Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2026, 55(1): 0.

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A Review of Key Technologies in Fruits and Vegetables Maturity Detection

JIANG Mingze, YAN Jianwei, ZOU Chuanzhu

2026, 55(1): 1-15. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.001

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The maturity of fruits and vegetables is closely related to both producers and consumers.It plays a crucial role in enhancing consumer experience，improving harvest timing accuracy，extending shelf life，reducing waste，and increasing yield and quality. However，traditional manual methods of detecting fruit and vegetable maturity have issues such as high labor intensity，high costs，and low efficiency.In recent years，with the rapid development of computer technology，data‐driven methods for detecting fruit and vegetable maturity have made automation and intelligence in this process possible.This study begins with a comprehensive review of the commonly used data formats for fruit and vegetable maturity detection.It then discusses the research progress of maturity detection algorithms from three perspectives：traditional image processing algorithms，machine learning algorithms，and deep learning algorithms.A systematic summary of the current engineering applications of maturity detection in the agricultural field is also provided. Based on this，the study further analyzes the challenges faced by data‐driven maturity detection methods in real‐world applications and offers feasible solutions and research approaches to address these key issues.Finally，the study presents an analysis and outlook on the future development directions of fruit and vegetable maturity detection technologies in agriculture，aiming to provide theoretical references and practical insights for the further research and application of these technologies.

Research Advances on the Effects of Oxidative Stress on Lactation Performance in Dairy Cows

LI Yanqing, LI Yuhang, WANG Xingping, HU Ximin, WANG Yihan, LUORENG Zhuoma

2026, 55(1): 16-25. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.002

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The lactational performance of dairy cows is closely related to mammary gland health and is susceptible to various environmental factors and nutritional factors.Among these，oxidative stress is a key factor affecting both lactational performance and mammary health in dairy cows.Oxidative stress can destroy the normal physiological function of breast tissue，induce the apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells，and lead to the decrease of milk yield and milk quality，causing serious economic losses to the breeding industry.Therefore，this review systematically summarized the main pathways through which factors such as the physiological condition，feeding environment，and dietary factor of dairy cows induced oxidative stress.It sorted out the impacts of oxidative stress on lactational performance and the structure and function of mammary tissue，as well as their action mechanisms，with a specific focus on processes including mammary epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammatory responses，exploring the role of related signaling pathways in mediating the decline of lactational function.At the same time，the research progress of adding vitamins，minerals，plant extracts and other nutrients to the diet to alleviate the oxidative stress injury of dairy cows was summarized，in order to provide a theoretical reference for improving the lactation performance of dairy cows and reducing oxidative stress injury.

Screening and Preliminary Exploration of Function of circRNAs Responding to High Temperature Stress in Maize Pollen

LI Chuan, ZHANG Panpan, ZHANG Meiwei, GUO Hanxiao, MU Weilin, NIU Jun, QIAO Jiangfang

2026, 55(1): 26-39. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.003

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Zhengdan 958 with high tolerance to heat and Xianyu 335 with low tolerance to heat were used as research materials. The semi‐automatic retractable plastic greenhouse was used for high temperature（HT）stress treatment at flowering stage with normal growth condition as the control（CK）.The differentially expressed circRNAs in maize pollen were screened by high‐throughput sequencing of circRNA under high temperature stress. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the host genes of differentially expressed circRNAs were done. The differentially expressed circRNAs with miRNA binding sites were screened， and their downstream target genes were predicted.The potential circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA co‐expression regulatory networks which were in response to high temperature stress in maize pollen were constructed. The molecular mechanism of regulating high temperature stress in maize pollen was analyzed from multiple aspects，so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the heat tolerance of maize varieties. The results showed that a total of 1 843 different circRNAs were identified in different samples of Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335. The distribution of circRNAs in maize chromosomes was different. Each circRNA contained different number of exon. Most of them，624 circRNAs contained only one exon. A total of 1 563 circRNAs were identified from Zhengdan 958 pollen，305，213 and 356 circRNAs were identified from CK958‐1，CK958‐2 and CK958‐3，respectively，and 222，242 and 225 circRNAs were identified from HT958‐1，HT958‐2 and HT958‐3，respectively.A total of 1 423 circRNAs were identified from Xianyu 335 pollen，272，188 and 229 circRNAs were identified from CK335‐1，CK335‐2 and CK335‐3，respectively，and 259，237 and 238 circRNAs were identified from HT335‐1，HT335‐2 and HT335‐3，respectively. The highest proportions in different samples were all the exon‐circRNA. There was no one‐to‐one correspondence between circRNAs and their host genes，748 circRNA host genes generated one circRNA separately through back splicing mechanism，and 156 circRNA host genes generated two circRNAs separately through back splicing mechanism.Nine differentially expressed circRNAs were screened in the HT958 vs CK958 group，of which two circRNAs were up regulated. Their host genes were significantly enriched in pyrophosphatase activity，nucleoside phosphate metabolic process，glycosylphosphatidylinositol（GPI）anchor metabolic process and other 14 GO items，and two KEGG pathways，including GPI anchor biosynthesis and metabolic pathway.Only one differentially expressed circRNA was screened in the HT335 vs CK335 group，and no significant GO item and KEGG pathway were enriched. Seventeen differentially expressed circRNAs were screened in the HT958 vs HT335 group，of which six circRNAs were up regulated.Their host genes were significantly enriched in endomembrane system，golgi‐associated vesicle membrane，membrane protein proteolysis and other 13 GO items，but no significant KEGG pathway. Five circRNAs had miRNA binding sites，which could be used as miRNA sponge island to adsorb miRNAs and indirectly regulate the expression of downstream target genes. circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA co‐expression regulatory networks，including five circRNAs，five miRNAs from different families and two mRNAs，were constructed. Fifty‐four circRNAs which contained the internal ribosomal entry sites（IRES）were screened，which could translate into peptides or proteins and directly act on their target genes.

Preliminary Study on Molecular Mechanism of Drought Tolerance of Maize Inbred Line Xin 4095 Based on miRNA‐mRNA Integration Analysis Technology

WEI Xiaoyi, LIU Zhicheng, ZHANG Zhanhui, SHI Dakun, LI Fangjie, HONG Defeng, SUN Pei, LI Zhi, WEI Feng

2026, 55(1): 40-51. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.004

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To explore the molecular mechanism of maize response to drought stress，drought‐tolerant maize inbred line Xin 4095 was used as the experimental material. Normal watering group（control）and drought treatment group were set up. When drought‐induced leaf yellowing and mild curling were observed，photosynthetic parameters were measured.Meanwhile，high‐throughput sequencing technology was used for microRNA（miRNA）and mRNA sequencing to screen differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs，the differentially expressed miRNA‐target gene regulatory network was constructed，and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs and target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were done.The results showed that after drought treatment，the transpiration rate，net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of inbred line Xin 4095 significantly decreased，while the water use efficiency significantly increased.A total of 42 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified，among which 28 miRNAs were up‐regulated and 14 miRNAs were down‐regulated.A total of 2 299 differentially expressed mRNAs were obtained，including 1 294 mRNAs up‐regulated and 1 005 mRNAs down‐regulated. Under drought stress，the differentially expressed mRNAs were significantly enriched in 20 GO terms，mainly including response to heat，photosynthesis，photosystem Ⅰ，chloroplast photosystem Ⅱ ，chloroplast photosystem Ⅰ ，thylakoid，cytosolic large ribosomal subunit，structural constituent of ribosome，unfolded protein binding，ribosome assembly and translation，protein refolding，etc.Differentially expressed mRNAs were significantly enriched in 20 KEGG pathways，mainly including photosynthesis，ribosome，protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and other pathways.A differentially expressed miRNA‐target gene regulatory network was constructed，which included a total of 31 differentially expressed miRNAs（20 miRNAs were up‐regulated and 11 miRNAs were down‐regulated）.The target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were significantly enriched in oxidative stress response related items such as response to oxidative stress and hydrogen peroxide catabolic process，protein phosphorylation related items such as protein serine/threonine kinase activity，and chloroplast function related items such as chloroplast envelope；they were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction，MAPK signaling pathway‐plant，biosynthesis of secondary metabolites，henylpropanoid biosynthesis，glutathione metabolism，starch and sucrose metabolism，alpha‐linolenic acid metabolism，linoleic acid metabolism，ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and so on.

Genome‐Wide Identification of IDL Gene Family in Maize and Its Expression Analysis during Root Development

LI Yanhua, LI Chunyang, WU Xiaolin, WANG Wei, LIU Hui

2026, 55(1): 52-64. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.005

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The IDL［IDA（inflorescence deficient in abscission）‐like］gene family members were identified in maize at the whole‐genome level，and their physicochemical properties，phylogenetic evolution，and cis‐elements in promoter region were analyzed.The expression patterns of ZmIDL genes in different regions（meristem zone，elongation zone，maturation zone） and tissues（stele，cortex） of the primary root，as well as under hormone and drought treatments were detected using quantitative real‐time PCR（qRT‐PCR），which would lay a foundation for revealing the role of IDL gene in maize root development.The results showed that seven ZmIDL genes（ZmIDL1—7）were identified，classified into three subgroups and distributed across six chromosomes without collinearity.Their promoter regions contained cis‐elements in response to hormones and abiotic stresses.Expression analysis revealed that ZmIDL genes were highly expressed in the root cortex，pericarp|aleurone and silk，and responded to multiple abiotic stresses including drought，low/high temperature，salt and UV.qRT‐PCR analysis revealed that ZmIDL1/3/4/6 expression levels were significantly higher in Zhengdan 958 root cortex than those in stele，while ZmIDL2 and ZmIDL7 expression levels were higher in stele；ZmIDL5 did not express.As the germination time extended，ZmIDL1 expression level gradually increased in maturation zone，meristem zone and elongation zone of primary root of Xianyu 335，while ZmIDL6 expression level increased only in the maturation zone of primary root of Xianyu 335，with no significant change in meristem zone and elongation zone of primary root of Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335.When auxin transport was blocked in the maturation zone of primary root，ZmIDL1/6 expression level significantly increased，but significantly decreased after transport recovery.Under early drought stress（16 h for Zhengdan 958，8 h for Xianyu 335），ZmIDL6 and ZmIDL1 expression levels increased in the maturation zone of primary root.These findings suggest that ZmIDL6 and ZmIDL1 may synergistically regulate maize root development and respond to drought stress.

Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Leaf Photosynthetic Performance，Yield，and Quality of Sesame under High‐Temperature Stress during the Full‐Bloom Stage

LÜ Shuli, DING Fang, TIAN Zhuangbo

2026, 55(1): 65-75. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.006

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To investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous melatonin（MT）on sesame plants under high‐temperature stress and to enhance their thermotolerance，the cultivar Shangzhi 196 was used as the test material，with natural climate growth as the control（CK）.During the full‐bloom stage under high‐temperature stress，sesame leaves were sprayed with melatonin solution at concentrations of 0（MT0），100（MT100），150（MT150），200（MT200），and 250 mg/L（MT250）.The study examined the agronomic traits，photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activities，quality and yield‐related traits under different treatments.The results showed that high‐temperature stress during the full‐bloom stage（MT0）significantly reduced plant height and fruit axis length by 8.15% and 15.09%，respectively，compared with CK，while increased yellow tip length by 21.11%.The number of capsules per plant，seeds per capsule，1 000‐seed weight，and yield decreased significantly by 18.22%，24.93%，8.60%，and 12.53%，respectively. Leaf net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），and transpiration rate（Tr）were significantly reduced，and the photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ）reaction center was damaged. Additionally，seed moisture content increased by 4.54%，while oil and protein contents decreased by 0.28% and 0.75%，respectively. Exogenous melatonin application significantly increased the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule，while reduced yellow tip length.Leaf SPAD value，Pn，Gs，and Tr were significantly enhanced，whereas intercellular CO_₂ concentration（Ci）decreased.The maximum quantum efficiency of PSⅡ（Fv/Fm），actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ（ΦPSⅡ），and photochemical quenching coefficient（qP） increased significantly，while minimal fluorescence（Fo）decreased. Additionally，exogenous MT application significantly enhanced the activities of peroxidase（POD），superoxide dismutase（SOD），and catalase（CAT）in sesame leaves，while markedly reduced the malondialdehyde（MDA） content. Concurrently，both the grain water content and protein content decreased，accompanied by a significant increase in yield.Principal component analysis revealed that the high‐temperature tolerance of sesame followed the order of MT200 > MT150 > MT250 > MT100 > MT0，indicating that exogenous melatonin alleviated growth inhibition under high‐temperature stress，with the 200 mg/L treatment（MT200）exhibiting the best mitigation effect.Under MT200 treatment，SOD，POD and CAT activities increased by 24.36%，22.72%，and 22.42%，respectively，compared to MT0.Oil content increased by 1.06%，while moisture and protein contents decreased by 3.47% and 1.30%，respectively.Yield improved by 11.75%.In conclusion，exogenous melatonin application positively enhanced thermotolerance of sesame during the full‐bloom stage by protecting chloroplast structural stability and regulating antioxidant pathways，thereby mitigating high‐temperature‐induced damage.The optimal concentration for foliar spraying was determined to be 200 mg/L.

Metabolite Differences and Anthocyanin Quantitative Analysis of Black Wolfberry from Different Regions

WU Jingjie, LIU Hongxia

2026, 55(1): 76-87. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.007

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In order to clarify the differences in metabolite composition and anthocyanin content among black wolfberries（Lycium ruthenicum）from different origins，so as to provide a basis for quality evaluation and origin identification of black wolfberries，based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry（UHPLC‐MS/MS） technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis，the metabolic differences of black wolfberries from three origins，namely，Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province（QHL），Linzhi City in Tibet Autonomous Region（XZL），and Shenmu City in Shaanxi Province（SXL），were systematically compared，and a quantitative analysis method of anthocyanin was established for determination and comparison. The results showed that a total of 21 categories and 629 metabolites were identified in the fruits of black wolfberries from the three origins，with flavonoids，amino acids and their derivatives，and organic acids and their derivatives accounting for a relatively higher proportion.Principal component analysis（PCA）and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS‐DA）results indicated significant differences in the metabolism of black wolfberries from the three origins.The screening results of differential metabolites showed that there were 494 differential metabolites between SXL and QHL black wolfberries，111 between XZL and QHL black wolfberries，and 478 between XZL and SXL.The quantitative analysis results of anthocyanins showed that，calculated as delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside（DPG）equivalents，the total anthocyanin content of QHL black wolfberries was the highest，at 49.71 mg/g；XZL was second，at 37.58 mg/g；and SXL was the lowest，at 32.23 mg/g.The KEGG enrichment analysis results indicated that the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in pathways related to tryptophan metabolism，amino acid biosynthesis，and flavonoid biosynthesis.In summary，there were significant differences in the metabolites of black wolfberry fruits from Qinghai，Tibet，and Shaanxi，with the highest anthocyanin content in Qinghai origin，and these differences were mainly enriched in pathways related to amino acid and flavonoid biosynthesis.

Effect of Biochar Composite Super Absorbent Polymers Combined with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Tobacco Growth and Soil Microenvironment under Drought Stress

GUO Xiaoqin, LI Qinkui, WU Guangpeng, ZHANG Xiaoquan

2026, 55(1): 88-100. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.008

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Through pot experiments，the effects of the dosage of biochar composite super absorbent polymers（SAP）（0，2，4，8 g/pot，denoted as S₀，S₁，S₂，S₃）and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi［Claroideoglomus etunicatum（CE），Glomus versiforme（GV），Funneliformes mossae（FM）and non inoculation control（CK）］on the growth，root configuration parameters，and soil microenvironment of Yuyan 5 tobacco under drought stress were investigated.The results showed that under drought stress，the SAP could promote the infection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） on tobacco roots and had a positive effect on the mycorrhizal effect.The mycorrhizal infection rate was the highest（53.0%）and the number of vesicles was the highest（15.3 vesicles/cm）under the SAP dosage S2 treatment inoculated with FM.Under the same AMF inoculation treatment，with the increase of SAP dosage，tobacco growth indicators and soil physicochemical indicators（except for soil fungi，0.25—0.5mm，and <0.25 mm soil aggregate content）showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and reached their peak under the S2 SAP dosage treatment. Under the treatment of S2 SAP，compared to the treatment without adding SAP or inoculating with AMF，the total length，total projected area，total volume，root tip number，and root vitality of tobacco roots treated with FM increased by 78.7%，130.1%，141.0%，44.7%，and 83.9%，respectively.The number of soil fungi decreased by 73.7%，and the content of bacteria and actinomycetes increased by 134. 8% and 190.7%，respectively.Under drought stress，inoculation with AMF treatment could increase the activities of urease，cellulase，acid protease，acid phosphatase，sucrase，and chitinase in tobacco root soil to varying degrees.Compared to the treatment without adding SAP or inoculating with AMF，the FM treatment under S2 dosage increased the activities of urease，cellulase，acid protease，acid phosphatase，sucrase and chitinase activity in tobacco soil by 120.6%，94.9%，75.0%，200.0%，55.9% and 75.0%，respectively.In addition，inoculation with AMF treatment could increase the total nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，and organic matter content of tobacco rhizosphere soil to varying degrees，and increase the soil aggregate content of tobacco roots（>2 mm and 0.5—2 mm）.There was no significant change in the soil aggregate content of 0.25—0.5 mm，but it reduced the soil aggregate content of <0.25 mm.In summary，biochar composite SAP has a positive effect on plants，which can increase tobacco biomass，promote AMF infection，and enhance the positive effect of AMF on tobacco growth and drought resistance to a certain extent.Among them，the best effect on tobacco drought resistance is achieved when the SAP dosage is 4 g/pot（S₂）combined with FM.

Screening and Residue Characteristics Analysis of Efficient Control Agents for Typical Diseases of Polygonatum sibiricum#br#

HAN Jie, WANG Qinghai, ZHENG Yufei, HU Jin, ZHU Wencheng, WANG Xiuguo, LIU Tong

2026, 55(1): 101-109. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.009

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Anthracnose and leaf spot are two common diseases affecting Polygonatum sibiricum（Huangjing），for which no highly effective and safe pesticides have been registered for control to date.To screen safe and efficient pesticides against these two diseases，this study first conducted indoor toxicity tests to investigate the inhibitory effects of different pesticides on the pathogens of P.sibiricum anthracnose and leaf spot，thereby selecting highly effective control agents.Subsequently，field efficacy trials were carried out to verify the control effects of the selected pesticides. For the screened high‐efficiency pesticides，a rapid residue analysis method was established using the quick，easy，cheap，effective，rugged，and safe（QuEChERS） sample pretreatment technique combined with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC‐MS/MS）.Meanwhile，field residue
trials were performed to clarify the residue characteristics of these pesticides in P.sibiricum.The results showed that trifloxystrobin，carbendazim，and azoxystrobin exhibited good inhibitory effects on the anthracnose pathogen，with half‐maximal effective concentrations（EC₅₀）of 0.127，0.429，and 1.061 mg/L，respectively.For the leaf spot pathogen，hexaconazole，propiconazole，difenoconazole，and carbendazim showed excellent inhibitory activities，with EC₅₀values of 0.759，0.968，1.657，and 1.716 mg/L，respectively.Field efficacy results indicated that 25% trifloxystrobin suspension concentrate and 250 g/L azoxystrobin suspension concentrate had good control effects on P. sibiricum anthracnose，with field control efficiencies of 87.6% and 86.3%，respectively.Additionally，25% hexaconazole suspension concentrate and 250 g/L propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate showed superior control effects on P.sibiricum leaf spot，with field control efficiencies of 93.2% and 90.2%，respectively.For the residue analysis，after extraction with acetonitrile，purification with octadecylsilane（C₁₈），and detection by UPLC‐MS/MS，the recoveries of trifloxystrobin，azoxystrobin，propiconazole，and hexaconazole in P.sibiricum samples ranged from 82.5% to 98.3% at three spiking levels（0.02，0.50，and 10 mg/kg），with relative standard deviations（RSD）of 2.4% to 4.2%.The linear correlation coefficients（r）were all > 0. 998，the limits of quantitation（LOQ）were 0.010—0.016 mg/kg，and the limits of detection（LOD）were 0.003—0.005 mg/kg.Residue trials of the four pesticides were conducted in four locations across major P.sibiricum producing areas in China for one year. The results showed that the final residue levels of the four agents in P.sibiricum were all below the quantification limit at 21 days and 28 days after the last application，indicating low residue levels.In conclusion，25% trifloxystrobin suspension concentrate and 250 g/L azoxystrobin suspension concentrate can effectively control P.sibiricum anthracnose，while 25% hexaconazole suspension concentrate and 250 g/L propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate are effective for P.sibiricum leaf spot control.These findings provide safe and efficient pesticide options for the management of typical diseases in P.sibiricum and hold great significance for promoting the sustainable development of the P.sibiricum industry.

Control Efficiency and Mechanism of Exogenous Melatonin on Postharvest Apple Ring Rot

LIU Fangjie, HAN Xujuan, WANG Yuxuan

2026, 55(1): 110-117. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.010

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This study aimed to develop a safe and effective method for controlling postharvest apple ring rot disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea.Fuji apple fruits were used as experimental materials in this study.The inhibitory effects of exogenous melatonin on the mycelial growth of the pathogen，as well as its efficacy in controlling postharvest apple ring rot，were evaluated using petri dish antibacterial assays and wound inoculation methods，respectively.Additionally，the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes and the content of cell wall components in apple fruits were analyzed.The results showed that exogenous melatonin effectively inhibited in vitro growth of B.dothidea and significantly enhanced the resistance of postharvest apples to ring rot disease.The most pronounced effects were observed at a concentration of 0.20 mmol/L.At nine days after inoculation，the inhibition rate of mycelial growth of apple ring rot pathogen in vitro culture and the control effect on apple ring rot in postharvest apples treated with 0.20 mmol/L melatonin were 82.19% and 78.53%，respectively.Furthermore，B.dothidea infection significantly increased the activity of cell wall‐degrading enzymes in postharvest apples，thereby promoting the degradation of the fruit’s cell wall.At seven days post‐inoculation，apples treated with 0 mmol/L melatonin exhibited substantial increases in enzyme activities：Carboxymethyl cellulase（Cx），β‐glucosidase（β‐Glu），filter paperase（FPA），polygalacturonase（PG），polygalacturonase transeliminase（PGTE），and pectin methylgalacturonase（PMG） increased by 333.34%，496.41%，196.35%，666.77%，511.21%，81.87%，respectively，compared to the non‐inoculated control（CK）.Consequently，there were significant reductions in cellulose，protopectin，and lignin contents by 83.41%，82.39%，and 22.45%，respectively.The treatment with 0.20 mmol/L melatonin significantly reduced the activity of cell wall‐degrading enzymes and could effectively alleviate the degradation of the cell wall in apple fruit.At seven days post‐inoculation，the activities of Cx，β‐Glu，FPA，PG，PGTE，and PMG in the 0.20 mmol/L melatonin treatment were significantly reduced by 25.30%，33.40%，25.51%，37.00%，41.04%，and 17.09%，respectively，compared to the 0 mmol/L treatment.This led to significant increases in cellulose，pectin，and lignin by 353.92%，336.52% and 203.95%，respectively，making them closer to the levels of healthy fruits. In conclusion，exogenous melatonin can effectively inhibit the growth of apple ring rot pathogen and enhance the resistance of postharvest apple fruits to ring rot，with the most effective concentration being 0.20 mmol/L.

Alleviation Effects and Mechanisms of Alginate Oligosaccharides and Astaxanthin on Lettuce Growth under Salt Stress

LI Xifeng, XU Zihang, WU Xinyu, YUAN Zhengzheng, CHEN Yufeng, GUO Jingli

2026, 55(1): 118-131. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.011

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This study investigated the effects of different addition levels of alginate oligosaccharides and astaxanthin separately on the growth，root morphology，nutrient uptake，and stress resistance of lettuce under salt stress to provide scientific basis and practical experience for lettuce cultivation under adverse conditions.A hydroponic experiment was conducted using Dasu lettuce. We adjusted the nutrient solution to a salt concentration of 120 mmol/L using NaCl solid to simulate the salt stress environment（S）.Two types of treatments were set up：alginate oligosaccharides were added at concentrations of 0，0.005%，0.010%，0.015%，0.020% and 0.025%，corresponding to S‐B0，S‐B1，S‐B2，S‐B3，S‐B4 and S‐B5，respectively；astaxanthin was added at concentrations of 0，0.05%，0.10%，0.15%，0.20% and 0.25%，corresponding to S‐A0，S‐A1，S‐A2，S‐A3，S‐A4 and S‐A5，respectively. Meanwhile，the nutrient solution without NaCl added was used as the control treatment（CK），with three replicates pertreatment.We analyzed various indicators of lettuce plants，including biomass，growth status，nutrient uptake，root morphology，leaf osmotic regulators and the activity of key antioxidant enzymes.Our experimental results indicated that alginate oligosaccharides promoted the accumulation of root biomass，and the increase of leaf SPAD value and the number of leaves compared to S‐B0 treatment.The nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium uptake in S‐B1 to S‐B5 treatments increased by 47.32% to 89.09%（p<0.05），4.32% to 20.38% and 2.29% to 24.79%，respectively.The total root length，root surface area and root volume increased by 58. 83% to 139.04%，53.57% to 92.33% and 36.07% to 72.50%（p<0.05），respectively.Root classification evaluation showed that the addition of alginate oligosaccharides primarily promoted the growth of roots at levels Ⅰ to Ⅲ.At the same time，the average root diameter and root‐to‐shoot ratio increased by 11.54% to 34.62% and 18.60% to 32.56%，respectively.Compared to S‐A0 treatment，the astaxanthin promoted the accumulation of root biomass，leaf SPAD values and the number of leaves.The nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium uptake in S‐A1 to S‐A5 treatments increased by 32.11% to 145.95%，10.07% to 66.91% and 25.42% to 64.51%，respectively.The total root length，root surface area and root volume increased by 26.57% to 128.97%，26.59% to 129.01% and 26.67% to 193.33%，respectively.Root classification evaluation showed that the addition of astaxanthin primarily promoted the growth of roots at levels Ⅰ to Ⅱ. At the same time，the average root diameter increased by 10.00% to 33.33%，and there were no significant differences in the root‐to‐shoot ratio among the treatments.Under salt stress，the addition of alginate oligosaccharides and astaxanthin significantly increased the proline（Pro）content in the leaves，helping to regulate osmotic balance. At the same time，both treatments enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD）and catalase（CAT）as well as reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde（MDA），thereby decreasing cellular oxidative damage.Redundancy analysis indicated that the addition of alginate oligosaccharides mainly enhanced the activity of SOD，which helped alleviate the damage caused by salt stress to lettuce growth. On the other hand，astaxanthin promoted lettuce’s stress tolerance primarily through the combined effects of SOD and Pro，driving its adaptive growth under stress conditions. According to the membership function method，which was used to evaluate various indicators of lettuce，the highest score in alginate oligosaccharide treatments was observed in S‐B3 treatment，while in the astaxanthin treatments，the highest score was found in S‐A2 treatment.The application of alginate oligosaccharides or astaxanthin in hydroponic vegetable production can both promote the growth of lettuce roots and enhance nutrient absorption.These treatments effectively improve the osmotic balance of leaf cells，while also increase the activity of antioxidant protective enzymes to mitigate the negative effects of salt stress on leafy vegetables.The optimal addition rates for improving the salt tolerance of lettuce are 0.015% for alginate oligosaccharides and 0. 10% for astaxanthin.

Effects of Exogenous 6‐BA and GA₃ on Ethylene Release Amount，Polyamine Content and Membrance Lipid Peroxidation of Melon Leaves

ZHAO Weixing, LI Xiaohui, GAO Ningning, KANG Liyun, CHANG Gaozheng, LI Hailun, WANG Huiying

2026, 55(1): 132-138. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.012

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The aims are to clarify the physiological mechanism of 6‐BA and GA₃regulating melon leaf senescence and to provide a theoretical basis for their application in delaying leaf senescence.Early‐maturing thick‐skinned variety‘Xuetong No.9’was used as the test materials，which were sprayed on the leaves by 30 mg/kg 6‐BA and 20 mg/kg GA₃ at flowering and fruit setting stage under protected cultivation conditions，with water as the control.The changes in relative chlorophyll content（SPAD value），ethylene release amount，polyamine content，catalase（CAT）activity，malondialdehyde（MDA）content，hydrogen peroxide（H_₂O_₂）content of leaves，and yield were investigated. The results showed that the SPAD values were increased by 1.78%—8.04% and 0.37%—6.08%，while ethylene release amount was reduced by 5.12%—28.46% and 2.34%—18.80% respectively with exogenous 6‐BA and GA₃treatments，and the contents of MDA，H₂O₂ and putrescine rescine in leaves were also decreased，while the contents of spermine，spermidine and CAT activity were increased，and the yields were also increased by 6.70% and 4.75% respectively.Overall，both exogenous hormone treatments showed more pronounced effects in the early stage，with their efficacy gradually diminishing over time.These findings indicate that 6‐BA and GA_₃ can enhance leaf anti‐aging capacity and delay senescence by regulating ethylene release，polyamine metabolism，and membrane lipid peroxidation.

Effects of Different Substrates on Cellulase Activity Produced by Liquid Fermentation of Wild Lyophyllum decastes

KONG Yufei, WANG Jintao, JIA Songhan, ZHANG Qidi, YANG Ping, LIANG Yunjiang, XU Jize

2026, 55(1): 139-150. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.013

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To explore the optimal culture conditions for wild Lyophyllum decastes and its cellulase response characteristics to different agricultural and forestry wastes，and to provide a basis for its artificial domestication and cultivation and the resource utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes，the HMJU13047 strain collected from Changbai Mountain was identified by morphology and molecular biology.The optimal culture conditions for mycelial growth were screened using single‐factor tests.Wheat bran，sawdust，corn cob，and soybean straw as substrates were used to induce fermentation，cellulase activity and physicochemical indicators of fermentation broth were determined.Principal component analysis（PCA） and Pearson correlation analysis were applied to investigate the correlation between cellulase activity and bacterial liquid indices. The results of morphological and molecular biological identification indicated that the HMJU13047 strain used in this study was Lyophyllum decastes.For the mycelial growth of strain HMJU13047，the optimal carbon source was soluble starch（growth rate 1.75 mm/d）；the optimal nitrogen source was peptone（growth rate 1.49 mm/d）and the optimal inorganic salt was magnesium sulfate（growth rate 1.51 mm/d），the optimal carbon‐nitrogen ratio was 15∶1（growth rate 1.37 mm/d），the optimal temperature was 25 ℃（growth rate 1.58 mm/d），and the optimal pH value was 6.0（growth rate 1.60 mm/d）.The induction effects varied significantly among different substrates.Under wheat bran substrate induction，β‐glucosidase（BG）activity was the highest（336.90 U/L），while under sawdust substrate induction，exoglucanase（CBH）activity was the highest（137.32 U/L）.Corn cob and soybean straw mainly activated endoglucanase（EG）.On the 21st day of induction fermentation，the wheat bran substrate‐induced pellets exhibited the highest mycelial density（13.0 pieces/mL）and biomass（1.21 g），whereas the starvation‐induced pellets showed the largest diameter（5.83 mm）and the highest pH value（9.3）.Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the mycelial density and biomass of the pellets were positively correlated with BG and EG activities，while an increase in fermentation broth pH inhibited cellulase activity.In conclusion，this study identified the optimal culture conditions for mycelial growth of strain HMJU13047（temperature at 25 ℃，pH value at 6.0，carbon to nitrogen ratio at 15∶1，soluble starch as carbon source，peptone as nitrogen source，magnesium sulfate as inorganic salt）.The wheat bran substrate exhibited the most optimal cellulase induction effect.

Isolation and Biological Characterization of an Escherichia coli Phage

WANG Xue, YANG Zhenhong, WANG Shihui, LIN Bokun

2026, 55(1): 151-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.014

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To explore the biological characteristics of Escherichia coli phage and evaluate its antibacterial application potential，a strain of Escherichia coli phage was isolated from the lake water samples of Guangdong Medical University，named PE62. Biological characteristics of PE62 were systematically analyzed using methods including spot assay，double‐layer agar plate method，transmission electron microscopy observation，whole‐genome sequencing，one‐step growth curve assay，and time‐kill assay，and its biofilm eradication ability was evaluated via crystal violet staining.The results showed that PE62 could form transparent plaques with a diameter of approximately 1—1.5 mm on the lawn of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli（EAEC）strain E533.Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that it possessed a head and a tail structure，belonging to the Myoviridae family.The lysis spectrum test showed that PE62 could lyse a variety of pathogenic Escherichia coli（including intestinal agglomeration，intestinal pathogenicity and enterotoxicity），Salmonella and Shigella.The phage maintained activity within the range of 25—55 ℃ and pH 2—11，exhibiting good temperature and acid‐base stability.Its optimal multiplicity of infection（MOI）was 0.1.The one‐step growth curve showed that the latent period was approximately 40 min，the burst period was also 40 min，and the burst size was about 585.Whole‐genome analysis revealed that PE62 had a double‐stranded circular DNA with a G+C content of 35.52% and did not carry known virulence factors or antibiotic resistance genes.In vitro bactericidal assays showed that PE62exhibited excellent bactericidal activity against host bacteria and achieved a biofilm clearance rate of 27.9%.In conclusion，PE62possesses a broad host range，good environmental adaptability，and strong in vitro bactericidal as well as biofilm eradication capabilities，indicating promising potential for application in the prevention and control of Escherichia coli infections.

Effect of Fermentation on Culturable Microbial Dominant Flora and Quality of Cigar Filler Tobacco Leaves

YANG Shaoxin, XU Delong, DAI Youzong, ZHENG Fang, WANG Shengxiao, YE Changwen, HE Yuan, YANG Liqiang, HAO Qidong, XU Meng, HUANG Kuo, HU Yanqi

2026, 55(1): 162-172. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.015

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To investigate the culturable dominant microorganisms in the fermentation process of cigar‐core tobacco leaves and the effect of fermentation on quality，the tobacco leaves of Hainan in China（T1），Dominica（T2）and Yunnan in China（T3）three producing areas were used as the research objects，and the samples before fermentation were used as the control（CK1，CK2，CK3） to simulate industrial fermentation.Microorganisms were identified by traditional morphology and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry （MALDI‐TOF MS）.Conventional chemical components and neutral aroma components were analyzed by continuous flow method and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry（GC‐MS），respectively.The results indicated that after fermentation，the dominant bacteria shifted to Bacillus and Staphylococcus，with a significant increase in their abundance；the dominant fungi were identified as Aspergillus.In terms of chemical composition，compared with control，the total sugar content of tobacco leaves from the three producing areas increased significantly，which were 155.0%，87.0%，and 101.0%，respectively.Total nitrogen content decreased by 6.0%，7.0%，and 15.6%，respectively，while chlorine content decreased by 14.0%，13.2%，and 37.3%，respectively. Total plant alkali content in T1 and T2 increased by 68.0% and 6.3%，respectively，while total plant alkali content in T3 decreased by 46.6%.In addition，the key aroma components such as geranylacetone，β‐damascenone，phenylethyl alcohol，3‐acetylpyridine and phytone were significantly increased.Sensory evaluation revealed that the quality of tobacco leaves was generally improved after fermentation，and the effect of T2 sample was the best. In summary，the succession of culturable dominant microorganisms during the fermentation of cigar‐core tobacco leaves caused changes in their chemical composition and aroma components，and ultimately improved the sensory quality of tobacco leaves.

Effect of Storage Temperature on Seed Quality of Camellia oleifera Abel

NI Tianhong, ZHANG He, XU Hui, GONG Shoufu, ZHANG Yan, CHEN Liwen

2026, 55(1): 173-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.016

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To investigate the effects of storage temperature on the quality of Camellia oleifera seeds and reveal the variation patterns of seed vigor indices（malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity）and internal constituent indexes（soluble sugar content，soluble protein content，fat content，and starch content） under different storage temperature conditions，Camellia oleifera seeds were used as test materials.The seeds were naturally air‐dried to a moisture content of 8.36% and then stored at room temperature［（25±2）℃］，4℃，−20℃，−70℃，respectively. Seed vigor index and inclusion index were determined at 0，60，120，180 days of storage.The fuzzy mathematics membership function value method was employed for comprehensive evaluation.The results showed that with the extension of storage time，the malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity of Camellia oleifera seeds generally increased gradually under all four temperature conditions，while the contents of soluble sugar，soluble protein and starch showed an overall decreasing trend，and the fat content fluctuated to varying degrees.Compared with 0 day of storage，at 180 days，the seed vigor indexes（malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity）and inclusion indexes（soluble sugar，soluble protein and starch content）were significantly different under the storage condition of（25±2）℃ .Among them，the malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity increased by 199.38% and 104.09%，respectively，while the contents of soluble sugar，soluble protein，and starch decreased by 26.69%，47.95% and 31.00%，respectively.Under the storage condition of −70℃，the changes of each index were not significant（except soluble protein content）.The malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity increased by 38.15% and 10.14%，respectively，while the soluble sugar，soluble protein and starch content decreased by 16.78%，36.24% and 6.40%，respectively.Through comprehensive evaluation and analysis，it was found that the quality of Camellia oleifera seeds under four storage temperatures was ranked as follows：−70 ℃>−20 ℃>4 ℃>（25±2）℃.In summary，the low temperature environment（−20 ℃，−70 ℃）was more conducive to maintaining the quality of Camellia oleifera seeds during 180 days of storage，while the storage effect at（25±2）℃ was the worst. Combined with the cost of production practice，it is recommended to select −20 ℃ as the storage temperature of Camellia oleifera seeds.

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