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Identification and Analysis of Amylase Genes Related to Pre⁃harvest Sprouting Resistance in Wan 1329 Based on Transcriptome Sequencing WANG Zhen, ZHANG Bin, SHI Lichao, LIU Rui, LI Jinxiu, ZHOU Ran, YANG Ling, ZHAO Qian, LI Jinbang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 32-39.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.004 Abstract （1713）      PDF （6482KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save Using Jimai 22 with high sensitivity to pre⁃harvest sprouting（PHS）as the control，the PHS resistance and α⁃amylase activities of the new white⁃grain wheat variety Wan 1329 and its parent Lianmai 2 were analyzed. During the critical period when α⁃amylase activity changed，transcriptome sequencing，KEGG and GO enrichment analysis were employed to identify differentially expressed amylase genes，and real⁃time fluorescence quantitative PCR（qRT⁃PCR）was used for verification their expression patterns.In addition，AlphaFold was employed to analyze the effects of coding sequence variations on protein structure. The results showed that both Wan 1329 and Lianmai 2 exhibited moderate resistance to PHS，while Wan 1329 had a lower relative germination index，indicating stronger resistance. At 24 h after seed imbibition，the α⁃amylase activities of Wan 1329 and Lianmai 2 were markedly lower than that of Jimai 22，and α⁃amylase activities at 20 h，24 h，and 72 h were highly positively correlated with the relative germination index. Transcriptome sequencing，KEGG and GO enrichment analysis revealed that two α⁃amylase genes located on the long arm of chromosome 6D， TraesCS6D02G313300 and TraesCS6D02G313500，were candidate α⁃amylase genes. The third exon of TraesCS6D02G313500 in Wan 1329 was elongated by 138 bp，extending into the 3´UTR region.qRT⁃PCR validation confirmed that the expression patterns of both genes were consistent with transcriptome analysis，and the cumulative relative expression level of TraesCS6D02G313500 in Wan 1329 was significantly lower than that in Lianmai 2.AlphaFold prediction suggested that this variation caused a C⁃terminal extension of α⁃amylase，resulting in decreased structural stability and increased conformational flexibility.Collectively，TraesCS6D02G313300 and TraesCS6D02G313500 are key genes related to PHS resistance in Wan 1329，among which the structural variation of TraesCS6D02G313500 may further enhance resistance to PHS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Drought Tolerance and Physiological Regulatory Mechanism of Wheat Seedlings Liu Yuhang, Shi Yuhan, Yang Yiting, Li Xueting, Jiang Mengxin, Li Jiayi, Li Junhua, Sang Shifei, Feng Liuchun, Wang Li Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (7): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.001 Abstract （1632）      PDF （31619KB）（75）       Knowledge map    Save With 120 wheat germplasms as materials，PEG6000 solution was used to simulate drought stress at seedling stage.Plant height，root length，fresh weight of shoot，dry weight of shoot，fresh weight of root，dry weight of root，root⁃shoot ratio and SPAD value were determined，and their drought tolerance coefficients were calculated.Principal component analysis（PCA）was performed based on their drought tolerance coefficients，cluster analysis was conducted using the comprehensive drought tolerance value（D），and comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance of wheat germplasms was carried out.Highly drought⁃tolerant and drought⁃sensitive germplasms were selected to determine H2O2，malondialdehyde（MDA），proline（Pro），soluble sugar（SS）contents and catalase（CAT）activity，so as to analyze the physiological regulatory mechanism of drought tolerance.The pre⁃experiment confirmed that 25% was the optimal PEG6000 concentration，all phenotypic traits showed extremely significant difference compared with the control under this concentration. Drought stress obviously decreased fresh weight of shoot，dry weight of shoot，and SPAD value，but increased root length and root⁃shoot ratio.The correlations among phenotypic traits changed obviously under drought stress compared with those under normal water condition. Under drought stress，the correlation between root length and dry weight of shoot disappeared，SPAD value was significantly positively correlated with plant height and fresh weight.Genotype，drought and their interaction had extremely significant effects on all eight phenotypic traits.PCA showed that the first four principal components accounted for 86.67% of the total variation.The drought tolerance coefficients of all traits were extremely significantly positively correlated with D value，among which the correlation coefficients between drought tolerance coefficients of fresh weight of shoot，dry weight of shoot，fresh weight of root，dry weight of root and D value were higher， which were core indexes for drought tolerance identification. Cluster analysis based on D value showed that the wheat germplasms were divided into five groups，and 15 highly drought⁃tolerant germplasms were screened out，including Xinong 109，Luohan 22，Shannong 116，Xinmai 26，Yu’an X208，Bainong 207，Luyuan 502，Bainong 4199，Xinmai 60，Xinong 519，Wenmai 801，Saidemai 8，Yunong 186，Xinong 20，and Fengdecun 20.Compared with highly drought⁃sensitive germplasms， highly drought⁃tolerant germplasms had significantly lower H2O2 and MDA contents，and significantly higher CAT activity，Pro and SS contents，and CAT activity，Pro and SS contents were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with D value，indicating that highly drought⁃tolerant germplasms alleviate drought damage by enhancing CAT activity，accumulating Pro and SS，and reducing H₂O₂ and MDA accumulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Mineral Modified Biochar in Soil Carbon Sequestration Application Ye Jiangnan, Chen Min, Sun Yuan, Yang Jiali, Wang Wenshuo, Han Zhengdong, Lu Shengyong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (9): 1-7.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.001 Abstract （1593）      PDF （1276KB）（44）       Knowledge map    Save The preparation methods of mineral modified biochar were reviewed，and the influence and mechanism of mineral modification on the stability of biochar were summarized.At the same time，taking the soil carbon sequestration process mediated by mineral modified biochar as the main line，the effect and mechanism of mineral modified biochar in soil carbon sequestration application were discussed，and the key scientific problems to be further explored in the application of mineral modified biochar in soil carbon sequestration were prospected，in order to provide reference for the development of efficient and lasting carbon sequestration biochar materials. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Agronomic Trait Analysis of Pre⁃harvest Sprouting⁃Resistant Mutants of Zhoumai 22 WANG Yubo, WANG Yixing, DING Lin, XU Hao, ZHAO Wei, LI Na, JIE Yize, TIAN Zhicheng, MENG Panpan, TANG Jianwei, DONG Chunhao, LI Qiaoyun, YIN Guihong, HUANG Zhenpu Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (6): 11-22.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.002 Abstract （1521）      PDF （14737KB）（45）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the serious shortage of pre⁃harvest sprouting（PHS）⁃resistant germplasm and cultivars in the Huang⁃Huai wheat region，a mutant library was constructed using Zhoumai 22 by ethyl methanesulfonate（EMS） mutagenesis.PHS⁃resistant mutants with excellent agronomic traits were screened through PHS resistance identification and agronomic trait analysis，so as to provide elite germplasm resources for PHS resistance breeding. The results showed that a total of 36 mutants with moderate or higher PHS resistance were identified from 1 189 mutants，which exhibited large variation coefficients and abundant variations in plant height，effective tiller number per plant，spike length，grain number per spike，1 000⁃grain weight，and grain yield per plant.Among the 36 PHS⁃resistant mutants，23 mutants showed no significant difference in plant height compared with wild type（WT），16 mutants had no significantly lower grain yield per plant than WT，and eight mutants had no significantly lower 1 000⁃grain weight than WT. Twelve mutants（SFY04，SFY05，SFY06，SFY13，SFY15，SFY18，SFY21，SFY22，SFY23，SFY24，SFY27，and SFY33）performed well in both plant height and grain yield per plant. Among them，SFY05，SFY13，SFY18，SFY22，SFY24，and SFY27 showed moderate or higher PHS resistance in two cropping years.Among the 16 mutants with no significantly lower grain yield per plant than WT，two mutants（SFY30 and SFY04）had no significant difference in 1 000⁃grain weight compared with WT，retaining the large⁃grain characteristic of WT.Among them，SFY30 was a dwarf mutant with large grains. Grain yield per plant was extremely significantly positively correlated with effective tiller number per plant.The 36 PHS⁃resistant mutants were clustered into four groups.Group Ⅰ contained 12 mutants including SFY03 and so on，with relatively balanced comprehensive traits. Group Ⅱ contained 20 mutants including Zhoumai 22 and so on，with obvious high⁃yield characteristics. Group Ⅲ contained four mutants including SFY15 and so on，belonging to the grain⁃number⁃per⁃spike superior type. Group Ⅳ had only one mutant（SFY19），which was extremely prominent in plant height and spike length（both the highest），belonging to a special ecotype or genetic extreme material. In conclusion，13 PHS⁃resistant mutants with excellent agronomic traits were developed and identified，including 12 mutants with superior performance in both plant height and grain yield per plant，and one dwarf mutant with large grains.Among them，six mutants（SFY05，SFY13，SFY18，SFY22，SFY24，and SFY27）possessed stable moderate or higher PHS resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Breeding Utilization of Red‑Grain Wheat Germplasm Resistant to Pre‑harvest Sprouting FU Mengsi, ZUO Zhixuan, XU Pei, YUE Ling, HU Xigui, HU Tiezhu, LI Gan, RU Zhengang, ZHAO Laibin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (11): 30-39.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.004 Abstract （1436）      PDF （10832KB）（40）       Knowledge map    Save In order to screen new germplasm with resistance to pre‑harvest sprouting（PHS），discover new genes with resistance to PHS，and evaluate the breeding utilization of red‑grain wheat with resistance to PHS in the Huanghuai wheat‑growing region，field germination percentages of 98 winter wheat varieties（lines）in Huanghuai wheat‑growing region，33 wheat varieties（lines）in southwest wheat region，and 310 hybrid F1 generations with the southwestern wheat materials as the first‑generation hybrid parents and materials from the Huanghuai wheat region as the backcross parents were analyzed. Five materials were randomly selected for indoor germination percentage verification，and genes related to PHS resistance were detected in 12 materials（4 red‑grain materials with resistance to PHS and 8 white‑grain materials with susceptibleness to PHS）.The results showed that the field germination percentages of 98 wheat varieties（lines）in Huanghuai wheat‑growing region and 33 wheat varieties（lines）in southwest wheat region were grouped into four categories. Twenty‑five materials with germination percentage ranging from 0 to 11% constituted the class Ⅳ，which were resistant to PHS，and most of them were red‑grain materials（68%）. The indoor germination percentage results showed the same trend with the germination percentage result in field.Among the 195 F1 materials with red‑grain material as the first parents，114 F1 materials with germination percentage of 0—16% were clustered in class Ⅳ（resistant to PHS），accounting for 93%，which was much higher than that of the offspring with white‑grain material as the first parents（7%），indicating that red‑grain material contributed most of the PHS resistance of the hybrid offspring，and using red‑grain material could significantly improve the PHS resistance. Among the 195 F1 materials，111 F1 materials were white‑grain materials，and 33 were resistant to PHS，indicating that the grain color and PHS resistance could be regulated. Breeding practice proved that red‑grain germplasm could be used to breed new white‑grain material with resistance to PHS. TaVp‑1B and TaSdr‑B1 genes were not detected in white‑grain and red‑grain materials，and all materials had the same Tamyb10‑A，Tamyb10‑B，Dorm‑1 and TaVp‑1A genotypes，indicating that these genes may not be the source of resistance to PHS in red‑grain materials. The red‑grain material 21B2 contained the allele of PM19a with resistance to PHS，and the red‑grain materials Chinese Spring，21B2 and 21B42 with resistance to PHS had Tamyb10‑D gene，indicating that genes PM19a and TaMyb10‑D may promote the resistance of red‑grain germplasm. At the same time，a red‑grain germplasm with resistance to PHS without TaMyb10‑D gene was screened，and white‑grain materials with resistance to PHS were obtained from the hybrids，indicating that it could be used as germplasm with resistance to PHS for breeding in Huanghuai wheat‑growing region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Phosphorus Reduction Combined with Humic Acid and Biochar Application on Phosphorus Supply in Red Soil and Phosphorus Utilization by Maize Liu Zhijun, Bao Dejue, Zhou Shiyong, Zhang Chenglong, Wu Dandan, Pu Zixian, Yin Lixiao, Zhou Feng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (9): 35-47.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.004 Abstract （1349）      PDF （15557KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of humic acid and biochar addition on soil phosphorus supply and maize phosphorus uptake and utilization in red soil farmland under phosphorus reduction conditions，a randomized complete block design was adopted. Under 40% phosphorus reduction（P2，P2O5 90 kg/ha），four treatments were set up with different levels of humic acid（H1，10 000 kg/ha；H2，5 000 kg/ha）and biochar（B1，10 000 kg/ha；B2，5 000 kg/ha），using the local conventional phosphorus application rate（CK，P2O5 150 kg/ha） as the control.The effects of humic acid and biochar addition under phosphorus reduction on the physicochemical properties of red soil，maize phosphorus uptake，and yield were studied.The results showed that，compared with the CK treatment，the addition of humic acid and biochar could，to varying degrees，reduce soil bulk density in the 0—30 cm plough layer，increase soil total porosity and capillary water holding capacity，raise red soil pH and cation exchange capacity（CEC），improve the physicochemical properties of the plough layer soil，increase soil organic matter content，and significantly affect the activities of acid phosphatase（ACP）and alkaline phosphatase（ALP）.Among them，both P2H1 and P2B1 treatments increased soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents. Compared with CK，at the trumpet stage，total phosphorus content in P2H1 and P2B1 treatments increased significantly by 35.35% and 35.40%，respectively，and available phosphorus content increased by 13.92% and 35.69%，respectively；at the dough stage，total phosphorus content in P2H1 and P2B1 treatments increased by 6.38% and 48.94%，respectively，with the P2B1 treatment showing a significant difference compared with CK.Compared with CK，at the dough stage，root and stem biomass and root‑to‑shoot ratio of P2H1 and P2B1 treatments increased significantly by 24.61%，3.81%，24.65% and 16.65%，12.39%，9.75%，respectively；maize yield increased by 8.46% and 12.03%，respectively；and leaf phosphorus uptake increased significantly by 22.14% and 37.57%，respectively.Correlation analysis of maize yield and phosphorus uptake with biomass and soil factors revealed that alkaline phosphatase activity and organic matter content were extremely significantly positively correlated with total phosphorus and available phosphorus content；soil total porosity was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorus content and extremely significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus content；CEC and soil capillary water holding rate were significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus content；yield was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorus content and positively correlated with available phosphorus content； phosphorus uptake was positively correlated with total phosphorus content.Comprehensively，humic acid and biochar improve the phosphorus supply capacity of red soil by regulating soil physicochemical properties and phosphatase activities，ultimately promoting efficient phosphorus uptake and utilization by maize. Under 40% phosphorus reduction，the application of 10 000 kg/ha biochar can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of red soil，promote phosphorus supply and maize phosphorus uptake，and ensure maize growth，development and yield formation. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Addition Amounts，Treatment Durations and Pretreatment Durations of Different Chalcogens on Cadmium Absorption and Transport of Wheat Seedlings under Cadmium Stress ZHOU Jinghang, WANG Zenghao, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Xia, LIU Jiajia, HU Tiezhu, ZHANG Dazhong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.001 Abstract （1319）      PDF （2703KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the effects of chalcogens（sulfur，selenium and tellurium） on cadmium（Cd）absorption and transport of wheat seedlings，the effects of different types［Na2SO4（sulfate，SVI），Na2SO3（sulfite，SIV），Na2SeO4（selenate，SeVI），Na2SeO3（selenite，SeIV），and Na2TeO3（thioselenite，TeIV）］，addition amounts（600，1 200，2 400 μmol/L for SVI and SIV，and 5，15，30 μmol/L for SeVI，SeIV，and TeIV），treatment durations（2，6，12，24，48，96，168 h）and pretreatment durations（0，24，72，168 h）of chalcogens on Cd absorption kinetics，content and translocation factor of wheat seedlings were studied.The results showed that compared with Cd treatment alone（control），SVI，SeVI and SeIV had a relatively smaller impact on the Cd absorption rate and the maximum absorption rate（Vmax）. However，SIV and TeIV had a greater impact on the Cd absorption rate and Vmax，among which the 1 200 μmol/L SIV and 15 μmol/L TeIV treatments had the higher Vmax，with 88.1% and 54.4% higher than the control，respectively.The 600 μmol/L SIV treatment had the highest Cd Michaelis constant（Km），which was 39.7% higher than the control；while Km of SeIV and TeIV treatments decreased. The addition of chalcogens could significantly reduce Cd contents of root and shoot.Among them，SeIV had the greatest impact on Cd content of root，Cd contents of roots of 5，15，and 30 μmol/L SeIV treatments decreased by 56.1%，61.2%，and 61.5% compared with the control，respectively. Compared with the control，the Cd translocation factor of 1 200 and 2 400 μmol/L SVI treatments significantly decreased by 2.4% and 14.0%，respectively.Chalcogens promoted Cd absorption of root when the treatment duration was ≤24 h，inhibited Cd absorption of root when the treatment duration was ≥48 h，and reduced Cd content of root by 34.9%（SVI）to 49.1%（SeIV）compared with the control at 168 hours. Chalcogens significantly decreased Cd content of shoot when the treatment duration was ≥96 h，the reducing effect of SeVI and TeIV with the treatment duration ≥48 h on the Cd content of shoot was more significant. Compared with the control，the 168 h treatment of SeVI and TeIV reduced Cd content of shoot by 48.4% and 50.7%，respectively.When the duration of chalcogen treatment was ≤96 h，the Cd translocation factor was significantly higher than or not significantly different from the control. When the duration of chalcogen treatment was 168 h，the Cd translocation factor of SeVI and TeIV treatments significantly decreased compared with the control.Chalcogen pretreatment could reduce Cd contents of root and shoot. With the pretreatment time extension，the Cd contents of root and shoot under SIV treatment，the Cd content of shoot and Cd translocation factor under SVI treatment，and Cd translocation factor under TeIV treatment all showed decrease trend.At 168 h of pretreatment，Cd translocation factors of SVI and TeIV decreased by of 33.9% and 7.1% compared with the control，respectively. In conclusion，the effects of chalcogens on the Cd absorption and transport are influenced by type，addition amount，treatment duration and pretreatment duration.The 1 200，2 400 μmol/L SVI and 15 μmol/L TeIV reduce Cd translocation factor through enhancing the Cd fixation in roots. Treatment with chalcogens for more than 48 h obviously decreases Cd content of root，and more than 96 h significantly decreases Cd content of shoot. Chalcogens pretreatment can reduce Cd contents of root and shoot，and 168 h of SVI pretreatment has the lowest Cd translocation factor，which is 33.9% lower than the control. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Biochar Production Process and Its Effects on Soil Properties Jin Long, Haider Sultan, Jiang Qiaohan, Zhang Yunbo Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (9): 8-25.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.002 Abstract （1308）      PDF （3235KB）（19）       Knowledge map    Save Biochar exhibits multidimensional effects of soil conditioning，nutrient retention，and quality enhancement in soil improvement.This article systematically reviewed the regulatory laws of raw material types，pyrolysis temperature，heating rate，and residence time on the physicochemical properties of biochar and their impact mechanisms on soil properties.Existing studies had shown that raw materials determined the fundamental properties of biochar，with woody biochar having the highest yield and optimal pore structure，which was beneficial for water and fertilizer retention；livestock manure biochar was rich in nutrients and was a high‑quality slow‑release fertilizer carrier.The pyrolysis temperature was the core driving force for regulating the physicochemical characteristics of biochar.Low temperature pyrolysis was beneficial for retaining acidic functional groups，medium temperature pyrolysis could increase the specific surface area and cation exchange capacity of biochar，and high temperature pyrolysis could enhance the long‑term stability and alkaline neutralization effect of carbon.Meanwhile，slow heating mode and extended residence time could effectively promote the formation of micropores inside biochar.At the level of soil improvement，the compatibility between the preparation process and the physical and chemical properties of soil directly determined the effectiveness of biochar improvement.Among them，biochar prepared by slow heating at medium temperature had the most significant effect on reducing soil bulk density. Compared with manure based biochar，wood and shell biochar had a better effect on increasing the effective water content of sandy soil.Biochar regulated soil biological properties by providing microbial habitat and nutrient supply for soil microorganisms，and its impact on enzyme activity exhibited a feedback mechanism that varied depending on the enzyme. In the future，the focus should be on the construction of big data prediction models for process‑characteristics‑function，analysis of the long‑term evolution of soil‑crop systems and their micro ecological mechanisms，as well as the creation of customized biochar based new products for specific scenarios. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Biochar Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Development，Dry Matter Accumulation Characteristics and Yield Benefit of Ryegrass under Saline‑Alkali Stress Li Yan, Li Xiaozhen, Zhang Xiaoli Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (9): 48-57.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.005 Abstract （1297）      PDF （2282KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of biochar combined with organic fertilizer on the growth and development，physiological characteristics，dry matter accumulation，yield，and yield benefits of ryegrass under saline‑alkali stress，and to determine the appropriate amounts of biochar and organic fertilizer，a field randomized block experiment was conducted using ryegrass as the material，with five treatments［control（CK）：no biochar，organic fertilizer，and nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer）；T1：nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer（15：15：15） 500.3 kg/ha（conventional fertilizer dosage）；T2：1 000.5 kg/ha biochar+2 001.0 kg/ha organic fertilizer；T3：1 500.8 kg/ha biochar+4 002.0 kg/ha organic fertilizer；T4：2 001.0 kg/ha biochar+6 003.0 kg/ha organic fertilizer］，and the regulatory effects of different dosages of biochar combined with organic fertilizer on the growth，development，and physiological characteristics of ryegrass under saline‑alkali stress were analyzed.The results showed that the combination of biochar and organic fertilizer could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of salt alkali stress on the growth，development，physiological characteristics，and yield of ryegrass. Compared with the control group，T3 treatment significantly increased the plant height，root length，and leaf area of ryegrass by 65.6%，157.6%，and 37.1%，respectively. The chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，total chlorophyll，and carotenoid contents were significantly increased by 111.1%，34.1%，93.6%，and 65.3%，respectively. The net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，intercellular CO2 concentration，and transpiration rate were significantly increased by 200.5%，71.4%，31.1%，and 58.4%，respectively.The activities of superoxide dismutase，peroxidase，and catalase were significantly increased by 90.1%，21.4%，and 85.9%，respectively，and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was significantly reduced by 47.5%. The fresh grass yield and dry yield were both the highest，with dry yield reaching 4 262.1 kg/ha and benefit increment reaching 5 332.7 yuan/ha.In summary，T3 treatment（1 500.8 kg/ha biochar+4 002.0 kg/ha organic fertilizer）can effectively alleviate the inhibition of salt‑alkali stress on the growth and development of ryegrass，enhance its photosynthetic performance，balance antioxidant enzyme activity，promote biomass accumulation and yield increase，thereby improving the economic benefits of ryegrass planting. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Biochar on Microbial Community Structure and Cadmium Availability in Cadmium‑Contaminated Soil Jiang Ya, Wang Li, Luo Lina, Liu Guihua, Chai Guanqun, Wei Xiaoliao, Qin Song, Fan Chengwu Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (9): 68-78.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.007 Abstract （1117）      PDF （30160KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save A pot experiment was conducted with cadmium（Cd）‑contaminated cultivated soil as the test substrate to explore the effects of biochar at different application rates on soil microbial community structure and Cd availability. Four treatments were established：no biochar application（control，CK），biochar application at 2 g/kg （B1），4 g/kg （B2），and 8 g/kg（B3）.Soil physicochemical properties，available Cd concentration，soil enzyme activities，microbial biomass，and soil microbial community composition were determined. The results showed that soil pH value under B3 treatment increased by 0.25 compared with CK；the contents of soil organic matter，available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 35.90%，28.67% and 14.29%，respectively，while the concentration of soil available Cd decreased by 6.82%. Microbial biomass carbon under B1 and B2 treatments increased by 9.90% and 15.54% relative to CK，and microbial biomass nitrogen under B1，B2 and B3 treatments increased by 46.08%，21.77% and 62.05%，respectively.Compared with CK，soil catalase activity under B2 and B3 treatments increased by 19. 33% and 20. 72%，while soil acid phosphatase activity decreased by 43.25% and 42.25%. The dominant bacterial phyla in all treatments were Pseudomonadota，Bacillota，Bacteroidota and Acidobacteriota. Treatments B2 and B3 increased the relative abundances of Pseudomonadota and Acidobacteriota and reduced the relative abundance of Cyanobacteriota. The dominant fungal phyla across all treatments were Ascomycota and Unclassified_k_Fungi. Treatment B2 elevated the relative abundance of Ascomycota，and all biochar treatments reduced the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota. Soil catalase activity was positively correlated with the relative abundances of Pseudomonadota and Acidobacteriota，acting as a key factor affecting the bacterial community. Soil urease activity exhibited a significant negative correlation with the relative abundance of Rozellomycota，which was the key factor regulating the fungal community. In conclusion，biochar application could raise soil pH value and the contents of organic matter，available phosphorus and available potassium，enhance the activities of soil catalase，increase MBN，reshape the microbial community structure of Cd‑contaminated soil，improve the relative abundances of bacterial Pseudomonadota，Acidobacteriota and fungal Ascomycota，and reduce soil available Cd concentration；the optimal biochar application rate was 8 g/kg. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Biochar Combined with Cake Fertilizer on Growth and Aroma Components of Flue‑Cured Tobacco Cheng Peijun, Li Weiguan, Li Liang, Chang Dong, He Xiaobing, Zhang Xiang, Xu Yueqi, Qiu Lingjun, Suo Yanyan, Si Xianzong, Zhang Heng, Zhang Qian, Xu Fengdan, Li Qian, Yan Meng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (9): 58-67.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.006 Abstract （1114）      PDF （1318KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of addition of biochar and cake fertilizer on flue‑cured tobacco growth and aroma components in cured tobacco leaves，and to identify an optimal fertilization regime for high yield and superior quality of flue‑cured tobacco，five treatments were established：chemical fertilizer alone（CK），chemical fertilizer+biochar（T1），chemical fertilizer plus biochar+rapeseed cake（T2），chemical fertilizer+biochar+sesame cake （T3），and chemical fertilizer plus biochar+soybean cake（T4）. Agronomic traits，photosynthetic parameters，antioxidant enzyme activities of tobacco plants，as well as chemical components and aroma components of cured tobacco leaves were measured. The results showed that compared with CK，adding biochar（T1 treatment） improved tobacco growth at the vigorous growth stage：plant height，maximum leaf width and leaf number increased by 15.5%，5.4% and 6.5%，respectively；net photosynthetic rate（Pn）rose by 8.2%；the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT）and ascorbate peroxidase（APX） were enhanced by 8.7%，15.3% and 15.5%. Tobacco yield increased by 8.7%，and the total content of aroma components in middle leaves was elevated by 24.6%. Relative to adding biochar，adding biochar and cake fertilization significantly increased plant height （7.0%—20.0%），maximum leaf length（7.4%—12.5%），maximum leaf width（5.8%—13.2%），leaf number（12.0%—23.1%），Pn（3.3%—7.8%），SOD activity（10.6%—13.9%），CAT activity（20.3%—37.8%） and APX activity （10.7%—26.4%）at the vigorous growth stage. Tobacco yield was boosted by 6.8%—10.2%，and the chemical composition of flue‑cured tobacco leaves was optimized simultaneously. Compared with adding biochar treatment，addition of biochar and cake fertilizaer significantly raised browning reaction products，carotenoid degradation products，cembrane degradation products and total aroma components by 8.9%—20.9%，17.4%—33.4%，31.8%—54.1% and 6.4%—32.3%，respectively.The addition of biochar and cake fertilizer had a significant effect on chlorophyll degradation products and total aroma components，and the overall application effects of rapeseed cake，sesame cake，and soybean cake increased in sequence.Comprehensive analysis showed that the addition of biochar and cake fertilizer was more effective than the application of adding biochar.Among them，the addition of biochar and soybean cake had the best overall effect. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Rice Husk Biochar and Corn Straw Biochar on Growth，Quality and Soil Nutrients of Huai Chrysanthemum Fu Shenglan, Gu Caihua, Zhang Yanlin, Sun Wanhui, Xin Longfei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (9): 26-34.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.003 Abstract （942）      PDF （2418KB）（30）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of rice husk biochar and corn straw biochar on the growth，quality，and soil nutrients of Huai chrysanthemum，three levels of rice husk biochar（150，300，450 kg/ha，numbered D1，D2，D3 in sequence）and three levels of corn straw biochar（300，450，600 kg/ha，numbered Y1，Y2，Y3 in sequence） were set up，with no application of rice husk biochar and corn straw biochar as a control（CK）.A total of seven treatments were conducted to study the effects of the two biochars on the agronomic traits，photosynthetic parameters，yield，medicinal components，soil available nutrients，and key enzyme activities of Huai chrysanthemum. The results showed that compared with CK，the application of two types of biochar significantly improved the plant height，maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），stomatal conductance（Gs），transpiration rate（Tr），and total yield of Huai chrysanthemum. Among them，D3 and Y3 treatments showed a higher increase in plant height，with an increase of 21.2% and 22.5% respectively compared to CK；the stem thickness of Y2 treatment was the largest，increasing by 13.49% compared to CK；the optimal number of branches was in D2，with an increase of 56.23%；Y3 showed the highest increase in net photosynthetic rate（Pn），Gs，and Tr compared to CK，with increases of 116.91%，307.21%，and 210.76%，respectively.The yield performance was better in D2，Y2，and Y3 treatments，with significant increases of 57.39%，53.19%，and 59.13% compared to CK，respectively. In terms of quality，the total flavonoids of all biochar treatments were significantly increased by 18.05%—55.86% compared to CK.There was no significant difference in chlorogenic acid and 3，5‑O‑dicaffeoylquinic acid between rice husk biochar group and CK，while the content of hesperidin was significantly reduced by 17.42%—23.87%.The chlorogenic acid and 3，5‑O‑dicaffeoylquinic acid treated with corn straw biochar increased by 9.27%—22.06% and 18.78%—28.45% respectively compared to CK. The content of hesperidin significantly increased with increasing application rate，with Y3 treatment showing a significant increase of 16.87% compared to CK.In terms of soil indicators，both types of biochar can significantly increase the content of soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，as well as urease and sucrase activities overall.Among them，the content of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus，and available potassium in soil treated with D3 and Y3 increased by 5.05%，9.06%，6.67% and 4.28%，6.68%，7.44% respectively compared to CK；the urease activity significantly increased by 228.41% and 321.59% compared to CK，respectively.The peak of sucrase activity appeared in D2 and Y2 treatments，which increased by 46.71% and 58.48% respectively compared to CK. In summary，D2，Y2，and Y3 treatments showed the pretty overall performance.The recommended amount of biochar for field cultivation of Huai chrysanthemum is 300 kg/ha of rice husk biochar or 450—600 kg/ha of corn straw biochar. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Synergistic Efficiency Mechanism and Key Technologies of Maize⁃Peanut Strip Intercropping LIU Juan, ZHANG Jingjing, ZHOU Liyao, CUI Ya’nan, LIU Bing, XU Risheng, MA Tengfei, CHEN Yafei, LIU Haijiao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (3): 10-18.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.002 Abstract （929）      PDF （1722KB）（191）       Knowledge map    Save Maize⁃peanut strip intercropping is an intensive and sustainable agroecosystem，and plays a critical role in ensuring the coordinated security of grain and oil crops in China.This paper systematically elucidated the‘aboveground⁃belowground’synergistic mechanisms of maize⁃peanut strip intercropping，from the aspects of efficient light utilization of aboveground part，coordinated and efficient utilization of water，and rhizosphere interactions coupled with nutrient cycling of belowground part. Furthermore，key cultivation techniques were summarized，including planting patterns，planting density，cultivar selection，and precision nutrient management.The productivity， economic benefit， and ecological and environmental benefits of maize⁃peanut strip intercropping were also clarified. Finally，the future development prospect was discussed. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Metabolite Differences and Anthocyanin Quantitative Analysis of Black Wolfberry from Different Regions WU Jingjie, LIU Hongxia Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (1): 76-87.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.007 Abstract （553）      PDF （10715KB）（33）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the differences in metabolite composition and anthocyanin content among black wolfberries（Lycium ruthenicum）from different origins，so as to provide a basis for quality evaluation and origin identification of black wolfberries，based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry（UHPLC‐MS/MS） technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis，the metabolic differences of black wolfberries from three origins，namely，Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province（QHL），Linzhi City in Tibet Autonomous Region（XZL），and Shenmu City in Shaanxi Province（SXL），were systematically compared，and a quantitative analysis method of anthocyanin was established for determination and comparison. The results showed that a total of 21 categories and 629 metabolites were identified in the fruits of black wolfberries from the three origins，with flavonoids，amino acids and their derivatives，and organic acids and their derivatives accounting for a relatively higher proportion.Principal component analysis（PCA）and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS‐DA）results indicated significant differences in the metabolism of black wolfberries from the three origins.The screening results of differential metabolites showed that there were 494 differential metabolites between SXL and QHL black wolfberries，111 between XZL and QHL black wolfberries，and 478 between XZL and SXL.The quantitative analysis results of anthocyanins showed that，calculated as delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside（DPG）equivalents，the total anthocyanin content of QHL black wolfberries was the highest，at 49.71 mg/g；XZL was second，at 37.58 mg/g；and SXL was the lowest，at 32.23 mg/g.The KEGG enrichment analysis results indicated that the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in pathways related to tryptophan metabolism，amino acid biosynthesis，and flavonoid biosynthesis.In summary，there were significant differences in the metabolites of black wolfberry fruits from Qinghai，Tibet，and Shaanxi，with the highest anthocyanin content in Qinghai origin，and these differences were mainly enriched in pathways related to amino acid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation of Weed Community in Soybean Field and Screening of Highly Effective Herbicides YANG Ruosheng, LI Jiuying, XUE Fei, SUN Lanlan, SU Wangcang, XU Hongle, WU Renhai Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 110-120.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.012 Abstract （548）      PDF （1408KB）（202）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the occurrence of malignant weeds in soybean fields in Henan Province and identify herbicides for controlling harmful broadleaf weeds therein，field surveys were carried out to statistically analyze the weed community in 19 major soybean⁃producing regions of Henan Province，and laboratory bioassays were performed to evaluate the activity of 11 soil treatment herbicides and 14 foliar treatment herbicides against the malignant weeds in soybean fields，including C.melo，C.argentea，C.communis，and A.retroflexus.The results of weed community survey showed that 8 weed species，including D.sanguinalis，A.australis，T.aestivum，A.retroflexus，E.indica，C.melo，P.oleracea，and E.crus‑galli，had a relative abundance of over 20% in soybean fields，while the relative abundance of A. theophrasti，E. prostrata，C.argentea，V.radiata，S.viridis，and C.ficifolium ranged from 3% to 20%.The results of laboratory bioassays indicated that the soil treatment herbicides metribuzin，prometryn，pyroxasulfone，and foliar treatment herbicides such as glufosinate⁃ammonium，lactofen，fluoroglycofen⁃ethyl，and MCPA⁃Na had high efficacy against C.melo.The soil treatment herbicides metribuzin，prometryn，oxyfluorfen，pyroxasulfone，flumioxazin，and s⁃metolachlor，along with foliar treatment herbicides such as fomesafen，bentazone，glyphosate，imazamox，glufosinate⁃ammonium，and imazethapyr exhibited high efficacy against C.argentea.For C.communis，only acetochlor with different application amounts showed higher efficacy and fluroxypyr had high control efficacy on it among foliar treatment herbicides.The soil treatment herbicides acetochlor，flufenacet⁃methyl，metribuzin，and pyroxasulfone，along with foliar treatment herbicides such as MCPA⁃Na，imazethapyr，and lactofen showed high efficacy against A.retroflexus.In conclusion，eight weeds species including D.sanguinalis，A.australis，A.retroflexus，and C.melo were the dominant noxious weeds in soybean fields of Henan Province. Metribuzin had the best pre⁃emergence control effect on C.melo and C.argentea，while acetochlor exhibited the best pre⁃emergence control effect against C.communis and A.retroflexus.The most effective foliar herbicides for C.melo，C.argentea，C.communis，and A.retroflexus were glufosinate⁃ammonium，fomesafen，fluroxypyr，and MCPA⁃Na，respectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution of Quality Traits of Wheat Varieties and Difference among Different Regions in China from 2021 to 2024 ZHANG Fan, DONG Junhong, HOU Junhong, LIU Guotao, YANG Chunling Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (11): 18-29.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.003 Abstract （534）      PDF （58194KB）（73）       Knowledge map    Save In order to verify the evolution of wheat quality traits and the differences between different regions in recent years，660 national authorized wheat varieties from 11 regions were used to analyze seven quality traits（volumn weight，grain protein content，wet gluten content，stability time，water absorption rate，maximum tensile resistance and extension area）from 2021 to 2024.The results showed that the average volumn weight of wheat kernels was 808 g/L，protein content was 14.1%，wet gluten content was 31.6%，stability time was 6.2 min，water absorption rate was 59.5%，maximum tensile resistance was 383 EU，and extension area was 82 cm2 of 660 national authorized wheat varieties from 11 regions in 2021—2024. The protein content，wet gluten content，water absorption rate and maximum tensile resistance of majority varieties reached the standard of strong gluten wheat，and the main constraining index was stability time. On the whole，the medium gluten wheat varieties were main，and the weak gluten wheat varieties number were the least. Among years，the proportion of medium‑strong gluten varieties generally increased firstly and then stabilized，the proportion of weak gluten wheat decreased，while the proportion of strong gluten wheat showed no obvious pattern；volumn weight，stability time，maximum tensile resistance and extension area generally increased firstly and then decreased，but protein content，wet gluten content and water absorption rate generally decreased. Among 11 regions，strong gluten wheat varieties were mainly distributed in the southern irrigated group（G3）and northern irrigated group（G4）of Huang‑Huai winter wheat area，and weak gluten wheat varieties were only distributed in the upper reach（G1）and the middle and lower reach（G2）of Yangtze River Valley. Among regions，the average protein content was the minimum（12.2%）in G1 region，and was the maximum（14.9%）in the northeastern spring wheat region（G8）and salt‑tolerant winter wheat group in Southern Xinjiang（G11）. The distribution of wet gluten content among 11 regions was consistent with that of protein content. The stability time varied greatly among 11 regions.The average stability time was the highest（7.2 min）in the northwest spring wheat region（G9），and was the lowest（2.4 min）in G1 region. There was no major difference in average water absorption rate among 11 regions. The maximum tensile resistance and tensile area were the smallest in G1 region，followed by G2 region. Correlation analysis showed that except for the correlation between water absorption rate and extension area，there was significant or extremely significant positive correlation among other indexes. The 11 regions were divided into three groups. The group 3 included G3，G4，G5，G7，G9，G10 and G11. The quality traits of the group 3 were better，and most of the quality indexes reached the standard of strong gluten or medium‑strong gluten wheat. Overall，the wheat varieties are mainly medium gluten type in China from 2021 to 2024，followed by middle‑strong gluten and strong gluten types，the weak gluten wheat varieties are extremely rare；the stability time between varieties varies greatly，and there is a large room for improvement，so it is suggested that this trait should be given particular attention in the future breeding process. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of 11 Different Varieties of Pear Paste ZHANG Sipu, CUI Wei, ZHANG Ke, LU Yunfeng, MIAO Jianyin, GUO Chaofeng, XIE Yuanming, ZHANG Yanmin, NIU Jiajia Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 167-180.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.016 Abstract （533）      PDF （17589KB）（35）       Knowledge map    Save To identify pear varieties suitable for pear paste processing，this study measured the colorimetric indices，total acidity，vitamin C content，total phenolic content，amino acid composition，and volatile components of syrups produced from 11 major pear varieties cultivated in Henan Province.The pastes were assessed using an essential amino acid（EAA）scoring system，and a comprehensive evaluation was conducted via principal component analysis.The results showed that Huangguan pear paste had the highest clarity（87.65%）and the lowest browning degree（0.53）.Yuluxiang pear had the highest essential amino acid/total amino acid（25.04%）and essential amino/non⁃essential amino acid（34.17%），which was close to the requirements of ideal protein. Wonhwang pear paste achieved the highest essential amino acid ratio coefficient（SRC，87.35）.The essential amino acid index（EAAI）values of Hongxiangsu，Zhongli No.1，Yuluxiang，and Wanxiu pear pastes were all near 1.0，indicating high nutritional quality of their essential amino acids.A total of 41 volatile compounds were identified across varieties，with Hwasan pear paste having the highest number of volatile component types（21）.There was a strong correlation between various indicators.By introducing 71 indicators of different varieties of pear paste into the factor analysis calculation system，10 common factors were obtained. The cumulative contribution rate of the first 7 factors was 89.03%，and the model was obtained according to the variance contribution rate：Y=0.244 9F1+0.153 4F2+0.143 6F3+0.113 6F4+0.100 4F5+0.073 0F6+0.061 5F7.Comprehensive scores ranked the varieties in descending order as follows：Akizuki，Hwasan，Wanxiu，Hwanggeumbae，Yuluxiang，Huangguan，Hongzaosu，Wonhwang，Suli，Hongxiangsu，Zhongli No. 1 pear paste. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Residue Characteristics Analysis of Efficient Control Agents for Typical Diseases of Polygonatum sibiricum#br# HAN Jie, WANG Qinghai, ZHENG Yufei, HU Jin, ZHU Wencheng, WANG Xiuguo, LIU Tong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (1): 101-109.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.009 Abstract （525）      PDF （1360KB）（241）       Knowledge map    Save Anthracnose and leaf spot are two common diseases affecting Polygonatum sibiricum（Huangjing），for which no highly effective and safe pesticides have been registered for control to date.To screen safe and efficient pesticides against these two diseases，this study first conducted indoor toxicity tests to investigate the inhibitory effects of different pesticides on the pathogens of P.sibiricum anthracnose and leaf spot，thereby selecting highly effective control agents.Subsequently，field efficacy trials were carried out to verify the control effects of the selected pesticides. For the screened high‐efficiency pesticides，a rapid residue analysis method was established using the quick，easy，cheap，effective，rugged，and safe（QuEChERS） sample pretreatment technique combined with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC‐MS/MS）.Meanwhile，field residue trials were performed to clarify the residue characteristics of these pesticides in P.sibiricum.The results showed that trifloxystrobin，carbendazim，and azoxystrobin exhibited good inhibitory effects on the anthracnose pathogen，with half‐maximal effective concentrations（EC50）of 0.127，0.429，and 1.061 mg/L，respectively.For the leaf spot pathogen，hexaconazole，propiconazole，difenoconazole，and carbendazim showed excellent inhibitory activities，with EC50 values of 0.759，0.968，1.657，and 1.716 mg/L，respectively.Field efficacy results indicated that 25% trifloxystrobin suspension concentrate and 250 g/L azoxystrobin suspension concentrate had good control effects on P. sibiricum anthracnose，with field control efficiencies of 87.6% and 86.3%，respectively.Additionally，25% hexaconazole suspension concentrate and 250 g/L propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate showed superior control effects on P.sibiricum leaf spot，with field control efficiencies of 93.2% and 90.2%，respectively.For the residue analysis，after extraction with acetonitrile，purification with octadecylsilane（C18），and detection by UPLC‐MS/MS，the recoveries of trifloxystrobin，azoxystrobin，propiconazole，and hexaconazole in P.sibiricum samples ranged from 82.5% to 98.3% at three spiking levels（0.02，0.50，and 10 mg/kg），with relative standard deviations（RSD）of 2.4% to 4.2%.The linear correlation coefficients（r）were all > 0. 998，the limits of quantitation（LOQ）were 0.010—0.016 mg/kg，and the limits of detection（LOD）were 0.003—0.005 mg/kg.Residue trials of the four pesticides were conducted in four locations across major P.sibiricum producing areas in China for one year. The results showed that the final residue levels of the four agents in P.sibiricum were all below the quantification limit at 21 days and 28 days after the last application，indicating low residue levels.In conclusion，25% trifloxystrobin suspension concentrate and 250 g/L azoxystrobin suspension concentrate can effectively control P.sibiricum anthracnose，while 25% hexaconazole suspension concentrate and 250 g/L propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate are effective for P.sibiricum leaf spot control.These findings provide safe and efficient pesticide options for the management of typical diseases in P.sibiricum and hold great significance for promoting the sustainable development of the P.sibiricum industry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the Disease Prevention and Growth‑promoting Effects of Bacillus velezensis Bv1‑4 on Three Medicinal Plants and Its Whole Genome Analysis WANG Fei, LI Xuemeng, YANG Jin, GUO Zhichen, SONG Luyang, QIN Yanhong, WEN Yi, GAO Suxia, LU Shuhao, LIU Qi, QI Hongzhi, LI Shaojian Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (11): 79-90.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.009 Abstract （501）      PDF （12037KB）（36）       Knowledge map    Save To evaluate the biocontrol and growth‑promoting effects of Bacillus velezensis Bv1‑4 on three medicinal plants（Dioscorea opposite Thunb.，Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.，Achyranthes bidentata Blume.）and elucidate its mechanisms，the antagonistic effects against different pathogens were assessed through plate confrontation assays and fermentation filtrate antibacterial tests，and the control efficacy was validated through indoor pot trials. Whole‑genome sequencing of strain Bv1‑4 was conducted using third‑generation sequencing technology，and genomic characteristics were analyzed to identify functional genes and assess secondary metabolite biosynthesis potential，thereby further elucidating its antagonistic mechanisms.The results showed that antibacterial rates of isolate Bv1‑4 against Fusarium solani F.oxysporum and F.proliferatum were 67.12%，54.20% and 67.97%，respectively.Both fermented filtrate and sterilized fermented filtrate inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination.In pot experiments，the biocontrol efficacy of isolate Bv1‑4（45.39%—62.31%）was comparable to that of the 500‑fold dilution of 10% difenoconazole water‑dispersible granule. And sole inoculation with isolate Bv1‑4 significantly increased root fresh weight of D.opposite，R.glutinosa，A.bidentata by 19.30%，36.66%，and 75.36%，respectively.Whole genome sequencing revealed that the genome of isolate Bv1‑4 was circular with a length of 4 075 292 bp and the G+C content of 46.35%，and had 4 030 protein‑coding genes.antiSMASH analysis predicted 14 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in the genome of isolate Bv1‑4，including seven with complete（100%）similarity to clusters encoding amyloliquecidin GF610，macrolactin H，bacillaene，fengycin，difficidin，bacillibactin，and bacilysin.In conclusion，B.velezensis Bv1‑4 demonstrates excellent biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium diseases in medicinal plants，along with significant plant growth‑promoting traits. These findings highlight its potential for development as a specialized microbial agent for traditional Chinese medicinal crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of MTL⁃ and CENH3⁃Mediated Haploid Induction Technology and Their Applications in Crops LI Xingxing, LI Yuting, ZHANG Binjie, LIU Peikun, HE Kun, ZHANG Qifan, ZHENG Binrui, SONG Yunyun, LI Haochuan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (3): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.001 Abstract （499）      PDF （1412KB）（198）       Knowledge map    Save Haploid breeding technology can accelerate generation of homozygous doubled haploid（DH）lines through haploid induction followed by chromosome doubling，significantly shortening breeding cycles and improving selection efficiency. In recent years，in vivo haploid induction techniques based on the operation of key endogenous genes have become a research hotspot.Two prominent systems，pollen⁃specific phospholipase A gene MTL（MATRILINEAL）and centromere⁃specific histone H3 gene CENH3，are centered.For the MTL system，its loss⁃of⁃function disrupts phospholipid metabolism in sperm cells，leading to reactive oxygen species（ROS） burst and DNA damage.Finally，the paternal genome is eliminated through a mechanism known as‘post⁃fertilization chromosome elimination’. On the other hand，the CENH3 system involves the modification of CENH3 protein.Common strategies such as N⁃terminal tail modification， point mutations in the histone⁃fold domain， and heterologous complementation are designed to create functionally defective centromeres.These defective centromeres fail in the competition for kinetochore⁃microtubule attachment during zygotic division，leading to their selective elimination.This paper systematically reviewed the molecular mechanism of haploid induction mediated by MTL and CENH3，technical optimization strategies and the application of these technologies in major crops such as maize，rice，and wheat，and compared the differences between the two systems across several key aspects，including induction mechanisms，applicable species，induction efficiency，technical complexity，influence on plant development，and current status of industrial application.Furthermore，the integrated application potential of the above two systems in precision breeding was prospected，aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for crop genetic improvement. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of R2R3⁃MYB Gene Family and Screening of Genes Related to Flower Color Formation in Paeonia suffruticosa YAN Gengyang, GAO Wen, LI Hang, SHANG Ye, ZHANG Juping Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 121-137.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.013 Abstract （469）      PDF （30993KB）（46）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the whole genome data of Paeonia suffruticosa，the R2R3⁃MYB gene family was identified to study its role in the formation of P.suffruticosa flower color and identify key regulatory genes.The physicochemical properties，chromosome location，phylogenetic analysis，gene structure，cis⁃acting elements，expression correlation and protein interaction were analyzed by bioinformatics methods.The expression patterns of genes in P.suffruticosa samples were verified by qRT⁃PCR. A total of 78 R2R3⁃MYB transcription factors of P.suffruticosa were identified，all of which were located in the nucleus and were mostly hydrophilic unstable proteins with abundant cis⁃acting elements and highly conserved R2 and R3 domains at the N⁃terminal.The 78 members were divided into 26 subfamilies（P1—P26）.Among them，Ps2RMYB21，Ps2RMYB38 and Ps2RMYB33 were homologous with S4 and S7，and had conserved motifs specific to the corresponding subfamilies respectively.The expression levels of Ps2RMYB33 and Ps2RMYB38 in normal sepals，colored sepals and normal petals were increased successively，and the expression patterns of structural genes PsCHS，PsCHI3，PsF3H1，PsDFR1，PsANS and PsUFGT4 were the same.There was a significant positive correlation between them，which was consistent with the accumulation trend of anthocyanins.However，Ps2RMYB21 was opposite to the expression pattern of these structural genes，and had a very significant negative correlation with the accumulation trend of anthocyanins.The results of qRT⁃PCR were basically consistent with the transcriptome data.To sum up，Ps2RMYB21，Ps2RMYB33，Ps2RMYB38are three key genes regulating the formation of peony flower color. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and Identification of the Dominant Pathogen of Salvia miltiorrhiza Root Rot and Observation of Its Infection Process in S.miltiorrhiza Roots Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 101-109.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.011 Abstract （455）      PDF （50504KB）（79）       Knowledge map    Save To identify the dominant pathogen causing Salvia miltiorrhiza root rot in Henan Province and clarify its infection process，diseased root samples were collected from three main producing areas（Yuzhou City，Mianchi County，and Fangcheng County）in Henan Province.The dominant pathogens were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular biological analyses. Highly pathogenic isolates were screened through pathogenicity assays.The infection process of a selected isolate in S.miltiorrhiza roots was observed using green fluorescent protein（GFP）labeling and fluorescence microscopy.The results showed that Fusarium oxysporum exhibited the highest isolation frequencies（63.16%，48.28%，and 39.63%，respectively）among pathogens isolated from the three areas，indicating it as the dominant pathogen of S. miltiorrhiza root rot in Henan Province.Following inoculation of S.miltiorrhiza seedlings with F.oxysporum spore suspension：spores adhered to the root surface and began to germinate at 12 h post⁃inoculation（hpi）；germinated spores developed into hyphae，which spread along the intercellular spaces of epidermal cells between 24—48 hpi；hyphae expanded into the cortex and extended along parenchyma cells，eventually surrounding entire cells by 3—5 days post⁃inoculation（dpi）；extensive hyphal networks formed randomly within cortical cells by 7—9 dpi；hyphae surrounded the entire root cortex and extended to the root tip by 11 dpi；all root cells were infected by 14 dpi.At this stage（14 dpi），the stem base turned brown，fibrous roots became brittle and easily broken，and root tips of some plants turned yellow.In conclusion，F.oxysporum is the dominant pathogen causing S.miltiorrhiza root rot in Henan Province.This study elucidated the infection process of GFP⁃labeled F.oxysporum in S.miltiorrhiza roots from a histopathological perspective，providing a basis for targeted control strategies against this disease. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Key Technologies in Fruits and Vegetables Maturity Detection JIANG Mingze, YAN Jianwei, ZOU Chuanzhu Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (1): 1-15.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.001 Abstract （432）      PDF （2519KB）（293）       Knowledge map    Save The maturity of fruits and vegetables is closely related to both producers and consumers.It plays a crucial role in enhancing consumer experience，improving harvest timing accuracy，extending shelf life，reducing waste，and increasing yield and quality. However，traditional manual methods of detecting fruit and vegetable maturity have issues such as high labor intensity，high costs，and low efficiency.In recent years，with the rapid development of computer technology，data‐driven methods for detecting fruit and vegetable maturity have made automation and intelligence in this process possible.This study begins with a comprehensive review of the commonly used data formats for fruit and vegetable maturity detection.It then discusses the research progress of maturity detection algorithms from three perspectives：traditional image processing algorithms，machine learning algorithms，and deep learning algorithms.A systematic summary of the current engineering applications of maturity detection in the agricultural field is also provided. Based on this，the study further analyzes the challenges faced by data‐driven maturity detection methods in real‐world applications and offers feasible solutions and research approaches to address these key issues.Finally，the study presents an analysis and outlook on the future development directions of fruit and vegetable maturity detection technologies in agriculture，aiming to provide theoretical references and practical insights for the further research and application of these technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Impact of Farmland Salinization on Soil Organic Carbon and Its Management LI Hongyao, LU Yun, BAI Yanchao, CHEN Shuotong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (11): 1-7.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.001 Abstract （426）      PDF （1271KB）（150）       Knowledge map    Save This review systematically summarizes the progress of domestic and international research on the effects of farmland salinization on soil organic carbon（SOC）. It focuses on analyzing the effects of salt types and spatial heterogeneity on aggregate structure and organic matter protection，the regulatory mechanisms of microbial diversity and key functional genes on soil organic carbon transformation，and the roles of bio‑organic amendment，physicochemical regulation，and integrated tillage management in enhancing SOC stability. Based on these insights，clarifying salt types and advocating the collaborative application of multi‑omics，regional and cross‑scale approaches are proposed to provide theoretical and practical support for enhancing the carbon sink function of salinized farmland and achieving sustainable governance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Soil Conditioners on the Quality of Acidified Sandy Ginger Black Soil，and the Growth and Nutrient Absorption of Wheat ZHANG Yunhong, YANG Yonghui, ZHANG Sensen, ZHANG Zeli, ZHANG Shuiqing, GAO Cuimi, HE Fang, HAN Weifeng, ZHANG Huan, PAN Xiaoying, WANG Bohan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (4): 79-89.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.008 Abstract （417）      PDF （1764KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of eight different soil conditioners（lime，commercial mineral‑based soil conditioner and self‑developed soil conditioners No.1—6）on the quality of acidified sandy ginger black soil，the growth and nutrient absorption of wheat（Triticum aestivum L.），in order to provide a basis for acidified soil remediation and soil conditioners creation. Using wheat as the test crop，nine treatments were set up：control（no soil conditioner application），lime，commercial mineral‑based soil conditioner，soil conditioners No.1（glauber’s salt+manure），No.2（plant ash+manure），No.3（plant ash+manure+potassium fulvate +microbial inoculum+synergist），No.4（silicon‑rich clay mineral+humic acid organic fertilizer+microbial inoculum），No.5（silicon‑rich clay mineral+biochar+seaweed organic fertilizer），No.6（silicon‑rich clay mineral+biochar+humic acid organic fertilizer）.The differences among different treatments in population dynamics，photosynthetic characteristics，yield and composition factors，nutrient absorption of wheat and soil physicochemical properties after harvest were analyzed. The results showed that，compared with the control without the application of soil conditioners，except for the lime treatment，tiller number at the maturity stage and spike formation rate of wheat under the treatments of other soil conditioners were increased by 5.7%—30.7% and 30.0%—82.7%，respectively.The application of different soil conditioners increased the net photosynthetic rate，yield，and nitrogen accumulation of wheat at the flowering stage by 5.4%—68.6%，19.6%—69.0% and 38.1%—120.7%，respectively，with relatively larger increasing temperature of soil conditioners No.1 and No.4，especially the latter，which also led to a significant increase in phosphorus and potassium accumulation. After wheat harvest，the soil pH value under the treatments of soil conditioners No.4，5，6 were raised by 0.36，0.55，1.15，respectively，and available potassium contents were increased by 14.4%，34.3%，45.4%，but alkalized‑nitrogen content reduced. Soil moisture contents in the soil layer of 0—20 cm and 20—40 cm treated with lime were increased by 45.3% and 36.1%，respectively，and water use efficiency（WUE）of wheat at the flowering stage was raised by 44.8%.Soil conditioner No. 1 significantly reduced the soil moisture content of the 0—40 cm soil layer and WUE of wheat at the regreening stage，but raised soil pH value slightly. In summary，under the conditions of this experiment，the application of soil conditioners No.1，4，5 had relatively good effects on increasing yield and improving soil quality，and they were recommended to use in the improvement of acidified sandy ginger black soil in southern Henan and the creation of new products. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of LED Red⁃Blue Light Quality Ratio on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Dendrobium fimbriatum Test⁃Tube Seedlings ZHANG Ningjing, WANG Jiangning, MENG Xinya, FU Qiunuan, HUO Jiaran, LU Jiajing, WANG Yuxin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 70-80.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.008 Abstract （413）      PDF （8017KB）（292）       Knowledge map    Save To cultivate high⁃quality commercial seedlings of Dendrobium fimbriatum，six different light quality treatments were set up，including 100% red light（R），100% blue light（B），80% red light+20% blue light（8R∶2B），70% red light+30% blue light（7R∶3B），and 50% red light+50% blue light（5R∶5B），with white fluorescent lamp as the control（CK）. After 60 days，growth indicators（plant height，leaf number，leaf length，stem diameter，fresh weight，dry weight），antioxidant indicators［superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity，malondialdehyde（MDA）content，ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activity，peroxidase（POD）activity，catalase（CAT）activity］，photosynthetic indicators（chlorophyll a content，chlorophyll b content，chlorophyll a+b content，chlorophyll a/b ratio，and carotenoid content），chlorophyll fluorescence indicators［potential activity of PS Ⅱ in plants（Fv/Fo），maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），actual photochemical efficiency（ΦPSⅡ），photochemical quenching coefficient（qP），electron transfer rate（ETR Ⅱ），and non⁃photochemical quenching coefficient（qN）］，as well as the content of nutrients（soluble proteins and soluble sugars）and other related indices，totaling 24 indexes were measured in order to screen the LED light quality ratio for the healthy growth of D. fimbriatum test⁃tube seedlings.The results indicated that monochromatic red light was beneficial for the height and elongation of test⁃tube seedlings，while monochromatic blue light was beneficial for increasing soluble protein content. 8R∶2B treatment was beneficial for leaf elongation，leaf number，and stem thickness increase of test⁃tube seedlings of D.fimbriatum.The overall antioxidant index was best when they were treated with 5R∶5B，and the dry and fresh weight，soluble sugar content，chlorophyll content，and chlorophyll fluorescence of test⁃tube seedlings were also best when they were treated with 5R∶5B.There was a significant correlation between growth indicators，antioxidant indicators，nutritional indicators，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，and chlorophyll content.The results of principal component analysis indicated that the physiological and biochemical indicators of Dendrobium fimbriatum test⁃tube seedlings under 5R∶5B treatment showed the best performance，with the highest comprehensive score.In summary，the light environment of 50% red light+50% blue light（5R∶5B）LED is the most conducive to the growth and development of the test⁃tube seedlings of D.fimbriatum，and is the most suitable light environment for cultivating strong seedlings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a Bioreactor Culture System for Anoectochilus roxburghii Protocorm⁃Like Bodies ZHANG Fangling, KONG Xiangjun, ZHOU Xiaojun, WANG Hongzhen, WU Mei, FANG Li Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 62-69.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.007 Abstract （403）      PDF （12609KB）（34）       Knowledge map    Save To screen the optimal hormone combination and germplasm for inducing Anoectochilus roxburghii protocorm⁃like bodies（PLBs），and to investigate the effects of inoculum density and culture duration on PLBs biomass and kinsenoside content for optimizing large⁃scale culture conditions，this study utilized tissue⁃cultured seedlings of Anoectochilus roxburghii.The effects of different concentration combinations of 6⁃benzylaminopurine（6⁃BA），1⁃naphthaleneacetic acid（NAA），zeatin（ZT），and 2，4⁃dichlorophenoxyacetic acid（2，4⁃D） on the induction of PLBs from five different Anoectochilus roxburghii germplasms were tested.The PLB induction rate，kinsenoside content，and proliferation characteristics were compared among the different plant germplasms.Using a plant bioreactor，the influence of inoculum density（20—80 g/L） and culture duration（10—40 days） on biomass and kinsenoside synthesis was studied.The results indicated that the combination of MS+3 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.8 mg/L ZT+0.2 mg/L 2，4⁃D medium had the best effect on improving the induction rate of adventitious buds of different species of Anoectochilus roxburghii germplasms.Under identical culture conditions，the ZY1（Nanjing，Fujian） germplasm demonstrated superior PLB induction rate（93%），kinsenoside content（5.03%），and radial proliferation capacity compared to other germplasms.In the bioreactor culture system，both the proliferation coefficient（1.46）and kinsenoside content（7.80%）of the PLBs peaked at an inoculum density of 60 g/L after 40 days of culture in darkness.In conclusion，utilizing the superior ZY1 germplasm with the MS+3 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.8 mg/L ZT+0.2 mg/L2，4⁃D medium，combined with bioreactor culture conditions of 60 g/L inoculum density and 40 days of culture in darkness，enables the highly efficient accumulation of both Anoectochilus roxburghii PLB biomass and kinsenoside content. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and Identification of Chaetomium globosum from Wheat Roots and Its Biocontrol Effect on Take‑All Disease FENG Chaohong, XU Fei, ZHANG Jiaojiao, LI Lijuan, HAN Zihang, LIU Lulu, ZHAO Guojian Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (11): 91-101.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.010 Abstract （400）      PDF （16899KB）（35）       Knowledge map    Save To develop green control strategies for wheat take‑all，Chaetomium globosum was isolated from the roots of healthy wheat plants in different regions of Henan Province and identified through morphological and molecular methods. This study aimed to investigate the antagonistic capability of the root‑endophytic C.globosum against the take‑all pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis and to elucidate its underlying metabolic regulatory mechanisms.The results showed that a total of 27 strains of C.globosum were isolated and identified from the wheat roots. Through plate antagonism assays and seedling experiments，15 strains with significant growth‑promoting and disease‑preventing effects were screened.These strains exhibited inhibition rates of 33.7% to 65.1% against the pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis GaNS‑90 in plate assays，with control efficacies ranging from 30.4% to 64.6% at the seedling stage. Considering the production of perithecia，strain M12XP1‑2‑3 was identified as the optimal strain.Transcriptome analysis indicated that C.globosum M12XP1‑2‑3 exerted its antagonistic effects through multiple pathways，including resource competition，metabolic reprogramming，and antibiotic pressure，by regulating the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism，lipid metabolism，and drug resistance in G. graminis. The fermentation broth of M12XP1‑2‑3 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen（inhibition rate of 89.4%）and provided a control efficacy of 39.8% against wheat take‑all at the seedling stage. Furthermore，it alleviated the host’s excessive defense response by downregulating peroxidase（POD）and polyphenol oxidase（PPO）activities and reducing the accumulation of osmotic substances，thereby promoting the recovery of wheat growth. In summary，C.globosum M12XP1‑2‑3 can control wheat take‑all through the synergistic effects of the antagonistic mechanisms via metabolites and the regulation of host defense responses，providing a new strategy for the green control of this disease. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Nitrogen，Phosphorus，Potassium，Magnesium，and Boron Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Seed Lotus LI Jun, YANG Liangbo, ZHU Dandan, LIU Dongbi, HOU Jun, TANG Jiping, ZHENG Xingwen, XIE Yibai, YU Yanfeng, NI Chengfan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 81-90.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.009 Abstract （385）      PDF （23685KB）（67）       Knowledge map    Save A micro⁃plot（2.25 m²）experiment was conducted throughout the entire growth period of seed lotus（Taikonglian No. 36）to investigate the effects of major nutrients on yield and nutrient uptake.The experiment comprised seven treatments：balanced application of nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium，magnesium，and boron（BF）；nitrogen reduction（BF⁃N）；phosphorus reduction（BF⁃P）；potassium reduction（BF⁃K）；magnesium reduction（BF⁃Mg）；boron reduction（BF⁃B）；and a no⁃fertilizer control（CK）.The results indicated that under the BF treatment，the seed yield and total biological yield were 398.7 g/plant and 3 473.0 g/plant，respectively. The cumulative amounts of nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium，magnesium，and boron were 44.1，8.9，45.5，4.8，and 0. 044 g/plant，respectively. Compared with BF treatment，BF⁃N treatment significantly affected the growth of lotus seeds，reducing the single leaf area，petiole thickness，and leaf SPAD value（relative chlorophyll content）of lotus pods by 20.3% to 37.5%. Both BF⁃N and BF⁃K treatments significantly reduced the yield，biological total yield，and nutrient accumulation of lotus seeds，with BF⁃N treatment reducing 60.3%，70.0%，and 61.1% to73.9%，respectively，and BF⁃K treatment reducing 23.4%，37.7%，and 26.0% to 46.8%，respectively；The effects of BF⁃P，BF⁃Mg，and BF⁃B treatments on lotus yield were not significant，but they significantly reduced the biological total yield of lotus by 10. 0% to 13.9%. The accumulation of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium in BF⁃P treatment was significantly reduced by 12.2% to 18.0%，while the accumulation of various nutrients in BF⁃Mg treatment was significantly reduced by 11.9% to 19.7%.The boron accumulation in BF⁃B treatment decreased by as much as 51.5%.The effects of BF⁃P treatment on lotus magnesium and boron，and BF⁃B treatment on lotus nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium，and magnesium accumulation were not significant.The contributions of effective receptacle count，average number of carples，average fruit set percentage and average single seed weight to yield were 66.7%，19.3%，3.1% and 10.9% respectively.Except for fruit setting rate，they all showed significantly positive correlation with lotus yield at the level of 0.05 or above.In summary，under the conditions of this experiment，the comprehensive effects of nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium，magnesium，and boron on the yield and nutrient absorption of lotus are as follows：nitrogen>potassium>magnesium>phosphorus>boron.The seasonal utilization rates of phosphorus and boron are relatively low.In practical production，it is necessary to optimize the application strategies of phosphorus and boron fertilizers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Deep Learning in Crop Disease Detection SHEN Chuan, LI Xia Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (3): 19-27.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.003 Abstract （384）      PDF （2600KB）（111）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years，with the rapid development of computer vision technology，intelligent disease recognition systems based on digital image processing have demonstrated remarkable application potential in early diagnosis and precise control of crop diseases due to their efficiency and accuracy.This paper systematically reviews research progress in deep learning techniques for crop disease recognition.Through a comparative analysis with traditional machine learning methods，it highlights the technical advantages and application limitations of deep learning algorithms in disease feature extraction and classification.Furthermore，the paper analyzes the comprehensive technical workflow of deep learning in crop disease recognition and enumerates application cases utilizing mainstream network architectures. On this basis，the paper discusses key technical challenges faced by deep learning applications for crop disease recognition in complex field environments and provides perspectives on future research directions.The aim is to provide theoretical foundation and technical support for promoting the practical application of intelligent early warning and precise recognition technologies for crop diseases in modern agricultural production systems. Table and Figures | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Different Types of Tobacco Leaf Dry Distilled Flavor and Application in Heated Cigarettes XU Da, LI Jiaxin, WANG Xuanjing, GUO Lei, LI Lipeng, LIU Wei, TIAN Yaowei, SUN Zhengguang, SUN Qiang, XU Chunping Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 148-166.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.015 Abstract （382）      PDF （5286KB）（1520）       Knowledge map    Save To expand the core flavor source of heated cigarettes，flue⁃cured tobacco，sun⁃cured yellow tobacco，burley tobacco and oriental tobacco were selected as raw materials to prepare flavors by dry distillation process. Firstly，the contents of conventional chemical components in four kinds of tobacco leaves were determined.Then，the dry distillation flavors were prepared and the extraction rate was calculated.The composition differences of volatile components were explored by GC⁃MS and principal component analysis.Finally，the aroma⁃enhancing effect was evaluated by sensory evaluation.The results showed that the nicotine and total nitrogen contents of burley tobacco were significantly higher than those of other tobacco leaves，the total sugar and reducing sugar contents of sun⁃cured yellow tobacco were the highest，and the chemical components of flue⁃cured tobacco were more balanced.The extraction rate of dry distillation perfume was 2. 8% for flue⁃cured tobacco，2.7% for oriental tobacco，2.5% for sun⁃cured yellow tobacco and 1.5% for burley tobacco. A total of 205 volatile components were identified by GC⁃MS，and the total contents were 7 024.00 μg/g for flue⁃cured tobacco，1 407.79 μg/g for sun⁃cured yellow tobacco，3 881. 90 μg/g for burley tobacco and 6 951. 56 μg/g for oriental tobacco，respectively.Phenols，ketones and heterocyclic compounds were the main aroma components. Principal component analysis showed that the aroma components of flue⁃cured tobacco and oriental tobacco were similar，while burley tobacco and sun⁃cured yellow tobacco were significantly different.The sensory evaluation showed that the addition of dry distillation flavors could improve the smoking quality of heated cigarettes.Among them，the effect of flue⁃cured tobacco dry distillation flavor was the best，and the improvement effect was significant in aroma quantity，sweetness and strength.In summary，the aroma components of flue⁃cured tobacco are coordinated，the content of volatile components is high，and the burnt sweet and smoked aroma are prominent，which can effectively make up for the problem of insufficient aroma release of heated cigarettes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long⁃Term Application of Subsoiling and Organic Fertilizer on Distribution of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Precipitation and Water Utilization of Maize YANG Yonghui, WU Jiabin, ZHANG Yunhong, ZHANG Tinghao, GAO Cuimin, HAN Weifeng, PAN Xiaoying, HE Fang, Devotha G.NYAMBO, LUO Ning Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 1-12.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.001 Abstract （382）      PDF （3156KB）（160）       Knowledge map    Save In order to elucidate the effects of long⁃term subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers on distribution of rainfall in soil and utilization，based on hydrogen and oxygen isotopes tracing method，the effects of long⁃term subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers on the distribution of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in soil and water use of maize were studied with conventional tillage treatment as control.The results showed that long⁃term subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers improved soil structure and the distribution and utilization of precipitation in the soil.The soil moisture generally gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth at jointing and grain filling stages of maize.At harvest stage，the soil moisture obviously increased，and increased with the increase of soil depth.At jointing and grain filling stages，subsoiling tillage notably increased the 0—80 cm soil moisture.At harvest stage，both the subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers treatments increased the 0—100 cm soil moisture.At jointing stage，the contribution rate of water from the 0—40 cm soil was obviously higher than those in other layers，reaching over 90%，and the contribution rate of water from the 20—40 cm soil was the highest.At grain filling stage，conventional tillage，subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers treatments mainly utilized the water in 20—60 cm soil，and the water contribution rate reached 46.3%，53.4% and 92.7%，respectively.As the growth stage progressed，the soil water storage capacity of all treatments generally gradually increased.Compared with conventional tillage treatment，subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers were more beneficial for increasing soil water storage at jointing and harvest stages，and decreasing water consumption during sowing—jointing and grain filling—harvest period；meanwhile，subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers were more beneficial for increasing the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance at grain filling stage of maize，as well as improving leaf water use efficiency at jointing and grain filling stages. Ultimately，subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers significantly increased maize yield（10.6%，9.4%）and water use efficiency（13.6%，12.2%），although the difference between the two treatments was not significant.Correlation analysis showed that the contribution rate of water in 0—20 cm soil was significantly positively correlated with maize yield and water use efficiency at jointing stage，and significantly negatively correlated with maize yield and water use efficiency at grain filling stage.In conclusion，long⁃term subsoiling tillage and application of organic fertilizers can effectively regulate the rational distribution of precipitation in soil，improve the photosynthetic characteristics of maize，promote the efficient utilization of rainfall，and increase the yield and water use efficiency of maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Storage Environment on the Aging Quality of Primary Flue‑cured Tobacco Leaves of Longjiang 911 Variety DU Jingshan, LIU Qian, E Zhiying, QU Xianglin, LUAN Li, LIU Yu, SHEN Hongtao, WANG Yanfang, LIU Ling Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (11): 160-171.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.017 Abstract （381）      PDF （2652KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the influence of different storage environments on the aging quality of primary flue‑cured tobacco leaves，the C2L and C3V grades of primary flue‑cured tobacco leaves of the Longjiang 911 variety，which was mainly cultivated in Heilongjiang Province，were used as experimental materials.They were respectively placed in the aging warehouses in Boli County of Heilongjiang Province，Xinzheng City of Henan Province，and Kunming City of Yunnan Province for natural aging，and the differences in sensory quality and chemical components of the tobacco leaves under different storage environments were systematically compared. The results showed that with the increase of aging time，the total sugar content，reducing sugar content，ratio of total sugar to nicotine and ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar of C2L and C3V grade tobacco leaves in each warehouse overall increased significantly，while the total nitrogen content，total alkaloid content，starch content，total polyphenol content and free amino acid content decreased significantly. At 18 months of natural aging，compared with those in the Boli County warehouse，the contents of starch，total polyphenols，and free amino acids in C2L tobacco leaves stored in the Xinzheng City warehouse decreased by 5.86%，4.30%，and 6.77%，respectively；for C3V tobacco leaves，these three indicators decreased by 2.35%，1.86%，and 7.92%，respectively. The three indicators of C2L tobacco leaves in the aging warehouse in Kunming City decreased by 9.30%，4.77% and 11.11% respectively，and the C3V tobacco leaves decreased by 3.85%，2.87% and 17.12% respectively. At the same time，the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar of C2L tobacco leaves in the aging warehouse in Xinzheng City increased by 2.10% and 3.72% respectively. The C3V tobacco leaves increased by 6.09% and 5.40% respectively. The C2L tobacco leaves in the aging warehouse in Kunming City increased by 2.74% and 7.58% respectively，and the C3V tobacco leaves increased by 8.43% and 10.92% respectively. The sensory quality scores of tobacco leaves in different aging warehouses all showed a trend of first increasing and then stabilizing. The sensory quality of C2L and C3V tobacco leaves in the Kunming aging warehouse and C2L tobacco leaves in Xinzheng City aging warehouse had the highest sensory quality scores in the 12th month of aging，which was three months earlier than that of the aging warehouse in Boli County. Throughout the entire aging cycle，the sensory quality of the two grades of tobacco leaves was shown as follows：Kunming City>Xinzheng City>Boli County. In conclusion，compared with the aging warehouse in Boli County，Heilongjiang Province，the aging warehouses in Kunming City，Yunnan Province and Xinzheng City，Henan Province could significantly accelerate the aging process of tobacco leaves and improve the aging quality of tobacco leaves. Among them，the promoting effect of the aging environment in Kunming City was the most significant，with the fastest aging speed and the highest sensory score. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Biochar Composite Super Absorbent Polymers Combined with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Tobacco Growth and Soil Microenvironment under Drought Stress GUO Xiaoqin, LI Qinkui, WU Guangpeng, ZHANG Xiaoquan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (1): 88-100.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.008 Abstract （380）      PDF （6590KB）（132）       Knowledge map    Save Through pot experiments，the effects of the dosage of biochar composite super absorbent polymers（SAP）（0，2，4，8 g/pot，denoted as S0，S1，S2，S3）and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi［Claroideoglomus etunicatum（CE），Glomus versiforme（GV），Funneliformes mossae（FM）and non inoculation control（CK）］on the growth，root configuration parameters，and soil microenvironment of Yuyan 5 tobacco under drought stress were investigated.The results showed that under drought stress，the SAP could promote the infection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） on tobacco roots and had a positive effect on the mycorrhizal effect.The mycorrhizal infection rate was the highest（53.0%）and the number of vesicles was the highest（15.3 vesicles/cm）under the SAP dosage S2 treatment inoculated with FM.Under the same AMF inoculation treatment，with the increase of SAP dosage，tobacco growth indicators and soil physicochemical indicators（except for soil fungi，0.25—0.5mm，and <0.25 mm soil aggregate content）showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and reached their peak under the S2 SAP dosage treatment. Under the treatment of S2 SAP，compared to the treatment without adding SAP or inoculating with AMF，the total length，total projected area，total volume，root tip number，and root vitality of tobacco roots treated with FM increased by 78.7%，130.1%，141.0%，44.7%，and 83.9%，respectively.The number of soil fungi decreased by 73.7%，and the content of bacteria and actinomycetes increased by 134. 8% and 190.7%，respectively.Under drought stress，inoculation with AMF treatment could increase the activities of urease，cellulase，acid protease，acid phosphatase，sucrase，and chitinase in tobacco root soil to varying degrees.Compared to the treatment without adding SAP or inoculating with AMF，the FM treatment under S2 dosage increased the activities of urease，cellulase，acid protease，acid phosphatase，sucrase and chitinase activity in tobacco soil by 120.6%，94.9%，75.0%，200.0%，55.9% and 75.0%，respectively.In addition，inoculation with AMF treatment could increase the total nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，and organic matter content of tobacco rhizosphere soil to varying degrees，and increase the soil aggregate content of tobacco roots（>2 mm and 0.5—2 mm）.There was no significant change in the soil aggregate content of 0.25—0.5 mm，but it reduced the soil aggregate content of <0.25 mm.In summary，biochar composite SAP has a positive effect on plants，which can increase tobacco biomass，promote AMF infection，and enhance the positive effect of AMF on tobacco growth and drought resistance to a certain extent.Among them，the best effect on tobacco drought resistance is achieved when the SAP dosage is 4 g/pot（S2）combined with FM. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Shading on Source⁃Sink⁃Translocation Traits of Different Peanut Varieties ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Man, ZHANG Penglei, ZHANG Zhongxin, ZHANG Xinyou, LIU Juan, HAO Xi, DONG Wenzhao, ZANG Xiuwang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 40-48.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.005 Abstract （369）      PDF （2088KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save To evaluate the shade tolerance of different peanut cultivars and explore the impact of shading on source⁃sink⁃translocation characteristics，seven commonly cultivated peanut（Arachis hypogaea L.）varieties were selected to investigate their photosynthetic capacity，stem anatomical structure，reproductive development，and yield components under both normal light and shading conditions.The results showed that shading significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate and SPAD chlorophyll values，indicating a decline in assimilate synthesis capacity. In terms of transport traits，shading decreased the number of vascular bundles and xylem vessels by 9.52% and 30.10%，respectively.Reproductive development was also affected. The maximal flowering accumulation rate of Kaifeng 49，Yuhua 31，and Huayu 20 decreased by over 40%，while Puhua 28，Yuhua 22，and Yuhua 23 experienced declines of around 25%. Theoretical maximum flower number decreased by more than 50% in Kaifeng 49 and Yuhua 31，and by 12.48% and 15.86% in Yuhua 23 and Yuhua 22，respectively.While shading had little effect on the peak pod⁃filling rate，it delayed the time to reach this rate by an average of 5 days and shortened the duration of rapid accumulation by 6 days. Yield performance varied across cultivars：under shading，Yuhua 22 and Yuhua 23 showed relatively higher yields，with Yuhua 23 producing 1.33 times and 1.67 times more than Huayu 20 and Puhua 28，respectively.These findings suggest that Yuhua 22 and Yuhua 23 are suitable for shaded environments，with management strategies focused on enhancing photosynthesis. In contrast，Huayu 20 requires agronomic interventions that promote flowering and regulate assimilate translocation under shade. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Stress Tolerance Characteristics of Plant Growth⁃Promoting Rhizobacteria JHS0317 and XL0404 and Their Growth⁃Promoting and Disease Control Effects on Tobacco LI Xiaojie, QIU Rui, LIU Chang, BAI Jingke, ZHANG Mengdan, CHEN Yuguo, MIAO Shuyue, LI Shujun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 91-100.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.010 Abstract （367）      PDF （10825KB）（33）       Knowledge map    Save The aims are to clarify the stress tolerance characteristics，growth⁃promoting and disease control effects，and mechanisms of Pantoea agglomerans JHS0317 and Enterobacter ludwigii XL0404，which were plant growth⁃promoting rhizobacteria.The sensitivity of strains JHS0317 and XL0404 to temperature，pH value，and ultraviolet radiation was determined using the plate counting method.The growth⁃promoting effect on tobacco and the control effect on tobacco root rot caused by Fusarium were determined through indoor pot inoculation experiments.The results showed that the suitable growth temperature for strain JHS0317 was 28—35 ℃，and the suitable growth temperature for strain XL0404 was 28—45 ℃，with a lethal temperature of 65 ℃.Both strains could grow under pH conditions of 5—9，and the optimal pH was 5—7.They were sensitive to ultraviolet radiation.The results of pot experiments showed that the treatment of strains JHS0317 and XL0404 had a significant promoting effect on tobacco plant height，aboveground fresh weight，root fresh weight，total root surface area，and total root volume，which increased by 62.58%，44.76%，55.23%，63. 83%，71.43%，and 82.32%，49.84%，43.02%，43.38%，61.11% respectively compared to the control treated with water.The content of plant hormones such as brassinolide，gibberellin，and auxin，and the activity of resistance enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase，per oxidase，polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase in tobacco leaves were also increased compared to the control.The treatment of strains JHS0317 and XL0404 could reduce the incidence rate and disease index of tobacco Fusarium root rot，and the control effects were 49.99% and 24.98%，respectively.In summary，the plant growth⁃promoting rhizobacteria strains JHS0317 and XL0404 have good stress resistance to high temperature and acid and alkali，and have significant growth⁃promoting and disease prevention effects on tobacco，with good application prospects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Starvation on Longevity，Fecundity and Predation Capacity of Orius sauteri ZHAO Jun, WU Yanhui, TIAN Xiaoyuan, HE Lei, LI Jue, BAI Jingke, LI Shujun, LI Chengjun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (11): 102-108.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.011 Abstract （366）      PDF （2016KB）（82）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the starvation tolerance of Orius sauteri and its fecundity and predation capacity under different extents of starvation，this study simulated a starvation stress environment indoors.The survival rate and lifespan of O.sauteri at different developmental stages were measured under long‑term starvation conditions，and the effects on longevity，egg number，egg hatch rate，predation amount，predation function response and searching efficiency of female adults under various levels of starvation were analyzed.The results showed that female adults of O.sauteri possessed the highest starvation tolerance，with an average lifespan of 14.15 days，significantly longer than that of male adults and nymphs.There was a significant difference in the fecundity of female adults of O.sauteri under varying durations of starvation.Both the oviposition rate and egg number of females starved for 72 hours declined significantly（78.33% and 82.47 eggs，respectively）in relative to the control（females adults without starvation treatment，96.67% and 110.20 eggs，respectively）.Under the control and three starvation treatments，predation of female adults of O.sauteri on Heliothis assulta eggs still conformed to Holling Ⅱ functional response models，though with modifications to their parameters.The predation efficiency（38.384 1 and 32.026 9，respectively）and the lowest value of search effect（0.707 0 and 0.680 5，respectively）of female adults starved for 24 and 48 hours were both significantly higher than those of the control（28.372 0 and 0.643 8）.However，the predation efficiency（19.070 9）and minimum search effect（0.592 5） of females starved for 72 hours were lower than those of the control.Our results indicated that O.sauteri females should be prioritized as the optimal biological agent for field applications.However，starvation duration exceeding 72 hours significantly reduced the reproductive and predatory capacities of female adults，negatively impacting their field colonization and pest control efficacy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Irrigation Amount and Nitrogen Application Rate on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Maize under Different Densities ZHANG Meiwei, GUO Hanxiao, ZHAO Shuangsuo, HU Yanqi, MU Weilin, ZHANG Panpan, LI Chuan, ZHENG Fei, QIAO Jiangfang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2025, 54 (12): 13-22.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.002 Abstract （361）      PDF （1776KB）（762）       Knowledge map    Save In order to definite the response of dry matter accumulation and yield formation of maize to irrigation and nitrogen under different densities，Xundan 509 and Zhengdan 958 were used as materials to study the effects of irrigation amount［reduced irrigation（W1，irrigating 37.5 mm at flare opening and silking stages），full Irrigation（W2，irrigating 75 mm at flare opening and silking stages）］and nitrogen application rate［no nitrogen fertilizer（N0），low nitrogen level（N1，150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer），normal nitrogen level（N2，225 kg/hanitrogen fertilizer）］on dry matter accumulation，ear height coefficient，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters（Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo），leaf area index（LAI），yield and its components of maize under different densities［67 500 plants/ha（D1），90 000 plants/ha（D2）］.The results showed that，full irrigation and application of nitrogen both increased dry matter accumulation of population，LAI，Fv/Fm，Fv/Fo，ear height coefficient，yield and its components of two maize cultivars.Simultaneously，the appropriate irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate promoted transfer of dry matter to grain.Increase of density also increased dry matter accumulation of population，LAI and grain yield，while had adverse effects on Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo.Two maize cultivars generally had the highest dry matter accumulation of population，LAI and grain yield under D2W2N2 treatment. Compared with D1W1N0 treatment，the yields of Xundan 509 and Zhengdan 958 increased by 60.76% and 55.38% under D2W2N2 treatment respectively.Overall，D2W2N2 treatment with nitrogen application rate of 225 kg/ha，irrigating amount of 75 mm at the flare opening and tasseling⁃silking stages of maize respectively，and density of 90 000 plants/ha is the optimal measure to obtain high yield under high density. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Alleviation Effects and Mechanisms of Alginate Oligosaccharides and Astaxanthin on Lettuce Growth under Salt Stress LI Xifeng, XU Zihang, WU Xinyu, YUAN Zhengzheng, CHEN Yufeng, GUO Jingli Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (1): 118-131.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.011 Abstract （359）      PDF （8268KB）（164）       Knowledge map    Save This study investigated the effects of different addition levels of alginate oligosaccharides and astaxanthin separately on the growth，root morphology，nutrient uptake，and stress resistance of lettuce under salt stress to provide scientific basis and practical experience for lettuce cultivation under adverse conditions.A hydroponic experiment was conducted using Dasu lettuce. We adjusted the nutrient solution to a salt concentration of 120 mmol/L using NaCl solid to simulate the salt stress environment（S）.Two types of treatments were set up：alginate oligosaccharides were added at concentrations of 0，0.005%，0.010%，0.015%，0.020% and 0.025%，corresponding to S‐B0，S‐B1，S‐B2，S‐B3，S‐B4 and S‐B5，respectively；astaxanthin was added at concentrations of 0，0.05%，0.10%，0.15%，0.20% and 0.25%，corresponding to S‐A0，S‐A1，S‐A2，S‐A3，S‐A4 and S‐A5，respectively. Meanwhile，the nutrient solution without NaCl added was used as the control treatment（CK），with three replicates pertreatment.We analyzed various indicators of lettuce plants，including biomass，growth status，nutrient uptake，root morphology，leaf osmotic regulators and the activity of key antioxidant enzymes.Our experimental results indicated that alginate oligosaccharides promoted the accumulation of root biomass，and the increase of leaf SPAD value and the number of leaves compared to S‐B0 treatment.The nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium uptake in S‐B1 to S‐B5 treatments increased by 47.32% to 89.09%（p<0.05），4.32% to 20.38% and 2.29% to 24.79%，respectively.The total root length，root surface area and root volume increased by 58. 83% to 139.04%，53.57% to 92.33% and 36.07% to 72.50%（p<0.05），respectively.Root classification evaluation showed that the addition of alginate oligosaccharides primarily promoted the growth of roots at levels Ⅰ to Ⅲ.At the same time，the average root diameter and root‐to‐shoot ratio increased by 11.54% to 34.62% and 18.60% to 32.56%，respectively.Compared to S‐A0 treatment，the astaxanthin promoted the accumulation of root biomass，leaf SPAD values and the number of leaves.The nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium uptake in S‐A1 to S‐A5 treatments increased by 32.11% to 145.95%，10.07% to 66.91% and 25.42% to 64.51%，respectively.The total root length，root surface area and root volume increased by 26.57% to 128.97%，26.59% to 129.01% and 26.67% to 193.33%，respectively.Root classification evaluation showed that the addition of astaxanthin primarily promoted the growth of roots at levels Ⅰ to Ⅱ. At the same time，the average root diameter increased by 10.00% to 33.33%，and there were no significant differences in the root‐to‐shoot ratio among the treatments.Under salt stress，the addition of alginate oligosaccharides and astaxanthin significantly increased the proline（Pro）content in the leaves，helping to regulate osmotic balance. At the same time，both treatments enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD）and catalase（CAT）as well as reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde（MDA），thereby decreasing cellular oxidative damage.Redundancy analysis indicated that the addition of alginate oligosaccharides mainly enhanced the activity of SOD，which helped alleviate the damage caused by salt stress to lettuce growth. On the other hand，astaxanthin promoted lettuce’s stress tolerance primarily through the combined effects of SOD and Pro，driving its adaptive growth under stress conditions. According to the membership function method，which was used to evaluate various indicators of lettuce，the highest score in alginate oligosaccharide treatments was observed in S‐B3 treatment，while in the astaxanthin treatments，the highest score was found in S‐A2 treatment.The application of alginate oligosaccharides or astaxanthin in hydroponic vegetable production can both promote the growth of lettuce roots and enhance nutrient absorption.These treatments effectively improve the osmotic balance of leaf cells，while also increase the activity of antioxidant protective enzymes to mitigate the negative effects of salt stress on leafy vegetables.The optimal addition rates for improving the salt tolerance of lettuce are 0.015% for alginate oligosaccharides and 0. 10% for astaxanthin. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Storage Temperature on Seed Quality of Camellia oleifera Abel NI Tianhong, ZHANG He, XU Hui, GONG Shoufu, ZHANG Yan, CHEN Liwen Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2026, 55 (1): 173-180.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.016 Abstract （351）      PDF （2950KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of storage temperature on the quality of Camellia oleifera seeds and reveal the variation patterns of seed vigor indices（malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity）and internal constituent indexes（soluble sugar content，soluble protein content，fat content，and starch content） under different storage temperature conditions，Camellia oleifera seeds were used as test materials.The seeds were naturally air‐dried to a moisture content of 8.36% and then stored at room temperature［（25±2）℃］，4℃，−20℃，−70℃，respectively. Seed vigor index and inclusion index were determined at 0，60，120，180 days of storage.The fuzzy mathematics membership function value method was employed for comprehensive evaluation.The results showed that with the extension of storage time，the malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity of Camellia oleifera seeds generally increased gradually under all four temperature conditions，while the contents of soluble sugar，soluble protein and starch showed an overall decreasing trend，and the fat content fluctuated to varying degrees.Compared with 0 day of storage，at 180 days，the seed vigor indexes（malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity）and inclusion indexes（soluble sugar，soluble protein and starch content）were significantly different under the storage condition of（25±2）℃ .Among them，the malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity increased by 199.38% and 104.09%，respectively，while the contents of soluble sugar，soluble protein，and starch decreased by 26.69%，47.95% and 31.00%，respectively.Under the storage condition of −70℃，the changes of each index were not significant（except soluble protein content）.The malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity increased by 38.15% and 10.14%，respectively，while the soluble sugar，soluble protein and starch content decreased by 16.78%，36.24% and 6.40%，respectively.Through comprehensive evaluation and analysis，it was found that the quality of Camellia oleifera seeds under four storage temperatures was ranked as follows：−70 ℃>−20 ℃>4 ℃>（25±2）℃.In summary，the low temperature environment（−20 ℃，−70 ℃）was more conducive to maintaining the quality of Camellia oleifera seeds during 180 days of storage，while the storage effect at（25±2）℃ was the worst. Combined with the cost of production practice，it is recommended to select −20 ℃ as the storage temperature of Camellia oleifera seeds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics