Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2025, 54(8): 0.

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As a new type of tobacco product，heated tobacco product has gradually become popular in the world in recent years，and its fundamental research has become the focus of the tobacco industry both domestically and internationally.Among them，the generation，migration and release characteristics of moisture in heated tobacco products are the key factors to regulate the moisture content and temperature of smoke.The generation，migration and release characteristics of moisture in heated tobacco products are affected by many factors，such as sample characteristics（moisture content，type and content of atomizing agent，preparation process，tobacco raw materials），cigarette structure（length of tobacco section，ventilation rate of filter，punching position），heating instrument parameters（heating temperature，heating mode），puffing regimes and so on.To deepen the basic research of heated tobacco products and improve the quality of products，the influencing factors and mechanism of moisture content in the tobacco section，the law of moisture generation and the law of moisture migration and release were summarized and analyzed.On this basis，the shortcomings of current research were pointed out and the future research focus was put forward，to provide technical references for the research and development of heated tobacco products.

Effects of Saline‑Alkali Stress on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Japonica Rice Germplasm Resource

DUAN Kairong, RAN Jie, SONG Jiawei, QIAO Chengbin, KONG Weiru, DONG Yue, LIU Songrui, ZHANG Bi, XU Hao, MA Donghua, LI Peifu, LUO Chengke, TIAN Lei

2025, 54(8): 26-37. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.003

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Using 164 japonica rice germplasm resources as test materials，the effects of saline‑alkali stress［normal paddy soil（control，CK），alkalized saline soil（T1）and alkali soil（T2）］on plant height（PH），tillers number per plant（NT），basal stem diameter（SD），days from sowing to heading（S‑FHD），effective panicles number per plant（PNPP），total grains number per plant（SPP），1 000‑grain weight（TGW），seed setting rate（SSR） and yield per plant（YPP） were studied under field conditions.Comprehensive evaluation was conducted by combining correlation analysis，principal component analysis and membership function to screen saline‑alkali tolerant germplasms during the whole growth period.The key indicators affecting the vegetative and reproductive growth of rice under different saline‑alkali stresses were screened through linear regression analysis，so as to provide theoretical basis for breeding
saline‑alkali tolerant and high‑yielding rice varieties.The results showed that under the T1 and T2 treatments，PH，SPP and YPP of the japonica rice germplasm were significantly lower than those of CK.The differences of the above 9 traits between T1 and T2 treatments were all significant.The correlation analysis results showed that PH，SPP and S‑FHD were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with each other，and PH was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with TGW and YPP under all treatments. Under T1 and T2 treatments，PNPP was significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with PH and S‑FHD，while TGW was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with SSR and YPP.However，the correlations of the above traits did not reach significant levels under CK.Principal component analysis results showed that 4 principal components were extracted under CK，T1 and T2 treatments，with cumulative contribution rates of 79.550%，82.530% and 79.076%，respectively.Combined the key factor load values of each principal component with the R² values of the linear regression equations between the 9 traits and the comprehensive saline‑alkali tolerance D value，PH，SPP and S‑FHD were determined as the key indicators affecting the vegetative and reproductive growth of japonica rice germplasms under saline‑alkali stress.According to the D value，two saline‑alkali tolerant germplasms，Liujing 2 and Bijing 45，were screened.

Effects of Application Rate and Method of Nitrogen on Winter Wheat Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization，Yield and Soil Nitrate Nitrogen Residue under Wide‑Narrow Row Planting

MA Shangying, XIA Tingting, HAN Pengbin, ZHANG Mengjiao, MAO Yingjie, WANG Zhiqiang, XIN Zeyu, LIN Tongbao, LIAN Yanhao, REN Yongzhe

2025, 54(8): 38-50. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.004

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Aikang 58（AK58）and Yunong 908（YN908）were used as experimental materials to study the effects of nitrogen application rates［120 kg/ha（N120），180 kg/ha（N180）and 240 kg/ha（N240）］and application methods ［strip application（R） and broadcast application（S）］ on the winter wheat aboveground dry matter accumulation，nitrogen absorption and utilization，yield and soil nitrate nitrogen residue under wide‑narrow row（30 cm ‑15 cm ‑15 cm）planting，so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for further optimizing the wheat‑maize double cropping management system and the annual nitrogen reduction and efficient green fertilization strategy in the Huang‑Huai‑Hai region.The results showed that the aboveground dry matter accumulation，nitrogen accumulation and pre‑anthesis nitrogen transport amount of AK58 and YN908 generally increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.Under the conditions of N120 and N180，compared with S treatment，the aboveground dry matter accumulation at mature stage of R treatment significantly increased by 10.56%，5.96% and 6.21%，5.25%，respectively；the nitrogen accumulation in panicle at mature stage significantly increased by 4.46%，7.41% and 14.21%，9.94%，respectively；the pre‑anthesis nitrogen transport amount significantly increased by 10.11%，12.23% and 11.87%，12.21%，respectively.The nitrogen harvest index，partial factor productivity and agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of AK58 and YN908 generally decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.Compared with S treatment，R treatment increased the nitrogen use efficiency，partial factor productivity and agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of AK58 and YN908，and the nitrogen use efficiency reached the maximum under N180R treatment.The grain yield of AK58 increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate，and the grain yield of YN908 increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.Compared with S treatment，R treatment significantly increased the grain yield of AK58 under N120 and N180 conditions and YN908 under N120 condition，with the increase of 10.83%，6.06% and 15.59% respectively.AK58 reached the maximum yield under N180R treatment，and YN908 reached the maximum yield under N240R treatment. The nitrate nitrogen residue in soil gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate. Compared with S treatment，R treatment increased the nitrate nitrogen residue in surface soil in wide row area（maize planting area）at mature stage of winter wheat.The nitrate nitrogen residue in 0—40 cm soil layer（maize root layer）of N180 treatment was 55.95 kg/ha，which was the best matching with the nitrogen demand of subsequent maize at seedling stage.In summary，under the wide‑narrow row planting，the combination of nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/ha and strip application is a cultivation measure for winter wheat to save nitrogen，stabilize yield and improve efficiency in this study area.

Analysis of Foxtail Millet Regional Trials Based on BLUP and GGE Biplot

WANG Shujun, XING Lu

2025, 54(8): 51-59. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.005

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In order to accurately select foxtail millet varieties with high and stable yield and broad adaptability，this study utilized best linear unbiased prediction（BLUP）data instead of raw yield for GGE biplot analysis.The analysis was conducted on 9 foxtail millet varieties and 14 test sites of National Foxtail Millet Variety Regional Adaptability Joint Evaluation Trial（North China Summer‑sowing Region）in 2023—2024.The results showed that，heatmap and ANOVA comparisons demonstrated that BLUP data decreased the variation coefficient of yield，and could better represent the genetic potential of variety.Notably，BLUP data explained 94.95% of total yield variation，which was obviously higher than that of raw data（72.51%），improving analytical precision.GGE biplot analysis using the BLUP data revealed that Yugu 101，Zhenggu 678 and Zhonggu 855 had higher yield；Hangu 6，Zhonggu 855 and Cang 471 had better yield stability；Yugu 101 and Zhonggu 855 had better comprehensive performance in yield potential and stability.Yugu 101 had the widest adaptability，followed by Zhonggu 855. Jinzhou（Liaoning Province），Taian（Shandong Province）and Anyang（Henan Province）sites were ideal test sites with strong discriminability and good representativeness.Overall，Yugu 101 and Zhonggu 855 are ideal foxtail millet varieties with high and stable yield and broad adaptability，suitable for promotion and cultivation in the North China summer millet region.

Effects of Different Ridging Time on Growth Period and Quality of Flue‑cured Tobacco in Luoyang Tobacco Growing Area

QIAN Jiancai, ZHU Yufei, DAN Dongchun, HUANG Wuxing, ZHANG Li

2025, 54(8): 60-68. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.006

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In order to solve the problems of delayed maturation and quality decline of tobacco plants caused by frequent drought in Luoyang tobacco growing areas，Qinyan 96 was used as the experimental material，and three treatments were set up：Spring ridge raising（CK），winter ridge raising，and autumn plowing and winter ridge raising.The effects of different ridge raising time on soil moisture，tobacco field growth period，agronomic traits，root activity，carbon and nitrogen metabolism related characteristics，as well as the conventional chemical composition and sensory quality of tobacco leaves after roasting were explored.The results showed that winter plowing and winter plowing treatments significantly increased soil moisture and advanced the field growth period of tobacco by 10 and 16 days，respectively，compared to CK.Before the tobacco plant maturity period，root activity showed the order of autumn tillage and winter ridging treatment>winter ridging treatment>spring ridging treatment.The height，stem circumference，and number of leaves of tobacco plants treated with autumn plowing and winter ridge raising were all greater than or equal to other treatments，and the maximum leaf length and width during the vigorous and mature stages were both greater than other treatments.In the late stage of field growth，the activities of nitrate reductase（NR），glutamine synthetase（GS），sucrose phosphate synthetase（SPS），sucrose synthetase（SS），and the expression levels of related genes（NtNR，NtGS，NtSPS，NtSS）in tobacco treated with winter ridge formation，autumn tillage and winter ridging formation were significantly reduced.In addition，the content of nicotine，total nitrogen and chlorine in cured tobacco leaves decreased，the content of potassium increased，and the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar to alkali increased.Among them，the chemical composition of tobacco leaves treated with autumn plowing and winter ridging was more suitable.The tobacco leaves treated with autumn tillage and winter ridging had a good aroma，sufficient quantity，less impurities，a comfortable and clean aftertaste，and the best sensory quality.In summary，the use of autumn plowing and winter ridge raising in Luoyang tobacco growing areas can shorten the growth period of tobacco，promote the transformation of internal substances，optimize the sensory quality of tobacco leaves，and improve the quality of tobacco leaves.

Impact of Diatomite and Biochar Application on Methane Emissions and Related Microorganisms in Paddy Fields

TIAN Lixia, LI Shuanglong, LIU Zhangyong, LIU Dong, JIANG Mengdie, NIE Jiangwen, JIN Tao

2025, 54(8): 69-81. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.007

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To clarify the effects of diatomite，biochar，and their combined application on methane（CH₄）emission，methanogen（mcrA）and methanotroph（pmoA）communities in paddy fields，a pot experiment was set up with four treatments：no amendment（CK），full‑dose biochar（B），full‑dose diatomite（S），and half‑dose biochar plus half‑dose diatomite（BS）.During the entire rice growth period，CH₄ emissions were monitored，and soil dissolved organic carbon（DOC）content，ammonium nitrogen（NH₄⁺‑N）content，redox potential（Eh），as well as mcrA and pmoA gene abundances and related microbial community structures were determined and compared.The results showed that compared with CK，the total cumulative CH₄ emissions in B，S，and BS treatments decreased by 23.47%，29.95%，and 32.51% throughout the growth period.Compared with CK，S and BS treatments significantly increased soil NH₄⁺‑N content.The abundances of mcrA and pmoA genes and the mcrA/pmoA value were the highest in the tillering stage across all four treatments.Compared with CK，the average mcrA/pmoA values in B，S，and BS treatments decreased by 40.82%，49.78%，and 55.31% throughout the growth period.The community diversity of methanogens increased，while that of methanotrophs decreased in B，S，and BS treatments.These treatments reduced the relative abundances of Methanosarcinaceae and Methylococcus，but increased that of Methanobacteriaceae；S and BS treatments further increased the relative abundance of Methylocystis.Correlation analysis results indicated that CH₄ emission flux was significantly positively correlated with the mcrA/pmoA value at the significance levels of 0.001，0.01，0.05，and 0.05 in the tillering，jointing，booting，and maturity stages，respectively.In conclusion，biochar，diatomite，and their combined application all have the potential to reduce CH₄ emissions in paddy fields，with the combined application of biochar and diatomite exhibiting the best CH₄ reduction effect.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Leaf Quality and Economic Traits of Paddy‑Stubble Tobacco with Root Zone Application of Microbial Fertilizer

JIN Jianghua, XIA Bing, LI Xu, YU Dapeng, GUO Wei, CHEN Tao, WU Wenxin, LI Sijun, WANG Xinyue, HUANG Jie, DENG Xiaohua

2025, 54(8): 82-91. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.008

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The aim was to study the effects of applying microbial fertilizers in the root zone on the quality and economic traits of tobacco leaves，and clarify the suitable microbial fertilizers for improving the quality of tobacco leaves in tobacco rice intercropping areas.Yunyan 87 was used as the test tobacco variety.Five treatments were designed，including Dunfeng nano‑silicon microbial fertilizer，Gengtianxia microalgal nutrient solution，Jinye microbial fertilizer，Genjinkang microbial inoculant，and a control group without microbial fertilizer.A single‑factor randomized block design was conducted to investigate the effects of applying microbial fertilizer on leaf appearance quality，physical characteristics，chemical composition，smoking quality，and economic traits of flue‑cured tobacco.A leaf quality index and a comprehensive effect index were established for fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.Results demonstrated that root zone application of microbial fertilizers improved leaf appearance quality and physical characteristics，enhanced chemical composition coordination and smoking quality，and increased the premium‑grade ratio，yield，and output value of flue‑cured tobacco. Specifically，compared to the control，Jinye microbial fertilizer increased the appearance quality index of B2F，C3F，and X2F grades by 13.54%，4.37%，and 4.45%，respectively；Physical characteristic indices improved by 3.67%，6.25%，and 6.80%；Chemical usability indices rose by 6.14%，9.81%，and 6.59%；Smoking quality indices increased by 13.80%，18.80%，and 10.40%；Leaf quality index improved by 10.17%，13.02%，and 8.14%. For economic traits，Dunfeng nano‑silicon microbial fertilizer，Gengtianxia microalgal nutrient solution，Jinye microbial fertilizer，Genjinkang microbial inoculant treatments increased economic trait indices by 8.80%，11.10%，23.60%，and 19.80%，respectively；Comprehensive effect indices were elevated by 6.43%，6.75%，13.81%，and 9.00%.In conclusion，microbial fertilizer application significantly enhances leaf quality and economic performance of flue‑cured tobacco，with Jinye microbial fertilizer exhibiting the most pronounced benefits.

Effects of Nitrogen‑Silicon Combined Application on Rice Planthopper Occurrence and Rice Yield in Double‑Cropping Rice Field

CHENG Zhouqi, LIU Yuwu, ZHUO Le, QIU Lin, YI Zhenxie

2025, 54(8): 92-101. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.009

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To provide scientific basis and technical support for green prevention and control of rice planthopper occurrence and sustainable production of double‑cropping rice in paddy fields，field experiments on early and late rice were carried out at Funong Cooperative in Meihua Village，Xidu Town，Hengyang County，Hunan Province. With Xiangzaoxian 45（early rice）and Taiyou 553（late rice）as materials，four nitrogen application levels［early rice N0（0 kg/ha），N1（120 kg/ha），N2（150 kg/ha）N3（180 kg/ha）and late rice N0（0 kg/ha），N1（150 kg/ha），N2（180 kg/ha）and N3（210 kg/ha）］and two silicon levels［S0（0 kg/ha），S1（150 kg/ha）］ were designed for the early and late rice.Under machine‑transplanted conditions，field experiments were conducted to explore the effects of combined application of silicon fertilizer under different nitrogen application rates on the occurrence of rice planthoppers and rice yield in double‑cropping paddy fields in southern Hunan（Hengyang）.The results showed that nitrogen application rate had a significant effect on the occurrence of field rice planthoppers，rice yield and its components. With the increase of nitrogen application rate，the number of field rice planthoppers increased significantly，and the effective panicle number，grains per panicle，1 000‑grain weight and yield of rice were significantly improved. Silicon application had a significant effect on the occurrence of field rice planthoppers，significantly reducing the number of field rice planthoppers.The highest insect population reduction rate of early rice could reach 56.81%，and that of late rice could reach 71.59%.The effective panicle number，grains per panicle，1 000‑grain weight and yield of silicon‑applied rice were all improved，but the difference was not significant.The yield increase range of early rice was 2.32%—11.57%，and that of late rice was 2.83%—9.83%.The interaction effect of nitrogen application rate and silicon application had a significant effect on the occurrence of field rice planthoppers and rice yield.The yields of N3S1，N3S0 and N2S1 were higher in both early and late rice，and there was no significant difference among them，but the number of rice planthoppers in N2S1 treatment was significantly lower than that in N3S1 and N3S0 treatments.Considering the rice yield and the control effect of rice planthoppers，it is appropriate to apply 150 kg/ha nitrogen combined with 150 kg/ha silicon fertilizer for early rice，and 180 kg/ha nitrogen combined with 150 kg/ha silicon fertilizer for late rice in Hengyang area.

Molecular Identification and Complete Sequence Analysis of Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus GZ‑tobacco Isolate

ZHANG Changcheng, JIANG Jun, PAN Shouhui, XUE Yuan, ZHANG Quan, LI Zikuo, WANG Hancheng, SHI Caihua, FANG Shouguo, ZHANG Songbai, LI Xiquan

2025, 54(8): 102-110. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.010

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In order to clarify the pathogen and its molecular characteristics，transmission mode and pathogenicity of tobacco new virus disease in Guizhou，and effectively prevent and control the virus disease，the pathogen was detected and identified by virus detection strip，electron microscope observation，indirect ELISA，RT‑PCR and dsRNA technology.The whole genome sequence of the pathogen was amplified by RT‑PCR，and the evolutionary relationship of the pathogen and the possible recombination events were analyzed by phylogenetic tree and recombination analysis.Through biological inoculation of the pathogen to N.benthamiana and Yunyan 87，the incidence and symptoms were observed.The results showed that the linear virus particles of（12—14）nm×（700—900）nm were observed in the juice of the diseased plants by electron microscopy. Potato virus Y（PVY）detection test strip was positive，but PVY specific primer RT‑PCR was negative.The random clone fragments of the pathogen genome were obtained by dsRNA technology and sequenced as the Chilli veinal mottle virus（ChiVMV）genome fragments.The virus strains could be transmitted by root irrigation，friction and mediator.The typical symptoms of N.benthamiana were chlorosis，yellowing，blister spot，leaf margin curling and plant dwarfing.The typical symptoms of Yunyan 87 were mottle，blister spot and leaf margin curling.The genome sequence length of the strain was 9 782 nt（accession number：OP378160），which was the closest to ChiVMV YN‑tobacco in phylogenetic relationship.Further recombination analysis showed that the strain might be a recombinant isolate.In summary，the new pathogen of tobacco disease in Guizhou is a new strain of ChiVMV，named ChiVMV Guizhou tobacco strain（ GZ‑tobacco），which can cause typical symptoms of tobacco virus disease.

Pathogens Identification and Study on Regularity of Mildew in Cigar Tobacco Leaves from Sichuan

LIU Mengfen, MAI Xuan, LIU Mengmeng, XUE Fang, LI Dong, YE Changwen, ZHU Beibei, XU Pengfei, CHEN Guokang, HUANG Kuo

2025, 54(8): 111-121. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.011

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In order to clarify the mildew species that cause mildew during the storage of cigar tobacco stacks and their mildew‑causing pattern，the molds were systematically identified by means of selective medium screening，combined with morphology，MALDI‑TOF MS identification and molecular biology，and the mildew‑causing rules of molds under different environmental temperature and humidity conditions were studied.The results showed as follows，the molds causing mildew in Sichuan cigar tobacco were Aspergillus montevidensis，Aspergillus cristatus and Syncephalastrum monosporum.Aspergillus montevidensis and Aspergillus cristatus grew faster on Salt Czapek Dox Agar，the number of germinable spores in spore suspension decreased with the increase of treatment temperature，heat treatment at temperatures above 50 ℃ for 10 minutes could significantly reduce the number of germinable spores，and high temperature would kill their spores.The growth rate of Syncephalastrum monosporum was faster on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar，and the number of germinable spores was less affected by temperature.The Aspergillus montevidensis grew most favorably at a temperature of 20 ℃ and a humidity of 60%，while Aspergillus cristatus preferred 28 ℃ and 70%.Temperature and humidity had no significant effect on the growth of Syncephalastrum monosporum. It was found that Aspergillus montevidensis had the strongest mildew causing ability under the condition of 60% or 70% humidity and 20 ℃.Aspergillus cristatus had the highest mildew causing ability at 28 ℃ and 90% humidity.Syncephalastrum monosporum had the highest mildew causing ability at 28 ℃ and 70% humidity. In conclusion，the growth and propagation of major molds can be inhibited by reasonable control of storage temperature and other environmental conditions during tobacco stacking storage，thus reducing the possibility of tobacco mildew.

Gene Cloning，Expression Analysis，and Subcellular Localization of ChXES1 and ChXES2 in Calibrachoa hybrida

SONG Junyan, ZHANG Yuanshan, SHEN Xiaohui, ZHAO Ying, CHEN Guanqun

2025, 54(8): 122-132. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.012

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Identification and cloning of the xanthophyll esterase gene XES from Calibrachoa hybrida，as well as investigation of its expression characteristics in different tissues and under stress conditions，and its subcellular localization，will lay the foundation for exploring the functions of the XES gene. Based on the transcriptome and genome databases of C.hybrida cv.Fengbaohuang，ChXES genes and promoters were identified and analyzed by DNAMAN and other softwares，and cloned using PCR technology.RT‑qPCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of ChXESs in different tissues，flower developmental stages，and leaves under abiotic stress，and the subcellular localization was observed by injecting Agrobacterium into tobacco.The findings indicated that two ChXES genes were identified in C.hybrida，both encoding 710 amino acids and featuring ABH and LPLAT domains.Phylogenetic analysis revealed their closest relationship with Petunia hybrida.The promoter regions of ChXES1pro and ChXES2pro contained stress‑responsive and hormone‑responsive elements.ChXESs were expressed in all tested tissues. During flower development，carotenoid content increased，with ChXES1 showing higher expression levels than ChXES2.ChXES1 responded more significantly to cold and drought stress，reaching its highest transcription levels at 12 h and 6 h，respectively.In contrast，ChXES2 exhibited a stronger response to heat stress and ABA signaling，with peak expression at 18 h for both conditions.ChXES1 and ChXES2 were preliminarily localized to the chloroplast and plastoglobules.ChXES1 and ChXES2 demonstrate tissue‑specific expression in C.hybrida，and their response patterns to stress and ABA are different，which provides guidance for further study on the functions of ChXES1 and ChXES2，regulation of flower color and resistance mechanism.

Effects of EMS Mutagenesis on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pomegranate

GAO Xiaofeng, ZHANG Qiuyue, ZHOU Xiaojing, ZUO Weifang, HUANG Rantao, GUO Shuangshuang, YUAN Chaozheng, ZHENG Mingyan

2025, 54(8): 133-139. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.013

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This study investigated the mutagenesis effect of ethyl mesylate（EMS）on pomegranate seeds，and determined the appropriate mutagenesis dose for germplasm innovation of pomegranate seeds，to explore new techniques and methods for the breeding of new varieties of pomegranate. Pomegranate seeds were treated with EMS solutions of five different mass fractions（0，0.2%，0.4%，0.6%，0.8%），and the germination time，germination potential，germination rate，emergence rate，seedling formation rate，phenotypic variance，phenotypic variation rate and other indicators were measured，and the seedling height，ground diameter，root length，root number and other morphological indicators were measured.Physiological and biochemical indexes such as superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity，peroxidase（POD）activity，catalase（CAT）activity and ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activity were detected in the leaves of seedlings. The results showed that，after EMS treatment，the germination time of seeds was delayed，and the higher the concentration，the more the delay.The germination potential and germination rate of seeds were increased slightly after 0.2% treatment，and the other three treatments were significantly decreased，and the higher the concentration，the more the decrease.The seedling success rate gradually decreased with the increase of EMS mass fraction，reaching a minimum of 11.67% at 0.8%.The variation rate gradually increased with the increase of EMS mass fraction，reaching a maximum of 5.34% at 0.8%.The average plant height and average root length of seedlings were decreased，except for a slight increase after 0.2% treatment.The average ground diameter of seedlings was decreased，and the higher the concentration was，the greater the decrease was.The average root number of seedlings was decreased by the other three treatments except for 0.2% treatment，which had no change，and the higher the concentration was，the greater the decrease was.The activities of SOD，POD，CAT and APX in the leaves of seedlings were increased，and with the increase of the concentration，the increase amplitude showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and gradually increased with the increase of concentration in 0.2%—0.6%，and the increase amplitude decreased significantly at 0.8%.EMS generally showed an inhibitory effect on the germination of pomegranate seeds and the growth of seedlings，and EMS with an appropriate mass fraction could enhance the stress resistance of plants.Considering the seedling formation rate，variation rate，physiological and biochemical indexes，the optimal EMS mutagenesis dose for pomegranate seeds ranges from half lethal dose（LD₅₀）to critical dose（LD₄₀），that is 0.54%—0.63%.

Effect of Different LED Light Formulations in Seedlings Raising on the Growth and Yield of Cherry Tomato

YANG Xin, LI Yanhong, NIE Jun, XIE Yuming, SHI Liangliang, ZHENG Jinrong

2025, 54(8): 140-150. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.014

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In order to investigate the effects of LED light formulations in seedlings raising on the growth，yield and quality of cherry tomato，the tomato cultivar Yuekeda 205 was used as the test material，and four light formulations were set up here，including T1（white light），T2（the red/blue light with the ratio 3∶1），T3（the red/blue light with the ratio 1∶1），T4（the red/blue light with the ratio 1∶3）［photosynthetic photon flux density（PPFD）=200 μmol/（m²·s）］，and T5（natural light）was used as the control group［PPFD=500—600 μmol/（m²·s）］.The results showed that LED light formulations supplied in seedlings raising could significantly increase the plant height，stem diameter，leaf number，total dry mass and seedling strength index of cherry tomato seedlings，which was more beneficial to cultivate strong seedlings as compared with T5 treatment.In addition，different LED light formulations supplied in seedlings raising significantly increased the number of flowers and fruit set of cherry tomato.Compared with T5，T2 not only significantly increased the total number of flowers and fruit set in plants，but also improved the content of phosphorus and fruit fresh mass per plant. Meanwhile，through principal component analysis，T2 was found to rank first in comprehensive score，indicating the best comprehensive effect on cherry tomatoes.Therefore，proper LED light formulation supplied in the seedling raising is an effective strategy to promote the cultivation of strong seedlings and ensure fruit yield of cherry tomato without compromising fruit quality.

Effects of Complex Plant Polysaccharides on the Body Condition Recovery，Farrowing Performance，Immune Performance of Sows and Growth Performance of Piglets

ZHANG Lei, YU Qingwei, LÜ Lingyan, SUN Ruyu, LIU Zheng, WANG Yanling, ZHANG Bing, DUAN Junying, ZHANG Jiaqing

2025, 54(8): 151-158. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.015

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To explore the effects of complex plant polysaccharides（Astragalus polysaccharide，Lycium barbarum ploysaccharide，Seaweed ploysaccharide）on the performance of sows and piglets，56 sows in late pregnancy of 2—3 parities were randomly divided into control group（basal diet）and three test groups（basal diet+0.05%，0.15%，0.25% complex plant polysaccharides）.The test period was from 7 days before farrowing to 21 days after farrowing. The results showed that in the recovery of sow body condition，compared with the control group，backfat thickness at weaning of test groups 2 and 3 increased significantly by 7.48% and 8.09%，respectively，while there was no significant difference between the test group 1 and the control group.The backfat thickness loss was significantly reduced by 25.18%，51.08%，and 48.92%，respectively.Among them，the reduction of the test groups 2 and 3 were significantly greater than that of the test group 1.The estrus rate within 7 d post‑weaning was significantly increased by 20.15%，35.07% and 37.08%，respectively.Among them，the increasing extent of the test groups 2 and 3 was signifianty greater than that of the test group 1.In terms of sow farrowing performance，compared with the control group，the number born alive in the test groups 1，2 and 3 increased significantly by 9.57%，14.41% and 11.70%，respectively；the number of healthy piglets was increased by 12.62%，16.41% and 14.46%，respectively，but there was no significant difference between the test group 1 and the control group.The newborn litter weight of piglets increased significantly by 10.50%，13.74% and 8.52%，respectively.The number of weak piglets was significantly reduced by 24.53%，27.36% and 23.58%，respectively. The number of stillbirths was significantly reduced by 16.20%，46.48% and 42.96%，respectively. In terms of serum immune performance of sows，compared with the control group，the IgA content in the test groups 1，2 and 3 increased significantly by 21.59%，19.32% and 18.18%，respectively；the IgM content of group 2 and group 3 was significantly increased by 21.10% and 23.85%，respectively，while the difference of group 1 was not significant.TNF‑α levels were significantly reduced by 14.96%，19.44%，and 18.07%，respectively.The content of IL‑2 increased significantly by 42.43%，45.91% and 48.68%，respectively.The content of IL‑4 was significantly increased by 13.07%，14.86% and 14.08%，respectively.The content of IL‑6 was significantly decreased by 18.52%，16.13% and 12.82%，respectively.In terms of growth performance of piglets，compared with the control group，the average birth weight of weaned piglets in the test groups 1，2 and 3 increased by 17.23%，19.43% and 19.59%，respectively.The weaning litter weight of piglets was significantly increased by 29. 99%，38. 68% and 34.29%，respectively，and the weaning litter weight of group 2 and group 3 was significantly higher than that of group 1.The average daily gain increased significantly by 20.97%，23.18% and 24.06%，respectively.The diarrhea rate was significantly reduced by 19.26%，26.91% and 28.89%，respectively，and the diarrhea rate of the test groups 2 and 3 was significantly lower than that of the test group 1.In summary，adding 0.05%，0.15%，0.25% complex plant polysaccharides to the sow diet can significantly improve the reproductive performance，immune function of sows and growth performance of piglets，and the improvement effect of 0.15% and 0.25% concentration groups is significantly better than that of low concentration group.

Fish Community Structure and Ecological Niche of the Major Fish Species in Nanwan Reservoir

LUN Feng, TAN Chenxi, SU Chaoqun, YANG Tiezhu, MA Yuanye, LI Zheng

2025, 54(8): 159-166. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.016

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To understand the fish community structure characteristics and interspecific relationships of major fish species in Nanwan Reservoir，fish resource surveys were conducted in November 2022（autumn） and May 2023（spring）.Community composition，fish diversity，and spatiotemporal niche characteristics［including niche width index（Bi ） and overlap index（Qik）］were analyzed.The results showed that a total of 1 903 fish were captured in the two surveys，belonging to 24 species，22 genera，6 families，and 4 orders. Comprehensive analysis showed that in Nanwan Reservoir Hemiculter leucisculus，Toxabramis swinhonis，and Xenocypris davidi was the dominant species. Based on the PINKAS relative importance index（IRI），a total of 10 major fish species were identified.There were spatio‑temporal variations in fish diversity in the Nanwan Reservoir.The Margalef species richness index in spring（2.78）was slightly higher than that in autumn（2.67），whereas the Shannon‑wiener diversity index，Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index in autumn were significantly higher than in spring，and the fish species diversity was significantly higher in the central reservoir area. Spatio‑temporal niche analysis revealed that Chanodichthys dabryi（1.254），X.davidi（1.073），and Sarcocheilichthys sciistius（1.024）exhibited moderate niche width index，while other species showed low niche width index.Among spatiotemporal niche overlap index，18 species pairs（40% of total pairs）showed high overlap index（Q_ik>0.6），and 11 pairs（24.4%）exhibited low overlap index（Q_ik<0.3）.The highest spatiotemporal overlap occurred between Pseudorasbora parva and Carassius auratus（0.922），while P.parva and T.swinhonis，despite having similar ecological habits，displayed low overlap index（0.249）.In conclusion，the dominant fish species with significant differences in feeding habits and living water layers in the Nanwan Reservoir show a more stable community structure；fish species with similar feeding habits but different living spaces have higher spatial and temporal overlap index.Fish species with similar feeding habits and living water layers may have reduced spatial and temporal overlap index due to niche competition，accompanied by significant population fluctuations.

Research on County‑Level Yield Simulation of Winter Wheat in Henan Province Based on Machine Learning Algorithms

LIU Xinglin, LIU Yuan, YANG Fan, LIU Buchun, HAN Rui

2025, 54(8): 167-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.017

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Henan is a major province for winter wheat cultivation，and simulating winter wheat yield is of great significance for ensuring national food security. This study analyzed the performance of machine learning models in winter wheat yield simulation using ten‑day scale meteorological data and county‑level winter wheat yield data from 16 counties（cities）in Henan Province from 2000 to 2019.The dataset was divided into a test set（2000—2015） and a training set（2016—2019）.Based on multiple stepwise regression，random forest，and random forest OOB methods，county‑level yield simulation models for winter wheat in Henan Province were constructed，and the simulation effects of different models were verified and compared. The results showed that，from 2000 to 2019，the winter wheat yield in Henan Province fluctuated between 2 001 and 7 980 kg/ha，with an average of 5 675 kg/ha and a coefficient of variation ranging from 3.75% to 26.58%.A multiple stepwise regression model was constructed based on 19 ten‑day scale meteorological factors that passed the 95% significance test.The multiple stepwise regression model was validated with a determination coefficient（R²）of 0.620 9 and a root mean square error（RMSE）of 907.06 kg/ha；The random forest model constructed using all the characteristic factors was validated with the R² of 0.772 5，and the RMSE of 664.36 kg/ha.A total of 68 key ten‑day scale meteorological characteristic factors were screened based on random forest OOB importance analysis，among which，the ten‑day scale meteorological factors in November last year，March，April and June had particularly significant impacts on winter wheat yield.The validation determination coefficient of the random forest OOB model for simulating county‑level winter wheat yield was 0.860 5，and the RMSE was 636.58 kg/ha.The random forest OOB model performed better than the multiple stepwise regression model and the random forest model，with R²increased by 38.59% and 11.39%，respectively，and RMSE decreased by 29.82% and 4.18%，respectively.This study utilized limited meteorological data and county‑level yield data to achieve reliable and accurate winter wheat yield simulation，providing a methodological reference for regional winter wheat yield simulation.

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