management and forecast future production.

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Research Progress of Nitrogen Inhibitors

HUANG Boxuan, ZHENG Cangsong, SUN Miao, SHAO Jingjing, FENG Weina, LI Pengcheng, DONG Helin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (8): 1-10. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.001

Abstract （292）

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Nitrogen inhibitors have the advantages of increasing crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency，and reducing nitrogen application costs and environmental pollution risks，providing a technological pathway for the green and efficient development of modern agriculture.They mainly included nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors.This article summarized the research and development history，mechanism of action，and application effects of nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors，and prospected their future research directions，in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of nitrogen inhibitors.

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Advance in Biological Pollutants in Agricultural Irrigation with Reclaimed Water

ZHANG Hongwei, CUI Bingjian, LIU Chuncheng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 1-16. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.001

Abstract （286）

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Rational and safe utilization of reclaimed water is one of the effective ways to alleviate the shortage of freshwater resources in farmland irrigation.Reclaimed water contains certain nutrient elements，but also contains certain harmful elements. Through literature review，this paper introduced in detail the research progress of reclaimed water utilization in agricultural irrigation from the aspects of definition and utilization of reclaimed water，types of biological pollutants，risk identification of biological pollution and risk control technology of reclaimed water quality in order to provide the references for the utilization of reclaimed water.The key future researches on reclaimed water utilization in agriculture were put forward，including evaluating the safety of reclaimed water utilization through long‐term positioning tests，analyzing the half‐life of antibiotics and other emerging pollutants in reclaimed water，formulating corresponding utilization standards，and developing low‐cost and rapid sewage treatment technology.

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mRNA Vaccines：Research Progress and Applications in Animal Infectious Diseases

ZHAI Chongkai, MAO Fuchao, TIAN Wenjing, WANG Conghui, WANG Yingxian, ZHANG Hewei

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 10-21. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.002

Abstract （283）

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Compared to traditional approaches，RNA vaccines offer advantages such as high safety，good efficacy，and short development cycle，which makes them have unique advantages in the prevention and control of infectious diseases.Currently，mRNA vaccines have made great progress in the prevention and control of COVID‑19，influenza，Ebola，Zika and other human diseases，but the research on mRNA vaccines for animals is still not in‑depth.Therefore，the development of mRNA vaccines for animals to prevent and control infectious diseases in livestock，poultry，and wild animals has become one of the important research directions in the field of animal diseases and public health.This review comprehensively discusses the design，preparation，delivery system，application，advantages，challenges and prospects of mRNA vaccines against animal infectious diseases，to provide valuable insights for the development and research of future animal mRNA vaccines.

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Comparison of Dumas Combustion Method and Kjeldahl Nitrogen Determination Method in Determination of Total Nitrogen in Fertilizer

JIA Bin, SHANG Lijun, PAN Jie, SUN Hongmei, WANG Ying, YUAN Erding

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 85-91. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.009

Abstract （278）

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To evaluate the applicability of Dumas combustion method and Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method in determining the total nitrogen content of different types of fertilizers,20 different types of nitrogen⁃containing fertilizers and 4 standard samples were selected as experimental objects.Dumas combustion method and Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method were used to determine the total nitrogen content,and the precision,accuracy,correlation of the results,and advantages and disadvantages of the two methods were compared.The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods in determining fertilizers without nitrate nitrogen,but the precision of Dumas combustion method was higher.When measuring nitrate nitrogen⁃containing fertilizers,there was a significant difference in the results of the two methods.The results of Dumas combustion method were closer to the true content and had good repeatability,while Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method had a lower value and poor repeatability.For urea nitrogen fertilizers with high nitrogen content,the precision of Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method was slightly higher than that of Dumas combustion method.Taking into account factors such as environmental friendliness,work efficiency,experimental costs,precision and accuracy of the measurement results,Dumas combustion method is more suitable for determining the total nitrogen content of fertilizers.

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Progress on Application of Rational Design of Enzyme in Crop Breeding and Prospect

WANG Donghui, WANG Aoxuan, HE Changhai, LIU Zhihao, SHI Yongchun, WANG Ran, WANG Xiaoran

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.001

Abstract （275）

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Excellent germplasm resources are important guarantee for food security，and traditional breeding techniques have problems such as long breeding cycles and intensive workloads. With the deep integration of biology and computer technology，the rational design of enzyme used for directional optimization of key crop genes has laid the foundation for greater exploitation of high‑quality genetic resources.It further integrates with gene editing and transgenic technologies，and becomes one of the important directions in the exploration of molecular breeding technology.This article elaborated the common methods of rational design of enzyme，such as molecular docking，molecular dynamic simulations，binding free energy evaluation and so on，reviewed the progress on application of rational design of enzyme in improvement of crop quality，stress resistance and biomass，and the future was prospected，to provide reference for the development and utilization of new technologies in crop breeding.

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Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Filling Characteristics，Yield and Quality of Different Summer Maize Varieties

QIAO Jiangfang, HE Jiawen, HOU Chuanwei, ZHANG Meiwei, YANG Mingbo, HAN Linlin, ZHANG Panpan, LI Chuan, NIU Jun, GUO Hanxiao, MU Weilin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 33-42. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.003

Abstract （249）

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Two maize varieties Dika 517（DK 517，with faster dehydration rate）and Zhengdan 1002（ZD1002，with slower dehydration rate）were used as the materials to explore the effects of nitrogen rate[0 kg/ha(N0)180 kg/ha(N1)and 300 kg/ha(N2)]on grain filling characteristics，dehydration rate，yield and quality of summer maize，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the high‐quality and efficient production of summer maize in Huang‐Huai‐Hai region.The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen rate，the dry grain weight of DK 517 and ZD 1002 generally gradually increased，grains number per row and yield first increased and then decreased，crude protein content of grains increased，and crude starch content decreased.In general，N1 treatment had the highest biomass under maximum grain filling rate and maximum grain filling rate，the longest active filling period，the highest grains number per row，then the highest yield，which was 9 694. 60 kg/ha and 11 204.56 kg/ha for DK 517 and ZD 1002，respectively，and the grain crude protein content was higher.Different nitrogen application rate treatments had different effects on grain filling characteristics of maize varieties with different dehydration rates.At 15—24 days after pollination，there were significant differences in grain moisture content under different nitrogen application rate treatments. At 58 days after pollination，the grain moisture content of DK 517 showed N2>N1>N0，and that of ZD 1002 showed N1>N0>N2.At 49—58 days after pollination，the dehydration rate of grain was the highest under N0 treatment.Compared with ZD 1002，DK 517 had higher biomass under maximum grain filling rate and maximum grain filling rate，earlier days reaching maximum filling rate，shorter active filling period，lower grain moisture content，lower grain dehydration rate at the early filling stage and higher rate at the middle and late filling stages，lower grains number per row，100‐grain weight，yield and crude fat content of grain，and higher crude protein and starch content.The dehydration rate of grains was significantly negatively correlated with spike diameter and bald tip length，and significantly positively correlated with spike length and crude starch content.To sum up，nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/ha can promote grain filling，and improve yield and crude protein content of grain.

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Lightweight YOLO v5s Blueberry Detection Algorithm Based on Attention Mechanism

LIU Yongmin, ZHANG Wei, MA Haizhi, LIU Yuan, ZHANG Yi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 151-157. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.016

Abstract （247）

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To achieve precise and rapid detection of blueberries in natural environments，an improved algorithm combining lightweight networks and attention mechanisms was proposed based on YOLO v5s.Firstly，the structure of the maximum object detection layer was removed at the positions of the backbone network and detection heads，thereby reducing the number of model parameters and enhancing the model’s ability to detect small targets. Secondly，MHSA（Multi‐head self‐attention）was used to replace the C3 module before SPPF（Spatial pyramid pooling‐fast），enabling the model to learn more comprehensive feature representations and enhancing its understanding of complex spatial relationships and contextual information in blueberry images. Finally，S‐PSA（Sequential polarized self‐attention）was added to the C3 module to better capture the contextual dependencies between adjacent regions in the feature map. The experimental results showed that the improved YOLO v5s algorithm improved the detection accuracy of mature blueberries，semi mature blueberries，and immature blueberries by 1.2，4.4，2.6 percentage points，respectively，with average accuracy increase of 2.7 percentage points and 76% reduction in model parameter count. Compared with the current mainstream lightweight object detection models，the improved model has superior performance and can provide an effective solution for the visual system of blueberry picking robots in natural environments.

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Effects of Low Nitrogen Stress on Nitrogen Accumulation，Metabolism，Yield and Quality of Wheat Varieties with Different Nitrogen Efficiency

QI Xueli, MA Jie, ZHAO Mingzhong, DONG Haibin, ZHANG Yu, XU Guozhen

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (4): 30-36. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.04.004

Abstract （238）

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The effects of low nitrogen stress on net photosynthetic rate，nitrogen accumulation，nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity，root traits，yield and quality of Zhengmai 0943 with nitrogen use efficiency index of 1.557 and Zhoumai 18 with nitrogen use efficiency index of 0.895 were analyzed，so as to provide reference for high nitrogen efficiency breeding and cost⁃saving cultivation technology research.The results showed that under normal nitrogen and low nitrogen treatments，the net photosynthetic rate at 7，14 and 21 days after anthesis，net photosynthetic rate at 10：00—15：00 at 14 days after anthesis，activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase，nitrogen accumulation of straw and grain at maturity，and yield of Zhengmai 0943 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18. Under low nitrogen treatment，the above indexes were significantly lower than those under normal nitrogen treatment，and the reduction rates of Zhengmai 0943 were lower than those of Zhoumai 18，among which the yield of Zhengmai 0943 decreased by 21.40%，and Zhoumai 18 decreased by 24.87%.Under low nitrogen treatment，the total root length，root surface area and root activity of Zhengmai 0943 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18.The root traits of the two wheat varieties under low nitrogen treatment were significantly higher than those under normal nitrogen treatment，and the increase rates of Zhengmai 0943 were higher than those of Zhoumai 18.Low nitrogen stress significantly affected the quality of the two wheat varieties，but Zhengmai 0943 was less affected. Compared with normal nitrogen treatment，the decrease rates of protein content，wet gluten content，stability time，maximum tensile resistance and tensile area of Zhengmai 0943 under low nitrogen treatment were lower than those of Zhoumai 18.All parameters of Zhengmai 0943 reached the standard of medium⁃strong gluten wheat，except for the tensile area. In summary，Zhengmai 0943 is more tolerant to low nitrogen than Zhoumai 18，low nitrogen has less influence on its photosynthetic rate，nitrogen accumulation，nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity，root，yield and quality，and it has better photosynthetic characteristics，higher nitrogen absorption and assimilation ability，and more developed root system，so obtains higher yield and better quality under low nitrogen treatment.

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Research Progress on the Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Respiration

ZHU Leyang, ZHANG Xizhe, TAO Jiang, WANG Xiu, HAN Yanying, YE Yanhui

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (10): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.001

Abstract （226）

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Nitrogen deposition，as a critical ecological factor in the soil ecosystem，significantly affects the structure and function of ecosystems.To systematically elucidate the impact of nitrogen deposition on soil respiration，the effects of nitrogen deposition on soil root respiration，soil microorganism respiration，soil animal respiration and chemical oxidation of soil carbon⁃containing minerals were reviewed，and the specific effects of different nitrogen deposition gradients on soil respiration were analyzed.In order to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent in⁃depth monitoring and research of soil respiration and related life activities，the future research directions in the field of soil respiration were prospected.

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Recognition of Cotton Pests and Diseases Named Entities Based on RoBERTA Multi⁃feature Fusion

LI Dongya, BAT Tao, XIANG Huimin, DAI Shuo, WANG Zhenlu, CHEN Zhen

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 152-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.017

Abstract （209）

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Aiming at the scarcity of cotton pest and disease text corpus data and the lack of Chinese named entity recognition corpus,and the problems of complexity,diversity and uneven distribution of the content of cotton pest and disease entities,a Chinese entity recognition corpus CDIPNER containing 11 categories of cotton pests and diseases entities was constructed，and a named entity recognition model based on RoBERTa multi⁃feature fusion was proposed.The model adopted RoBERTa pre⁃training model with stronger mask learning ability for character⁃level embedding vector conversion,extracted feature vectors jointly by BiLSTM and IDCNN models to capture the temporal and spatial features of the text,respectively,fused the extracted feature vectors using a multi⁃head self⁃attention mechanism,and finally generated predicted sequences using the CRF algorithm.The results showed that the model had 96.60% recognition accuracy,95.76% recall,and 96.18% F1 value for named entities in cotton pest and disease text;it also had good results on public datasets such as ResumeNER.The results indicate that the model could effectively identify named entities of cotton pest and disease and has certain generalisation ability.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance and Genome‑Wide Association Study of Japonica Rice Germplasms at Seedling Stage

FENG Peiyuan, DONG Yue, JIAO Zilan, CHEN Min, KONG Weiru, RAN Jie, LI Peifu, TIAN Lei

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.001

Abstract （206）

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To investigate the distribution characteristics of Na ⁺and K ⁺in japonica rice germplasms at seedling stage under salt stress，identify elite salt‑tolerant germplasms and detect ion homeostasis‑related loci，181 japonica rice germplasms were used to determine the salt tolerance score（STS），shoot Na ⁺content（SNC），root Na ⁺content（RNC），shoot K ⁺content（SKC），root K ⁺content（RKC），calculate shoot Na ⁺/K ⁺（SNK），root Na ⁺/K ⁺（RNK）and comprehensive evaluation value（D），and conduct genome‑wide association study（GWAS）.The results showed that seven indexes STS，SNC，RNC，SKC，RKC，SNK and RNK showed abundant variation，and the variation coefficient ranged from 23.7% to 70.5%.The correlation analysis result showed that，SNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with RNC，SNK and RNK；RNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with SNK and RNK；SKC was significantly positively correlated with RKC and extremly significantly negatively correlated with SNK.Principal component analysis（PCA）results showed that four major components were extracted，with a cumulative contribution rate of 89. 545%. Subsequently，five salt‑tolerant germplasms，including Bertone，Cigalon，Banat2951，Zaonuodao and Shennong 2，were selected by D value，and Jiahe 1，Yueguang，Xingshi，Shanfuliya and Qianchonglang were salt‑sensitive germplasms.The GWAS analysis revealed a total of 16 salt tolerance related InDel loci and 32 allelic variants，with contribution rate of 10.82%—20.57%.Among them，nine InDel loci were significantly associated with RNC，which were located on chromosomes 1，4，6，8，9 and 11；seven InDel loci were significantly associated with RNK，which were located on chromosomes 4，5，6，7，9 and 10，with contribution rate of 11.04%—18.79%.The allele 6IM20. 68Mb‑2 was detected in RNC and RNK，respectively.The InDel locus 9IM20.21Mb，which was significantly associated with RNK，showed three haplotypes.The RNK of Hap1 was significantly lower than that of Hap2 and Hap3，so it was a typical salt‑tolerant haplotype.

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Effects of Different Ratios of Organic Fertilizers Substituting Chemical Fertilizers on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and N ₂O Emissions in Summer Maize Season

LI Xinmei, QI Hongzhi, HE Jiashuai, YANG Kangna, WEI Yuepeng, GUO Hangzhao, SUN Leikang, LI Xiaoyong, JIA Xucun, LI Yuxia, LI Rongfa, WANG Qun

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 92-100. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.010

Abstract （201）

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This study was set up to explore the effects of different organic fertilizer substitution ratios on maize yields and plant uptake and utilization of nitrogen fertilizers in 2022 and 2023 for two consecutive years，including five treatments:No fertilizer(CK),conventional fertilizer(CF),organic fertilizers substituting 10% nitrogen fertilizer(FM1),organic fertilizer substituting 30% nitrogen fertilizer(FM2)and organic fertilizer substituting 50% nitrogen fertilizer(FM3).The results showed that compared with CF treatment,the two‑year average soil bulk density of FM1,FM2,and FM3 treatments decreased by 1.43%,2.15%,and 4.67%,respectively.The two‑year average soil porosity increased by 2.07%,2.60%,and 5.51%,respectively.The two‑year average nitrate nitrogen content increased by 9.67%,14.86%,and 11.01%,respectively.Compared with CF treatment,FM1 treatment increased the two‑year average dry matter accumulation and yield of corn plants by 3.41% and 3.42% over the two years,while FM3 treatment decreased by 3.25% and 6.73%,respectively.Compared with CF treatment,FM1 treatment increased the two‑year average nitrogen accumulation by 4.49% over two years,and the two‑year average nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and agronomic utilization efficiency increased by 13.62% and 6.11% respectively.The two‑year average economic benefit increased by 2.87% over two years,and the two‑year average nitrogen dioxide(N ₂O)emission decreased by 16.41% over two years.Moreover,FM1 treatment increased the nitrogen accumulation in stems and leaves.When the proportion of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer was 30% or more(FM2,FM3 treatments),the yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency were significantly reduced,and the economic benefit was reduced.In summary，substituting 10% chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer can significantly improve nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and reduce N ₂O emission,making it a recommended proportion for achieving nitrogen fertilizer reduction and green and high‑yield agriculture.

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Screening and Safety Evaluation of Herbicides for Weed Control in Tobacco Fields in Guizhou

GUO Tao, YU Zhihe, XUE Yuan, JIANG Chaoying, CHEN Lili, WANG Ying, WANG Hancheng, CHEN Li, LIN Musen, GAO Gui

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 112-122. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.012

Abstract （195）

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In order to understand the weed species in the tobacco fields of Guizhou,screen for safe and efficient weed control herbicides and evaluate their safety,we investigated the hazardous conditions of weeds in the tobacco fields of Guizhou,and evaluated the efficacy of eight herbicides(960 g/L S‑metolachlor EC,480 g/L metribuzin SC,30% glyphosate AS,81.5% acetochlor EC,30% clopyralid AS,20% diquat AS，108 g/L haloxyfop‑R‑methyl EC and 36% glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate AS）by pre‑emergence and stem‑leaf control of weeds in tobacco fields,as well as their safety to tobacco.The results showed that there were a total of 49 species of weeds in 26 families and 43 genera in the tobacco fields,with Polygonum,Asteraceae and Gramineae weed species predominating,and there were nine common species of Polygonum nepalense,Chenopodium album,Amaranthus vividis,Stellaria media, Capsella bursa‑pastoris,Galinsoga parviflra,Digitaria sanguinalis,Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus rotundus.The tested herbicides showed different weed control effects,among which the pre‑emergence soil sealing treatments of acetochlor,S‑metolachlor and metribuzin and the post‑emergence stem‑leaf treatments of glyphosate,glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate,diquat and metribuzin had a population control effect of 90.41%—97.71% against weeds in the tobacco fields,and clopyralid and haloxyfop‑R‑methyl were selective for weeds control and were effective against Asteraceae and Gramineae weeds,respectively.Soil treatments of S‑metolachlor and acetochlor were safe for tobacco at recommended dosage,but were harmful at high dosage.Haloxyfop‑R‑methyl,glyphosate,diquat and glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate were relatively safe for tobacco in targeted spraying of them on weed stems and leaves.Both soil treatment and stem‑leaf treatment of metribuzin and clopyralid caused serious harm to tobacco. In conclusion,S‑metolachlor and acetochlor were suitable for soil sealing treatment to control weeds at recommended dosage,haloxyfop‑R‑methyl was suitable for stem‑leaf treatment to control grass weeds,glyphosate,diquat and glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate could be used for strictly targeted spray on weed stems and leaves between rows in tobacco fields,and metribuzin and clopyralid were not suitable for weed control in tobacco fields.

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Effects of Temperature and Light Conditions on Yield and Quality of Indica Rice under Different Sowing Dates

FAN Yifan, ZHANG Yanyan, WANG Yimei, LI Junzhou, DU Yanxiu, SUN Hongzheng, PENG Ting, ZHAO Quanzhi, ZHANG Jing

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 17-27. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.002

Abstract （192）

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In order to clarify the temperature and light conditions for high yield and high quality of indica rice in southern Henan，a field experiment was conducted with three indica rice varieties（Zhaoyou 5431，Zhongzheyou 8 and Yliangyou 900） as experimental materials. The accumulated temperature，accumulated light time and accumulated light intensity of indica rice from heading to maturity under different sowing dates of April 15（T1），April 30（T2），May 15（T3），May 30（T4）and June 14（T5）were analyzed for two consecutive years，and the rice yield，milling quality，appearance quality，nutritional quality and cooking quality were analyzed.The redundancy analysis（RDA）of the effect of temperature and light factors on the quality of indica rice under different sowing dates was carried out，and the key environmental factors affecting the quality of rice in southern Henan were found through the interpretation rate of temperature and light factors. The results showed that with the delay of sowing date，the yield，milling quality and nutritional quality of the three indica rice varieties increased first and then decreased.In the two years，the yield of T2 treatment was the highest，the milling quality，appearance quality and cooking quality were better，and the yield and quality of T5 treatment were the worst. Among them，in 2019，the yield of T2 treatment increased by 129.4% compared with T5 treatment，the head milled rice rate increased by 32.1%，the chalkiness degree and chalky grain rate decreased by 69.8% and 69.9%，respectively，and the amylose content decreased by 13.7%. In 2020，the yield of T2 treatment increased by 271.0% compared with T5 treatment，the head milled rice rate increased by 83.9%，the chalkiness degree and chalky grain rate decreased by 85.2% and 77.6%，respectively，and the amylose content decreased by 19.2%. The protein content of rice was the highest under T3 treatment，which was 13.6% and 20.0% higher than that under T5 treatment in 2019 and 2020，respectively. There was no significant difference in quality indexes between T2 and T3 treatments.The yield of Yliangyou 900 under T2 treatment was the highest in both years，and its quality was better. The accumulated temperature，accumulated light time and accumulated light intensity of the three varieties from heading to maturity decreased with the delay of sowing date. The accumulated temperature and accumulated light time of Yliangyou 900 decreased the most，and the decrease of Zhaoyou 5431 and Zhongzheyou 8 was similar.RDA and interpretation rate analysis showed that the temperature and light factors from heading to mature stage were the main environmental factors that caused the difference of rice quality，and the accumulated light time of 10—20 days after heading was the most important ecological factor affecting rice quality. In summary，the yield of indica rice in southern Henan is the highest when sown on April 30，and the quality is better.

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Biocontrol Effect of Bacillus siamensis Y‐54 against Tomato Leaf Mold

ZENG Wanning, WANG Yanxuan, WANG Fanzhen, CHEN Zhaorong, LIU Huiqin, JIANG Yongcheng, Azmat·Turhorn, LI Baotong

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 103-109. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.010

Abstract （188）

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In order to clarify the biocontrol effect of Bacillus siamensis Y‐54 against tomato leaf mold and provide a scientific basis for the biological control of tomato leaf mold，the inhibitory effect of strain Y‐54 on Cladosporium fulvum was measured by confrontation and microscopic observation，and the colonization of antagonistic strain Y‐54 in tomato was studied by irrigation method. The growth promoting effect of the strain Y‐54 on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato was studied by soaking seed method and filling root method.The control effect was measured by pot experiment. The result showed that strain Y‐54 and its fermentation broth and sterile filtrate all had strong inhibitory effects on C.fulvum，with inhibition rates reaching 78.42%，86.42% and 91.26%，respectively.The sterile filtrate could make mycelium of C.fulvum deform，bend，shrink，expand and break. The strain Y‐54 could colonize in the roots，stems and leaves of tomato within 30 days. The colonization of the strain Y‐54 reached the peak at 15—18 d. The colonization in the root was always higher than that in other parts. Strain Y‐54 could effectively promote seed germination. The germination rate of fermentation broth（0×）treatment was the highest，reaching 93.33%.Moreover，it could effectively promote the increase of root length，plant height，fresh weight，chlorophyll and other indexes of seedlings. The growth promoting effect of 0×，10× and 20×fermentation broth was significantly higher than that of the control with sterile water.The control effects of strain Y‐54 fermentation broth on tomato leaf mold within 7 days and 14 days were 68.04% and 71.07%，respectively，close to that of phenoxymethyclozole treatment，and significantly higher than that of carbendazim treatment. In summary，the strain Y‐54 had good control effect on tomato leaf mold，and it was a biocontrol bacterium worth further development and utilization.

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Effects of Nitrogen Topdressing Rates on Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Winter Wheat under Long⁃Term Straw Returning

HAO Yonghui, JIN Haiyang, YAN Yaqian, LI Xiangdong, ZHENG Fei, YUE Junqin, ZHANG Deqi, FANG Baoting, YANG Cheng, CHENG Hongjian, LI Chunxi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (4): 9-19. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.04.002

Abstract （187）

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The effects of nitrogen topdressing rates[0 kg/ha(N150),37.5 kg/ha(N150+37.5),75 kg/ha(N150+75),112.5 kg/ha(N150+112.5) and 150 kg/ha(N150+150)]on winter wheat population dynamics,accumulation and transport of dry aboveground matter and nitrogen,grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency were studied under long⁃term straw returning and sufficient basal nitrogen application(150 kg/ha)to clarify the nitrogen topdressing rate for synergistically achieving higher grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for efficient nitrogen fertilizer management of winter wheat under straw returning.The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate,the number of tillers before winter and effective panicles showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,achieving higher values under treatments of N150+75 and N150+112.5.The aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation before anthesis gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate,while the aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after anthesis followed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing.The aboveground dry matter transport amount and rate before anthesis of treatments with no topdressing nitrogen(N150)and low topdressing nitrogen(N150+37.5，N150+75)were generally significantly higher than those with high topdressing nitrogen(N150+112.5,N150+150)and no nitrogen application(N0);The nitrogen transport amount before anthesis gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,reaching its maximum value under N150+150 treatment,but its nitrogen transport rate before anthesis was significantly lower than the other treatments.Compared with the treatment with only basal nitrogen of 150 kg/ha,topdressing nitrogen of 37.5—150 kg/ha at the jointing stage increased grain yield by 10.45%—33.64%.With the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate，the grain yield showed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing，reaching its maximum value under N150+112.5 treatment,which significantly increased by 30.85%—33.64%,15.04%—20.99%,6.62%—11.07% and 7.35%—7.81% compared with N150，N150+37.5,N150+70 and N150+150 treatments respectively；Partial factor productivity，agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency of applied nitrogen decreased linearly,and the difference between N150+75 and N150+112.5 treatments was not significant as a whole.In summary,topdressing nitrogen at the jointing stage is beneficial for increasing the accumulation and transport of dry matter and nitrogen of winter wheat before and after anthesis.However,excessive topdressing nitrogen leads to a significant decrease of transport rate of dry matter and nitrogen before and after anthesis,reduce the effect of yield increase,and significantly reduce nitrogen utilization efficiency. Under the condition of long⁃term straw returning and basal nitrogen of 150 kg/ha,nitrogen topdressing rate of 112.5 kg/ha at the jointing stage is conducive to the coordination of accumulation and transport of dry matter and nitrogen before and after anthesis.According to fitting analysis,nitrogen topdressing rate of 107.81—139.50 kg/ha at jointing stage can obtain high grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency.

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Evaluation of Inland Superior Cotton Resources and Their Application in Xinjiang Cotton Breeding

TANG Zhongjie, XIE Deyi, YU Yuebo, FANG Weiping, LU Fengyin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 37-45. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.004

Abstract （180）

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The aim is to comprehensively utilize inland cotton resources，solve the problems involved in Xinjiang cotton breeding，such as narrow genetic basis and serious homogenization，and cultivate new cotton varieties with high and stable yield that are more suitable for whole⁃process mechanization in Xinjiang. Using 160 inland cotton resources as materials，the identification of biological characteristics was conducted in Korla，Xinjiang. The parental selection and systematic selection of cotton breeding in Xinjiang were guided through correlation and cluster analysis. The yield potential and stability of progeny strains were comprehensively evaluated by the mean of GGE biplot.The results showed that there were regional differences in the cultivation of inland cotton resources in Xinjiang. The cotton resources with a dimension of origin similar to that of the Xinjiang pilot showed excellent adaptability. Its grey clustering evaluation got a high score.78 superior resources showed rich genetic variation.These resources were divided into four groups at 11.486 of Euclidean distance.The third group mainly composed of cotton resources from the Yellow River basin showed the best performance. Therefore，the third group was considered the characteristic group for the utilization of inland cotton resources in Xinjiang. The results of the principal component analysis indicated that the first principal component had the largest characteristic value and the highest variance contribution rate. As a comprehensive factor related to yield potential，it can be used as the basis for comprehensively evaluating the quality of cotton resources.Finally，the yield potential and stability of 16 progeny strains with inland superior resources as parents were evaluated according to the GGE biplot，and the target cotton line M5 with yield potential and stability was selected.

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Identification and Expression Analysis of EIL Family under Saline‑alkali Stress in Capsicum annuum L.

WU Peng, LI Dongxue, GUO Qianqian

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 123-132. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.013

Abstract （179）

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EIL(ethylene‑insensitive 3‑like)genes play important roles in the transduction involved in the ethylene signaling pathway and development of plants.In order to understand the information of EIL gene family members in Capsicum annuum L.,this study analyzed the physicochemical properties,protein structure，phylogeny,gene architecture,conserved domains,promoter cis‑acting elements,the expression patterns of CaEILs genes in different tissue parts and under different abiotic stress conditions using bioinformatics.The expression pattern of CaEILs in pepper leaves under saline‑alkali stress was also investigated using real‑time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT‑PCR).The results showed that nine CaEILs of Capsicum annuum L.were distributed on six chromosomes.The number of amino acids,molecular weight and aliphatic index were from 209 to 677,23.77 to 76.07 ku，and 63.10 to 87.75,respectively and they were mainly acid,hydrophilic,and unstable nuclear proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CaEILs were divided into four subfamily groups,nine CaEILs were expressed in different degrees in roots,stems,leaves,buds,and flowers,and low temperature stress,high temperature stress,high salt stress,and drought stress induced the expression of CaEILs,which responded to the above abiotic stresses to different degrees. In addition，qRT‑PCR was performed to detect CaEILs expression in pepper leaves under saline‑alkali stress，and it was found that with the extension of treatment time，the expression of CaEIL1,CaEIL2,CaEIL4,CaEIL5,and CaEIL8 showed an increasing trend，while the expression of CaEIL3,CaEIL6,CaEIL7,and CaEIL9 showed an decreasing trend.The above results lay a foundation for the study of the functions of CaEILs and their mechanisms of action in response to saline‑alkali stress.

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Heat Damage at Flowering Stage of Summer Maize in Henan Province

LI Zhi, LU Haoran, YANG Guanguan, LI Hongping, WANG Qun, LI Chaohai, ZHOU Guotao, LU Chunguang, ZHANG Yongen

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 10-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.002

Abstract （177）

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Based on the daily meteorological data of 109 counties（districts）meteorological stations in Henan Province from 1957 to 2022，the duration days and cumulative days of daily maximum temperature≥35℃ at flowering stage of summer maize were calculated. The frequency and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize in Henan Province were analyzed from two aspects of continuous heat damage and non‑continuous heat damage，so as to provide scientific basis for disaster prevention and disaster avoidance in summer maize production in Henan Province. The results showed that in terms of time distribution，from 1957 to 2022，the frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize decreased first and then increased in Henan Province.After 2010，the frequency of heat damage showed a trend of frequent occurrence，and the frequency of continuous heat damage was higher. The higher frequency of heat damage happened in 1960s and after 2010，and the 1960s was dominated by moderate and severe heat damage，and after 2010，mild and moderate heat damage dominated.In terms of spatial distribution，the frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize was higher in eastern and southern Henan，and lower in western and northern Henan. The high‑risk areas of heat damage were south of Nanyang City，Zhumadian City，Zhoukou City and the east of Shangqiu City. The low risk areas of heat damage were Anyang City，Puyang City and Hebi City.In terms of the type of heat damage，the south of Shangqiu City was more prone to continuous heat damage；Luohe City and Zhoukou City were more prone to non‑continuous mild heat damage，southern Nanyang City was more prone to non‑continuous moderate and severe heat damage，and southern Zhumadian City was more prone to non‑continuous severe heat damage.

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Effect Analysis of Morphological Traits on Body Weight of Cipangopaludina cathayensis

LONG Liuping, PAN Xianhui, LIN Yong, LI Zhe, ZOU Xinxi, QIN Junqi, PENG Jinxia, WANG Dapeng, CHEN Zhong, HUANG Yin, DENG Qian, ZHOU Kangqi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 141-149. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.015

Abstract （176）

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To explore the relationship between morphological traits and body weight of Cipangopaludina cathayensis，a total of 505 C.cathayensis were collected,and their shell width(Z ₁)，shell height(Z ₂)，shell mouth height(Z ₃)，shell mouth width(Z ₄)，body snail layer height(Z ₅)，spiral height(Z ₆)，the penultimate snail layer width(Z ₇),the penultimate snail layer height(Z8)and body weight(W)were measured.Through statistical analysis，correlation analysis,path analysis and regression analysis，the main morphological traits of C.cathayensis with greater influence on body weight were determined，and the regression equation was established.The results showed that the coefficient of variation of the body weight of C.cathayensis was 59.61%，and its breeding potential was great.The correlation coefficients of shell width，shell height，body snail layer height and the penultimate snail layer width with body weight were higher(≥0.949).Path analysis and ridge regression analysis showed that shell height had the greatest direct effect on body weight(0.963,0.152),and the direct determination coefficient was the highest(0.927).The co‑determination coefficients of other traits and shell height on body weight were higher,and the total determination coefficient was 1.117.The optimal multiple regression equation of body weight and main influencing traits of C. cathayensis was established ： W=-24.346+0.214 Z ₁+0.148 Z ₂+0.123 Z ₃+0.306 Z ₄+0.188 Z ₅+0.083 Z ₆+0.383 Z ₇+0.882Z8, R ²=0. 943. The analysis of variance of the regression equation showed that the regression relationship reached a very significant level( P<0. 01).In summary,shell height is the most important trait affecting the body weight of C.cathayensis.

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Light Weight Detection Algorithm for Apple Surface Defect Based on Improved YOLOv7

LI Dahua, KONG Shu, LI Dong, YU Xiao

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (3): 141-150. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.03.015

Abstract （171）

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Aiming at how to improve the detection speed and accuracy of apple surface defects and solve the problem of large model memory ratio，a lightweight detection algorithm for apple surface defects based on improved YOLOv7 was proposed. Firstly，GhostNetV2 was introduced as the backbone of YOLOv7 network，which effectively reduced the model complexity and improved the detection speed.SimAM attention‐free mechanism was introduced to enhance the feature information of different depth.The bidirectional weighted feature pyramid BiFPN was used for weighted feature fusion to further improve the detection accuracy of apple surface defects.Finally，the ECIOU loss function was used to calculate the boundary frame loss，which further improved the convergence speed and the overall performance of the model.Experimental results showed that compared with the original YOLOv7 network，the improved model improved the apple surface defect detection mAP@0.5 by 2 percentage points，the accuracy rate and recall rate by 1.7 and 3.9 percentage points respectively. The model decreased by 20.8 MB and the speed increased by 36.43 FPS.Its comprehensive performance was also better than SSD，CenterNet and other mainstream algorithms，which can realize the rapid and accurate diagnosis of apple surface defects.

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Genetic Analysis of Flower Size and Related Characters in Petunia

ZHANG Linxia, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Shuting, SUN Miaomiao, ZHANG Xiaomin, LI Zhineng, LIU Guofeng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 118-127. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.013

Abstract （169）

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In order to explore the inheritance law of petunia flower size,four generations of genetic populations(P1,P2,F1,F2）were constructed using the large⁃flowered and small⁃flowered inbred lines of petunia as parents.The main gene+polygene mixed genetic model analysis was carried out,and the genetic law was verified by crossing the F1 plant with the medium⁃flowered petunia line W115.Moreover,the F2 population was used to investigate 23 phenotypic traits including flower diameter，sepal length,leaf length etc.,and the correlation analysis of these traits was carried out.The results showed that the flower diameter of petunia(large flower vs. small flower)was controlled by two pairs of additive major genes(2MG⁃A),and the heritability of major genes was 95.38%;the offspring of the F1 crossing W115 showed a separation ratio of 1∶1 between the large⁃flowered individuals and medium⁃flowered individuals，and the chlorophyll content of leaves and bracts in medium⁃flowered plants was significantly higher than that in large⁃flowered plants( P<0.01).The phenotypic traits of F2 population derived from hybridization between large⁃flower and small⁃flower parents had abundant variation,and the coefficient of variation varied from 7.67% to 59.93%,with an average of 22.38%.Correlation analysis showed that there were certain correlations among the floral traits,leaf traits and between them,and the flower diameter was significantly positively correlated with the size of other organs,but significantly negatively correlated tosome plant traits.

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Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Traits of Wheat Varieties in Henan Province Consortium Experiment

ZHANG Huifang, YAN Zhaoling, LIU Haijiao, DUAN Junzhi, CHEN Haiyan, GUO Yan, WANG Nan, YANG Cuiping, QI Hongzhi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 35-43. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.005

Abstract （169）

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Consortium experiment is a new measure to broaden the channels of crop variety approval experiment under the current agricultural situation in China.In order to deeply understand the experiment capacity of wheat consortium experiment in Henan Province and master the agronomic traits and quality traits of its varieties，comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted between the consortium experiment varieties and the provincial unified experiment varieties，based on the wheat
varieties approved by Henan Province in the past three years（2021—2023）.The results showed that Henan Province approved a total of 355 wheat varieties from 2021 to 2023，including 187 consortium experiment varieties.The consortium experiment capacity showed an upward trend，and the proportion of varieties increased from 48.3% in 2021 to 61.2% in 2023.The consortium experimental group was single，mainly including winter wheat‑irrigation group. In the winter wheat‑irrigation group，when applicants independently applied for varieties，the proportion of universities and research institutes through consortium experiment channel was higher than that through provincial unified experiment channel，and individual applicants were more inclined to provincial unified experiment channel.Compared with the provincial unified experiment，the difference of agronomic traits of the consortium experiment wheat was larger at the early stage and smaller at the later stage. Among the 7 agronomic traits，5 traits were significantly or extremely significantly different in 2021，and 2 traits were significantly different in 2023.The difference of quality traits was relatively smaller，but also showed the rule of large at the early stage and small at the late stage. Among the 7 quality traits，2 traits were significantly different in 2021，and there was no significant difference in 2023.The variation coefficient and diversity of agronomic and quality traits of the consortium experiment varieties were greater than those of provincial unified experiment varieties. Principal component analysis was used to transform 14 agronomic and quality traits into 7 principal components，which reflected 81.51% of the original information.The evaluation results based on principal component analysis showed that among the top 50 varieties with comprehensive scores，the varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the wheat consortium experiment accounted for a relatively smaller proportion of all varieties.In 2021 and 2023，there were 5 and 14 varieties respectively，accounting for 9.3% and 17.9% of all consortium experiment varieties.The varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the provincial unified experiment accounted for a relatively larger proportion of all varieties，with 4 and 5 in 2021 and 2023，respectively，accounting for 19.0% and 35.7% of all provincial unified experiment varieties.In summary，the capacity of Henan wheat consortium experiment is constantly increasing，and the dispersion of agronomic and quality traits is relatively larger；The gap of comprehensive scores of varieties between the consortium experiment and the provincial unified experiment is narrowing；Relevant departments can adjust and optimize the consortium experimental group according to the market in the future，focus on the issues of consortium experiment channel，and promote the high‑quality development of the consortium experiment.

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Rapid Detection of Three Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Using Colloidal Gold Immunoassay

WEI Maoqiong, WANG Li, LAN Shanshan, LIU Zhenhuan, SHA Lingjie, LIN Xin, LI Jun, PU Yali, LIU Hongcheng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (6): 79-90. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.009

Abstract （168）

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Rapid test strips for the detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were developed based on colloidal gold immunochromatography,and its application effect in the detection of garlic and cabbage was evaluated.The test strips for rapid detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were established by preparation of colloidal gold by reduction with trisodium citrate,with the monoclonal antibodies of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran labeled with colloidal gold particles as the detection probes,nitrocellulose membrane as the solid‑phase carrier,imidacloprid‑BSA,profenofos‑BSA and carbofuran‑BSA conjugate as the detection lines,and goat anti‑mouse IgG antibody as the control line.The parameter conditions,including gold‑labeled antibody usage,concentrations of antibody for labeling,and concentration of the coating antigen were optimized. Under the optimal condition,the sensitivity,specificity and stability,as well as the accuracy of the test strips were evaluated.With optimization of sample extraction,the test strips were employed for the detection of pesticides in two vegetable samples by negative detection and addition of standardized pesticide products.The results showed that in the optimized process parameters，the concentrations of colloidal gold labeled antibody of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 9.6,8.4,9.6 μg/mL,respectively,the concentrations of the antigens coated were all 0.3 mg/mL,and the detection time was about 15 min.The limits of detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 20,3 000,and 20 ng/mL,which were in compliance with the limits of the national standard for the two kinds of vegetables.There was no cross‑reactivity and good specificity in the detection of other drugs with similar function and structure as imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran.The most suitable extractants for carbofuran and imidacloprid pesticides were 4 mL of ethyl acetate and 4 mL of methanol,respectively,with a sample size of 2 g and a supernatant of 3 mL;for profenofos pesticide,the most suitable extractant was 9 mL of ethyl acetate,with a sample size of 3 g and a supernatant of 8 mL,and the supernatant was dried with nitrogen gas.The detection results of 50 negative and spiked samples of vegetables showed a false positive rate of 6% and a false negative rate of 0.It can be seen that the developed test strips are suitable for on‑site rapid detection of garlic and cabbage as well as screening of a large number of samples in grass‑roots laboratories,and can provide an effective regulatory tool for the control of pesticide residues in garlic and cabbage.

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Research Progress in Alleviating Continuous Cropping Obstacles by Allium L.Plants

GUO Jianing, LI Nannan, LI Kun

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (8): 11-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.002

Abstract （168）

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Soil continuous cropping obstacles commonly occur in many plants，such as grain crops，fruit trees，vegetables，Chinese herbal medicines and others，restricting the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.Intercropping，rotation and relay intercropping are important agricultural management measures，and they can regulate the microecological environment of rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping，reducing the harm of continuous cropping. Allium L.plants contain various biologically active components such as organic sulfur compounds，saponins，flavonoids，and other compounds.They are often used as an intercropping，rotation or relay intercropping crop to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.This paper expounded the alleviative effects of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstaces，and the alleviating mechanism of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstacles was discussed from photosynthetic characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activity，root exudate characteristics and soil nutrients，enzyme activity and microorganisms quantity and community structure.The components contained in root exudates and plant volatiles of Allium L.plants were analyzed.Finally，the research direction of mechanisms of Allium L.plants alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and the development of active substances were proposed，which laid a theoretical foundation for further application of Allium L.plants in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles.

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Identification and Expression Analysis of HD‑ZIP Family in Salvia miltiorrhiza

LI Wan, CHENG Ruixing, DANG Xin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 66-78. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.008

Abstract （167）

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To screen HD‑ZIP genes（ SmHD‑ZIPs）in Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to high temperature stress， SmHD‑ZIPs were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics，and the expression pattern of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature stress was detected by qPCR. The results showed that there were 44 HD‑ZIP genes in S.miltiorrhiza，most of which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes. SmHD‑ZIPs could be divided into four subfamilies：HD‑ZIP Ⅰ，HD‑ZIP Ⅱ，HD‑ZIP Ⅲ，HD‑ZIP Ⅳ. The sequence analysis results showed that the amino acid residues of these proteins ranged from 180 to 982，and the relative molecular weight of these proteins ranged from 20. 947 ku to 109. 620 ku. SmHD‑ZIPs were hydrophilic proteins without transmembrane domain，and most of them did not contain signal peptides.The isoelectric points of SmHD‑ZIPs were between 4. 48 and 10. 91，and they were almost expressed in the nucleus with the poor protein stability. Among the 44 SmHD‑ZIP genes，there were 10 gene duplication events，all of which were purified selection. The results of structure and motif analysis showed that the exon number of members of the same subfamily was basically the same，and the members of HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily had the largest exon number and the largest motif number. Motifs 1 and 6 were conserved motifs of SmHD‑ZIP，motifs 10，11，12，13 and 15 was unique to the HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily，while motif 5 were unique to the HD‑ZIP IV subfamily. By analyzing the expression patterns of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature（37℃）stress，it was found that the number of genes with increased and decreased expression was basically the same. Among the genes with up‑regulated expression，the expression levels of SmHD‑ZIP1.11，SmHD‑ZIP1.13，SmHD‑ZIP2.2，SmHD‑ZIP2.5，SmHD‑ZIP3.1， SmHD‑ZIP3.4，SmHD‑ZIP4.9，SmHD‑ZIP4.10 and SmHD‑ZIP4.12 were increased by more than 10 times，which could be used as candidate gene resources to improve the heat resistance of S.miltiorrhiza.

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Genetic Diversity Analysis of Ornamental Peach Germplasm Based on Phenotypic Traits

QIAO Yuxuan, SHEN Xiaoxiao, JIAO Xuehui, ZHOU Xiaojuan, YUE Changping, SHI Xibing

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (2): 108-117. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.02.012

Abstract （166）

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With 106 ornamental peach germplasm resources collected from the ornamental peach resource nursery of Yanling Institute of Forestry Science as research materials,diversity analysis was conducted on 30 phenotypic traits(18 quality traits and 12 quantitative traits)by calculating coefficient of variation and diversity index,combining correlation,principal component，and cluster analysis.The results showed that there were significant differences in traits and rich genetic diversity among 106 ornamental peach germplasm resources.Among them,the average coefficient of variation for quantitative traits was 33.80%,with the maximum coefficient of variation for petal number,being 68.17%.The average diversity index was 1.82,with the highest diversity index for flower diameter and petal length,both being 2.07.The diversity index for quality traits(0.85)was lower than that for quantitative traits,with the highest diversity index for petal color,being 1.87.Correlation and principal component analysis showed that there were 111 pairs and 39 pairs of traits with extremly significantly and significantly correlated,and the cumulative contribution rate of 9 principal components was 72.691%.Dwarf type,flower type,petal type,number of sepals,flower diameter,number of petals,petal width,etc.were the main traits that affected the phenotype of ornamental peaches. Based on the genetic differences in traits between germplasms，when the genetic distance was 6.5,the test materials were divided into 11 groups.The genetic clustering was closely related to plant type,flower type,petal type,petal color,anther color,branch color,leaf color,and other traits. Based on the clustering results,18 excellent germplasm resources were selected.In summary,the main phenotypic traits of 106 ornamental peach germplasm resources exhibit rich genetic diversity.

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Effects of Panicle Potassium Fertilizer Rates and Foliar Fertilizer on Rice Physiological Characteristics，Yield and Quality under Crayfish‑Rice Integrated System

DONG Hongrui, ZHU Jie, ZHOU Yong, LI Haoxuan, YANG Wei, JIANG Mengdie, ZHU Bo, NIE Jiangwen, LIU Zhangyong

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (5): 30-39. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.004

Abstract （165）

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In order to provide scientific basis for rice green high‑yield and high‑quality cultivation under crayfish‑rice integrated system，the effects of panicle potassium fertilizer rates [0 kg/ha(S0)，45kg/ha(S1)，90 kg/ha(S20]and foliar fertilizer[no foliar fertilizer(P0)and spraying foliar fertilizer(P1)]on physiological characteristics，yield and quality of rice were investigated under crayfish‑rice integrated system.The results showed that spraying foliar fertilizer and applying panicle potassium fertilizer increased the SPAD value，superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(RuBisCO)activity,peroxidase(POD)activity,soluble sugar content,aboveground dry matter accumulation，dry matter transport amount and transport rate of stem and leaf and their contribution rates to grain，and decreased the content of malondialdehyde(MDA),overall,S1P1 was the best treatment.Spraying foliar fertilizer and applying panicle potassium fertilizer could increase filled grain number per panicle and setting rate，thus increasing yield. P1 treatment could increase yield by 13.60%,9.76% and 6.55% under S0,S1 and S2 conditions,respectively;S1 and S2 treatments could increase yield by 3.70% and 2.47%,respectively，and S1P1 treatment had the highest yield.Compared with P0 treatment，the whole polished rice rate of P1 treatment significantly increased by 2.21% and 1.82% under S0 and S1 conditions,chalky grain rate significantly decreased by 55. 88% and 50.01%,chalkiness degree significantly decreased by 49.98% and 50.00%,and total protein content significantly decreased by 8.77% and 12.08%,respectively.Compared with S0 treatment，chalky grain rate of S1 and S2 treatments significantly decreased by 11.23% and 30.61%,espectively,and total protein content of S1 treatment significantly decreased by 4.15%.Overall，S1P1 had the best effect.In summary,the application of foliar fertilizer and panicle potassium fertilizer can improve leaf photosynthesis,increase the accumulation and transport of aboveground dry matter,and improve yield and quality,and S1P1 treatment has the best effect.

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