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Comprehensive Evaluation of Stem Lodging Resistance of 145 Maize Inbred Lines ZHANG Fengqi, ZHANG Jun, MA Zhiyan, WU Xiaopan, ZHOU Qingwei, MU Xinyuan, TANG Baojun, LI Xin, XIA Laikun, DING Yong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (11): 34-40.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.11.004 Abstract （1900）      PDF （2064KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Save The plant height(PH),ear height(EH),stem rind penetrometer resistance(RPR),internode diameter(ID)and internode length(IL)were investigated under multiple environments with 145 maize inbred lines from home and abroad as materials.The excellent inbred lines with strong stem lodging resistance were screened out through correlation analysis,principal component analysis and cluster analysis,so as to provide excellent germplasm resources for maize lodging resistance breeding.The results indicated that PH,EH,RPR,ID and IL were extremely significantly different among different maize inbred lines.The heritability of PH with 0.99 was the highest,followed by EH and RPR all with 0.97.The correlation analysis results showed that RPR was extremely significantly positively correlated with PH.The principal component analysis results showed that the first three principal components represented 77.02% of the information of the five traits of 145 maize inbred lines,and their contribution rates were 37.08%,21.94% and 18.00%,respectively. Based on the comprehensive evaluation and cluster analysis of lodging resistance of each inbred line,145 inbred lines were divided into 6 groups,13 inbred lines with strong lodging resistance,such as S268,S112,S135,S270,etc,were screened out. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Soybean and Maize Stubbles on Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Winter Wheat Rhizosphere Soil GUO Hui, LIAN Yanhao, ZHAO Zhibo, REN Yongzhe, WANG Zhiqiang, LIN Tongbao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 79-89.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.009 Abstract （1793）      PDF （3686KB）（443）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the differences in the effects of maize stubble and soybean stubble in the Huang‑Huai‑Hai area，in 2023，rhizosphere soil samples at the jointing stage of winter wheat were collected under the conditions of long‑term positioning test fields for up to 4 years（2019—2023）.The responses of rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and function to no nitrogen application（N0）and conventional nitrogen application（N240，pure nitrogen 240 kg/ha） were studied by using 16S high‑throughput sequencing technology combined with Tax4Fun2 function prediction analysis in the jointing stage of winter wheat under maize（M）stubble and soybean（S）stubble，respectively.There were four treatments（MN0，SN0，MN240，SN240）in total.The results showed that，at the phylum level，Proteobacteria，Acidobacteria，Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriota were the dominant rhizosphere bacteria of winter wheat with a relative abundance of 66.66%—69.56%.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in S stubble was significantly increased by 19.10% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05），and under N240 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in S stubble was significantly increased by 11.90% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05）.At the order level，Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales were the dominant bacteria with a relative abundance of 18.42%—19.68%. Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Vicinamibacterales in S stubble was significantly reduced by 13.69% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05）；The relative abundance of Burkholderiales was increased significantly by 11.31%（P<0.05）.Through the Tax4Fun2 function prediction and the KEGG data comparison，it was found that there were significant differences in the relative abundance of seven functional pathways under the metabolism category under N0 nitrogen application rate（P<0.05），and correlation analysis further revealed that there was a significant correlation between Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales and amino acid metabolism pathways（P<0.01）.There were 26 functional genes involved in soil nitrogen cycling pathway in winter wheat soil bacteria，and the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes accounted for the largest proportion.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes norB，norC and nirS in M stubble was significantly higher than that in S stubble（P<0.05）.In conclusion，the stubble causes the soil bacterial community structure of winter wheat to change under different amount of nitrogen. Different stubble affects the nitrogen metabolism function of bacterial community by changing the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial community. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of TCP Transcription Factors in Artemisia annua and Analysis of Their Expression Patterns under MeJA Treatment MA Qiyang, SONG Ge Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 62-74.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.007 Abstract （1766）      PDF （13374KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the genome data of Artemisia annua，the TCP gene family members were identified，and their protein physicochemical properties，evolutionary relationships，and cis‑acting elements were analyzed. Transcriptome data were used to analyze the expression pattern of TCP transcription factors in Artemisia annua under different light treatments，and qRT‑PCR was used to detect their expression under methyl jasmonate（MeJA）treatment.The results showed that a total of 29 TCP genes（AaTCPs）were identified. AaTCPs differed greatly in protein physicochemical properties，in which the number of amino acids and protein molecular mass ranged from 132 to 443 and 14.60 to 47.86 ku，respectively，and the isoelectric points，instability indices，and fat coefficients were in the ranges of 5.67 to 9.99，33.28 to 69.77，and 51.70 to 77.40，respectively，and all of them were nuclear proteins.Phylogenetic relationships showed that AaTCPs could be classified into class Ⅰ（11）and class Ⅱ（18），unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes.The Motif number of AaTCPs ranged from 1 to 7，all of them contained one conserved TCP2 structural domain，and a large number of light‑，hormone‑，and stress‑responsive elements were present in their promoters.Protein interaction predictions revealed tight interactions among the protein members of AaTCPs except for AaTCP12 and AaTCP8.Transcriptome data showed that the expression levels of AaTCPs varied under different light treatments，and the expression of most genes was induced by light. qRT‑PCR analysis revealed that the expression of AaTCPs all increased to different degrees under MeJA treatment，showing dynamic changes with the extension of treatment time.In summary，the AaTCP gene family plays a significant role in light regulation and hormone response processes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Maturity Detection Method for Hemerocallis citrina Baroni Based on Improved YOLOv5 SHENG Bin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 145-153.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.016 Abstract （1762）      PDF （3862KB）（481）       Knowledge map    Save To unify identification standards and improve the detection accuracy and real‑time performance of mature Hemerocallis citrina Baroni picking，an improved GCS‑BI YOLOv5 image detection algorithm was proposed.Firstly，the Ghost lightweight neural networks were utilized to streamline the model structure and save computational resources.Secondly，in order to pay attention to the image channel information and position information simultaneously，efficient attention mechanisms，namely convolutional block attention module（CBAM）and squeeze‑and‑excitation（SE），were cross‑introduced to improve the image feature perception ability and model convergence speed.Then，a weighted bi‑directional feature pyramid network（BI FPN）was used to fuse the multi‑scale image information and improve the comprehensive detection performance of the model for different targets.The experimental results showed that compared with the original algorithm，the lightweight metrics such as the model volume，network layers，number of parameters，and floating‑point operation of the improved algorithm were reduced by 62.89%，33.12%，63.01%，68.39%，respectively.The performance metrics such as detection accuracy and recall rate were improved by 7.77，6.28 percentage points，respectively.Real‑time detection performance was improved by 33.81 f/s.It can be seen that the improved algorithm has better comprehensive performance and can meet the requirements of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni maturity detection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of Callus Induction and Regeneration System of Cyperus esculentus ZHU Yajing, ZHANG Xiangge, XU Xinran, HU Haiyan, CHENG Shan, CHEN Chen, LI Chunxin, SONG Wanxian, SONG Wenxu, WANG Huiwei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 73-81.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.009 Abstract （1737）      PDF （3147KB）（321）       Knowledge map    Save In order to establish an efficient callus induction and regeneration system of Cyperus esculentus,the explants（young root,young leaf,young leaf sheath and tillering node)for callus induction were screened,and the effects of different plant growth regulator combinations on callus induction,proliferation and differentiation were explored.The results showed that the best explant for callus induction of Cyperus esculentus was tillering node;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus induction was 2.5 mg/L 2,4⁃D+0.6 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.6 mg/L NAA+0.9 mg/L ZT,and the induction rate could reach 65.58%;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus proliferation was 0.5 mg/L 2,4⁃D+0.9 mg/L 6⁃BA+1.2 mg/L NAA+1.2 mg/L ZT,and the proliferation rate could reach 68.12%;the optimal plant growth regulator combination for callus differentiation was 0.9 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.6 mg/L NAA,and the differentiation rate could reach 66.67%.In this study,the best explants suitable for callus induction of Cyperus esculentus were screened,and the conditions of callus induction,proliferation and differentiation of Cyperus esculentus were optimized,which could lay a foundation for the subsequent research and breeding application of biotechnology such as somatic hybridization and genetic transformation of Cyperus esculentus. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth Response and Tolerance Evaluation of 32 Spinach Varieties to Cadmium Stress MIAO Mingjun, LI Jiajia, LEI Xiaokui, LIN Yang, LIAO Jichao, ZHONG Jian, LI Ju, LI Yuejian, CHANG Wei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 108-116.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.011 Abstract （1716）      PDF （2257KB）（138）       Knowledge map    Save Cadmium(Cd)is a highly toxic heavy metal element.To identify Cd‑tolerant spinach varieties and screen related identification indexes,and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of Cd‑tolerant varieties,in the present study,we conducted a hydroponic experiment using 32 spinach varieties in China.The spinach was exposed to Cd stress(Cd concentration of 50 μmol/L)for 20 days,while the other group of plants was treated as a control(Cd concentration of 0 μmol/L).After the plants reached maturity,we measured the agronomic traits and Cd content.The integrated Cd tolerance of each spinach variety was evaluated by principal component analysis,affiliation function analysis,and correlation analysis.The results showed that plant height,root length,underground fresh weight,aboveground fresh weight,aboveground Cd content,underground Cd content and translocation coefficient of the participating varieties under Cd stress conditions were significantly different from the control.Under Cd stress,the growth and biomass accumulation of spinach were inhibited,and the indicators of each trait decreased significantly.The order of average reduction of each agronomic index was aboveground fresh weight>plant height>underground fresh weight>root length.The principal component analysis of Cd stress tolerance index of the seven indexes was performed,and three principal components were selected，with a cumulative variance contribution of 81.552%;The composite evaluation value(D value)showed highly significant positive correlations(P<0.01)with plant height,underground fresh weight,aboveground fresh weight,aboveground Cd content,and translocation coefficient,which can be used as the preferred indexes for the evaluation of Cd tolerance in spinach.Based on the principal component analysis,we classified the 32 spinach varieties into three categories:Cd‑tolerant,moderate,and Cd‑sensitive varieties.Among the varieties tested,Jin’ge and Micro orchid exhibited strong Cd tolerance,while Desai 176 was found to be Cd‑sensitive. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Analysis of Chromosome Sets Characteristics of Sesame Cultivated Species and Wild Species Based on FISH and GISH Technologies MA Qin, ZHAO Ruihong, JU Ming, CHEN Chengbin, DUAN Yinghui, YANG Weifei, MIAO Hongmei, ZHANG Haiyang, Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 48-53.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.006 Abstract （1679）      PDF （2483KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save To reveal the evolutionary characteristics of Sesamum,explore the genome structure revolution and species evolution,and promote the development and utilization of wild resources,the cultivated species S.indicum(var.Yuzhi 11)and the 2n=26 type wild species S.alatum(var.3651)were used as experimental materials,fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)and genome fluorescence in situ hybridization(GISH)techniques were used to analyze the chromosome sets characteristics of sesame cultivated species and wild species.The results showed that both the cultivated species Yuzhi 11 and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)were 2n=2x=26 karyotype;the rDNA⁃FISH hybridization results indicated that in the 13 pairs of chromosomes of the cultivated species Yuzhi 11,3 pairs of chromosomes(the 7th,8th and 9th pairs)had 45S rDNA⁃specific signals at the short arm tips,which were displayed as satellite specific chromosome.At the same time,2 pairs of chromosomes(the 5th and 11th pairs)had 5S rDNA⁃specific signals on the short arms,with the 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA signals located on different chromosomes. In the wild species S.alatum(var.3651),2 pairs of chromosomes(the 4th and 7th pairs)carried 45S rDNA hybridization signals and 1 pair of chromosome(the 4th pair)carried 5S rDNA specific signals,with the 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA signals located on the same chromosome but at different positions.This indicated that there were significant differences in chromosome characteristics between the cultivated species and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651).The GISH hybridization results showed that when using the genomic DNA of the cultivated species Yuzhi 11 and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)as probes for self⁃hybridization,each chromosome carried hybridization signals of varying strengths,while hybridization with the other’s chromosomes showed very few hybridization signals.The cultivated species and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)have the same number of chromosomes,but there are clear differences in the quantity,distribution of rDNA,and GISH signal sites,indicating that the 2n=26 type cultivated species and wild species have distant phylogenetic relationship. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of Cellulose and Lignin Degrading Bacteria and Their Effect on Composting of Mushroom Residue WANG Xianxin, QI Lihua, SONG Jiangfu, ZHANG Qingge, LIU Congcong, ZHANG Qi, SONG Feifei, XU Ailing Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 66-79.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.007 Abstract （1620）      PDF （6107KB）（474）       Knowledge map    Save In order to screen high‑efficiency composite bacteria that promote the degradation of cellulose and lignin in the composting process of mushroom residue,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose plate method,Congo red staining method and lignin plate method were used for preliminary screening，combined with filter paper strip disintegration test,aniline blue decolorization rate determination and cellulose and lignin enzyme activity determination test for rescreening from the mushroom residue waste,and then they were used for aerobic composting test to study the physical and chemical parameters and microbial community changes in the process,and to evaluate their degradation ability of cellulose and lignin in mushroom residue.The results showed that the enriched cellulose‑degrading bacteria could completely degrade the filter paper within 6 days,and the activities of carboxymethyl cellulase(CMCase),filter paper enzyme(FPA),exoglucanase(C1)and β‑glucosidase(β‑Gase)reached 2.50,7.30,3.43 and 2.90 U/mL,respectively.The maximum decolorization rate of aniline blue reached 92.10% within 5 days by enriched lignin degrading bacteria，and the activities of lignin peroxidase(Lac),laccase(Lip)and manganese peroxidase(Mnp)reached 0.80,2.42 and 1.35 U/mL,respectively.The results of composting test showed that compared with the natural composting treatment(CK),the highest temperature of the pile body was 58.77℃,and the high temperature(>55℃)lasted for 5 days.The relative decomposition rate of cellulose and lignin increased by 35.83% and 54.33% respectively.The addition of microbial agents increased the richness of bacterial community in the middle stage of composting,and the relative abundance of Pseudomonas,Idiomarina,lutamicibacter,Thiopseudomonas,Globicatella,Pusillimonas,Lysobacter and Brumimicrobium increased. Redundancy analysis(RDA)results showed that temperature,pH value and electrical conductivity(EC value)were the significant factors affecting the composition of bacterial community in the middle stage of composting.In summary,the composite degrading bacteria screened in this study can effectively degrade cellulose and lignin,and prolong the high temperature period of composting Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Porcine Getah Virus ZHANG Yuyang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (9): 15-22.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.002 Abstract （1557）      PDF （1296KB）（1677）       Knowledge map    Save Getah Virus（GETV） is an emerging insect‑borne pathogen that has caused reproductive disorders in pigs and high mortality in piglets in many countries in recent years，posing a major threat to global animal husbandry and public health. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito bites，which can cause widespread infection in pigs and significantly affect reproductive performance and health.In response to the spread of the epidemic，it is urgent to conduct research on genomic characterization and molecular evolution to guide vaccine design and optimize prevention and control strategies.At the same time，it is necessary to clarify the law of GETV transmission through epidemiological investigation and analyze the pathogenic mechanism in order to provide theoretical support for epidemic prevention and control.In addition，improving the accuracy and timeliness of early diagnosis has become a key link in prevention and control.In view of the critical role of early diagnosis in epidemic prevention and control，based on the latest research results，the pathogenic characteristics，epidemiological characteristics，pathogenic mechanism，diagnostic techniques and prevention and control strategies of GETV were systematically discussed，aiming to provide theoretical support for clinical prevention and control，and provide scientific basis for vaccine development，diagnostic technology innovation and prevention and control policy formulation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of HSF Gene Family in Eucommia ulmoides and Its Expression Analysis under Adverse Stresses WU Shujuan, XU Feng, WANG Guangan, WANG Chen Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 46-56.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.005 Abstract （1533）      PDF （6355KB）（494）       Knowledge map    Save Heat shock transcription factors（HSFs）play important roles in plant growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses.In order to understand the information of HSF gene family members in Eucommia ulmoides and reveal the structural characteristics and expression patterns of EuHSFs,this study analyzed the physicochemical properties,protein structure,phylogeny,gene structure,conserved domains,promoter cis‑acting elements,and the expression patterns of EuHSF genes in different developmental periods and abiotic stresses by bioinformatics methods and qRT‑PCR.The results showed that a total of 21 EuHSF genes were identified from Eucommia ulmoides,which differed in protein properties,with amino acid numbers,protein theoretical molecular masses,isoelectric points and instability coefficients ranging from 68—369,7.72—42.06 ku,4.31—9.22,and 7.05—67.28,respectively,and mainly consisted of acidic,hydrophilic,and unstable nuclear proteins.Phylogeneticanalysis showed that EuHSFs were divided into three subgroups,including ClassⅠ(1 EuHSF),ClassⅡ(7 EuHSFs)and ClassⅢ(13 EuHSFs),and promoter cis‑acting element analysis revealed that a large number of light‑responsive and hormone‑responsive elements in EuHSF genes.In addition,EuHSF genes were expressed at different developmental periods in Eucommia ulmoides leaves,but there were significant differences in the expression patterns. qRT‑PCR revealed that all EuHSFs responded to different abiotic stresses(high temperature,low temperature,high salinity,and drought),e.g.,most of the EuHSFs showed elevated expression under high‑temperature stress with the prolongation of the treatment time，and they were strongly responsive to both high and low temperatures.In summary,the EuHSF gene family has the function of regulating plant response to abiotic stresses. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Filling Characteristics of Grains at Different Positions of Maize Ear ZHANG Panpan, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, YU Xiaohong, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, QIAO Jiangfang, ZHANG Guitang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 16-27.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.002 Abstract （1507）      PDF （1837KB）（121）       Knowledge map    Save The high Zn efficiency variety Zhengdan 958(ZD958)and Zn no‑sensitive variety Longping 638(LP638)were used as materials.The field plot experiment was conducted with three N rates[225 kg/ha(HN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 90 kg/ha(LN)]and two foliar Zn treatments［no Zn(F0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(F1)],and the effects of N and Zn application on the filling characteristics of grains at different positions and their relationship with grain yield of different Zn efficiency varieties were studied,so as to provide reference for N and Zn application in the maize production.The results showed that HN treatment had the highest yield,followed by MN treatment,and there was no significant difference between HN treatment and MN treatment.HN treatment increased grain weight at different positions.MN treatment delayed the time with the maximum grain‑filling rate(TGmax)at different positions,and increased the maximum grain‑filling rate(Gmax)at upper position and active grain‑filling period(D)at basal position of ZD958 ear,while HN treatment delayed TGmax,prolonged D of different positions,and enhanced the grain weight with the maximum grain‑filling rate(WGmax)at upper and basal positions of LP638 ear,thus increasing grain yield.Compared with F0 treatment,F1 treatment significantly decreased the bare tip length by 9.9%,significantly increased the yield by 2.0%,increased the grain weight,extended D and postponed TGmax at upper and basal positions of ZD958 ear,and increased WGmax.The grain yield was significantly positively correlated with TGmax at basal position of ear,and the grain weight at middle position of ear was extremely significantly positively correlated with the grain weight at basal position of ear.To sum up,applying 180 kg/ha N and spraying 4.5 kg/ha Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can delay TGmax at upper and basal positions of ear，extend D,and increase WGmax and grain weight of high Zn efficiency maize genotype,thus promoting the increase of yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fine‑Grained Flower Image Classification Based on Neural Network Architecture Search ZHENG Xingkai, YANG Tiejun, HUANG Lin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 164-171.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.018 Abstract （1460）      PDF （3807KB）（261）       Knowledge map    Save To enhance the automation of deep convolutional neural network(CNN)design and improve fine‑grained flower image classification accuracy，an advanced neural network search approach based on differentiable architecture search(DARTS) was proposed.This method automatically constructed fine‑grained flower image classification models.Initially,an attention‑convolution module was constructed to create a comprehensive attention‑convolution search space，thereby increasing the network’s focus on discriminative features. Subsequently,a densely connected reduction cell(DCR cell)with more shallow feature input nodes was developed to retain additional shallow feature information，reducing the loss of discriminative feature information and promoting multi‑scale feature fusion.Lastly,the positions of DCR cells were adjusted when stacking the best cells to create network models of varying parameter sizes,enabling deployment on a broader range of terminal devices.The results showed that this method took approximately 4.5 hours to find the optimal neural network model,achieving classification accuracies of 96.14% on the Oxford 102 dataset and 94.12% on the Flower 17 dataset.Compared with methods like AGNAS,it improved accuracy by 1.40 percentage points on Oxford 102 and 3.09 percentage points on Flower 17. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Expression Analysis of HD‑ZIP Family in Salvia miltiorrhiza LI Wan, CHENG Ruixing, DANG Xin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 66-78.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.008 Abstract （1431）      PDF （6842KB）（195）       Knowledge map    Save To screen HD‑ZIP genes（SmHD‑ZIPs）in Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to high temperature stress，SmHD‑ZIPs were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics，and the expression pattern of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature stress was detected by qPCR. The results showed that there were 44 HD‑ZIP genes in S.miltiorrhiza，most of which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes. SmHD‑ZIPs could be divided into four subfamilies：HD‑ZIP Ⅰ，HD‑ZIP Ⅱ，HD‑ZIP Ⅲ，HD‑ZIP Ⅳ. The sequence analysis results showed that the amino acid residues of these proteins ranged from 180 to 982，and the relative molecular weight of these proteins ranged from 20. 947 ku to 109. 620 ku. SmHD‑ZIPs were hydrophilic proteins without transmembrane domain，and most of them did not contain signal peptides.The isoelectric points of SmHD‑ZIPs were between 4. 48 and 10. 91，and they were almost expressed in the nucleus with the poor protein stability. Among the 44 SmHD‑ZIP genes，there were 10 gene duplication events，all of which were purified selection. The results of structure and motif analysis showed that the exon number of members of the same subfamily was basically the same，and the members of HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily had the largest exon number and the largest motif number. Motifs 1 and 6 were conserved motifs of SmHD‑ZIP，motifs 10，11，12，13 and 15 was unique to the HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily，while motif 5 were unique to the HD‑ZIP IV subfamily. By analyzing the expression patterns of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature（37℃）stress，it was found that the number of genes with increased and decreased expression was basically the same. Among the genes with up‑regulated expression，the expression levels of SmHD‑ZIP1.11，SmHD‑ZIP1.13，SmHD‑ZIP2.2，SmHD‑ZIP2.5，SmHD‑ZIP3.1，SmHD‑ZIP3.4，SmHD‑ZIP4.9，SmHD‑ZIP4.10 and SmHD‑ZIP4.12 were increased by more than 10 times，which could be used as candidate gene resources to improve the heat resistance of S.miltiorrhiza. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Complete Gene Sequencing of Bacilus subtilis Isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa and Study of Genes Related to Growth‑promoting Effects LA Guixiao, WANG Linlin, GUO Junqi, ZHAO Yulong, GUO Hongxia, JIA Hui, YANG Tiegang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 75-85.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.008 Abstract （1341）      PDF （3510KB）（478）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the genes associated with the growth‑promoting effects of Bacillus subtilis in Rehmannia glutinosa，whole genome sequencing was performed in this study and the genes associated with the growth‑promoting effects were discovered through functional annotation.The results showed that the genome size of Bacillus subtilis，an endophytic growth‑promoting bacterium of Rehmannia glutinosa，was 4 310 699 bp，with a GC content of 43.44%，and a total of 4 521 predicted coding genes.A total of 3 013，3 354，4 395，206，52，and 212 functional genes were annotated in the clusters of orthologous groups（COG） ，gene ontology（GO） ，kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） ，carbohydrate‑active enzymes（CAZyme），comprehensive antibiotic resistance database（CARD），and virulence factor database（VFDB），respectively.The annotation results indicated that there were 46 genes related to growth‑promoting function，with the majority of these genes involved in phosphorus solubilization，nitrogen fixation，and iron carrier processes.In the meantime，anti‑SMASH predicted that a total of 409 genes were enriched into 12 secondary metabolite synthesis gene clusters，with the majority encoding eight repressors，including fengycin，1‑carbapen‑2‑em‑3‑carboxylic acid，bacillaene，bacilysin，subtilosin A，surfactin，pulcherriminic acid，and bacillibactin.Among these，pulcherriminic acid and bacillibactin had been observed to facilitate the chelation of ferric ions in the surrounding environment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Accumulation and Distribution of Mineral Elements in Plant of Maize Varieties with Different Zinc Efficiency ZHANG Panpan, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, ZHOU Yanli, CHENG Zeqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.001 Abstract （1221）      PDF （2797KB）（214）       Knowledge map    Save With Zhengdan 958(ZD958)with high zinc(Zn)efficiency and Longping 638(LP638)with Zn insensitivity as materials,the field plot experiment was conducted with three nitrogen(N)rates[90 kg/ha(LN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 225 kg/ha(HN)]and two foliar Zn treatments[no Zn(F0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(F1)]to analyze the effects of N and Zn application on content,accumulation and distribution of mineral elements in plant and grain yield of maize,so as to provide reference for N and Zn application in the maize production.The results showed that the highest copper(Cu)and Zn content in grain was found under MN treatment,with 1.82 mg/kg and 16.23 mg/kg,respectively.F1 treatment could increase the contents of N and Zn and Zn availability.The accumulation of N,phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)in plant was the highest in LP638 under MNF1 treatment;The highest accumulation of Cu and Zn was found in ZD958 under LNF1 treatment,while the highest accumulation of manganese(Mn)and iron(Fe)under HNF1 treatment.The highest proportion of N,P and Cu in grain was obtained in LP638 under HNF1 treatment;The higher proportion of Zn was found in ZD958 under HNF0 and LNF0 treatments.HN treatment had the highest grain yield with an average of 10.31 t/ha,followed by MN treatment,and LN treatment was the lowest.There was significantly positive correlation between P content and Mn content in grain of two varieties;K content was significantly positively correlated with Fe content and Zn content,but significantly negatively correlated with Cu content in LP638.To sum up,180 kg/ha N and spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can increase Zn availability and accumulation of mineral elements in maize grain，promote the synchronous improvement of yield and mineral nutrition,and can be promoted in maize field production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Safety Evaluation of Post‑emergence Herbicides for Controlling Broadleaf Weeds in Sesame Fields SU Wangcang, NIU Yujia, YAN Zhaoling, DU Li, XUE Fei, SUN Lanlan, XU Hongle, WU Renhai, LIU Hongyan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (11): 101-108.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.11.011 Abstract （1213）      PDF （1267KB）（149）       Knowledge map    Save To explore safe and efficient chemical weed control technologies for sesame after emergence，the herbicides that exhibit high safety for sesame and have good control effects on broadleaf weeds were screened through indoor potting experiments and field trials. The results of the indoor trials showed that among the 17 broadleaf herbicides，only isoproturon and bentazone were discovered to be highly safe for sesame.Futher，the safety of isoproturon and bentazone to sesame and their control efficacy against broadleaf weeds were evaluated through field trials. The results showed that the treatment of isoproturon at 420—630 g/ha（active ingredient，the same below）caused phytotoxicity in sesame，such as the emergence of drug spots and growth inhibition，etc. Nevertheless，sesame growth recovered to normal within 30 d after the treatment. Sesame treated with 336—420 g/ha bentazone had significantly higher plant height than the control treatment at 30 d after the treatment，but was significantly lower than the artificial weeding treatment. The total plant control efficacy of isoproturon at 420—630 g/ha against broadleaf weeds such as Acalypha australis L.and Clinopodium polycephalum Vaniot was 84.00%—90.40%，the total fresh weight control efficacy was 87.62%—94.30%，and the sesame seed yield increased by more than 37%.The control efficacy of bentazone at a dosage of 336—504 g/ha against Acalypha australis L.was unsatisfactory，with the total plant control efficiency being lower than 40% and the total fresh weight control efficiency being lower than 57%，and sesame yield was merely increased by 11.53%—14.72%.In conclusion，the application of isoproturon at 420—630 g/ha during the 5—6 leaves stage of sesame is safe and can be used for the control of broadleaf weeds in sesame fields，presenting significant application prospects. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Metabolites Mining and Path Enrichment Analysis of Tigernut Tuber Formation GUO Xiaoyang, LA Guixiao, XU Xinran, YU Yange, DAI Dandan, LI Yanpeng, WANG Yanhong, GUO Hongxia, YANG Tiegang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 30-43.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.004 Abstract （1171）      PDF （4749KB）（903）       Knowledge map    Save In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography Abstract：In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.And then，the differential metabolites related to the formation of tubers were screened by multivariate statistical method，and KEGG metabolic pathways associated with differential metabolites were enriched.The results showed that a total of 1 217 metabolites were detected in unexpanded stolons（PFJ1），expanded stolons（PFJ2）and new tubers（JD1）.According to the conditions of VIP（Variable importance in the projection）>1，P<0.05 and FC（Fold change）>2 or FC<0.5，35 differential metabolites were screened for JD1 vs PFJ1，of which 26 were up‑regulated and nine were down‑regulated；JD1 vs PFJ2 identified 57 differential metabolites，of which 50 were up‑regulated and seven were down‑regulated；PFJ2 vs PFJ1 identified 39 differential metabolites，of which three were up‑regulated and 36 down‑regulated. The metabolites were identified as amino acids and their derivatives，nucleotides and their derivatives，organic oxygen compounds，flavonoids，phenylpropanes，phenols and so on. The relative content analysis of differential metabolites showed that the content of glutathione in JD1 was 14.021 times that in PFJ1 and 29.195 times that in PFJ2.The content of 3‑methy‑L‑histidine in JD1 was 10.463 times that in PFJ1 and 129.931 times that in PFJ2.The content of kaempferol in JD1 was 0.421 times that in PFJ1 and 0.358 times that in PFJ2.KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed metabolites was further conducted，and they were mainly concentrated into KEGG pathways such as aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis，arginine and proline metabolism，alanine，aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism，phenylalanine metabolism，flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.In summary，amino acids and flavonoids were the main metabolites related to the formation of tubers，and the metabolic pathways were mainly concentrated in aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.   Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Breeding of New Wheat Germplasms with Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight by Backcross Transformation Combined with Molecular Marker‑Assisted Selection LI Zhengling, HAN Liupeng, ZHAO Mingzhong, QI Xueli, ZHANG Yu Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 23-30.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.003 Abstract （1037）      PDF （1987KB）（256）       Knowledge map    Save In order to determine the effects of resistance genotypes and backcross times on Fusarium head blight（Fhb）resistance and agronomic traits of progeny materials，the main resistance genes Fhb1，Fhb2 and Fhb7 were pyramided in Zhengmai 1860，which was a widely planted variety in southern Huanghuai，by backcross transformation and molecular marker‑assisted selection.The Fhb resistance and main agronomic traits of different genotypes and backcross generations were analyzed.The results showed that Fhb1，Fhb2 and Fhb7 could increase the Fhb resistance by 38.9%—76.9%，and there was no significant correlation between these three resistance genes and the bad agronomic traits such as high culm，low density spikelet and low thousand‑grain weight. The percentage of scabbed spikelets of BC1F2，BC2F2，BC3F2 populations in two years were 37.8%，31.4%，37.8% and 43.4%，45.8% 43.3%，respectively.Fhb resistance did not decrease with the increase of backcross times. With the increase of backcross times，the plant height of the progeny population materials decreased from 84.95 cm to 70.49 cm，the number of fruiting spikelets per panicle increased from 20.48 to 21.24，the panicle length increased from 10.23 cm to 10.49 cm，and the thousand‑grain weight increased from 37.36 g to 44.80 g.The main agronomic traits of the progeny population materials after three backcrosses were similar to those of the resistance gene receptor parent variety.The new germplasms Zhengzi2021CH182‑33 and Zhengzi2021CH182‑41 bred in this study with excellent comprehensive agronomic properties and Fhb resistance can be further used as disease‑resistance parents. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Insect‑bitten Zijin Tea Detection Method Based on YOLOv5s‑SE and Channel Pruning DAI Jiabing, SONG Chunfang, LING Caijin, LI Zhenfeng, SUN Chonggao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 157-163.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.017 Abstract （1015）      PDF （3085KB）（294）       Knowledge map    Save In order to achieve rapid and accurate identification of insect‑bitten Zijin tea leaves in complex nature backgrounds，a detection method for Zijin tea based on YOLOv5s‑SE and channel pruning was proposed. Firstly,SE modules were added to the backbone network of YOLOv5s to enhance the model’s feature extraction capability and reduce interference from complex backgrounds during tea leaf feature extraction.Then,a channel pruning algorithm was used to prune the model and fine‑tuning was conducted,enabling fast and accurate detection of insect‑bitten Zijin tea leaves. Compared to YOLOv5s,the test results showed that the pruned model reduced parameters by 60.1%,improved FPS by 18.6%,reduced GFLOPs by 29.7%,and achieved mAP of 81.3%. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Evaluation of Resistance to Stripe Rust of 480 Wheat Germplasms DAI Ziju, LI Wenxu, YANG Huimin, ZHU Xiuhua, WANG Yahuan, XU Fuxin, LIU Dongyang, HOU Jinna, QIN Maomao, WU Zhengqing, ZHOU Zhengfu, LEI Zhensheng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 1-15.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.001 Abstract （1000）      PDF （1619KB）（411）       Knowledge map    Save The main purpose of the present study is to understand the resistance to stripe rust and the utilization of stripe rust resistant genes in current bred wheat varieties,and find the varieties containing novel stripe rust resistant loci.Totally,480 domestic and foreign wheat germplasms were collected from various planting regions.The varieties were inoculated with mixed races of CYR32,CYR33 and CYR34 for testing the adult plant resistance.Simultaneously,the resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew was investigated in infected field.The KASP markers closely linked or co‑segregated with stripe rust,leaf rust and powdery mildew genes,Yr18/Lr34/Sr57/Pm38(7DS),Yr29/Lr46/Pm39/Sr58(1BL)and Yr30/Lr27/Sr2/Sb3(3BS),were selected for identifying the previous reported pleiotropic resistant genes.The results showed that there were 35(accounting for 7.29%)germplasms showed immunization to CYR32,CYR33 and CYR34,while the numbers of high‑resistant and medium‑resistant germplasms were 69(14.38%)and 79(16.46%),respectively.And the other 297(61.88%)germplasms demonstrated medium‑ or high‑ susceptible to the inoculated races.There were 13,10 and 7 germplasms containing the Yr18,and Yr29 and Yr30 genes,respectively;only 3 germplasms contained two of the resistant genes;no germplasm was detected with all the three resistant genes.In conclusion,183(accounting for 38.12%)germplasms showed resistant to stripe rust at adult plant stage,and 27 germplasms were detected with the above resistant genes.Yr18 or Yr30 gene showed resistant to the current races of stripe rust,however,the resistance level of Yr29 gene was partly lost at adult plant stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sensitivity Analysis and Applicability Evaluation of the AquaCrop Model for Sesame Crop Parameters LI Mengyao, GUAN Haoyue, ZHANG Jiantao, HUANG Ming, LI Feng, RONG Yasi, LI Youjun, LI Guoqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 149-159.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.017 Abstract （953）      PDF （3280KB）（555）       Knowledge map    Save The objective is to enhance the calibration efficiency of the AquaCrop model for sesame crop parameters and verify the applicability of the model. The initial value and value range of sesame crop parameters were determined based on the experimental data（2022—2023）and related literatures.The EFAST method was used to perform global sensitivity analysis of 53 sesame crop parameters，uncertainty analysis of simulation results and parameters calibration validation. The results showed that 27 parameters were sensitive to the maximum biomass of each treatment，including CDM，CDSE，POFE，RSWT，PSENSP，PSTOSP，RSWB and ECSW with TSi above 0.3.And 14 parameters were sensitive to grain yield of each treatment，including POHX，RSWT，CDSE，DMCON，PSTO and PSTOSP with TSi higher than 0.2.The decision coefficient（R2） of simulated and measured canopy coverage and aboveground biomass ranged from 0.875 to 0.954 and 0.951 to 0.970，respectively.Futhermore，the normalized root mean square error（NRMSE） ranged from 11. 5% to 18.1% and 18. 9% to 27.7%，respectively.Meanwhile，the Nash‑Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients（NSE） were 0.873—0.940 and 0.930—0.959，respectively.The relative error between the simulated and measured values of yield was between 0.03 and 0.07.The localized AquaCrop model can better simulate the dynamic development process of sesame，which can be used to optimize sesame management and forecast future production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application Status and Research Progress of Bioaugmentation Technology in Agricultural Waste Composting Treatment TIAN Jingjie, CUI Erping, LIU Chuncheng, HU Chao, LI Zhongyang, CUI Bingjian Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (11): 1-16.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.11.001 Abstract （945）      PDF （1510KB）（338）       Knowledge map    Save Composting treatment is one of the crucial approaches to achieve the harmlessness and resource utilization of agricultural wastes.Nevertheless,conventional composting methods suffer from issues such as a prolonged fermentation period,low conversion efficiency,significant nutrient loss，difficult control of secondary pollution,as well as the emission of odors and greenhouse gases.Microorganisms have emerged as effective means to address the aforementioned problems due to their characteristics of promoting decomposition,deodorization,emission reduction,and enhancing fertilizer efficacy.Regarding the bioaugmentation technology for composting using agricultural wastes as raw materials，this paper summarizes the application and research progress of bioaugmentation technology in the composting process of agricultural wastes at home and abroad from aspects such as the types of functional microbial strains and screening,the construction of complex microbial agents,the functions of microorganisms,and the influencing factors and mechanisms of bioaugmentation.Moreover,it explores the existing problems in the composting process of agricultural wastes and proposes the development trends and countermeasure suggestions for the resource treatment and utilization of agricultural wastes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Drought Stress on Photosynthetic and Physiological Characteristics of Flag Leaves of Different Wheat Varieties at Filling Stage PENG Chaojun, HUA Xia, WANG Songfeng, GAO Chong, DONG Haibin, HU Lin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (2): 40-47.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.005 Abstract （909）      PDF （2088KB）（137）       Knowledge map    Save The drought⁃resistant wheat variety Zhengmai 1860，its parents，and Zhoumai 18（control）were used as materials.The gas exchange parameters，chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activities，osmotic adjustment substances contents in flag leaves，and water use efficiency of different wheat varieties were studied under drought treatment（irrigation only at the jointing stage during the entire growth period），so as to provide valuable insights for optimizing water⁃efficient wheat cultivation，developing drought⁃resistant cultivars，and advancing water⁃saving breeding programs.The results showed that，under drought stress，the net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），transpiration rate（Tr）and maximum photomassive efficiency（Fv/Fm），potential photochemical activity（Fv/Fo），actual photomassive efficiency（ФPSⅡ），and electron transfer rate（ETR）of PSⅡ of the flag leaf of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18，and the intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci） was significantly lower than that of Zhoumai 18，followed by Zhoumai 22；The activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD）and catalase（CAT），and the contents of soluble protein，soluble sugar and proline in the flag leaf of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18，and the content of malondialdehyde（MDA）was significantly lower than that of Zhoumai 18，followed by Zhoumai 22；The yield and water use efficiency of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18，which was mainly due to the significant improvement of the thousand⁃grain weight and the number of grains per spike，and followed by Zhoumai 22.In conclusion，Zhengmai 1860 enhances antioxidant enzyme activity，and osmotic adjustment capacity under drought stress at filling stage，protects the photosynthetic electron transport process of PSⅡ，alleviates the degree of nonstomatal restriction and membrane lipid peroxidation，and maintains higher Pn at filling stage，thus obtaining higher yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Diversity and Vertical Distribution of True Bugs in Taihang Mountains，Shanxi Province CHEN Jing, ZHANG Zhenhua, WEI Jiufeng, ZHAO Qing, ZHANG Hufang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 110-118.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.011 Abstract （879）      PDF （2599KB）（277）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the species diversity and distribution characteristics of true bugs in Taihang Mountains，Shanxi Province，a survey of true bugs diversity was conducted from June to September in 2022 and 2023，and vertical distribution at five different altitudes was analyzed in this area.The results of biodiversity analysis showed that a total of 6 103 true bugs were collected from June to September in 2022 and 2023，belonging to 25 families，41 subfamilies，110 genera，a total of 189 species.The dominant groups under different altitude gradients were different.The dominant group in altitude Ⅱ（770—1 140 m），altitude Ⅲ（1 140—1 510 m），and altitude Ⅴ（1 880—2 250 m）was Miridae. The dominant group at altitude Ⅰ（400—770 m）was Pentatomidae，and the dominant group at altitude Ⅳ（1 510—1 880 m）was Plataspidae.The altitude had significant effects on the individual number，species number，Shannon‑Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index，but had no significant effects on Margalef richness index and Simpson dominance index.The species composition of true bugs community at different altitudes was less similar，and the species similarity coefficient was ranging from 0.040 8 to 0.147 5，the true bug community at altitude Ⅱ and altitude Ⅲ was more similar.The environmental factor that had the greatest influence on the species number of true bugs in Taihang Mountains of Shanxi Province was the precipitation in the hottest quarter of the collection site（BIO18），and the correlation coefficient was 0.238（P<0.05）.The environmental factor that had the greatest influence on the individual number of true bugs in Taihang Mountains of Shanxi Province was the annual precipitation（BIO12），and the correlation coefficient was 0.263（P<0.05）.In summary，the ecological environment of Taihang Mountains in Shanxi Province is diverse，and the resources of true bugs species are abundant.In this area，the species richness of true bugs in low and high altitudes is relatively smaller，while the species in middle altitudes are abundant，and the vertical distribution pattern is single‑peak pattern. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing System in Wheat Breeding CHEN Yanyan1, ZHAO Mingzhong1, LI Yan1, 2, HUA Xia1, FANG Yuhui1, 2, GONG Chen1, QI Xueli1, 2 Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (10): 1-11.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.10.001 Abstract （781）      PDF （1381KB）（179）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat is a crucial cereal crop，and the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system provides a powerful tool for wheat breeding. The principle of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was elaborated，its applications in enhancing wheat yield related traits，improving grain quality，increasing stress resistance（biotic and abiotic stresses），and accelerating the breeding process were reviewed，and the current challenges and future prospects were explored，providing a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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mRNA Vaccines：Research Progress and Applications in Animal Infectious Diseases ZHAI Chongkai, MAO Fuchao, TIAN Wenjing, WANG Conghui, WANG Yingxian, ZHANG Hewei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (5): 10-21.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.002 Abstract （776）      PDF （3322KB）（1015）       Knowledge map    Save Compared to traditional approaches，RNA vaccines offer advantages such as high safety，good efficacy，and short development cycle，which makes them have unique advantages in the prevention and control of infectious diseases.Currently，mRNA vaccines have made great progress in the prevention and control of COVID‑19，influenza，Ebola，Zika and other human diseases，but the research on mRNA vaccines for animals is still not in‑depth.Therefore，the development of mRNA vaccines for animals to prevent and control infectious diseases in livestock，poultry，and wild animals has become one of the important research directions in the field of animal diseases and public health.This review comprehensively discusses the design，preparation，delivery system，application，advantages，challenges and prospects of mRNA vaccines against animal infectious diseases，to provide valuable insights for the development and research of future animal mRNA vaccines. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Combination of Bacillus velezensis EA19 and Carbendazim to Control Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat WANG Wenxiao, LIU Meiling, QUE Yawei, ZHENG Lei, ZHANG Qiang, YU Dazhao, YANG Lijun, GONG Shuangjun, ZENG Fansong, LI Li Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 117-126.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.013 Abstract （738）      PDF （1965KB）（223）       Knowledge map    Save In order to determine the controlling efficacy of Bacillus velezensis EA19 combined with chemical agents on Fusarium head blight（FHB），the optimal combination ratio was determined by the mycelium growth rate method，plate colony counting method and Horsfall method，and then verified by detached wheat spikes inoculation tests and field trials.The results showed that the inhibition rates of spray powder and freeze⁃dried powder of EA19 fermentation broth on the mycelial growth of Fusarium graminearum and F.asiaticum at different concentration were 22.53%—93.96%,and the EC50 values were in the range of 5. 794 4—10. 916 4 cfu/mL.The strain EA19 had good biocompatibility with 25—100 μg/mL carbendazim，but not with 25—100 μg/mL prochloraz and tebuconazole.When carbendazim was combined with spray powder or freeze⁃dried powder of EA19 at the volume ratio of 6∶4,7∶3 and 8∶2,the co⁃toxicity to F.graminearum and F.asiaticum was the highest,and the greatest toxicity ratio was 1.15—1.36 in these ratios.The control efficacy on FHB of detached wheat spikes by the combination of carbendazim and two types of EA19 powder with a concentration of EC50 in different volume ratios was 47.91%—73.50%.In field trials,when treated with the combination of EA19 freeze⁃dried powder with 30% reduced carbendazim，the control efficacy(53.76%),deoxynivalenol toxin content in wheat grains(0.50 mg/kg),and theoretical wheat yield(5 994.35 kg/ha)were not significantly different from those treated with full dosage of carbendazim.In conclusion,B.velezensis EA19 and carbendazim have synergistic effect in the control of FHB，and their combination can reduce the dosage of carbendazim. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Alleviating Continuous Cropping Obstacles by Allium L.Plants GUO Jianing, LI Nannan, LI Kun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 11-20.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.002 Abstract （737）      PDF （1333KB）（1905）       Knowledge map    Save Soil continuous cropping obstacles commonly occur in many plants，such as grain crops，fruit trees，vegetables，Chinese herbal medicines and others，restricting the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.Intercropping，rotation and relay intercropping are important agricultural management measures，and they can regulate the microecological environment of rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping，reducing the harm of continuous cropping.Allium L.plants contain various biologically active components such as organic sulfur compounds，saponins，flavonoids，and other compounds.They are often used as an intercropping，rotation or relay intercropping crop to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.This paper expounded the alleviative effects of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstaces，and the alleviating mechanism of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstacles was discussed from photosynthetic characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activity，root exudate characteristics and soil nutrients，enzyme activity and microorganisms quantity and community structure.The components contained in root exudates and plant volatiles of Allium L.plants were analyzed.Finally，the research direction of mechanisms of Allium L.plants alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and the development of active substances were proposed，which laid a theoretical foundation for further application of Allium L.plants in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Respiration ZHU Leyang, ZHANG Xizhe, TAO Jiang, WANG Xiu, HAN Yanying, YE Yanhui Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 1-11.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.001 Abstract （727）      PDF （1280KB）（2305）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen deposition，as a critical ecological factor in the soil ecosystem，significantly affects the structure and function of ecosystems.To systematically elucidate the impact of nitrogen deposition on soil respiration，the effects of nitrogen deposition on soil root respiration，soil microorganism respiration，soil animal respiration and chemical oxidation of soil carbon⁃containing minerals were reviewed，and the specific effects of different nitrogen deposition gradients on soil respiration were analyzed.In order to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent in⁃depth monitoring and research of soil respiration and related life activities，the future research directions in the field of soil respiration were prospected. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Nitrogen Inhibitors HUANG Boxuan, ZHENG Cangsong, SUN Miao, SHAO Jingjing, FENG Weina, LI Pengcheng, DONG Helin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.001 Abstract （715）      PDF （1303KB）（449）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen inhibitors have the advantages of increasing crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency，and reducing nitrogen application costs and environmental pollution risks，providing a technological pathway for the green and efficient development of modern agriculture.They mainly included nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors.This article summarized the research and development history，mechanism of action，and application effects of nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors，and prospected their future research directions，in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of nitrogen inhibitors. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Major QTL Mapping and Effect Analysis for Resistance to Southern Corn Rust LI Zhimin, LI Zheng, DING Junqiang, TIAN Zhiqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 109-116.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.012 Abstract （706）      PDF （2594KB）（214）       Knowledge map    Save Southern corn rust（SCR）is a major maize disease worldwide. In this study，a BC1F4 population including 165 families was derived from the cross between the susceptible line Lx9801 and the resistant line TY4，which was used for dissecting the QTLs for resistance to SCR.A 23K‑SNP chip was used for genotyping the family lines of the BC1F4 population as well as the parental lines. In total 4 654 polymorphic SNP markers between the parental lines were selected to construct the high‑density genetic linkage map. Combined with the phenotype evaluation of resistance to SCR in three environments，a total of six QTLs against SCR were detected，which could explain 3.93%—17.87% of the phenotypic variation.Among these QTLs，one QTL located on chromosome 6（i.e.，qSCR6.01）was a stable QTL in all three environments，which could explain up to 17.87% of the phenotypic variation.The BC1F5 population including 366 families was used for fine‑mapping qSCR6.01.Combined with marker development in the QTL region and resistance identification of key recombinant plants，the QTL was finally narrowed down to the interval of 4.09 Mb between the markers M3 and M4，and temporarily named as RppT. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance and Genome‑Wide Association Study of Japonica Rice Germplasms at Seedling Stage FENG Peiyuan, DONG Yue, JIAO Zilan, CHEN Min, KONG Weiru, RAN Jie, LI Peifu, TIAN Lei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.001 Abstract （684）      PDF （3135KB）（497）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the distribution characteristics of Na+and K+in japonica rice germplasms at seedling stage under salt stress，identify elite salt‑tolerant germplasms and detect ion homeostasis‑related loci，181 japonica rice germplasms were used to determine the salt tolerance score（STS），shoot Na+content（SNC），root Na+content（RNC），shoot K+content（SKC），root K+content（RKC），calculate shoot Na+/K+（SNK），root Na+/K+（RNK）and comprehensive evaluation value（D），and conduct genome‑wide association study（GWAS）.The results showed that seven indexes STS，SNC，RNC，SKC，RKC，SNK and RNK showed abundant variation，and the variation coefficient ranged from 23.7% to 70.5%.The correlation analysis result showed that，SNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with RNC，SNK and RNK；RNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with SNK and RNK；SKC was significantly positively correlated with RKC and extremly significantly negatively correlated with SNK.Principal component analysis（PCA）results showed that four major components were extracted，with a cumulative contribution rate of 89. 545%. Subsequently，five salt‑tolerant germplasms，including Bertone，Cigalon，Banat2951，Zaonuodao and Shennong 2，were selected by D value，and Jiahe 1，Yueguang，Xingshi，Shanfuliya and Qianchonglang were salt‑sensitive germplasms.The GWAS analysis revealed a total of 16 salt tolerance related InDel loci and 32 allelic variants，with contribution rate of 10.82%—20.57%.Among them，nine InDel loci were significantly associated with RNC，which were located on chromosomes 1，4，6，8，9 and 11；seven InDel loci were significantly associated with RNK，which were located on chromosomes 4，5，6，7，9 and 10，with contribution rate of 11.04%—18.79%.The allele 6IM20. 68Mb‑2 was detected in RNC and RNK，respectively.The InDel locus 9IM20.21Mb，which was significantly associated with RNK，showed three haplotypes.The RNK of Hap1 was significantly lower than that of Hap2 and Hap3，so it was a typical salt‑tolerant haplotype. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Application in Livestock，Poultry and Aquaculture Production of Bacillus subtilis and Its Effect on  Intestinal Health of Animals FENG Lili Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (5): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.001 Abstract （681）      PDF （1361KB）（2260）       Knowledge map    Save Bacillus subtilis can form spores，has strong resistance and good stability，and has several advantages compared with conventional probiotics.Bacillus subtilis can be used as a microecological agent in livestock，poultry and aquaculture production，and has positive impact on animal production performance via improvement of digestion and absorption.Bacillus subtilis can improve meat quality，enhance immunity and regulate intestinal health.The biological characteristics of Bacillus subtilis，the application in livestock，poultry and aquaculture production and the impact on intestinal health were reviewed in this paper，so as to provide reference for further development and utilization of Bacillus subtilis microecologics for feeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Genome and Diagnostic Methods of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ZHANG Yuyang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 12-20.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.002 Abstract （669）      PDF （1787KB）（254）       Knowledge map    Save Porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED)caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)is an acute,highly contagious,enteric disease of pigs with high morbidity and mortality,thereby bringing huge economic losses to the pig industry all over the world.A better understanding of PEDV’s genome and function is key to developing an effective and safe vaccine. By understanding PEDV’s genomic structure,the proteins it encodes,and its interactions with host cells,researchers can design more targeted vaccine candidates.Advances in PED diagnostic technology are essential for early diagnosis and monitoring and evaluation of post⁃immune response.In this review,we summarized the latest progress of PEDV genome structure and function including S,E,M,N,accessory proteins and non⁃structural proteins,serology and molecular diagnostic methods,such as enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay,polymerase chain reaction,ring⁃mediated isothermal amplification,viral neutralization and indirect immunofluorescence assays,immunochromatographic tests,fluorescent microsphere immunoassays,sequence assays and clustered regularly inter spaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)⁃Cas,in order to provide ideas for establishing rapid and effective PEDV detection methods,and provide reference for effective prevention and control of PED in practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Low Nitrogen Stress on Nitrogen Accumulation，Metabolism，Yield and Quality of Wheat Varieties with Different Nitrogen Efficiency QI Xueli, MA Jie, ZHAO Mingzhong, DONG Haibin, ZHANG Yu, XU Guozhen Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (4): 30-36.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.04.004 Abstract （662）      PDF （1408KB）（417）       Knowledge map    Save The effects of low nitrogen stress on net photosynthetic rate，nitrogen accumulation，nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity，root traits，yield and quality of Zhengmai 0943 with nitrogen use efficiency index of 1.557 and Zhoumai 18 with nitrogen use efficiency index of 0.895 were analyzed，so as to provide reference for high nitrogen efficiency breeding and cost⁃saving cultivation technology research.The results showed that under normal nitrogen and low nitrogen treatments，the net photosynthetic rate at 7，14 and 21 days after anthesis，net photosynthetic rate at 10：00—15：00 at 14 days after anthesis，activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase，nitrogen accumulation of straw and grain at maturity，and yield of Zhengmai 0943 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18. Under low nitrogen treatment，the above indexes were significantly lower than those under normal nitrogen treatment，and the reduction rates of Zhengmai 0943 were lower than those of Zhoumai 18，among which the yield of Zhengmai 0943 decreased by 21.40%，and Zhoumai 18 decreased by 24.87%.Under low nitrogen treatment，the total root length，root surface area and root activity of Zhengmai 0943 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18.The root traits of the two wheat varieties under low nitrogen treatment were significantly higher than those under normal nitrogen treatment，and the increase rates of Zhengmai 0943 were higher than those of Zhoumai 18.Low nitrogen stress significantly affected the quality of the two wheat varieties，but Zhengmai 0943 was less affected. Compared with normal nitrogen treatment，the decrease rates of protein content，wet gluten content，stability time，maximum tensile resistance and tensile area of Zhengmai 0943 under low nitrogen treatment were lower than those of Zhoumai 18.All parameters of Zhengmai 0943 reached the standard of medium⁃strong gluten wheat，except for the tensile area. In summary，Zhengmai 0943 is more tolerant to low nitrogen than Zhoumai 18，low nitrogen has less influence on its photosynthetic rate，nitrogen accumulation，nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity，root，yield and quality，and it has better photosynthetic characteristics，higher nitrogen absorption and assimilation ability，and more developed root system，so obtains higher yield and better quality under low nitrogen treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Application of Chitosan Coatings in Fruits and Vegetables Storage and Preservation LIU Chenghong, ZHANG Shun, HUANG Wen, ZHANG Xiaoyan, YANG Hailong, FU Shiyu, ZHAN Lijuan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (7): 1-11.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.001 Abstract （661）      PDF （1976KB）（335）       Knowledge map    Save Fresh fruits and vegetables，due to their high water content and vigorous respiratory metabolism，are highly prone to quality decline and spoilage after harvest.As the world’s largest producer and consumer of fruits and vegetables，China has a persistently high post‑harvest loss rate of fruits and vegetables.The development of efficient and safe preservation technology has become an urgent need for the industry.Coating preservation technology is a new food preservation method，which can effectively maintain the quality of fresh fruits and vegetables and extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.Chitosan，as a natural biopolymer，is regarded as the most promising preservation coating material due to its wide source，degradability and biosafety，as well as excellent film forming property，antibacterial activity and biocompatibility.A systematic review is conducted on the basic characteristics of chitosan and the preparation methods of coatings.The research and application of chitosan coatings in the field of fruit and vegetable preservation are described in detail.The preservation effect of chitosan coatings on fruits and vegetables is discussed from the perspectives of appearance quality，nutrients，flavor substances and shelf life，and mechanism of preservation and the key factors affecting the preservation efficiency are summarized.Finally，the preservative chitosan coating technical bottlenecks and future development directions are pointed out，with the expectation of providing theoretical references for the in‑depth research and industrial application of this technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rapid Detection of Three Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Using Colloidal Gold Immunoassay WEI Maoqiong, WANG Li, LAN Shanshan, LIU Zhenhuan, SHA Lingjie, LIN Xin, LI Jun, PU Yali, LIU Hongcheng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 79-90.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.009 Abstract （655）      PDF （6356KB）（275）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid test strips for the detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were developed based on colloidal gold immunochromatography,and its application effect in the detection of garlic and cabbage was evaluated.The test strips for rapid detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were established by preparation of colloidal gold by reduction with trisodium citrate,with the monoclonal antibodies of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran labeled with colloidal gold particles as the detection probes,nitrocellulose membrane as the solid‑phase carrier,imidacloprid‑BSA,profenofos‑BSA and carbofuran‑BSA conjugate as the detection lines,and goat anti‑mouse IgG antibody as the control line.The parameter conditions,including gold‑labeled antibody usage,concentrations of antibody for labeling,and concentration of the coating antigen were optimized. Under the optimal condition,the sensitivity,specificity and stability,as well as the accuracy of the test strips were evaluated.With optimization of sample extraction,the test strips were employed for the detection of pesticides in two vegetable samples by negative detection and addition of standardized pesticide products.The results showed that in the optimized process parameters，the concentrations of colloidal gold labeled antibody of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 9.6,8.4,9.6 μg/mL,respectively,the concentrations of the antigens coated were all 0.3 mg/mL,and the detection time was about 15 min.The limits of detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 20,3 000,and 20 ng/mL,which were in compliance with the limits of the national standard for the two kinds of vegetables.There was no cross‑reactivity and good specificity in the detection of other drugs with similar function and structure as imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran.The most suitable extractants for carbofuran and imidacloprid pesticides were 4 mL of ethyl acetate and 4 mL of methanol,respectively,with a sample size of 2 g and a supernatant of 3 mL;for profenofos pesticide,the most suitable extractant was 9 mL of ethyl acetate,with a sample size of 3 g and a supernatant of 8 mL,and the supernatant was dried with nitrogen gas.The detection results of 50 negative and spiked samples of vegetables showed a false positive rate of 6% and a false negative rate of 0.It can be seen that the developed test strips are suitable for on‑site rapid detection of garlic and cabbage as well as screening of a large number of samples in grass‑roots laboratories,and can provide an effective regulatory tool for the control of pesticide residues in garlic and cabbage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Tobacco Bud Extract on Fermentation of Cigar Leaves DING Jingyi, YU Jun, YANG Chunlei, CHEN Xiong, YAO Lan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 168-180.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.019 Abstract （640）      PDF （3413KB）（595）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the effect of tobacco bud water extract fermentation by yeast on the aroma of cigar tobacco leaves，gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS）technology was applied to analyze the aroma components of cigar tobacco leaves after solid‑state fermentation with flower bud water extract fermented by Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum，Cyberlindnera fabianii，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii.The results showed that a total of 58 volatile substances were detected after fermentation，and the total content of volatile substances after treatment by Torulaspora delbrueckii was the highest（1 470.48 μg/g）.The results of odor activity value（OAV）analysis showed flower aroma> tobacco aroma>fruit aroma>baking aroma. Principal component analysis（PCA）results indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate was 71.1%.Cyberlindnera fabianii was closely related to β‑cyclocitral，geranylacetone，2‑methoxy‑4‑vinylphenol，phenylacetaldehyde，6‑methyl‑5‑hepten‑2‑one，styrene，benzaldehyde，4，7，9‑megastigmatrien‑3‑one a and（+）‑limonene.Zygosaccharomyces bailii was highly correlated with 4‑hydroxy‑β‑damascone，dihydroactinidiolide and phenylethyl alcohol.The results of cluster analysis showed that the aroma of cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of flower buds in the two groups of yeasts，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum and Zygosaccharomyces bailii，was similar. In summary，the cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of tobacco bud with the five yeasts have different flavor types，which is of great significance to the development of domestic cigars. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Intercropping of Different Genotypes of Maize on Stomatal Characteristics and Yield LI Fangjie, CHANG Zhijie, SHI Dakun, WEI Xiaoyi, WEI Feng, HONG Defeng, MA Junfeng, ZHENG Qiudao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 21-29.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.003 Abstract （638）      PDF （4751KB）（254）       Knowledge map    Save Using four maize varieties[Weiyu 618(WY618),MY73,Yudan 9953(YD9953)and Zhengdan 958(ZD958)]as materials，four single cropping treatments and three intercropping treatments were set up to study the effects of intercropping of different genotypes of maize on stomatal characteristics，spatial layout and yield of maize,so as to provide theoretical basis for increasing maize yield by intercropping of different genotypes of maize from the perspective of stomata.The results showed that maize yield could be improved by intercropping with different genotypes of maize.For WY618 intercropping with MY73 and ZD958,the yield of WY618 significantly increased by 9.41% and 12.94% compared with WY618 single cropping,respectively,and WY618 had more yield advantage.The land equivalent ratio of WY618 intercropping with ZD958 was 1.08,the intercropping advantage was the most obvious，followed by WY618 intercropping with MY73.Maize intercropping could improve the stomatal density,length,width,circumference,area and shape index in the paraxial and abaxial planes of leaves,and make stomatal spatial layout more regular and rational.The density,width and area of stomata in the distal axial plane of leaves were significantly positively correlated with yield.In conclusion,maize intercropping with different genotypes of maize can improve the stomatal characteristics and spatial layout in leaves,which is conducive to the increase of maize yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation，Identification，and Functional Analysis of Culturable Microorganisms in Cigar Tobacco Leaves from Various Regions SI Hongyang, YANG Weili, CUI Bing, LAI Miao, ZHAO Mingqin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 37-45.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.004 Abstract （638）      PDF （3022KB）（273）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the species and functionality of culturable microorganisms in domestic cigar tobacco leaves,cured cigar tobacco leaves from Wuzhishan,Hainan Province(variety Haiyan 103)and and from Dazhou，Sichuan Province(variety Chuanxue No.1) were used as experimental materials.The culture‑dependent method were employed to isolate microorganisms,which were subsequently identified through molecular sequencing.The enzyme and aromatic substances production abilities of the isolated microorganisms were investigated.The results showed the isolation of 52 different bacterial strains from Haiyan 103 and Chuanxue No.1 cigar leaves,belonging to five different families:Bacillaceae,Planococcaceae,Erwiniaceae,Enterobacteriales,and Moraxellaceae.Bacillus subtilis E‑11,isolated from Hainan tobacco,exhibited the highest protease and pectinase activities of 85.02 U/mL and 256.71 U/mL,respectively.Additionally,four yeast strains were isolated from Hainan tobacco leaves,namely one strain from Pichia,one strain from Rhodotorula,and two strains from Debaryomyces.These yeast strains did not produce extracellular protease and pectinase,and Pichia sp.J‑2 demonstrated the ability to metabolize 2‑phenylethanol.The highest yield of 2‑phenylethanol,333.81 mg/L,was observed after 72 h of fermentation.In conclusion,cigar tobacco contains a rich variety of culturable microbial resources.Bacillus subtilis E‑11 and Pichia sp.J‑2,isolated from Haiyan 103,show promising potential for degrading macromolecular substances and enhancing the aroma content in tobacco leaves. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics