Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Contents

2026, 55(3): 0.

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Research Progress of MTL⁃ and CENH3⁃Mediated Haploid Induction Technology and Their Applications in Crops

LI Xingxing, LI Yuting, ZHANG Binjie, LIU Peikun, HE Kun, ZHANG Qifan, ZHENG Binrui, SONG Yunyun, LI Haochuan

2026, 55(3): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.001

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Haploid breeding technology can accelerate generation of homozygous doubled haploid（DH）lines through haploid induction followed by chromosome doubling，significantly shortening breeding cycles and improving selection efficiency. In recent years，in vivo haploid induction techniques based on the operation of key endogenous genes have become a research hotspot.Two prominent systems，pollen⁃specific phospholipase A gene MTL（MATRILINEAL）and centromere⁃specific histone H3 gene CENH3，are centered.For the MTL system，its loss⁃of⁃function disrupts phospholipid metabolism in sperm cells，leading to reactive oxygen species（ROS） burst and DNA damage.Finally，the paternal genome is eliminated through a mechanism known as‘post⁃fertilization chromosome elimination’. On the other hand，the CENH3 system involves the modification of CENH3 protein.Common strategies such as N⁃terminal tail modification， point mutations in the histone⁃fold domain， and heterologous complementation are designed to create functionally defective centromeres.These defective centromeres fail in the competition for kinetochore⁃microtubule attachment during zygotic division，leading to their selective elimination.This paper systematically reviewed the molecular mechanism of haploid induction mediated by MTL and CENH3，technical optimization strategies and the application of these technologies in major crops such as maize，rice，and wheat，and compared the differences between the two systems across several key aspects，including induction mechanisms，applicable species，induction efficiency，technical complexity，influence on plant development，and current status of industrial application.Furthermore，the integrated application potential of the above two systems in precision breeding was prospected，aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for crop genetic improvement.

Research Progress on Synergistic Efficiency Mechanism and Key Technologies of Maize⁃Peanut Strip Intercropping

LIU Juan, ZHANG Jingjing, ZHOU Liyao, CUI Ya’nan, LIU Bing, XU Risheng, MA Tengfei, CHEN Yafei, LIU Haijiao

2026, 55(3): 10-18. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.002

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Maize⁃peanut strip intercropping is an intensive and sustainable agroecosystem，and plays a critical role in ensuring the coordinated security of grain and oil crops in China.This paper systematically elucidated the‘aboveground⁃belowground’synergistic mechanisms of maize⁃peanut strip intercropping，from the aspects of efficient light utilization of aboveground part，coordinated and efficient utilization of water，and rhizosphere interactions coupled with nutrient cycling of belowground part. Furthermore，key cultivation techniques were summarized，including planting patterns，planting density，cultivar selection，and precision nutrient management.The productivity， economic benefit， and ecological and environmental benefits of maize⁃peanut strip intercropping were also clarified. Finally，the future development prospect was discussed.

Research Progress of Deep Learning in Crop Disease Detection

SHEN Chuan, LI Xia

2026, 55(3): 19-27. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.003

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In recent years，with the rapid development of computer vision technology，intelligent disease recognition systems based on digital image processing have demonstrated remarkable application potential in early diagnosis and precise control of crop diseases due to their efficiency and accuracy.This paper systematically reviews research progress in deep learning techniques for crop disease recognition.Through a comparative analysis with traditional machine learning methods，it highlights the technical advantages and application limitations of deep learning algorithms in disease feature extraction and classification.Furthermore，the paper analyzes the comprehensive technical workflow of deep learning in crop disease recognition and enumerates application cases utilizing mainstream network architectures. On this basis，the paper discusses key technical challenges faced by deep learning applications for crop disease recognition in complex field environments and provides perspectives on future research directions.The aim is to provide theoretical foundation and technical support for promoting the practical application of intelligent early warning and precise recognition technologies for crop diseases in modern agricultural production systems.

Effects of Streptomyces JD211 Agent on Rice Growth，Nitrogen Metabolism and Yield

LI Yongyong, YU Yajie, XU Youxing, WEI Saijin

2026, 55(3): 28-37. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.004

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In order to investigate the regulatory mechanism of Streptomyces JD211 agent on the growth and activities of nitrogen metabolism⁃related enzymes，and clarify the effects of Streptomyces JD211 agent on nitrogen uptake and yield of rice，a pot experiment was conducted.Two treatments were set up，including treatment without Streptomyces JD211 agent（CK） and treatment with 1% Streptomyces JD211 agent（JD211）based on conventional fertilization，and the effects of Streptomyces JD211 agent on growth and development，nitrogen content，activities of nitrogen metabolism⁃related enzymes，and yield and its components were studied. The results showed that Streptomyces JD211 agent could effectively promote the increase of plant height，basal stem diameter，leaf width and leaf length of the last leaf，and dry weight per plant of rice at all growth stage，and significantly increase the contents of nitrate nitrogen，ammonium nitrogen and total nitrogen in the leaves and roots of rice at earlier and middle stages.From seedling stage to mature stage，compared with CK，the nitrate reductase（NR）activity in rice leaves of JD211 treatment increased by 20.28%—124.26%，and increased by 20.12%—214.17% in roots，except for a slight decrease at jointing stage；the nitrite reductase（NIR）activity in leaves increased by 14.55%—63.89%，and increased by 33.77%—94.75% in roots；the glutamate synthase（GOGAT）activity increased by 13.25%—139.64% in leaves，and increased by 17.83%—46.78% in roots，except for a decrease of 11.87% at mature stage；the glutamate dehydrogenase（GDH）activity in leaves increased by 2.86%—51.73%，and increased by 16.56%—82.65% in roots，except for a decrease of 16.81% at flowering stage；the glutamine synthetase（GS）activity in leaves decreased by 14.06% at mature stage，increased by 38.02%—108.36% at other stages，and increased by 5.05%—82.93% in roots.The Streptomyces JD211 agent could significantly increase rice panicle length，grains number per panicle，single panicle weight，and yield，with increases of 8.54%，18.04%，19.55%，and 21.64% compared with CK，respectively.The rice yield was significantly positively correlated with the dry weight per plant at mature stage，extremely significantly positively correlated with the total nitrogen content in roots at mature stage，and significantly positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen content，nitrate nitrogen content，GOGAT activity，and GDH activity.In summary，the Streptomyces JD211 agent can effectively promote rice growth and development，enhance nitrogen metabolism，facilitate nitrogen absorption and utilization，and thus increase yield.

Effects of Mixing Ratios of Bentonite and Eucalyptus Wood Powderon the Physical Properties of Fillers，Quality and Germination of Rapeseed Pelleted Seeds

LIU Shan, Bilquees BOZDAR, LI Xiangchun, LI Zhenhua

2026, 55(3): 38-48. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.005

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The aims were to screen out suitable pelleting formulas for rapeseed（Brassica napus L.）seeds，and investigate the relationship between the physical properties of fillers and the quality of pelleted seeds as well as their germination. The study used bentonite（B）and eucalyptus sawdust（E）as fillers，with mass ratios of 10∶0，9∶1，8∶2，7∶3，6∶4，5∶5，4∶6，3∶7，2∶8，1∶9，and 0∶10，respectively.Eleven physical property indicators of the fillers were measured，and five quality indicators and eight germination indicators of rapeseed pelleted seeds were detected. Cluster analysis and correlation analysis were used to explore the effects of the bentonite and eucalyptus sawdust ratios on the physical properties of the fillers，the quality of the pelleted seeds，and the germination of the pelleted seeds，as well as the relationship between them. The results showed that the indicators such as the Carr index，porosity，Hausner ratio，median particle size，particle size distribution range，and water solubility of eucalyptus sawdust were all higher than those of bentonite. With the increase of the proportion of eucalyptus sawdust，the median particle size，particle size distribution range，and water solubility of the fillers significantly increased，while the bulk density and tapped density significantly decreased，with other indicators showing a multi⁃peak trend. The compressive strength of the pelleted seeds increased first and then decreased with the increase of the proportion of eucalyptus sawdust，with B4E6 treatment（i.e.，B∶E = 4∶6；hereinafter，similar notation applied）reaching the highest value of 6. 81 N.There was no significant difference in germination rate between the B8E2，B7E3，and B6E4 treatments and the bare seeds. Among them，the B6E4 treatment had a better comprehensive performance，with average germination rate of 88%，vitality index of 1.20，average root length of 5.42 cm，average shoot length of 2.53 cm，average dry weight of seedlings（five）of 0.038 7 g，and relatively better pelleted seeds quality indicators：compressive strength of 5.98 N，single seed rate of 99%，and 100% seed rate. Correlation analysis showed that germination potential and germination index were significantly positively correlated with median particle size，particle size distribution range，and water solubility，and significantly negatively correlated with bulk density and tapped density.In summary，the physical properties of the fillers（bulk density，tapped density，median particle size，particle size distribution range，and water solubility）significantly affect the quality and germination of the pelleted seeds，and B6E4 was selected as the optimal pelleting formula for rapeseed seeds.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Agronomic Traits and Tuberous Root Expansion of Rehmannia glutinosa

SU Ya’nan, TIAN Bolin, BI Guangyao, YANG Fan, DING Yining, ZHOU Yan, HUANG Yong, LI Hemin, QU Linyin, XIA Zhi

2026, 55(3): 49-60. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.006

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To investigate the effects of different concentrations of plant growth regulators on the agronomic traits and tuberous root expansion of Rehmannia glutinosa，the cultivar Jinjiu was used as experimental material，with an equal amount of distilled water serving as the control（CK）. Four types of plant growth regulators including auxin（IAA），cytokinin（6⁃BA），methyl jasmonate（MeJA），and gibberellin（GA₃）were applied，each at four concentration gradients（IAA：50，100，150，200 μmol/L；6⁃BA：20，40，60，100 mg/L；MeJA：50，100，150，200 μmol/L；GA₃：50，100，150，200 mg/L）.The regulators were sprayed onto the plants at the initial stage of tuberous root expansion to examine their effects on the agronomic traits，root diameter，and cross⁃sectional area of Rehmannia glutinosa. The results showed that after treatment with the four plant growth regulators，the agronomic traits of Rehmannia glutinosa including plant height，canopy width，leaf length，leaf width，leaf thickness，number of leaves，leaf fresh weight，leaf dry weight，number of roots，root fresh weight，and root dry weight generally increased. Specifically，IAA at 100—150 μmol/L，6⁃BA at 40—60 mg/L，MeJA at 100—150 μmol/L，and GA₃ at 150 mg/L significantly promoted the growth and development of the Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar Jinjiu.After spraying 150 μmol/L IAA，60 mg/L 6⁃BA，150 μmol/L MeJA，and 150 mg/L GA₃ at the early swollen stage of Rehmannia glutinosa，paraffin sectioning results showed IAA，6⁃BA，and MeJA treatments significantly increased the diameter and cross⁃sectional area of the root tuber，with an increase of 117.60%，54.53%，and 42.16%，respectively for the diameter.The cross⁃sectional area of the root tuber increased by 380.14%，136.61%，and 95.54%，respectively.Among them，IAA treatment had the most significant effect，while GA₃ treatment significantly reduced the diameter and cross⁃sectional area of the root tuber，with a decrease of 35.71% and 63.29%，respectively.In summary，plant growth regulators have significant regulatory effects on the growth and tuber enlargement of Rehmannia glutinosa，among them，treatments with IAA，6⁃BA，and MeJA significantly increased tuber diameter and cross⁃sectional area，thereby promoting tuber enlargement.GA₃ exhibits a concentration dependence of low promotion and high inhibition，and its usage concentration needs to be strictly controlled.

Identification of GATA Family Members in Momordica charantia and Analysis of Their Functions under Salt Stress

ZHANG Xiaoxia, WANG Jinku, FENG Songhao, WANG Yaxu, LOU Lifang

2026, 55(3): 61-70. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.007

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Momordica charantia is a crop with significant economic and medicinal value. However，research on the distribution and stress resistance characteristics of the GATA gene family in Momordica charantia is still limited. This study identified and functionally analyzed the GATA gene family（McaGATA）in Momordica charantia through bioinformatics analysis. Results indicated that a total of 22McaGATA genes were identified，distributed across 14 chromosomes，and divided into 4 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis.The analysis of the physicochemical properties of McaGATA proteins showed that there were differences in the number of amino acids，molecular mass，isoelectric point，etc.，but they were all hydrophilic nuclear proteins.Cis⁃acting element analysis revealed that the promoter region of the McaGATA genes were rich in light response，hormone response，and stress response elements.qRT⁃PCR analysis indicated that McaGATA genes presented tissue⁃specific expression patterns in different tissues，and genes such as McaGATA9，McaGATA10，McaGATA15，McaGATA17 and McaGATA18 were induced by salt stress，showing significantly upregulated expression under low⁃concentration salt stress conditions.Furthermore，the yeast model was used to verify that McaGATA4，McaGATA15，McaGATA17 and McaGATA18 genes could significantly enhance the salt tolerance of yeast cells under low⁃concentration salt stress，while McaGATA18 showed the most prominent salt tolerance effect under high salt stress.

Effects of Reclaimed Water and Yellow River Water Irrigation on Soil Environment and Maize Growth in Irrigation Districts along the Yellow River，Ningxia

ZHOU Zhixuan, YANG Yingpan, WANG Yongping, MA Xiuxia

2026, 55(3): 71-86. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.008

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To clarify the safe and efficient utilization mode of reclaimed water in the Ningxia Yellow River irrigation district and alleviate the shortage of agricultural water resources，a two⁃factor completely randomized design was adopted in this study. We investigated the effects of two water sources，namely Yellow River water（Y）and reclaimed water from constructed wetlands（R），and two irrigation regimes on soil environmental quality and maize growth. The irrigation regimes were defined as：W1（irrigation quota of 1 800 m^³/ha with two irrigation events） and W2（irrigation quota of 1 200 m^³/ha with three irrigation events）.The TOPSIS（technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution）model was employed to screen the optimal irrigation mode.The results showed that irrigation regimes had a significant impact on the accumulation of soil heavy metals；specifically，the W2 treatment significantly reduced soil cadmium and zinc contents compared to W1，and reclaimed water irrigation performed comparably to Yellow River water in controlling cadmium and zinc.Furthermore，the W2 treatment significantly increased soil cation exchange capacity and total phosphorus content，thereby enhancing soil fertility preservation and supply capabilities. In terms of promoting maize growth，increasing yield，and improving water use efficiency，reclaimed water irrigation proved superior to Yellow River water.The yield of RW1 treatment was 4.11% higher than that of YW1 treatment，and the yield of RW2 treatment was 6.77% higher than that of YW2 treatment，with an an irrigation water use efficiency of 5.12 kg/m^³. Regarding maize quality，the YW2 treatment increased protein and fat contents by 21.52% and 21.62%，respectively，compared to YW1；similarly，the RW2 treatment increased protein and fat contents by 17.58% and 44.44%，respectively，compared to RW1. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil pH value，total salt content，total nitrogen content，copper content and zinc content were the core factors influencing maize yield and quality.The TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation revealed that the RW2 treatment achieved the highest score，identifying it as the optimal irrigation mode.In summary，RW2（reclaimed water combined with an irrigation quota of 1 200 m³/hm² and three irrigation times）is the suitable model for the safe and efficient utilization of water resources in the Yellow River irrigation district of Ningxia.

Effects of Mild and Moderate Saline⁃Alkali Land on the Growth and Quality of Artemisia argyi in Southern Xinjiang

ZHU Siyuan, FENG Jiale, ZHAO Jianing, ZHANG Ruihua, YUE Qinyang, ZHANG Rui, GAO Shan, ZHANG Yanfei

2026, 55(3): 87-96. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.009

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To promote the improvement of saline⁃alkali land and enhance the utilization rate of saline⁃alkali land in southern Xinjiang and，the Artemisia argyi variety Wuye Dabaiai was taken as the research object and planted in mild saline⁃alkali land（pH value 9.23，salt content 0.128%） and moderate saline⁃alkali land（pH value 9.06，salt content 0. 338%） to explore the effects of different degrees of saline⁃alkali land in southern Xinjiang on the growth and quality of Artemisia argyi.The results showed that with the passage of planting time，the plant height，stem thickness and relative chlorophyll content in leaves of Artemisia argyi in mild and moderate saline⁃alkali land all showed an increasing trend.Compared with mild saline⁃alkali land，the net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，intercellular CO₂ concentration and transpiration rate of Artemisia argyi leaves in moderate saline⁃alkali land decreased by 3.51%，16.18%，7.82% and 31.33% respectively，while the variable fluorescence/initial fluorescence and maximum photochemical efficiency increased extremely significantly.The activities of superoxide dismutase，peroxidase and catalase increased by 29.65%，66.97% and 1.65% respectively，the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein increased by 17.46% and 10.02% respectively，and proline decreased by 17.55%.The down yield of leaves and the whole plant in moderately saline⁃alkali land decreased by 6.84% and 16.96% respectively，and the oil yield decreased by 9.75%. Among the secondary metabolites，the percentages of eucalyptol and borneol in the essential oil components significantly decreased，while the leaf flavonoid content increased by 17.95%.The stem flavonoids and total phenols significantly decreased.The pH values of mild saline⁃alkali land and moderate saline⁃alkali land decreased by 6.07% and 5.96% respectively compared to before planting.In conclusion，in a moderate saline⁃alkali land environment，Artemisia argyi can resist saline⁃alkali stress by significantly enhancing antioxidant activity and other means. The cultivation of Artemisia argyi can significantly lower the soil pH value and improve the salinization status.

Isolation，Identification，Biological Characterization of Diaporthe longicolla and Screening of Antifungal Drugs

YIN Kun, HUANG Yubo, LIANG Lu, ZHUANG Qiuli, TIAN Kaiyue, XU Bohan, ZHANG Weijie, ZHANG Donghui

2026, 55(3): 97-106. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.010

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To clarify the pathogenic characteristics and potential for chemical control of soybean Phomopsis seed decay in Zhoukou City，Henan Province，typical diseased soybean stems were collected for pathogen isolation and identification.The effects of temperature and humidity on mycelial growth and spore germination were determined，and the in vitro fungicidal activity of ten fungicides against the isolate was assessed using the mycelial growth inhibition method，and seed⁃coating trials were conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of each treatment in terms of seed germination and suppression of pathogen infection.The results showed that one fungal strain，designated ZK⁃2024，was obtained. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of multi⁃locus DNA sequences（rDNA ITS and TEF1‑α），the isolate was conclusively identified as Diaporthe longicolla，the causal agent of soybean Phomopsis seed decay. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was 30 ℃，while the optimum for conidial germination was 25 ℃. High humidity significantly promoted both mycelial growth and conidial germination，with a statistically significant interaction between temperature and humidity.Fungicide screening revealed that 90% carbendazim water⁃dispersible granules and 430 g/L tebuconazole suspension concentrate exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against the isolate ZK⁃2024，with median effective concentrations（EC₅₀）of 0.366 0 mg/L and 0.444 4 mg/L，respectively.In seed⁃coating trials，seeds treated with pyraclostrobin plus infested soil achieved a germination rate of 93.33% and showed no mycelial coverage，significantly outperforming all other fungicide treatments.This performance was statistically comparable to the untreated control（non⁃coated seeds+sterile soil）.In summary，this study reported the first successful field isolation and molecular identification of Diaporthe longicolla in Zhoukou.It elucidated key biological traits of the pathogen and identifies carbendazim and tebuconazole as highly effective fungicides for in vitro suppression.Moreover，pyraclostrobin demonstrated excellent protective efficacy in seed⁃coating assays under controlled conditions，highlighting its potential as a candidate seed treatment agent for managing Phomopsis seed decay in soybean.

A Quantitative Real⁃time PCR Method for Rapid Detection of Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus Root Rot Pathogen Fusarium acuminatum

ZU Weixi, ZHAO Limei, ZHAO Xuejiao, WANG Xue, GAO Fen

2026, 55(3): 107-117. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.011

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Fusarium acuminatum（FA）is one of the important pathogens causing root rot of Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus（AMM）.To rapidly detect and accurately quantify FA in AMM plants and soil，a quantitative real⁃time PCR（qPCR）detection method was established and its practicability in detecting the pathogen in AMM plants and soil samples was verified. The results showed that primer pair Fae F4/Fae R4 designed based on the elongation factor⁃1α gene（EF‑1α）sequence of FA was highly specific. For the FA in AMM plants and soil，the sensitivities of qPCR detection method were 2.56×10^⁃3 ng/μL of DNA concentration and 1×10² conidia/g，respectively；the correlation coefficients of the constructed standard curves were 0.999 7 and 0.983 8；the amplification efficiencies were 1.07 and 0.87.Repeatability evaluation found that the method was stable and reliable. With the established method，the pathogen FA could be detected in inoculated⁃AMM samples as early as 1 hour after inoculation，and the contents increased with time.The detection rate of FA was 100% in suspected diseased AMM samples.FA was tested positive in all soil samples and the number of conidia in diseased soil samples was significantly greater than that in healthy soil at the same cultivation years.In conclusion，the qPCR detection method established in this study could be used to rapidly and quantitatively detect FA in AMM plants and soil，providing a reliable technical support for the accurate detection and timely prevention and control of AMM root rot.

Root Rot Pathogen Identification and Resistant Germplasm Screening of Isatis indigotica Fort.

HAN Yu, SUN Tianqi, TANG Yuman, XU Lingui, SUN Xiaobo, WANG Lihong, SUI Chun

2026, 55(3): 118-125. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.012

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The aim is to clarify the root rot pathogen of Isatis indigotica Fort.in the main producing area and the disease resistance of different germplasms.The inoculation effects of three methods were first compared，including root injection，fungal block inoculation and root irrigation methods.And the concentration of root injection method was optimized. Subsequently，I.indigotica pathogens were isolated by tissue separation method.The pathogenicity of the pathogens was determined by the method of injection. Combined with the morphology and gene sequences of ITS，TEF and Tub，the species were identified.Finally，by using the optimized pathogen inoculation method and the most pathogenic strain isolated，the disease resistance of 58 I.indigotica germplasms collected from different producing areas was measured and evaluated.The results showed that the best identification method for resistance to I.indigotica root rot was root injection inoculation with the conidial concentration of 1×10⁷cfu/mL.Among 36 samples from Heilongjiang，Shanxi，Henan，Xinjiang and Gansu，a total of 68 fungi were isolated.One strain of XJG39 was selected as the strongest pathogenicity through pathogenicity test.Through morphological observation and molecular biological identification，XJG39 was determined to be Fusarium solani.Through disease⁃resistance analysis，5 resistant germplasms（8.62%） and 7 lowly resistant germplasms（12.07%）were selected.There were 39 susceptible germplasms and 7 highly susceptible germplasms（accounting for 79.31%）.The resistance level of root rot was low for most cultivated germplasms in the main producing area of I.indigotica，which was one of the important reasons for the frequent occurrence of root rot.The five selected germplasms can be used as valuable resources for the subsequent research on resistance breeding and resistance genetics of I.indigotica.

Effects of Delayed Harvest on Nutrient Accumulation of Bearing Base Shoot in Shine Muscat Grape

LOU Yusui, LÜ Zhongwei, SHANG Hongquan, CUI Xiaoyue, LU Huiran, ZHANG Ke, WU Wenying, FAN Hongjie

2026, 55(3): 126-134. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.013

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In order to use fruit delayed harvest technology better，the nutrient accumulation of bearing base shoots and the inflorescence rates were compared among treatments of different yield load of cluster hanging and no cluster hanging. 10⁃year⁃old Shine Muscat grapevines were used as materials.During the maturity period，the clusters were pruned by leaving one cluster per one（F1），one point five（F2），two（F3），three（F4），and four（F5）shoots.All clusters were cut off as the control（CK）.After 64 days of fruit maturity，all the other clusters were cut off. Results showed that the contents of malondialdehyde and starch increased gradually，the contents of total nitrogen，total phosphorus，and 17 amino acids first increased and then decreased with the yield load level decreasing. F3⁃CK had the highest soluble sugar content（18.98 mg/g）in bearing base shoot，while F5⁃CK showed the highest total potassium content（2.39%）.The contents of soluble sugar and total phosphorus，as well as inflorescence rate and double inflorescence rate were lower in the cluster hanging treatments than those in the no cluster hanging treatments on the same tree. Compared with CK，delayed harvest reduced the double inflorescence rate in the second year significantly. The double inflorescence rate of F3 decreased by 76.3% compared with the control.The treatments of F3，F4 and F5 did not affect or promote the accumulation of soluble sugar，starch，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，and total potassium in the bearing base shoot and the inflorescence rate in the second year. However，the treatments of F1，F2 and F3 promoted the accumulation of the most amino acids in the bearing base shoot. Therefore，it should be pruned by retaining one cluster per two or more shoots，with a yield of 17.09 t/ha or less，when delayed harvest was implemented in Shine Muscat grape to ensure enough nutrient accumulation and inflorescence rate.

Effects of Fermented Chinese Herbal Medicines on Growth Performance，Immune and Antioxidant Functions of Lactating Sows and Suckling Piglets

XU Xiangli, YANG Wenjing, GU Qiangwen, FAN Zihe, LAN Zhibin

2026, 55(3): 135-143. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.014

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To investigate the effects of adding fermented Chinese herbal medicines（Codonopsis pilosula，Lycium barbarum，Astragalus membranaceus，Atractylodes macrocephala，Poria cocos） to the diet of lactating sows on the growth performance，blood biochemical indexes，immune function and antioxidant capacity of lactating sows and suckling piglets，and to explore its application effects in lactating sows and suckling piglets，27 Hexi black sows with similar parity，farrowing time and litter size were randomly divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates per group and 3 piglets per replicate.The control group was fed a basal diet，while experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were supplemented with 1.5% and 2.0% fermented Chinese herbal medicines in the basal diet，respectively.The experimental period was from the date of delivery of sows to the end of weaning day of piglets at 25 days post partum.The results showed that compared with the control group，the weaning body weight per individual and average daily gain of experimental group Ⅰ were significantly increased by 11.16% and 12.53%，respectively.The diarrhea rates of the two experimental groups were significantly decreased by 67.60% and 85.73%，respectively.In experimental group Ⅰ，the activities of alanine aminotransferase，aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen content in the blood were significantly decreased by 35.36%，40.11% and 24.96%，respectively.The contents of glucose in experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were increased by 65.06% and 94.58%，respectively.The contents of IgG，IgA and IL⁃6 in blood of group Ⅰ were significantly increased by 28.33%，44.95% and 24.68%，respectively.The levels of IL⁃1β and IL⁃6 in group Ⅱ were significantly increased by 35.44% and 33.73%，respectively. The activity of superoxide dismutase in the blood of group Ⅰ was significantly increased by 22.32%，and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased by 32.61%.In summary，adding 1.5% fermented Chinese herbal medicines to the diet of lactating sows can effectively improve the growth performance of suckling piglets，reduce diarrhea rate，and optimize some blood biochemical and immune antioxidant indicators.

Effects of Fermented Citrus Residue on Growth Performance and Physiological Functions of Weaned Piglets

LÜ Lingyan, LIU Saian, SHI Yun, LIU Zheng, ZHANG Jiaqing, HU Chuanhuo, YUAN Peng, LIU Kai

2026, 55(3): 144-151. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.015

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To assess the effects of fermented citrus residue（FCR）with respect to growth performance，apparent nutrient digestibility，serum biochemical indexes，as well as antioxidant capacity and immune function in weaned piglets，80‘Landrace×Yorkshire’crossbred weaned piglets with consistent health status and initial body weight of（8. 20±0. 50）kg were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups（each treatment group consisted of 4 replicates with 5 weaned piglets per replicate）. Pigs in the control group were offered a basal diet，while those in the experimental groups were given the basal diet added with 2%，5% and 8% of FCR，recorded as FCR⁃1 group，FCR⁃2 group，and FCR⁃3 group respectively，and the experimental period lasted for 30 days. The results showed that compared with the control group，the final body weights of piglets in the three experimental groups were significantly increased by 7.87%，9.59%，and 10.18% respectively.Average daily gain in the FCR⁃2 and FCR⁃3 groups were both significantly increased by 15.79%. Among them，the FCR⁃2 group had the lowest feed⁃to⁃weight and diarrhea rate，which were decreased by 16.44% and 22.28% respectively. The apparent digestibility of dry matter，crude protein and crude fat in the FCR⁃2 and FCR⁃3 groups was significantly higher than that in the control group.The apparent digestibility of crude fiber and calcium in the FCR⁃2 group was 16. 01% and 9. 88% higher than that in the control group respectively，and the apparent phosphorus digestibility of all experimental groups was markedly enhanced.In comparison with the control group，there was no significant difference in the serum contents of albumin，globulin，albumin/globulin ratio and total protein in the experimental groups，but the blood urea nitrogen content of FCR⁃2 group was significantly decreased by 16.75%.The level of serum total antioxidant capacity，catalase acivity，superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly increased across all experimental groups.The catalase activity in the FCR⁃2 and FCR⁃3 groups was increased by 16.53% and 12.16%，respectively，while the malondialdehyde content of FCR⁃1，FCR⁃2 and FCR⁃3 groups was significantly decreased by 5.12%，15.83% and 13.03%，respectively.Additionally，the contents of IgA，IL⁃10 and C3 were significantly elevated in the FCR⁃2 and FCR⁃3 groups；the FCR⁃2 group had the highest IgM content，which was significantly superior to that of the other groups.The TNF⁃α content in the FCR⁃2 and FCR⁃3 groups was 17.64% and 20.69% lower than that in the control group，respectively，and the IL⁃6 content in each experimental group was 10.84%，12.76% and 13.86% lower than that in the control group，respectively.In conclusion，the addition of 5% FCR in the basal diet of weaned piglets can significantly improve their growth performance and nutrient utilization efficiency，while also can optimize serum biochemical status，as well as enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity and immune function，which provides experimental support for the rational application of fermented citrus residue in the diet of weaned piglets.

Effects of Compound Probiotic Fermented Xiaoshi Pingwei Powder on the Production Performance and Intestinal Health of Piglets

KONG Liang, NING Xiaodong, LIU Zhantong, LI Huisu, QIU Tianbao, ZHENG Pei, HUANG Shucheng, MAO Sai, ZHANG Hongying, LIU Shuo, YANG Mingfan

2026, 55(3): 152-159. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.016

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To explore the effects of Xiaoshi Pingwei powder fermented by compound probiotics on the production performance and intestinal health of piglets，64 healthy weaned piglets with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups（16 piglets per group），namely the control group（group A），compound probiotics group（group B），Xiaoshi Pingwei powder group（group C），and Xiaoshi Pingwei powder fermented by compound probiotics group（group D）.They were fed a basal diet，basal diet+0.2% compound probiotics，basal diet+0.5% Xiaoshi Pingwei powder，and basal diet+0.5% Xiaoshi Pingwei powder fermented by compound probiotics，respectively，with a test period of 21 days.The results showed that compared with group A，the average daily feed intake of piglets in groups B，C，and D significantly increased by 3.53%，5.52%，and 6.48%，respectively；the average daily gain of piglets in groups B，C，and D significantly increased by 9.76%，11.92%，and 20.55%，respectively；the average feed⁃to⁃gain ratio of piglets in both groups B and C significantly decreased by 6.00%，while that in group D significantly decreased by 12.00%；the diarrhea rate of piglets in groups B，C，and D significantly decreased by 32.96%，39.41%，and 83.12%，respectively.Meanwhile，compared with group A，groups B，C，and D all significantly increased the apparent digestibility of nutrients such as dry matter，crude protein，crude fat，and calcium in the piglet diet，and the contents of copper，zinc，and manganese in the feces of groups B，C，and D were significantly reduced；the number of Lactobacillus in all segments of the intestinal tract of piglets in groups B，C，and D was significantly increased，while the number of Escherichia coli was decreased.In addition，groups B，C，and D all significantly increased the number of red blood cells，hematocrit，hemoglobin content，and hemoglobin concentration in the blood of piglets；furthermore，the intestinal villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of piglets were significantly increased，while the crypt depth was significantly decreased.In summary，both compound probiotics and Xiaoshi Pingwei powder can improve the growth performance，nutrient digestibility，intestinal health，and resistance of piglets，among which Xiaoshi Pingwei powder fermented by compound probiotics has the best effect，providing a reference for efficient and healthy pig breeding.

Effect of Different Types of Warehouses on the Aging Quality of Re⁃dried Tobacco Strips

ZHU Yuqing, ZHANG Chengji, WU Yaoting, ZHU Lei, XU Chenyuan, LIU Danran, LI Runjie, ZHA Tian, BAO Zhijuan

2026, 55(3): 160-170. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.017

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To explore the effects of three⁃dimensional warehouse（stereoscopic warehouse） and plane warehouse（flat warehouse）on the aging quality of re⁃dried tobacco strips，the formula⁃based re⁃dried strip tobacco from multiple producing areas in Yunnan Province was taken as the research object，and the changes of conventional chemical composition，biological enzyme activity，aroma substances and sensory quality after 6，9，12 and 14 months of alcoholization in Kunming stereoscopic warehouse（GJ）and flat warehouse（PK）were compared. The results showed that in the 14 months aging period，GJ aging had a better effect on the quality of re⁃dried tobacco strips. The contents of reducing sugar，total nitrogen，total plant alkaloid and schmuck value of tobacco strips were 1.69%，2.51%，1.26% and 1.07% higher than those of PK，respectively，and the chemical composition was more coordinated.The activities of α⁃amylase and neutral protease were significantly increased by 73.33% and 66.55%，respectively，and the activity of cellulase was slightly higher. The contents of chlorogenic acid and rutin were significantly increased by 5.86% and 3.00%，respectively. Meanwhile，the aroma components of GJ tobacco were more abundant，among which the enrichment levels of key aroma substances such as 2⁃acetylpyrrole and methyl palmitate were higher than those of PK. In the corresponding sensory evaluation，the scores of aroma quality，aroma intensity，permeability，mixed gas and cleanness were 3.17%，3.17%，8.33%，3.17% and 3.17% higher than those of PK，respectively.Further correlation analysis revealed that the contents of aroma components and their precursors，including methyl hexadecanoate，methyl linolenate，2⁃acetylpyrrole，2，3'⁃bipyridine，shyobunone，3⁃hydroxy⁃2⁃butanone，and rutin，were significantly positively correlated with the storage environment of GJ.In conclusion，the aging environment of GJ is more conducive to maintaining enzyme activity and promoting formation of aroma components，thereby improving the comprehensive quality of strip tobacco requiring long⁃term storage.

Distribution of Volatile Compounds in Different Leaf Segments of Yunnan Province Flue⁃Cured Tobacco

WANG Yusheng, WANG Chuliang, LI Xinkai, ZHAN Lei, WEI Hongru, FU Bo, ZHANG Xi

2026, 55(3): 171-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.018

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To explore the longitudinal distribution law of volatile compounds in upper tobacco leaves from Yunnan Province，Tobacco leaves of cultivar Yunyan 100 at grade B2F，collected from Luoping County，Qujing City，Yunnan Province，were used as the research object，and evenly divided into 10 segments（Q1—Q10）along the longitudinal direction of the main vein. Gas chromatography⁃mass spectrometry（GC⁃MS） was employed to determine the contents of volatile compounds.Subsequently，hierarchical cluster analysis was performed for differential grouping of these sections，and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS⁃DA）was used to screen for differential aroma⁃active compounds among the groups. The results showed that 145 volatile compounds（predominantly hydrocarbons，alcohols and ketones）were identified in 10 segments. The total content exhibited a trend of increasing first，then decreasing and increasing again along the direction from leaf tip to leaf base（Q1 to Q10）.The total amount of Q7 was the highest（129.66 μg/g）and the total amount of Q9 was the lowest（48.11 μg/g）.Hierarchical clustering divided tobacco leaves into three characteristic sections：upper section（Q1—Q4），middle section（Q5—Q7）and lower section（Q8—Q10）.Based on the OPLS⁃DA model，39 differential volatile compounds（variable importance projection≥1，difference multiple≥2 or difference multiple≤0.5，p<0.05）were further screened.Among them，the number of up⁃regulated compounds in the middle section was significantly higher than that in the upper and lower sections，including solanone，damascenone，dihydroactinidiolide and other key aroma compounds.Sensory evaluation revealed that the middle section of tobacco leaves was significantly superior to the upper and lower segments of tobacco leaves in terms of aroma intensity，aroma quality，aftertaste，and comprehensive score，and this result was consistent with the distribution pattern of volatile compounds.In conclusion，this study clarified the gradient distribution pattern of volatile compounds along the longitudinal axis of tobacco leaves，especially revealed the superiority of the middle section of tobacco leaves in aroma quality，providing a scientific basis for the refined grading of tobacco leaves and the high⁃value utilization of tobacco resources.

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