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Identification of Differentially Expressed bHLH Genes in Maize under Drought‑Rewatering Treatments XIE Xiaowen, ZHANG Xinyue, FU Jiaxu, SHAO Jing, WEN Pengfei, WANG Tongchao, WEI Li Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (9): 33-44.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.09.004 Abstract （1247）      PDF （5798KB）（88）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore bHLH transcription factors related to drought resistance in maize（ Zea mays），differentially expressed bHLH genes were identified under drought‑rewatering treatment，and physicochemical characteristics，phylogenetic evolution，chromosome distribution，gene duplication，gene structure，conserved motif，cis‑elements in promoter region and gene expression were analyzed.The results showed that a total of 51 differentially expressed bHLH genes were identified in maize under drought‑rewatering treatment，the amino acid number，molecular weight and isoelectric point of 51 bHLH proteins ranged from 80 to 705 aa，21.26 to 92.17 ku，and 4.54 to 12.41，respectively.bHLH genes were divided into 16 subgroups，Ⅺ subgroup was the largest，containing 9 bHLH proteins；Ⅵ，Ⅷ，Ⅸ and ⅩⅢ subgroups were the smallest，containing 1 bHLH protein each. bHLH genes were distributed unevenly on 10 chromosomes，among which 7 pairs of genes had replication relationships.The number of exons varied greatly，9 bHLH genes contained 1 exon，27 bHLH genes contained 2—5 exons，and 15 bHLH genes contained 6 or more exons；Motif 1 and Motif 2 appeared more frequently in the conserved motifs of bHLH protein，followed by Motif 3 and Motif 5，with Motif 6 and Motif 9 appeared least frequently.The promoter region of bHLH genes contained many cis‑acting elements related to plant hormones and abiotic stress，such as ABRE，GARE‑motif，P‑box，AuxRR‑core，MBS，TGACG‑motif，CGTCA‑motif，TCA‑rich，TGA‑element and TCA‑element. Under drought‑rewatering treatment，51 bHLH genes exhibited different expression patterns，among them，14 genes such as ZmbHLH20，ZmbHLH25，ZmbHLH9，ZmbHLH137and ZmbHLH178 positively responded to drought stress，and 14 genes such as ZmbHLH58，ZmbHLH87， ZmbHLH36 and ZmbHLH106 negatively responded to drought stress，which were candidate genes for further study of drought response in maize bHLH family. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cabbage Yield and Nutrient Utilization under Substitution of Organic Manure for Fertilizer in Vegetable‑Rice Rotation in Lateritic Red Soil ZHANG Licheng, LI Juan, ZHANG Mingqing, GU Zuchao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (8): 87-95.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.08.010 Abstract （1012）      PDF （1265KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer utilization，the cabbage breed Zhonggan 8 was taken as the test material，and field experiments were carried out in the vegetable‑rice rotation area in southern Fujian with five fertilization treatments（customary fertilization，recommended fertilization，organic manure substitution of 25% fertilizer，organic manure substitution of 50% fertilizer，organic manure substitution of 100% fertilizer） and no fertilization treatment（control，CK）.The effects of different treatments on yield and nutrient utilization of cabbage were studied.The results showed that substitution of organic manure for fertilizer could promote the growth of cabbage ball.The weight and compactness of cabbage ball in organic manure substitution of 50% fertilizer treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Through the analysis of cabbage yield under different fertilization treatments，the highest yield was 3 824.13 kg/ha in the treatment of organic manure substitution of 50% fertilizer，which was significantly higher than that in the treatment of organic manure substitution of 25% fertilizer，organic manure substitution of 100% fertilizer，customary fertilization and no fertilization，but compared with the recommended fertilization treatment there was no significant difference.The treatment of organic manure substitution of 50% fertilizer and the treatment of organic manure substitution of 25% fertilizer had higher nitrogen and phosphorus utilization rates，which were 40.82% and 30.82% respectively.Compared with the customary fertilization，the treatment of organic manure substitution of 50% fertilizer increased the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of cabbage by 13.14 percentage point.By comprehensive analysis of cabbage yield and nutrient utilization efficiency，organic manure substitution of 50% fertilizer is recommended as the application amount in cabbage production of vegetable and rice rotation in the lateritic red soil of southern Fujian Province. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accumulation Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Grains of Different Wheat Varieties in Contaminated Calcareous Soil WANG Qiuhong, SHI Qianru, PENG Aihua, SHANG Yanping, SUN Fawei, LIANG Xiaodong, YANG Suqin, ZHANG Biao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (10): 72-81.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.008 Abstract （927）      PDF （1705KB）（69）       Knowledge map    Save In order to screen suitable wheat varieties for safe production in polluted soil，17 common wheat varieties were selected as test materials and cultivated in polluted calcareous soil in northern Henan Province. The accumulation status of heavy metals cadmium（Cd），lead（Pb），iron（Fe），manganese（Mn），copper（Cu）and zinc（Zn）in grains were compared，and available heavy metal content in the rhizosphere soil of each variety as well as its correlation with the elemental content of grains were analyzed.The results showed that the Cd content in the soil in the experimental site was 2.17 mg/kg，which belonged to safe utilization soil according to Soil Environmental Quality— Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land（GB 15618—2018）.There were significant differences in grain Cd content among different wheat varieties，B10 had the lowest Cd content（0.12 mg/kg），followed by YK048，and the grain Cd content of YZ4110 was the highest. Cd content in the grains of various wheat varieties all exceeded the limit value（0.10 mg/kg） in National Food Safety Standards— Limits for Pollutants in Food（GB 2762—2017）.In terms of Pb content in grains，there was no significant difference among varieties，and all of them were lower than the limit value（0.20 mg/kg）in National Food Safety Standards— Limits for Pollutants in Food（GB 2762—2017）. It was found that the ratio of available Cd to total Cd in the experimental site was relatively higher，reaching 46%. There was a extremely significant positive correlation between soil available Cd content and grain Cd content. Fe and Zn are antagonistic elements to Cd，amony the wheat varieties selected in this study，the ratio of total content of Fe and Zn to Cd content in the grains of Y048，B10，B4199 and X979 was higher. Therefore，they should be recommended as priority varieties，and soil control measures should be taken to achieve safe production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Genetic Diversity of Phenotypic and Quality Traits of 48 Germplasm Resources of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. WANG Xiaojie, LI Meixia, TAO Lei, ZHANG Bo, HE Xinru, MI Jia, DAI Guoli, XU Wendi Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (9): 78-90.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.09.008 Abstract （781）      PDF （3738KB）（80）       Knowledge map    Save In order to study the genetic diversity of 18 phenotypic and quality traits（15 quantitative traits and 3 qualitative traits）of 48 germplasm resources of L.ruthenicum Murr.，descriptive statistics analysis，principal component analysis，correlation analysis and clustering analysis were performed.The results showed that the germplasm resources of L.ruthenicum Murr.were rich in genetic diversity.The genetic diversity index of quantitative traits was 1.431—2.095，and the variation coefficient was 19%—189%.The highest diversity index was longitudinal diameter of fruit，followed by transverse diameter of fruit，branch diameter，branch length，number of ripe fruits per branch and leaf width；The genetic diversityindex of quality traits was 0.745—1.007，the fruit shape had the highest diversity index，the diversity index of leaf shape was 0. 948，fruit color diversity index was 0.745.The results of the first six principal component analysis showed that longitudinal diameter of fruit，fruit color，leaf area，anthocyanin content，transverse diameter of fruit and branch diameter could be used as the main indexes to reflect the yield and quality of L.ruthenicum Murr.，with a cumulative contribution rate of 80.09%.The correlation analysis found that 15 pairs of traits reached the highly significant correlation level（ P<0.01），and 14 pairs were positively correlated and 1 pair was negatively correlated，transverse diameter of fruit，average single fresh fruit weight and number of blades showed very significant positive correlation between each other（ P<0.01），anthocyanin content，fruit color and number of ripe fruits per branch also showed very significant positive correlation between each other（ P<0. 01），fruit stalk length and fruit shape，fruit color，anthocyanins concentration and branch diameter showed significant negative correlation（ P<0. 01）.Based on genetic differences of traits between germplasms，48 germplasm resources were clustered into 6 categories，and the clustering results had a strong correlation with the distribution of sample communities.In conclusion，the genetic diversity of main phenotypic and quality traits in 48 germplasm resources of L. ruthenicum Murr.is rich. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Citrus Diseases Based on Improved ShuffleNet V2 YU Yannan, MO Yongbin, YAN Jichi, XIONG Chunlin, DOU Shiqing, YANG Rongfeng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (1): 142-151.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.016 Abstract （746）      PDF （3756KB）（38）       Knowledge map    Save Large convolutional neural networks are difficult to deploy in practical applications because of the complexity of models，while lightweight networks are often less accurate than the former because of the optimization of model structure. To solve these problems，ShuffleNet V2 was improved and a lightweight MAM‑ShuffleNet citrus disease recognition model was proposed. Firstly，the mixed attention module（MAM）was introduced in ShuffleNet V2 to improve the ability of the model to extract disease features. Secondly，Ghost module was used to optimize the convolutional layer in the network，which effectively reduced the number of network model parameters and calculation cost. Finally，the stacking times of ShuffleNet V2 unit in the network structure were adjusted to further simplify the network parameters. The results showed that the average recognition accuracy of MAM‑ShuffleNet model reached 97.7% in the self‑built citrus leaf data. Compared with the original ShuffleNet V2，the number of parameters was reduced by 45.7%，and the recognition accuracy was increased by 1.2 percentage points.The comprehensive performance was better than ResNet50 and DenseNet121 models. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Millet Disease Identification Based on Transfer Learning and Residual Network ZHANG Hongtao, LUO Yiming, TAN Lian, YANG Jiapeng, WANG Yu Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (12): 162-171.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.018 Abstract （736）      PDF （2368KB）（49）       Knowledge map    Save A method of millet disease image recognition based on transfer learning and residual network（Residual CNN）was proposed for millet disease. First，the original sample set was established，whichwas composed of four kinds of disease images including millet white disease，blast，red leaf disease，rustdisease and normal millet leaf image.Then，the original image was segmented by using the maximum inter‐class variance method based on super green feature，the millet disease segmentation image dataset was established，and the dataset was extended. Finally，based on the expanded segmentation image data set of millet disease，the recognition model of millet disease was established by using the idea of transfer learning and residual network. The results showed that the recognition rate of this model reached 98.2%，which was 8.9 percentage points higher than that of the support vector machine（SVM）based millet disease recognition model，and the training time of this model was reduced by 17.69 min compared with that of the convolutional neural network（CNN） based millet disease recognition model.The results indicated that the recognition model of millet disease based on transfer learning and residual network could effectively identify the four kinds of millet leaf diseases. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Lasioderma serricorne in Tobacco Leaf Raw Materials Based on Improved YOLOv3 Algorithm ZHANG Weizheng, CHEN Saiyueyang, WANG Yanling, TIE Jinxin, DING Jia, LI Meng, LI Canlin, SU Xiaoke, GAN Yong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (11): 157-166.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.017 Abstract （674）      PDF （10647KB）（88）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problem of low efficiency and inaccuracy in manual recognition of tobacco beetles（ Lasioderma serricorne）in tobacco leaf raw materials，and achieve accurate and intelligent recognition of tobacco beetles，a tobacco beetle recognition model was proposed based on the improved YOLOv3 algorithm.Firstly，Random Mix data augmentation technology was used to expand the tobacco beetle dataset；By introducing the K⁃means++ algorithm to recluster anchor boxes，YOLOv3’s recognition ability for tobacco beetles was improved；SIoU Loss was used to improve the Loss function of YOLOv3 bounding box to improve the accuracy of model positioning and accelerate model convergence；Finally，a feature refinement module was added to filter conflict information and optimize the accuracy of the model in identifying small targets in the tobacco beetle dataset.The results showed that，the improved YOLOv3 network model achieved average detection accuracy，recall，F1 score，and mAP of 93.26%，88.25%，0.90，and 94.59% for tobacco beetles in the test set，respectively，increased by 12.21 percentage points，11.79 percentage points，0.12，and 12.40 percentage points compared to the existing YOLOv3 algorithm，providing support for the effective recognition of tobacco beetles. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of Kidney Bean Varieties for Safe Production in Cadmium Polluted Farmland of Northwest Guizhou CHAI Guanqun, ZHOU Lixing, QIN Song, FAN Chengwu, LIU Guihua, WANG Li, JIANG Ya Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (6): 51-60.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.06.006 Abstract （570）      PDF （1385KB）（34）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the differences in the absorption and enrichment of cadmium（Cd） by different kidney bean varieties and the effects of varieties and environment on them，and to screen out the Cd low⁃enriched kidney bean varieties suitable for planting in northwestern Guizhou，13 local kidney bean varieties were used as materials，and in the Cd⁃contaminated farmland of L site and Y site in northwestern Guizhou，a field plot experiment was conducted.The results showed that the variety，the environment and interaction between variety and environment had extremely significant effects on yield and Cd content of kidney bean，respectively. There was significant difference in Cd content of different kidney bean varieties in the same place. The maximum value of Cd（in Hongpiqiuzijiadou） and the minimum value of Cd（in Bangda No.2） could be 10 times different in the same place.The bioconcentration factor（BCF Cd）of Cd in soils for different kidney bean varieties in L site and Y site were 0.06%—0.0% and 0.13%—0.93%，respectively.The Cd content of 13 tested kidney bean varieties showed the safe level.The yield of Bangda No.2 was the highest among the 13 varieties，reaching 18 513.6 and 19 287.9 kg/ha in L and Y sites，respectively.In summary，13 kidney bean varieties can be used as recommended varieties for Cd⁃contaminated areas in northwestern Guizhou，and Bangda No.2 was preferred because of its high yield and low Cd content. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Health Risk Assessment of Low Accumulation Rice Varieties in Nickel Polluted Paddy Fields ZHANG Xiujin, ZHANG Ronghui, CAI Jinghang, WANG Guokun, CHAI Guanqun, HUANG Chengling, FAN Chengwu Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (6): 61-69.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.06.007 Abstract （533）      PDF （1270KB）（20）       Knowledge map    Save In order to screen rice varieties with low nickel（Ni）accumulation suitable for safe production in rice fields in the central Guizhou，field experiments were conducted to determine the Ni content in different parts of ten main rice varieties grown in the central Guizhou region.The accumulation and transport characteristics of Ni in brown rice were studied，and cluster analysis and health risk assessment were conducted.The results showed that the brown rice of Yixiangyou 800 had the lowest Ni content of 0.372 mg/kg，while Leyou 891 had the highest Ni content of 2.136 mg/kg among the ten rice varieties.Yixiangyou 800 had lower Ni bioconcentration and translocation abilities from rice husks to brown rice than the other nine rice varieties. Based on the clustering analysis of brown rice Ni content in different rice varieties，Yixiangyou 800 was classified as the low⁃value class（class Ⅰ）variety.The THQ（target hazard quotient）values of the ten rice varieties for different population groups were all less than 1，indicating no health risk.Health risk assessment showed that Yixiangyou 800 had the lowest THQ value，and combined with the Ni content in brown rice，it was recommended as a rice variety with low Ni accumulation for the central Guizhou. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Evaluation of 176 Waxy Sorghum Germplasm Resources Based on Principal Component，Grey Correlation and DTOPSIS Analyses WU Guojiang, ZHOU Wei, YU Zhonghao, LI Yan, LÜ Jingbo, WANG Zhenguo, ZHOU Yaxing Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 40-51.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.006 Abstract （443）      PDF （1325KB）（105）       Knowledge map    Save In order to screen out the high‐quality waxy sorghum germplasm resources suitable for popularization and utilization in the Xiliaohe Plain，16 main agronomic traits of 176 waxy sorghum germplasm resources were analyzed，and the comprehensive evaluation and ranking were carried out by combining principal component analysis method，grey correlation degree method and DTOPSIS method.The results showed that the coefficient of variation of the main agronomic traits of 176 waxy sorghum germplasm resources ranged from 6.69% to 47.84%，and there were generally significant or extremely significant correlation between the traits. Through principal component analysis，16 main agronomic traits of 176 waxy sorghum germplasm resources were integrated into 9 independent comprehensive indexes（principal components），and the cumulative contribution rate of these 9 principal components was87.169%.The top 30 germplasm resources were screened based on comprehensive evaluation scores by principal component analysis，weighted correlation degree by grey correlation degree method and relative closeness degree by DTOPSIS method respectively. By the combination of the above three methods for comprehensive evaluation，10 germplasm resources with excellent comprehensive traits were selected from 176 germplasm resources，namely QNR，9705，2011‐30，Xinliang 52，102A，HubocuoP4，Jan‐88，9701，0657 and 4126 ，respectively，which laid a foundation for the breeding of waxy sorghum varieties in the Xiliaohe Plain. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of Alginate Oligosaccharides Fermented with Gut Microbiota Inoculum against Salmonella enterica by Transcriptomic Analysis CHENG Jiaying, XIAO Mengshi, REN Xinmiao, YU Ying, FU Xiaodan, MOU Haijin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (6): 139-149.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.06.015 Abstract （384）      PDF （6493KB）（68）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the effect of alginate oligosaccharides（AOS）on S.enterica in the intestinal environment，AOS was prepared by enzymatic degradation，furthermore the simulated digestion characteristics of AOS were evaluated in vitro.The total number of bacteria and S.enterica in the process of AOS fermentation by chicken gut microbiota were quantified by in vitro simulated fermentation model，and the response of S.enterica to AOS in the intestinal environment was analyzed by transcriptomics.The results showed that the content of reducing sugar and molecular weight of AOS did not change significantly，indicating that AOS were not digested.When AOS was fermented by gut microbiota，the relative abundance of S.enterica in the flora decreased from 4.6% to 1.1%.Transcriptomics and reverse transcription⁃quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of key genes of S.enterica flagella assembly，two⁃component system，infection and virulence was down⁃regulated.Therefore，the gut microbiota metabolites of AOS could inhibit the growth and virulence of S.enterica. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Conservation Tillage in China QIN Meng, DONG Quanzhong, XUE Hong, ZHANG Mingming, LI Weiwei, SONG Huan, ZHAI Lingxia Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (7): 1-11.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.001 Abstract （203）      PDF （1252KB）（159）       Knowledge map    Save Conservation tillage is an environmentally friendly farming model that reduces soil erosion，protects the ecological environment of farmland，and achieves coordinated development of ecological，economic and social benefits by means of less tillage，no⁃tillage and surface mulching of straw.In order to reduce soil erosion，desertification and salinization，soil management methods need to be changed from traditional tillage to protect the soil environment，stabilize food and increase income.This paper introduces the importance of conservation tillage for the sustainable development of agriculture，systematically describes the current development status of conservation tillage，analyzes the key points and difficulties of future development of conservation tillage，and provides an outlook on the future development direction of conservation tillage to provide reference for improving the development system of conservation tillage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Effect of Organic Carbon on the Formation of Soil Aggregates ZHOU Jiahao, CHU Junjie, SUN Wanchun, ZOU Ping, YU Qiaogang, MA Junwei, YANG Jun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (11): 10-20.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.002 Abstract （170）      PDF （10408KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save Soil organic carbon（SOC），as an important substance involved in biogeochemical cycles，plays an important role in the formation and stability of soil aggregates.The definition，characteristics and formation theory of soil aggregates were reviewed，the turnover process of SOC in aggregates was analyzed，and the role and influence of SOC quantity，SOC structure，microbial residue carbon and SOC loss in the formation of soil aggregates were reviewed.Suggestions on the cultivation of healthy soil were put forward from the perspective of the synergistic relationship between soil carbon sink and aggregates，and the future research direction of soil aggregates was prospected in order to provide reference for the sustainable development of soil resources. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Planting Density on Stem Strength and Ear Characters of Maize XU Lina, AN Zhiliang, CHEN Shilin, ZHANG Huaisheng, JIN Xining, WANG Pingxi Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (8): 11-17.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.08.002 Abstract （166）      PDF （1501KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Save Five planting densities of 67 500（D1），75 000（D2），82 500（D3），90 000（D4）and 97 500（D5）plants/ha were set up to study the effects of planting density on stem strength，ear traits and yield of Baiyu 393，and the relationship between maize plant morphology and stem strength was analyzed，so as to provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for high‑yield cultivation of summer maize in Huang‑Huai‑Hai region.The results showed that as the planting density increased，the ear height and ear height ratio of maize increased，the stem circumference decreased，and there was no significant change in plant height；The stem puncture strength，breaking strength and crushing strength of maize all decreased；The ear length，row number per ear，grain number per row，cob diameter，100‑grain weight and grain number per ear of maize all showed a downward trend，but there was no significant change in ear diameter，while the bald tip length increased；The maize yield first increased and then decreased，D3 treatment was the highest，followed by D2 treatment，the difference between the two treatments was not significant，while D5 treatment was the lowest.There were significant negative correlations between stem puncture strength，breaking strength，crushing strength and ear height，ear height ratio. In summary，when the planting density is 75 000—82 500 plants/ha，the ear height and stem diameter are moderate，the stem quality is good，the ear traits are superior，and the yield is higher. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Application of Lightweight Yolov7‐TSA Network in Tea Disease Detection and Identification LI Weihao, ZHAN Wei, ZHOU Wan, HAN Tao, WANG Peiwen, LIU Hu, XIONG Mengyuan, SUN Yong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 162-169.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.019 Abstract （156）      PDF （3989KB）（322）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the problems of low accuracy，slow model running speed and no detection function of the existing tea disease identification methods，a novel Yolov7‐TSA（Yolov7‐Tiny‐SiLU‐Attention）lightweight network architecture was proposed to detect and classify tea diseases.Specifically，the LeakReLU activation function in the Yolov7‐T network was replaced with the SiLU activation function to improve detection accuracy and prevent overfitting.Meanwhile，the feature perception of target contour and spatial location was further improved by fusing the coordinate attention mechanism. Experiments on the dataset containing eight tea diseases（including healthy tea leaves） showed that the recognition accuracy of Yolov7‐TSA network reached 94.2%，which was 3.2 and 1.2 percentage points higher compared to Yolov7‐T and Yolov7 networks，respectively.Furthermore，it showed significant results in terms of parameters，floating point operations，model size and inference time per image，which were reduced by 83%，87%，83% and 34%，respectively，compared to the Yolov7 network. The network model achieves the detection and classification of tea diseases when balancing recognition accuracy and real‐time performance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Combined Stress of High Temperature and Drought on Photosynthetic Physiology of Maize WANG Yakun, LI Hongping, XU Zhenzhen, LIU Tianxue Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 17-23.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.003 Abstract （151）      PDF （2783KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Save The effect of high temperature（H），drought（D）and combined stress of high temperature and drought（HD）on photosynthetic physiology of maize seedling was studied with high temperature‐tolerant Zhengdan 958（ZD958）and high temperature‐sensitive Xianyu 335（XY335）by pot experiment，so as to provide theoretical basis for breeding of excellent maize varieties resistant to high temperature and drought.The results indicated that compared with CK without stress，the chlorophyll content of ZD958 leaves significantly decreased under stresses，there was significant difference among treatments，and the HD treatment showed the greatest reduction.The change of chlorophyll content of XY335 was consistent with that of ZD958，and the influence was greater.The ratio of chlorophyll a to b in ZD958 leaves increased under D and HD conditions，while it increased for XY335 only under HD condition.The net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，transpiration rate，electron transport rate in ZD958 and XY335 leaves all（even significantly）decreased，D treatment had the greatest changes，and the decrements in ZD958 were more than that in XY335 under D and HD conditions.The activity of phosphoenol‐pyruvate carboxylase（PEPCase） in ZD958 leaves significantly increased under H condition，while no obvious changes of that were observed under D and HD conditions，but the activity of ribulose‐1，5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase（Rubisco） significantly decreased under D and HD conditions.The activity of PEPCase in XY335 leaves decreased compared with CK under stresses，and the decrement of HD treatment was the greatest.The activity of Rubisco in XY335 leaves significantly decreased compared with CK under stresses，and the decrement of D treatment was the greatest. Overall，D and HD stresses have greater influence on photosynthetic physiology of maize seedling，and different varieties have different responses to the above three kinds of stress. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Status and Progress of Research on Soil Water Movement and Distribution in Subsurface Drip Irrigation WANG Dongbo, QIAN Zhiyong, WANG Dong, HUANG Guoliang, YANG Zhenjie, ZHANG Yijie Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (12): 1-13.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.001 Abstract （151）      PDF （1989KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save The movement and distribution of soil water under subsurface drip irrigation has always been a hot topic in academic circles. In order to clarify the research progress of influencing factors of soil water migration and distribution under subsurface drip irrigation，the basic principles，main characteristics and development history of subsurface drip irrigation technology were summarized.The research methods and conclusions of soil water migration and distribution under different subsurface drip irrigation methods were systematically expounded，and the application status of numerical simulation technology in soil water distribution law research was introduced.The key factors affecting soil water migration and distribution under subsurface drip irrigation conditions were comprehensively analyzed.The current research status and development bottlenecks were summarized，and the future research direction was prospected，in order to provide theoretical reference for further research and improvement of irrigation water use efficiency. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Effects of Abiotic Stress Factors on Wheat Photosynthesis FANG Yuhui, HUA Xia, HAN Liupeng, ZHAO Mingzhong, QI Xueli, DONG Haibin, HU Lin, Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (10): 1-13.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.001 Abstract （147）      PDF （1331KB）（137）       Knowledge map    Save Photosynthesis is the energy source and material basis of wheat growth and development，and plays an important role in the formation of wheat yield.In recent years，climate anomalies have occurred frequently.High temperature，low temperature，drought，waterlogging，saline‑alkaline，high light and low light have become the main factors affecting wheat photosynthesis.This paper reviewed the research progress of the effects of abiotic stresses such as temperature，water，saline‑alkaline and light intensity on wheat photosynthesis，pointed out the problems existing in this research field，and prospected the future research direction，so as to provide theoretical reference for wheat high photosynthetic efficiency breeding and cultivation management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Application of bHLH Transcription Factors in Cold Tolerance Genetic Engineering of Plants QI Xueli, LI Ying, LI Chunying, HAN Liupeng, ZHAO Mingzhong, ZHANG Jianzhou Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (11): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.001 Abstract （139）      PDF （8078KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Save Plants often encounter cold stress，which influences the growth and geographical distribution，and decreases yield and quality of plants. bHLH（basic helix⁃loop⁃helix）family is the second largest transcription factor family in plant，which plays an important role in regulation of tolerance to cold stress.This paper elaborated the structure and the application of MYC（avian myelocytoma virus）⁃like bHLH transcription factor ICE［inducer of CBF（C⁃repeat binding factor） expression］ and other bHLH transcription factors in plant cold tolerance genetic engineering，so as to provide some references for the utilization of bHLH transcription factors in cold tolerance genetic improvement and breeding. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine for Piglets LÜ Linfen, PANG Shengmei, LI Baoliang, LIANG Yuxuan, DUAN Qiangde Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 1-8.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.001 Abstract （137）      PDF （1262KB）（211）       Knowledge map    Save Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli（ETEC）is an important pathogen causing diarrhea of piglets in the world. Various strategies such as giving antibiotics in the feed，oral administration of specific antibodies，dietary and diet supplementary treatment，and genetic breeding have been used to prevent and treat ETEC infection.Compared with other preventive measures，vaccination is the most economical and effective mean to prevent diarrhea of piglets caused by ETEC.In this paper，the latest research progress of ETEC vaccine for porcine was reviewed，the challenges in ETEC vaccine research were analyzed，and the research strategies for effective vaccines were proposed，in order to provide the basis for the development of novel，safe，efficient and broad‐spectrum ETEC vaccines. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Vaccine for Pigs LIANG Yuxuan, PANG Shengmei, LIU Mei, WANG Longlong, DUAN Qiangde Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (8): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.08.001 Abstract （135）      PDF （1511KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save Porcine epidemic diarrhea（PED）caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus（PEDV）is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease of pigs，which leads to high morbidity and mortality in the suckling piglets，thereby bringing huge economic losses to the global pig industry.Vaccination is currently the most economical and effective measure for the prevention of PED，but due to the continuous emergence of PEDV variants，the immune protection of the vaccine is not effective.Therefore，the development of safer and more effective vaccines for preventing PED is urgently needed. Here we mainly reviewed the pathogenic characteristics，the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV，and the latest progress in PEDV vaccine research. Futhermore，the research strategy of a novel and effective PEDV vaccine was also prospected，to provide a reference for effective prevention and control of PED in clinical settings. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Intercropping Patterns in Cotton Fields XU Doudou, HE Yunxin, LI Fei, LIU Aiyu, ZHOU Zhonghua Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (6): 1-11.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.06.001 Abstract （127）      PDF （1286KB）（113）       Knowledge map    Save In order to further improve the economic efficiency of cotton fields and ensure the stability of cotton planting area，adapting to local conditions，changing the cotton cultivation technology，choosing the appropriate planting structure and crop layout have become important measures to promote the high⁃quality development of cotton production.Among them，the theoretical research and application of intercropping patterns in cotton fields have received wide attention.In view of the current research，the main intercropping patterns in cotton fields at home and abroad were summarized，and the advantages of various intercropping patterns in terms of yield increase were summarized.The effects of intercropping patterns on growth and development，photosynthetic characteristics，nutrient uptake and utilization，root morphological characteristics，yield and quality of cotton and soil physical and chemical properties were described.At the same time，the prospect of the application of intercropping patterns was made according to the current problems in the actual production of cotton.This paper will provide reference for future research on the application of intercropping patterns in cotton production in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application Status and Progress of Fluorescent Labeling Technology in the Creation of Novel Agrocompounds WEN Ding, ZHANG Ya, LIU Shuangqing, WANG Chong, LIAO Xiaolan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (9): 1-13.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.09.001 Abstract （121）      PDF （1591KB）（89）       Knowledge map    Save Fluorescent labeling technology（FLT）is widely used in all aspects of the modern society,but its application in the field of agrocompound creation has rarely been reviewed. Based on the domestic and foreign literature on FLT in the field of agrocompound creation in the past 10 years，the kinds of fluorescent dyes in FLT was introduced，the application situation and progress of fluorescence probe technology and immunofluorescence technology in new agrocompound creation field were summarized，the limitations and deficiencies of FLT in the field of agrocompound creation were analyzed，and the development trend of FLT in the future was prospected. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Extraction of Winter Wheat Planting Area Based on Fused Active and Passive Remote Sensing Images ZHANG Keqian, CHENG Gang, WU Wei, SONG Xiangyang, ZHANG Ziqian, YAO Shun, WU Shuai Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (6): 160-171.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.06.017 Abstract （116）      PDF （7823KB）（54）       Knowledge map    Save To obtain fast and accurate crop distribution information，the feasibility of using active remote sensing imagery（Sentinel⁃1A）and passive remote sensing imagery（Sentinel⁃2）to extract the spatial distribution of winter wheat was analysed. Firstly，Sentinel⁃1A images of winter wheat at the whole growth stage were synthesized based on the phenological characteristics of winter wheat，and high quality Sentinel⁃2 images of winter wheat after overwintering were synthesized based on the normalized vegetation index（NDVI）time series curves of various types of features.Three classification schemes，Sentinel⁃1A images，Sentinl⁃2 images and fused Sentinel⁃1A and Sentinl⁃2 active⁃passive remote sensing images，were designed，and then winter wheat was classified based on the random forest algorithm on the Google Earth Engine（GEE）cloud platform. The results showed that，the user accuracy and producer accuracy of winter wheat based on Sentinel⁃1A images at the whole growth stage were 83.15% and 86.44% respectively，and there was more“pepper”noise in the extraction results；the user accuracy and producer accuracy of winter wheat based on Sentinl⁃2 images after overwintering were 87.8% and 84.75% respectively，and the extraction accuracy was improved compared with that of Sentinel⁃1A images at the whole growth stage，but the classification results were influenced by the“same spectrum of foreign matter”，resulting in many misclassifications；the user accuracy and producer accuracy of winter wheat with fused active and passive remote sensing images were 96.57% and 95.48%，respectively，compared with that of using only a single data source，the classification accuracy of winter wheat was improved to different degrees. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Application Rate with Increased Density on Yield and Quality of Indica‑Japonica Hybrid Rice ZHANG Kai, CHEN Mingrui, LIU Qiuyuan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (10): 14-21.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.002 Abstract （114）      PDF （1342KB）（105）       Knowledge map    Save The indica‑japonica hybrid rice varieties Yongyou 2640 and Yongyou 15 were used as materials，and the effects of reduced nitrogen application rate with increased density［2 seedlings per hole under conventional nitrogen fertilizer level（pure N 300 kg/ha）（T1），2 seedlings（T2），3 seedlings（T3），4 seedlings（T4），5 seedlings（T5）per hole under nitrogen reduction level（pure N 225 kg/ha）］on yield and quality of rice were studied，so as to provide technical support for green high‑yield cultivation of indica‑japonica hybrid rice.The results showed that the yield of each nitrogen reduction treatment of two rice varieties first increased and then decreased with the increase of density，the yield of T3 treatment was the highest，which significantly increased by 7.03%（Yongyou 2640） and 6.59%（Yongyou 15）compared with T1 treatment，but the yields of the other nitrogen reduction treatments were significantly lower than that of T1 treatment.T3 treatment had the highest effective panicle number and grain number per panicle，so got the highest yield.In terms of rice quality，brown rice rate，milled rice rate，head milled rice rate，protein and its components contents，amylose content，amylopectin content，total starch content，hardness and final viscosity of nitrogen reduction treatments of two rice varieties generally decreased with the increase of density，and were lower than those of T1 treatment，while the chalkiness rate，chalkiness degree，taste value and setback value increased with the increase of density，and were higher than those of T1 treatment. In summary，for indica‑japonica hybrid rice，high yield and quality can be achieved with hole and row spacings of 12 cm and 30 cm and 3 seedlings per hole under the condition of 225 kg/ha nitrogen. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Spatio‑Temporal Variation of Climatic Suitability of Sesame Planting in Henan Province HU Feng, ZHANG Jiantao, ZHANG Jie, GAO Tongmei, ZHAO Qiaoli, ZHENG Guoqing, LI Guoqiang, LIU Lijie Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (8): 56-68.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.08.007 Abstract （113）      PDF （3493KB）（52）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to clarify the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the climatic suitability of sesame in Henan Province and to guide the layout of sesame production by establishing climate suitability models for sesame growth using fuzzy mathematics method based on the light，temperature，and water requirements of sesame.The temperature，light，precipitation，and comprehensive climate suitability of sesame were calculated using the daily meteorological data of 15 meteorological stations in Henan from 1961 to 2019.The results showed that temperature suitability（0.938—0.956）was higher than light suitability（0.568—0.657）and precipitation suitability（0.492—0.595）of sesame in 15 stations in Henan Province，and the comprehensive climate suitability was 0.641—0.712.From 1961 to 2019，the light and comprehensive climate suitability of sesame in Henan Province showed asignificant downward trend，decreasing by 0.032 and 0.012 every 10 years.The change trends of temperature and precipitation suitability were not significant.The light，precipitation，and comprehensive climate suitability decreased gradually from north to south，while the temperature suitability increased gradually from northwest to southeast. The findings suggest that the temperature suitability of Henan sesame is higher and the heat resources are rich，the light suitability is gradually decreasing and not conducive to the growth of sesame，the precipitation suitability is the lowest，and precipitation is the main climatic factor that restricts the production of sesame in Henan.In the production of Henan sesame，it is of great significance to consolidate the advantages of traditional sesame producing areas such as Zhumadian and Zhoukou in southeastern Henan，expand the planting range of high climate suitability areas such as northern and eastern Henan，improve the irrigation and drainage facilities to improve the utilization rate of sesame climate resources and ensure the stable yield and yield increase of Henan sesame. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analyses of Maize Inbred Lines Based on DUS Test Traits in Huang‐Huai‐Hai Region DOU Dandan, SUN Jianjun, GUO Yuxi, WANG Dexin, GUO Xinhai, DING Chaoming Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 24-32.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.004 Abstract （112）      PDF （4553KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the 39 basic characters in the DUS test guide of maize，the genetic diversity and population structure of 100 test inbred lines and 9 typical inbred lines were analyzed，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of maize germplasm resources and the improvement of breeding efficiency in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai region. The results showed that the average allelic variation of all characters in 109 inbred lines was 5.026，with a range of 1—9；The mean effective allelic variation was 2.919，with a range of 1.000—6.053；The average Shannon index was 1.133，with a range of 0.000—1.928.The diversity of supporting root color intensity（Chr.22）was the highest，followed by filament color intensity（Chr.9），and the diversity of top traits of the first leaf（Chr.1）was the lowest.The effective allelic variation of 48.72% characters was greater than 2.919，and the Shannon index of 61.54% characters was greater than 1.133.The clustering analysis results indicated that the genetic background of maize germplasm in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai region was relatively rich.The 109 materials were clustered into 5 groups，except group D which contained 9 inbred lines with the smallest number，the other 4 groups had basically the same number of inbred lines，and group D had a relatively small proportion of genetic similarity coefficient in other groups.The genetic distance among the five groups varied from 0.200 to 0.665，the genetic distance between group D and group B was the greatest with 0.665，followed by the genetic distance between group D and group C（0.586）；The genetic distance between group C and group B was the smallest with 0.200，followed by the genetic distance between group E and group A（0.212）. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Straw Returning and Rotating Tillage on Soil Physical Characteristics and Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Double‐Cropping Paddy Field XIONG Rui, ZHANG Wei, ZHONG Kangyu, ZHOU Wentao, OU Xi, WANG Hongrui, LONG Pan, XU Ying, FU Zhiqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 81-90.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.010 Abstract （112）      PDF （1650KB）（50）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the effects of straw returning and rotating tillage on soil physical properties，carbon and nitrogen in double‐cropping rice area，we set four different tillage modes，including rotary tillage for early rice and turning tillage for late rice with straw returning（RTS），rotary tillage for early rice and no tillage for late rice with straw returning（RNS），rotary tillage for early rice and turning tillage for late rice without straw returning（RT），rotary tillage for early rice and no tillage for late rice without straw returning（RN）in Liuyang City，Hunan Province. The results showed that the particle size distribution and carbon and nitrogen contribution rate of soil aggregates were dominated by 0.25—2 mm in each treatment. Soil bulk density under no‐tillage for late rice was higher than that under rotation tillage for early rice，the rotary tillage of early rice reduced the soil bulk density of no-tillage late rice last year.Compared with no straw returning，straw returning increased the stability of soil aggregates（0—20 cm soil layer），and the concentration of large aggregates（>0. 25 mm），mean weight diameter（MWD），soil organic carbon（SOC），total nitrogen（TN）were increased by 2.49%—12.72%，1.23%—12.34%，8.46%—36.70%，8.96%—81.25%，respectively.After using different tillage methods for late rice，the concentration of >0. 25 mm aggregates was significantly increased. And no tillage could improve the aggregate concentration（>0.25 mm）more than that of turning tillage in 10—20 cm soil layer.Compared with other treatments，the concentration of large aggregates and organic carbon content in 0—20 cm soil layer under RNS increased by 1.87%—21.67% and 5.76%—19.36%，respectively. Therefore，RNS is helpful to maintain soil aggregate stability and increase soil organic carbon content. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Reduction of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate on Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Wheat⁃Maize Rotation System in Yellow⁃Cinnamon Soil Area LI Lingyun, HE Ailing, YANG Huanhuan, LIU Gaoyuan, GUO Zhongyi, DU Jun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (11): 21-32.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.003 Abstract （110）      PDF （10268KB）（123）       Knowledge map    Save In order to investigate the optimum reduction of nitrogen fertilizer rate of the wheat⁃maize rotation system，from 2018 to 2020，different fertilization measures were considered in the yellow⁃cinnamon soil area，and a total of 7 treatments were set up，including no nitrogen fertilizer（CK），conventional fertilization（FP，N 225 kg/ha），optimized fertilization（CF，N 180 kg/ha），conventional nitrogen reduction by 10%（90%FP，N 202.5 kg/ha），conventional nitrogen reduction by 20%（80%FP，N 180 kg/ha），conventional nitrogen reduction by 30%（70%FP，N 157.5 kg/ha），combined application of controlled loss urea and common urea with 7∶3（CRU，N 180 kg/ha），and the effect of reduction of nitrogen fertilizer rate on grain yield and nitrogen utilization under wheat⁃maize rotation system was explored. The results showed that in the two crop rotation cycles，the yields of wheat and maize of CF treatment were the highest，followed by CRU treatment，there was no significant difference between CRU treatment and CF treatment. Compared with FP treatment，the yields of wheat under CF treatment and CRU treatment increased by 3.62% and 2.57%，and yields of maize increased by 3.53% and 1.85% in the two crop rotation cycles，respectively；the yields of wheat and maize of 80%FP treatment decreased，but there was no significant difference.The yields of wheat and maize of the treatment with conventional nitrogen reduction by 30% decreased compared with FP treatment in the two crop rotation cycles.In the two crop rotation cycles，the contents of organic matter，total nitrogen and hydrolyzed nitrogen of CF and CRU treatments were higher than the other treatments in soil，there was no difference between the two treatments，and the content of hydrolyzed nitrogen of 70%FP treatment generally significantly decreased compared with FP treatment.The nitrogen recovery rate，agronomic efficiency of nitrogen and partial productivity of nitrogen of wheat and maize of CF and CRU treatments were higher，there was no difference between the two treatments，but were all significantly higher than FP treatment in the two crop rotation cycles. Among them，the nitrogen recovery rates of wheat and maize of CRU treatment increased by 32.1%—50.8% and 41.7%—44.2%，respectively；the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen increased by 31.7%—35.6% and 29.5%—31.9%，respectively；the partial productivity of nitrogen increased by 27.4%—28.9% and 26.9%—27.7%，respectively.Overall，for the wheat⁃maize rotation system in yellow⁃cinnamon soil area，optimized fertilization（CF treatment）and combined application of controlled loss urea and common urea with 7∶3（CRU treatment）under conventional nitrogen reduction by 20% could improve crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency，while conventional nitrogen reduction by 30% risked reduction of yield.Comprehensively considered，combined application of controlled loss urea and common urea with 7∶3 with one⁃time fertilization is the best fertilization measure in the wheat⁃maize rotation system in the yellow⁃cinnamon soil area. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Quality Traits of Foxtail Millet LI Junxia, MA Xiaoqian, DAI Shutao, QIN Na, SONG Yinghui, ZHU Cancan, LIU Haixia, JIN Songcan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (9): 14-23.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.09.002 Abstract （109）      PDF （1347KB）（113）       Knowledge map    Save Foxtail millet is an important multigrain crop in China，which is rich in protein，fatty acid，saccharides，dietary fiber and abundant essential trace elements for human body，and has high nutritional value. In this paper，the research progress of foxtail millet quality traits was reviewed from the aspects of appearance quality，eating and cooking quality，nutrient quality and processing quality，the existing problems in the research of foxtail millet quality were analyzed，and the prospect of further research was prospected. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification，Evolution and Expression Analysis of WOX Gene Family in Capsicum annuum ZHANG Yeda, WANG Xing, WANG Liping, TONG Jing, WU Zhanhui, GAO Yankui Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 130-141.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.015 Abstract （108）      PDF （5175KB）（139）       Knowledge map    Save The WUSCHEL（WUS）‐related homeobox（WOX）transcription factor family is a kind of plant specific transcription factors，which maintain the dynamic balance of plant stem cells，shoot tip meristem formation，embryonic development and other important life activities.In this study，10 WOX genes were identified in pepper（ Capsicum annuum）variety Zunla‐1 by using bioinformatics methods，named CaWUS to CaWOX13. CaWOXs were unevenly distributed on 5 chromosomes and are divided into 3 branches.All subcellular predictions showed being located in the nucleus.The number of genes varied greatly among different branches，and members of the same branch had similar gene structures and conserved motifs.CaWOX family promoters contained 14 kinds of action elements related to plant growth and development，hormone regulation and stress，and the most widely distributed was methyl jasmonate response element.No tandem duplication and large fragment duplication were found in CaWOX family，but there was a collinear relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum.As a key protein，CaWUS played a pivotal role in the protein interaction network.The gene expression of CaWOXs was significantly different，and some genes played an important role in the regulation of root，stem and fruit development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Direct‐Seeding Rice under Long‐Term Integrated Rice‐Crayfish Model PENG Chenglin, SI Guohan, ZHAO Shujun, YUAN Jiafu, LÜ Hongjiu, XU Xiangyu, XU Dabing, XIE Yuanyuan, ZHOU Jianxiong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 9-16.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.002 Abstract （107）      PDF （1249KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save In order to provide technical support for the high‐yield，high‐quality，high‐efficiency and ecological cultivation of rice under long‐term integrated rice‐crayfish model，a field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different nitrogen managements（base nitrogen accounted for 50%，40%，30%，20%，0 and no nitrogen fertilizer，respectively）on the nutrient uptake and yield of direct‐seedingrice under long‐term integrated rice‐crayfish model with rice monoculture model as control.The results showed that the 20% and 0 treatments under the long‐term integrated rice‐crayfish model，and 30% and 20% treatments under the rice monoculture model，were good for nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium absorption of rice.Under the same nitrogen fertilizer management，the long‐term integrated rice‐crayfish model could promote the absorption of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium compared with the rice monoculture model.The rice yields of 20% and 0 treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments under the long‐term integrated rice‐crayfish model，and those of 30%，20% and 0 treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments under the rice monoculture model，which were mainly achieved by increasing the effective panicle number and seed setting rate.The rice yield under the long‐term rice‐crayfish co‐cropping mode increased by 11.1% on average compared with that under the rice monoculture model，which was mainly achieved by increasing the effective panicle number.With the decrease of the ratio of base nitrogen，the same trend as rice yield was found in nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity，agronomic efficiency，apparent utilization efficiency and contribution rate under the two models. Compared with the rice monoculture model，the long‐term integrated rice‐crayfish model greatly increased partial productivity and apparent utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer by 9.5% and 21.3% respectively，but decreased the agronomic efficiency and contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer.In summary，the recommended ratios of base nitrogen were 20% and 0 under the long‐term integrated rice‐crayfish model. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Yield and Quality of Japonica Rice with Good Taste in Southern Henan LEI Zhenshan, LI Meng, WEI Yunfei, LIU Qiuyuan, LIU Juan, WANG Fujuan, JI Xin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (6): 12-21.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.06.002 Abstract （107）      PDF （1271KB）（96）       Knowledge map    Save In order to determine the suitable nitrogen fertilizer management method for japonica rice with good taste in southern Henan，the effects of different fertilizer management methods（T1：70% tiller fertilizer，T2：70% panicle fertilizer at third leaf to top，T3：70% panicle fertilizer at second leaf to top，T4：70% panicle fertilizer at first leaf to top，T5：30% tiller fertilizer+40% panicle fertilizer at third leaf to top，T6：30% tiller fertilizer+40% panicle fertilizer at second leaf to top，T7：30% tiller fertilizer+40% panicle fertilizer at first leaf to top）on yield and quality of japonica rice with good taste were studied under the conditions of 240 kg/ha nitrogen and 30% basal nitrogen fertilizer applied before transplanting with Nanjing 9108 as material.The results showed that，compared with the treatments without tiller fertilizer，application of tiller fertilizer could increase the number of effective panicles；topdressing panicle fertilizer was beneficial to the increase of percentage of productive tiller，grain number per panicle，proportion of high efficient leaf area and the SPAD value of high efficient leaf，which were higher in T5 treatment，and decreased the decay rate of leaf area and SPAD value of high efficient leaf，so as to increase the photosynthetic matter production in the later period.However，when the topdressing time of panicle fertilizer was delayed，the dry matter accumulation and grain yield showed a decreasing trend，and the grain yield of T5 treatment was the highest，which was significantly higher than the other treatments，followed by T6 treatment. For rice quality，topdressing panicle fertilizer and delay of panicle fertilizer were beneficial to the improvement of milling quality，but not conducive to the improvement of appearance quality and cooking quality.Among them，the chalky grain rate，chalkiness degree and protein content of T1 treatment were the lowest，followed by T5 treatment；the amylose content and taste value of T1 treatment were the highest，followed by T5 treatment.It is concluded that under the nitrogen application rate of 240 kg/ha，the suitable nitrogen fertilizer management method is 30% basal fertilizer+30% tiller fertilizer+40% panicle fertilizer at third leaf to top，which could improve the grain yield and give consideration to the rice quality，and is suitable for spreading and applying in southern Henan. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Allelic Variant of TaARE1‑A Gene Related to Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield‐Related Traits of Wheat WANG Shasha, HUANG Shaomin, SONG Xiao, ZHANG Keke Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (12): 14-21.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.002 Abstract （105）      PDF （1377KB）（82）       Knowledge map    Save The relationship between TaARE1‑A allelic variant and yield‐related traits was analyzed with 261 wheat cultivars as materials in Huang‐Huai wheat regions，so as to obtain the superior genotype to improve the nitrogen use efficiency and yield of wheat，and provide new gene resource for molecular marker‐assisted breeding in wheat.The results showed that 59 and 8 of 67 landraces belonged to TaARE1‑A‑a and TaARE1‑A‑b genotypes，and 184 and 10 of 194 modern cultivars belonged to TaARE1‑A‑a and TaARE1‑A‑b genotypes，respectively.In 261 wheat cultivars，thousand‐kernel weight，kernel length and kernel circumference of wheat cultivars with TaARE1‑A‑a genotype were significantly higher than those of wheat cultivars with TaARE1‑A‑b genotype，spike length，spikelet number per spike，kernel number per spike，kernel width and kernel length/kernel width did not show a significant difference between cultivars with TaARE1‑A‑a genotype and cultivars with TaARE1‑A‑b genotype.In summary， TaARE1‑A‑a genotype can increase kernel length，kernel circumference and thousand‐kernel weight of wheat，and is a superior genotype. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Ganoderma lucidum Elicitor on Paclitaxel Production by Taxus wallichiana var.mairei Suspension Culture Cells QIU Han, MENG Liyuan, YANG Wanting, LING Shuyu, REN Kaili, WEI Saijin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (10): 52-59.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.006 Abstract （104）      PDF （1642KB）（52）       Knowledge map    Save To improve the production of paclitaxel in suspension cells of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei， Ganoderma lucidum inducers were prepared to treat the suspension cells of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei.The effects of Ganoderma lucidum inducers on the suspension cells of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei were studied by analyzing cell growth and total production of paclitaxel.The results showed that when the concentration of Ganoderma lucidum elicitor added was 100 μg/mL，the growth index and total production of paclitaxel of Taxus wallichiana var.mairei suspension cells were significantly higher than otherconcentrations（ P<0.05），so 100 μg/mL was the optimal concentration for adding Ganoderma lucidum elicitors；When the Ganoderma lucidum elicitor was added on the 8th day of cell growth，the cell growth index and total production of paclitaxel on the 21st day were significantly higher than other addition time（ P<0.05），so the 8th day of cell growth was the optimal addition time for the Ganoderma lucidum elicitor；When the Ganoderma lucidum elicitor continuously treated the suspension cells for 6 days，the growth index of suspension cells and total production of paclitaxel were significantly higher than other sustained treatment time（ P<0.05），so 6 days were the optimal duration of the Ganoderma lucidum elicitor.When 100 μg/mL of Ganoderma lucidum elicitor was added on the 8th day of suspension cell culture to the 21st day，the dry weight of cells and the total production of paclitaxel reached the peak，which were 221.13% and 569.69% of the control（adding the same amount of distilled water），respectively；Membrane surface mucosa and globular substances increased；Phenylalanine ammoniase activity and total phenol content were increased，while cell viability and polyphenol oxidase activity were decreased. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Sowing Date on Yield and Quality of Early and Middle Rice DOU Dandan, SUN Jianjun, WANG Dexin, GUO Yuxi, GUO Xinhai, DING Chaoming Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (7): 12-23.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.002 Abstract （104）      PDF （4293KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save The effect of sowing dates［May 5（T1），May 11（T2），May 17（T3），May 23（T4），May 29（T5），June 4（T6），June 10（T7），June 16（T8），June 22（T9）and June 28（T10）］on yield and quality of different maturity types of rice was studied with four portions each for early and middle rice as experimental materials. Principal components of yield and quality related characters of early and middle rice under different sowing dates were analyzed，and a comprehensive evaluation of the stability of experimental materials and sowing dates was conducted using GGE biplot based on yield and chalkiness，so as to provide theoretical basis for the selection of suitable rice types and sowing dates in rice field planting in Huang⁃Huai⁃Hai region. The results showed that sowing date had a significant impact on both rice yield and quality. The duration from sowing to heading for early and middle rice generally decreased with the delay of sowing date. The changes of growth period varied depending on the experimental materials. Under T1 treatment，early and middle rice had the longest growth period，and middle rice had the shortest growth period under T6 treatment. The length and diameter of stem，as well as the length of sword leaf，varied greatly in early rice，while the number of panicles per plant，seed setting rate and thousand⁃grain weight varied greatly in middle rice. The overall yield of early and middle rice showed a trend of first increase，then decrease and then increase with the delay of sowing date. Among them，early rice A1（TH2），A2（Huaxiangjing 2）and A4（Jindao 272）had the highest yields under T4 treatment，which were 5 902.09 kg/ha，5 569.03 kg/ha and 8 916.24 kg/ha，respectively；early rice A3（Jindao 572）had the highest yield of 10 194.01 kg/ha under T3 treatment；the lowest yields were obtained under T6 treatment. The yields of middle rice Linxiu 6812，Xu 60233，Lindao 10 and Nanjing 9308 were the highest under T4 treatment，which were 9 352.54 kg/ha，9 515.23 kg/ha，9 179.88 kg/ha and 7 925.09 kg/ha，respectively；the yields were the lowest under T1 treatment. The crude protein content in grain of early and middle rice showed an overall trend of first increase，then decrease and then increase with the delay of sowing date. The amylose content in grain of early and middle rice showed an overall trend of first decrease and then increase with the delay of sowing date. The chalkiness degree of grain of early rice generally decreased with the delay of sowing date，while for middle rice，it showed an overall trend of first decrease and then increase with the delay of sowing date. The results of principal component analysis indicated that T1，T2，and T3 could effectively distinguish different maturity types of rice materials，that was，the traits of different maturity types of rice materials could be fully expressed under these sowing dates.The analysis results of the GEE model indicated that the comprehensive scores of materials A3 and A4，sowing dates T3 and T2 were relatively higher. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Intercropping of Two Genotypes of Wheat on Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield ZHAO Lishang, WANG Xiangsheng, GAO Nanan, HAN Pengbin, LI Jie, REN Yongzhe, LIN Tongbao, WANG Zhiqiang, LIAN Yanhao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (8): 18-25.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.08.003 Abstract （101）      PDF （1624KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the intercropping effect between common wheat and colored wheat，a field experiment was conducted. Common wheat monoculture（W）and colored wheat monoculture（H）were used as controls，and intercropping treatment between common wheat and colored wheat（W||H）was set up to investigate the effect of intercropping on the grain filling characteristics and yield of different genotypes of wheat. The results showed that，compared with monoculture treatment，the SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves of colored wheat of intercropping treatment significantly increased at 25 days after flowering，which further increased the accumulation of grain dry matter at 30—35 days after  flowering，and 1 000‑grain weight and grain weight per ear significantly increased by 4.9% and 15.2%，respectively；grain filling duration and effective filling duration of intercropping treatment increased by 1.90 d and 1.06 d for colored wheat，and decreased by 2.89 d and 1.08 d for common wheat，respectively.The total ear number and yield of intercropping treatment significantly increased by 8.5%and 15.1% compared with colored wheat monoculture treatment，and significantly decreased by 4.7%and 21.5% compared with common wheat monoculture treatment，respectively.The land equivalent ratio of intercropping treatment was 0.91.Correlation analysis showed that yield was positively correlated with theoretical maximum grain weight and effective filling duration，and the correlation coefficients were 0.891 and 0.920，respectively.Overall，intercropping between colored wheat and common wheat can improve photosynthetic and grain filling characteristics of colored wheat，which has intercropping advantages. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physicochemical Properties and Microstructure Changes of Tomato Straw Hydrothermal Biochar under Different Reaction Conditions HUANG Jiaqing, LIU Cenwei, YE Jing, WANG Yixiang, REN Lihua Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 170-180.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.020 Abstract （101）      PDF （5763KB）（176）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of carbonization temperature and pyrolysis time on the microstructure，physicochemical properties，principal components，and carbonization efficiency of tomato straw hydrothermal biochar（TSHB）and obtain efficient carbonization conditions，tomato straw was decomposed into TSHB by hydrothermal carbonization method with low energy consumption.This experiment set up three carbonization temperature（180，220，and 260℃）and four pyrolysis time（2，4，6，and 8 h），with a total of twelve experimental treatments，to study the effects of different combinations of carbonization temperature and pyrolysis time on the morphology，structure，functional groups，pH value，conductivity（EC）and biochar composition of TSHB，and to analyze the principal components changes of TSHB.The results showed that the porous and hollow vascular bundle structure of tomato straw was conducive to the rapid transfer of water and heat within the tomato straw.Increasing the hydrothermal carbonization temperature could accelerate the destruction of the vascular bundle structure of tomato straw and carbonize the strip‐shaped tomato straw into granular hydrothermal carbon. The functional groups of TSHB were mainly fat ether C-O，alkane C-H，saturated fatty acid ester C-O，amine C-N，and the groups of C-O，C=O，C-N，and C-O-C in the cell wall. Increasing the carbonization temperature could increase the functional groups of TSHB，but those functional groups could be destroyed and reduced significantly if the carbonization temperature exceeded 260℃.TSHB prepared by hydrothermal pyrolysis was acidic biochar（pH value 5.13—5.33）.Under the same pyrolysis time，compared to the carbonization temperature of 180℃ or 260℃，the TSHB prepared at 220℃ had the highest EC value（6 213—7 899 μs/cm），but the EC values of TSHB significantly decreased by 18.19%—26.92% as the pyrolysis time was extended from 2 h to 8 h.Increasing the carbonization temperature and prolonging the pyrolysis time could significantly increase the fixed carbon content of TSHB（2.23—27.99 percentage points），but significantly reduce the volatile content of TSHB（2.46—30.97 percentage points）.Increasing the carbonization temperature could increase the carbonization yield，total nitrogen content，and ash content of TSHB by 10.63—29.91，0.58—0.87，and 1.82—3.09 percentage points，respectively.In summary，compared with prolonging the pyrolysis time，increasing the hydrothermal carbonization temperature could more effectively improve the carbonization efficiency of tomato straw and increase the content of nitrogen‐oxygen functional groups，fixed carbon，and total nitrogen of TSHB.The hydrothermal carbonization temperature was the critical factor determining the microstructure，functional groups，pH value，and principal components of TSHB.The carbonization temperature of 220℃ and the pyrolysis time of 4—6 h were suitable carbonization conditions for preparing tomato straw biochar by hydrothermal carbonization method. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Depth on Root Distribution，Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization and Yield of Foxtail Millet ZHU Cancan, FU Senjie, QIN Na, WANG Chunyi, DAI Shutao, SONG Yinghui, WEI Xin, LI Junxia Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (12): 22-30.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.003 Abstract （101）      PDF （1455KB）（83）       Knowledge map    Save In order to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of phosphate fertilizer in foxtail millet production，a field experiment was conducted with four phosphate fertilizer application depths of 5 cm（P5），10 cm（P10），15 cm（P15）and 20 cm（P20）with no phosphate fertilizer application as control（CK），and the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application depth on root distribution，dry matter accumulation and transportation，nitrogen uptake and utilization，and yield of foxtail millet were studied.The results showed that suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer promoted the growth of foxtail millet roots，and increased root length，root surface area and dry weight of root，showing a trend of P15>P10>P5>P20>CK. With the increase of phosphate fertilizer application depth，the root length，root surface area and dry weight of root of foxtail millet in deep soil increased，and the values showed P20>P15>P10>P5>CK in 20—40 cm soil layer. Suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer could promote dry matter accumulation and transportation of foxtail millet. Compared with P5 treatment，the dry matter accumulations at maturity of P10，P15 and P20 treatments increased by 4.60%，10.29% and 0.92%，respectively，and the dry matter transfer rates increased by 6.49%，10.06% and -20.13%，respectively.Deep application of phosphate fertilizer increased the uptake and utilization of nitrogen by roots in deep soil.The available nitrogen content in deep soil，especially in the 20—40 cm soil layer，significantly decreased compared with P5 treatment. Compared with P5 treatment，the total nitrogen accumulations of P10，P15 and P20 treatments increased by 3.91%，17.85% and 5.31% at maturity，respectively；nitrogen absorption efficiencies increased by 5.88%，19.12% and 7.35%，and partial productivities of nitrogen increased by 18.95%，32.88% and -1.26%，respectively. Suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer increased grain weight per spike，yield and harvest index，which all showed P15>P10>P5>P20>CK，the yields of P10 and P15 treatments increased by 18.98% and 32.86% compared with P5 treatment，respectively，and the yield of P20 treatment decreased by 1.27% compared with P5 treatment.In conclusion，15 cm is the optimal depth of phosphorus fertilizer application，which can promote the growth and down lapping of foxtail millet roots，improve the uptake and utilization of nitrogen by roots in soil，promote the accumulation and transportation of dry matter，and increase the yield by 32.86% compared with the shallow application of phosphorus fertilizer at 5 cm. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine Residues On Growth Performance and Digestive Enzyme Activity of Earthworms LI Yang, KANG Jungang, MA Zhanfei, WANG Yabo, ZHAO Bowei, JIANG Guojun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2023, 52 (5): 156-161.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.05.018 Abstract （100）      PDF （1476KB）（77）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry feces and drug residues，and explore a new way of resource utilization of traditional Chinese medicine residues and cow dung，healthy earthworms with average body weight of 239.40 mg and average body length of 5.51 cm were selected and randomly divided into groups A，B，C and D，with three replicates in each group.On the basis of fermented cow dung，0，10%，20% and 30% pharmaceutical residues of Wuwei Jianpi granules were added，respectively，and earthworms were fed outdoors for 28 days.On the 0th and 28th days of feeding，9 earthworms were randomly selected from each group，and their body weight and body length were measured. At 0，7，14，21 and 28 days of feeding，9 earthworms were randomly selected from each group to extract crude enzyme solution，and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the activities of protease，cellulase and phosphatase.On the 28th day，compared with group A，the body weight and body length of earthworms in group C were significantly increased，the weight gain rate was increased by 55.50 percentage points，and the body length was increased by 1.83 cm.The activities of protease，cellulase and phosphatase in group C reached the highest（ P<0.05）on the 28th day.The above results show that the drug residues of Wuwei Jianpi granules promote the growth and development of earthworms and enhance the digestive enzyme activities，and the best effect is obtained by adding 20% of the drug residues. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics