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Research Progress in Alleviating Continuous Cropping Obstacles by Allium L.Plants GUO Jianing, LI Nannan, LI Kun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 11-20.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.002 Abstract （245）      PDF （1333KB）（296）       Knowledge map    Save Soil continuous cropping obstacles commonly occur in many plants，such as grain crops，fruit trees，vegetables，Chinese herbal medicines and others，restricting the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.Intercropping，rotation and relay intercropping are important agricultural management measures，and they can regulate the microecological environment of rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping，reducing the harm of continuous cropping.Allium L.plants contain various biologically active components such as organic sulfur compounds，saponins，flavonoids，and other compounds.They are often used as an intercropping，rotation or relay intercropping crop to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.This paper expounded the alleviative effects of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstaces，and the alleviating mechanism of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstacles was discussed from photosynthetic characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activity，root exudate characteristics and soil nutrients，enzyme activity and microorganisms quantity and community structure.The components contained in root exudates and plant volatiles of Allium L.plants were analyzed.Finally，the research direction of mechanisms of Allium L.plants alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and the development of active substances were proposed，which laid a theoretical foundation for further application of Allium L.plants in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of Solid‑State Fermentation Process of Artemisia argyi and Its Inhibitory Effect on PRRSV LI Peng, WANG Junru, FENG Lili, WANG Huajian, AN Na, LEI Mengyao, ZHENG Hongshuang, WANG Liping, LIU Xingyou Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 128-137.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.014 Abstract （190）      PDF （3582KB）（251）       Knowledge map    Save In order to study the inhibitory effect of Artemisia argyi as feed additive on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),the probiotic strains suitable for solid‑state fermentation of Artemisia argyi were screened,the fermentation process was optimized，and the changes of effective components and antiviral effect were studied.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)were used as the detection indexes,and Pediococcus acidilactici was screened out as the probiotic strain suitable for the solid‑state fermentation of Artemisia argyi.With the number of viable bacteria of Pediococcus acidilactici as the index,the solid‑state fermentation process of Artemisia argyi was optimized by single factor test and response surface analysis,and the components and cytotoxicity of the solid‑state fermentation products of Artemisia argyi were determined.The results showed that the optimum solid‑state fermentation process of Artemisia argyi was as follows:The material‑water ratio was 1∶0.95,the inoculation amount was 7%,the fermentation time was 41 h,and the temperature was 28.6℃.After solid‑state fermentation,the total flavonoids content of Artemisia argyi increased by 15.3%,the total polyphenols content increased by 22.4%,the total polysaccharides content decreased by 38.1%,the crude fiber content decreased by 1.69 percentage points,and the cytotoxicity decreased by 50%.The extracts of Artemisia argyi before and after solid‑state fermentation were added to Marc145 cells infected with PRRSV.After 72 h,the proliferation of PRRSV was detected by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay(IPMA)and real‑time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR).When the concentration of Artemisia argyi was 0.625—1.25 mg/mL,the inhibitory effect of solid‑state fermentation group on PRRSV was higher than that of non‑fermentation group，and the viral load decreased from 9.24×106 copies/μL to 7.90×103 copies/μL.The above results showed that the active ingredients were fully released and the antiviral effect was enhanced after solid‑state fermentation of Artemisia argyi. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Soybean and Maize Stubbles on Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Winter Wheat Rhizosphere Soil GUO Hui, LIAN Yanhao, ZHAO Zhibo, REN Yongzhe, WANG Zhiqiang, LIN Tongbao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 79-89.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.009 Abstract （1461）      PDF （3686KB）（234）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the differences in the effects of maize stubble and soybean stubble in the Huang‑Huai‑Hai area，in 2023，rhizosphere soil samples at the jointing stage of winter wheat were collected under the conditions of long‑term positioning test fields for up to 4 years（2019—2023）.The responses of rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and function to no nitrogen application（N0）and conventional nitrogen application（N240，pure nitrogen 240 kg/ha） were studied by using 16S high‑throughput sequencing technology combined with Tax4Fun2 function prediction analysis in the jointing stage of winter wheat under maize（M）stubble and soybean（S）stubble，respectively.There were four treatments（MN0，SN0，MN240，SN240）in total.The results showed that，at the phylum level，Proteobacteria，Acidobacteria，Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriota were the dominant rhizosphere bacteria of winter wheat with a relative abundance of 66.66%—69.56%.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in S stubble was significantly increased by 19.10% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05），and under N240 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in S stubble was significantly increased by 11.90% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05）.At the order level，Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales were the dominant bacteria with a relative abundance of 18.42%—19.68%. Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Vicinamibacterales in S stubble was significantly reduced by 13.69% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05）；The relative abundance of Burkholderiales was increased significantly by 11.31%（P<0.05）.Through the Tax4Fun2 function prediction and the KEGG data comparison，it was found that there were significant differences in the relative abundance of seven functional pathways under the metabolism category under N0 nitrogen application rate（P<0.05），and correlation analysis further revealed that there was a significant correlation between Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales and amino acid metabolism pathways（P<0.01）.There were 26 functional genes involved in soil nitrogen cycling pathway in winter wheat soil bacteria，and the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes accounted for the largest proportion.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes norB，norC and nirS in M stubble was significantly higher than that in S stubble（P<0.05）.In conclusion，the stubble causes the soil bacterial community structure of winter wheat to change under different amount of nitrogen. Different stubble affects the nitrogen metabolism function of bacterial community by changing the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial community. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Nitrogen Inhibitors HUANG Boxuan, ZHENG Cangsong, SUN Miao, SHAO Jingjing, FENG Weina, LI Pengcheng, DONG Helin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.001 Abstract （425）      PDF （1303KB）（223）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen inhibitors have the advantages of increasing crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency，and reducing nitrogen application costs and environmental pollution risks，providing a technological pathway for the green and efficient development of modern agriculture.They mainly included nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors.This article summarized the research and development history，mechanism of action，and application effects of nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors，and prospected their future research directions，in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of nitrogen inhibitors. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Traits of Wheat Varieties in Henan Province Consortium Experiment ZHANG Huifang, YAN Zhaoling, LIU Haijiao, DUAN Junzhi, CHEN Haiyan, GUO Yan, WANG Nan, YANG Cuiping, QI Hongzhi Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 35-43.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.005 Abstract （217）      PDF （1254KB）（217）       Knowledge map    Save Consortium experiment is a new measure to broaden the channels of crop variety approval experiment under the current agricultural situation in China.In order to deeply understand the experiment capacity of wheat consortium experiment in Henan Province and master the agronomic traits and quality traits of its varieties，comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted between the consortium experiment varieties and the provincial unified experiment varieties，based on the wheat varieties approved by Henan Province in the past three years（2021—2023）.The results showed that Henan Province approved a total of 355 wheat varieties from 2021 to 2023，including 187 consortium experiment varieties.The consortium experiment capacity showed an upward trend，and the proportion of varieties increased from 48.3% in 2021 to 61.2% in 2023.The consortium experimental group was single，mainly including winter wheat‑irrigation group. In the winter wheat‑irrigation group，when applicants independently applied for varieties，the proportion of universities and research institutes through consortium experiment channel was higher than that through provincial unified experiment channel，and individual applicants were more inclined to provincial unified experiment channel.Compared with the provincial unified experiment，the difference of agronomic traits of the consortium experiment wheat was larger at the early stage and smaller at the later stage. Among the 7 agronomic traits，5 traits were significantly or extremely significantly different in 2021，and 2 traits were significantly different in 2023.The difference of quality traits was relatively smaller，but also showed the rule of large at the early stage and small at the late stage. Among the 7 quality traits，2 traits were significantly different in 2021，and there was no significant difference in 2023.The variation coefficient and diversity of agronomic and quality traits of the consortium experiment varieties were greater than those of provincial unified experiment varieties. Principal component analysis was used to transform 14 agronomic and quality traits into 7 principal components，which reflected 81.51% of the original information.The evaluation results based on principal component analysis showed that among the top 50 varieties with comprehensive scores，the varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the wheat consortium experiment accounted for a relatively smaller proportion of all varieties.In 2021 and 2023，there were 5 and 14 varieties respectively，accounting for 9.3% and 17.9% of all consortium experiment varieties.The varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the provincial unified experiment accounted for a relatively larger proportion of all varieties，with 4 and 5 in 2021 and 2023，respectively，accounting for 19.0% and 35.7% of all provincial unified experiment varieties.In summary，the capacity of Henan wheat consortium experiment is constantly increasing，and the dispersion of agronomic and quality traits is relatively larger；The gap of comprehensive scores of varieties between the consortium experiment and the provincial unified experiment is narrowing；Relevant departments can adjust and optimize the consortium experimental group according to the market in the future，focus on the issues of consortium experiment channel，and promote the high‑quality development of the consortium experiment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of Potato SPAD Values Based on Machine Learning and UAV Hyperspectral Remote Sensing CHEN Yifan, GUO Faxu, FENG Quan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 133-144.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.015 Abstract （186）      PDF （4120KB）（200）       Knowledge map    Save To enable rapid，non‑destructive monitoring of the soil plant analysis development（SPAD）value of field‑grown potatoes，this research employed unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） hyperspectral imaging to construct a quantitative detection model during critical growth phases.UAV hyperspectral imagery captured during the tuber initiation and enlargement stages was processed using mathematical transformations.Characteristic bands correlating with the SPAD value were identified using the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling（CARS），uninformative variable elimination（UVE），and random frog（RF） algorithms. Subsequently，partial least squares regression（PLSR），support vector regression（SVR），and back propagation（BP）neural networks were utilized to formulate models for estimating the potato SPAD values.It was observed that the characteristic bands derived from distinct feature selection algorithms varied slightly，with the CARS algorithm demonstrating efficiency in extracting sensitive spectral features，reducing hyperspectral data dimensions，and enhancing model precision.Compared to models constructed with alternative algorithmic combinations，the 1/R‑CARS‑SVR model displayed superior predictive capabilities，yielding R 2values of 0.88 for the training set and 0.84 for the validation set，and consistent root mean square error（RMSE） values of 0.39 for both.The 1/R‑CARS‑SVR model was utilized to perform point‑by‑point SPAD value computations across the study area，and a detailed inversion map was generated.It was found that SPAD value in tuber expansion stage was generally higher than that in tuber formation stage.This map offered a visual representation of potato growth conditions for managerial decision‑making，contributing to the theoretical framework and methodological approach for the surveillance of potato growth dynamics. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Chemical Composition Change and Coupling with Temperature and Humidity in Box Cured Tobacco Leaves SONG Zonghao, JIANG Chenguang, WU Yuexuan, WU Zhongxin, WANG Longfei, LU Xiaochong, TI Jinsong, LIU Jianjun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 162-172.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.018 Abstract （182）      PDF （6224KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the spatiotemporal coupling relationship between tobacco quality formation and temperature‑humidity fields during box‑type curing,real‑time sensors were employed to monitor temperature and humidity at different locations within the curing barn.Temperature and humidity field cloud maps were constructed,chemical composition changes were analyzed,and a comprehensive evaluation of post‑curing tobacco quality was conducted based on the analytic hierarchy process,aiming to reveal the relationship between temperature‑humidity fields during box‑type curing and the formation of tobacco quality within the curing chamber. Results showed that temperature distribution at different levels within the chamber exhibited a pattern that the lower level had the highest temperature,followed by the middle level,and the upper level was the lowest.As the curing process progressed,high‑temperature regions within the chamber tended to concentrate from the periphery towards the center.Moist air moved from the middle to the upper levels of the chamber,gradually creating a relatively high‑humidity environment in the upper levels from the color‑fixing stage to the drying stage.Within the same level of the chamber,the distribution of moist air followed a pattern of higher concentration in the center and lower concentration in the periphery. During the box‑type curing process,compared to the middle and upper levels,the lower level had higher temperature and lower humidity,resulting in greater starch degradation,with starch content decreasing to 3.88% at the end of curing.Total sugar and reducing sugar were significantly lower than in other levels,protein degradation rate was fast,and total nitrogen content changed smoothly overall.Accumulation of aroma compounds was high,reaching 1 308 μg/g.Evaluation of post‑curing tobacco quality at different levels within the curing chamber showed that the lower level had the highest comprehensive score of 0. 817,followed by the middle level at 0.765,and the upper level at 0.721,indicating that the tobacco quality at the lower level of the chamber was optimal.These results demonstrate that tobacco leaves in the lower level of the chamber,where temperatures are high and relative humidity is low,experience greater degradation of starch resulting in higher accumulation of aroma compounds,total sugar,and reducing sugar,and superior post‑curing tobacco quality. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance and Genome‑Wide Association Study of Japonica Rice Germplasms at Seedling Stage FENG Peiyuan, DONG Yue, JIAO Zilan, CHEN Min, KONG Weiru, RAN Jie, LI Peifu, TIAN Lei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.001 Abstract （244）      PDF （3135KB）（182）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the distribution characteristics of Na+and K+in japonica rice germplasms at seedling stage under salt stress，identify elite salt‑tolerant germplasms and detect ion homeostasis‑related loci，181 japonica rice germplasms were used to determine the salt tolerance score（STS），shoot Na+content（SNC），root Na+content（RNC），shoot K+content（SKC），root K+content（RKC），calculate shoot Na+/K+（SNK），root Na+/K+（RNK）and comprehensive evaluation value（D），and conduct genome‑wide association study（GWAS）.The results showed that seven indexes STS，SNC，RNC，SKC，RKC，SNK and RNK showed abundant variation，and the variation coefficient ranged from 23.7% to 70.5%.The correlation analysis result showed that，SNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with RNC，SNK and RNK；RNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with SNK and RNK；SKC was significantly positively correlated with RKC and extremly significantly negatively correlated with SNK.Principal component analysis（PCA）results showed that four major components were extracted，with a cumulative contribution rate of 89. 545%. Subsequently，five salt‑tolerant germplasms，including Bertone，Cigalon，Banat2951，Zaonuodao and Shennong 2，were selected by D value，and Jiahe 1，Yueguang，Xingshi，Shanfuliya and Qianchonglang were salt‑sensitive germplasms.The GWAS analysis revealed a total of 16 salt tolerance related InDel loci and 32 allelic variants，with contribution rate of 10.82%—20.57%.Among them，nine InDel loci were significantly associated with RNC，which were located on chromosomes 1，4，6，8，9 and 11；seven InDel loci were significantly associated with RNK，which were located on chromosomes 4，5，6，7，9 and 10，with contribution rate of 11.04%—18.79%.The allele 6IM20. 68Mb‑2 was detected in RNC and RNK，respectively.The InDel locus 9IM20.21Mb，which was significantly associated with RNK，showed three haplotypes.The RNK of Hap1 was significantly lower than that of Hap2 and Hap3，so it was a typical salt‑tolerant haplotype. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Intercropping Promoting Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization WU Xin, BI Jiayu, GE Yingtong, HE Yangfa, WANG Yuyun Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 1-9.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.001 Abstract （227）      PDF （1931KB）（178）       Knowledge map    Save The application of phosphate fertilizer and mineral weathering are the main sources of soil phosphorus，but the low utilization rate of phosphorus and the limited ability of crops to absorb and utilize phosphorus lead to the accumulation of soil phosphorus，which limits the growth of crops.Intercropping system can improve soil phosphorus availability.The effects of intercropping on phosphorus utilization rate were summarized.The mechanism of intercropping to improve soil phosphorus availability was reviewed from three aspects：soil microorganisms，crop roots，and changes in endogenous hormones.It is suggested that in the future，we should focus on the in‑situ characterization of plant root morphology，auxin‑related gene expression，soil microorganisms and related functional genes，in order to provide reference for improving phosphorus utilization rate through intercropping. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Evaluation of Resistance to Stripe Rust of 480 Wheat Germplasms DAI Ziju, LI Wenxu, YANG Huimin, ZHU Xiuhua, WANG Yahuan, XU Fuxin, LIU Dongyang, HOU Jinna, QIN Maomao, WU Zhengqing, ZHOU Zhengfu, LEI Zhensheng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 1-15.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.001 Abstract （251）      PDF （1619KB）（177）       Knowledge map    Save The main purpose of the present study is to understand the resistance to stripe rust and the utilization of stripe rust resistant genes in current bred wheat varieties,and find the varieties containing novel stripe rust resistant loci.Totally,480 domestic and foreign wheat germplasms were collected from various planting regions.The varieties were inoculated with mixed races of CYR32,CYR33 and CYR34 for testing the adult plant resistance.Simultaneously,the resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew was investigated in infected field.The KASP markers closely linked or co‑segregated with stripe rust,leaf rust and powdery mildew genes,Yr18/Lr34/Sr57/Pm38(7DS),Yr29/Lr46/Pm39/Sr58(1BL)and Yr30/Lr27/Sr2/Sb3(3BS),were selected for identifying the previous reported pleiotropic resistant genes.The results showed that there were 35(accounting for 7.29%)germplasms showed immunization to CYR32,CYR33 and CYR34,while the numbers of high‑resistant and medium‑resistant germplasms were 69(14.38%)and 79(16.46%),respectively.And the other 297(61.88%)germplasms demonstrated medium‑ or high‑ susceptible to the inoculated races.There were 13,10 and 7 germplasms containing the Yr18,and Yr29 and Yr30 genes,respectively;only 3 germplasms contained two of the resistant genes;no germplasm was detected with all the three resistant genes.In conclusion,183(accounting for 38.12%)germplasms showed resistant to stripe rust at adult plant stage,and 27 germplasms were detected with the above resistant genes.Yr18 or Yr30 gene showed resistant to the current races of stripe rust,however,the resistance level of Yr29 gene was partly lost at adult plant stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Root Development and Auxin in Tea Plants to Different Nitrogen Forms HUANG Shuangjie, LI Mengzhen, LUO Jinlei, CHANG Yali, ZHANG Yali, GUO Guiyi Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 54-65.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.007 Abstract （202）      PDF （2369KB）（175）       Knowledge map    Save Tea plants（Camellia sinensis）prefer NH4+ as the dominant nitrogen（N）source.Although it has been proven that the use of mixed nitrate（NO3-）and ammonium（NH4+）as a N source can improve plant growth，whether genotypic difference in response to mixed nutrition exists in different tea plants remains obscure.Two tea cultivars（Camellia sinensis cv.Xinyang 10 and Zhongcha 108）were grown at three ratios of NH4+/NO3-（4∶0，3∶1 and 0∶4）to elucidate how the ratio of NH4+/NO3- modulate the architecture of the root system by investigating root growth，N content and auxin content as well as the expression of related genes.Xinyang 10 had the highest root and shoot dry matter and root N content under mixed nutrition（3∶1）And Xinyang 10 had the longer adventitious roots under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH4+，but no difference was observed in growth of lateral root between sole NH4+ andmixed nutrition treatments.IAA content was significantly increased in the roots of Xinyang 10，but significantly decreased in its leaves.Response of Zhongcha 108 to ratios of NH4+/NO3- was different from Xinyang 10.Shoot biomass and N content of root and shoot in Zhongcha 108 were significantly reduced under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH4+，while length of adventitious root increased，but not reaching statistical significance. Compared with sole NH4+，mixed nutrition increased length of lateral root but decreased the number and density of lateral roots in Zhongcha 108.And the IAA content in roots of Zhongcha 108 was significantly reduced under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH4+，but not in its leaves.The results of qRT‑PCR showed that auxin synthetic genes CsTSA，CsNIT1，transportation genes CsPIN3a，CsPIN3b and response genes CsARF3，CsIAA27 in roots of Xinyang 10 were significantly up‑regulated under mixed nutrition compared with sole NH4+；however，auxin synthetic genes CsNIT1，CsNIT2，transportation CsABCB4 and response genes CsARF1，CsARF3，CsARF5，CsARF6 in roots of Zhongcha 108 were significantly down‑regulated under mixed nutrition compared with sole NH4+. In conclusion，Xinyang 10 and Zhongcha 108 have genotypic differences when responding to N forms.The former is tolerant to NO3- and suitable for growth at the ratio of NH4+/NO3- as 3∶1，while the latter is sensitive to NO3- and suitable for growth under sole NH4+ nutrition. Under the ratio of NH4+/NO3- at 3∶1，auxin transport to roots of Xinyang 10 increases but to those of Zhongcha 108 decreases，which may be one of the physiological mechanisms conferring different response of different tea roots to N forms. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of Cellulose and Lignin Degrading Bacteria and Their Effect on Composting of Mushroom Residue WANG Xianxin, QI Lihua, SONG Jiangfu, ZHANG Qingge, LIU Congcong, ZHANG Qi, SONG Feifei, XU Ailing Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 66-79.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.007 Abstract （285）      PDF （6107KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save In order to screen high‑efficiency composite bacteria that promote the degradation of cellulose and lignin in the composting process of mushroom residue,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose plate method,Congo red staining method and lignin plate method were used for preliminary screening，combined with filter paper strip disintegration test,aniline blue decolorization rate determination and cellulose and lignin enzyme activity determination test for rescreening from the mushroom residue waste,and then they were used for aerobic composting test to study the physical and chemical parameters and microbial community changes in the process,and to evaluate their degradation ability of cellulose and lignin in mushroom residue.The results showed that the enriched cellulose‑degrading bacteria could completely degrade the filter paper within 6 days,and the activities of carboxymethyl cellulase(CMCase),filter paper enzyme(FPA),exoglucanase(C1)and β‑glucosidase(β‑Gase)reached 2.50,7.30,3.43 and 2.90 U/mL,respectively.The maximum decolorization rate of aniline blue reached 92.10% within 5 days by enriched lignin degrading bacteria，and the activities of lignin peroxidase(Lac),laccase(Lip)and manganese peroxidase(Mnp)reached 0.80,2.42 and 1.35 U/mL,respectively.The results of composting test showed that compared with the natural composting treatment(CK),the highest temperature of the pile body was 58.77℃,and the high temperature(>55℃)lasted for 5 days.The relative decomposition rate of cellulose and lignin increased by 35.83% and 54.33% respectively.The addition of microbial agents increased the richness of bacterial community in the middle stage of composting,and the relative abundance of Pseudomonas,Idiomarina,lutamicibacter,Thiopseudomonas,Globicatella,Pusillimonas,Lysobacter and Brumimicrobium increased. Redundancy analysis(RDA)results showed that temperature,pH value and electrical conductivity(EC value)were the significant factors affecting the composition of bacterial community in the middle stage of composting.In summary,the composite degrading bacteria screened in this study can effectively degrade cellulose and lignin,and prolong the high temperature period of composting Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Dissection of Dwarf Genes in Varieties（Lines）Derived from Core Wheat Parent Zhou 8425B LI Xiaode, YANG Yuxin, ZHU Chenjia, LI Yujia, CHEN Shulin, YIN Guihong, DONG Chunhao, WANG Daowen, ZHANG Kunpu Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 21-27.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.003 Abstract （229）      PDF （1735KB）（166）       Knowledge map    Save In this study，219 wheat varieties（lines）derived from Zhou 8425B were used as test materials，and the molecular markers of four main dwarf genes［reduced height 1（Rht1），Rht2，Rht8 and Rht24］were used to detect them to determine the distribution，combination type and influence of the dwarf genes on plant height and yield related traits of wheat，so as to lay the foundation for the continuous genetic research of core wheat parent Zhou 8425B and the application of molecular marker‑assisted selection for dwarf genes in wheat.The results showed that the distribution frequencies of dwarf genes Rht1，Rht2，Rht8 and Rht24 were 94.52%，100.00%，42.00% and 97.26% in varieties（lines）derived from Zhou 8425B，respectively.Among the 219 samples，the type of single dwarf gene wasn’t found；instead，various dwarf genes were found to coexist in combination. There were seven combination types for the four dwarf genes，namely Rht1+Rht2，Rht2+Rht8，Rht2+Rht24，Rht1+Rht2+Rht8，Rht1+Rht2+Rht24，Rht2+Rth8+Rth24 and Rth1+Rth2+Rth8+Rth24.The frequency of Rht1+Rht2+Rht24 was the highest with 53.42%，and the frequency of Rht2+Rht8 was the lowest with 0.46%.For single dwarf gene，Rht8 had the strongest culm reduction effect，while Rht1 had the weakest；for dwarf gene combination，Rht1+Rht2 combination had the strongest culm reduction effect，while Rht1+Rht2+Rht8 combination had the weakest. For single dwarf gene，Rht2 genotype had the highest yield，with plant height of 77.38 cm；the yield of Rht8 genotype was the lowest，with plant height of 76.71 cm. For dwarf gene combination，Rht2+Rht8 combination had the highest yield，with plant height of 78.21 cm；the combination of Rht1+Rht2 had the lowest yield，with plant height of 75.85 cm.The results of correlation analysis between yield‑related traits and four dwarf genes showed that，in a certain range，proper increase of plant height was beneficial to the increase of plant biomass，harvest index and yield.Three wheat materials with higher yields were selected，including Zhengmai 103，Cunmai 13 and Zhongyu 1220，with plant heights of 82.79 cm，78.71 cm and 82.50 cm，respectively，and their dwarf gene combination was all Rht1+Rht2+Rht24. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Growth‑Promoting Fungal Fertilizers on Aroma Components，Sensory Quality and Soil Properties of Flue‑cured Tobacco YE Zhihui, SHAO Xinguang, ZHAO Xiaozhong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 37-48.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.005 Abstract （164）      PDF （1599KB）（166）       Knowledge map    Save With Yunyan 87 as the test material,a field cultivation experiment was set up，and on the basis of conventional fertilization(CK),symbiotic Richoderma harzianum(Rh),internal and external symbiotic Funneliformis mosseae(Fm),endophytic Beauveria bassiana(Bb)and their combined treatments(RF,RB,FB,RFB)were applied to explore the effects of different growth‑promoting fungi on aroma components，sensory quality and soil properties of flue‑cured tobacco,to provide some reference for the application of growth‑promoting fungal fertilizer in flue‑cured tobacco production.The results showed that the inoculation and combined application of different growth‑promoting fungi had positive effects on the total amount of non‑volatile organic acids，neutral aroma components,sensory quality and soil properties of flue‑cured tobacco.Compared with CK,the soil microbial respiration rate of related inoculation treatments(Rh,Fm,Bb,RF,RB,FB,RFB)was significantly increased by 87.93%—186.21%,and other soil indexes(the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,exchangeable calcium,exchangeable magnesium and exchangeable iron)were better in multi‑inoculation treatments(RF,RB,FB,RFB).The contents of non‑volatile organic acids(succinic acid,fumaric acid,oxalic acid,citric acid,malic acid)and neutral aroma components(aromatic amino acids,browning products,plastid pigments,cembranoids)were higher in multi‑inoculation treatments(RF,FB,RFB)containing Funneliformis mosseae.In the sensory quality,the difference of the total score of each treatment was small,but the aroma quality,aroma quantity,strength and flammability of the inoculated treatments were better.Furthermore,correlation analysis showed that soil exchangeable calcium,magnesium,iron contents were closely related to aroma components and sensory quality of flue‑cured tobacco.Principal component analysis showed that FB treament was the most conducive to improving the total amount of non‑volatile organic acids,neutral aroma components and sensory quality.In summary,the combination of Funneliformis mosseae and Beauveria bassiana was the best treatment,which could improve the quality of flue‑cured tobacco by promoting soil ion exchange performance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Heat Damage at Flowering Stage of Summer Maize in Henan Province LI Zhi, LU Haoran, YANG Guanguan, LI Hongping, WANG Qun, LI Chaohai, ZHOU Guotao, LU Chunguang, ZHANG Yongen Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 10-20.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.002 Abstract （210）      PDF （8149KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the daily meteorological data of 109 counties（districts）meteorological stations in Henan Province from 1957 to 2022，the duration days and cumulative days of daily maximum temperature≥35℃ at flowering stage of summer maize were calculated. The frequency and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize in Henan Province were analyzed from two aspects of continuous heat damage and non‑continuous heat damage，so as to provide scientific basis for disaster prevention and disaster avoidance in summer maize production in Henan Province. The results showed that in terms of time distribution，from 1957 to 2022，the frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize decreased first and then increased in Henan Province.After 2010，the frequency of heat damage showed a trend of frequent occurrence，and the frequency of continuous heat damage was higher. The higher frequency of heat damage happened in 1960s and after 2010，and the 1960s was dominated by moderate and severe heat damage，and after 2010，mild and moderate heat damage dominated.In terms of spatial distribution，the frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize was higher in eastern and southern Henan，and lower in western and northern Henan. The high‑risk areas of heat damage were south of Nanyang City，Zhumadian City，Zhoukou City and the east of Shangqiu City. The low risk areas of heat damage were Anyang City，Puyang City and Hebi City.In terms of the type of heat damage，the south of Shangqiu City was more prone to continuous heat damage；Luohe City and Zhoukou City were more prone to non‑continuous mild heat damage，southern Nanyang City was more prone to non‑continuous moderate and severe heat damage，and southern Zhumadian City was more prone to non‑continuous severe heat damage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on the Photosynthesis，ASA‑GSH Cycle，and Hormone Changes of Malus‘Royalty’under Drought Stress YANG Yan, XIAO Bin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 100-110.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.011 Abstract （225）      PDF （1670KB）（162）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin(MT)on the growth status,photosynthesis,hormone metabolism,and ASA‑GSH cycle physiology of Malus‘Royalty’under drought stress,under potted conditions,normal water(CK),drought stress(DS),and six concentrations of melatonin(50,100,150,200,250,300 mg/kg,denoted as MT1,MT2,MT3,MT4,MT5,and MT6)under drought stress were designed,for a total of eight treatments.The effects of different concentrations of melatonin treatment on the growth,chlorophyll content,photosynthetic parameters,hormone metabolism,enzyme activity and antioxidant content in the ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’under drought stress were analyzed.Compared with DS treatment,the plant height,basal diameter,total dry weight,total root volume,and average root diameter under DS+MT3 treatment increased by 54.7%,20.0%,143.2%,33.5%,and 6.9%,respectively.The content of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,and carotenoids increased by 20.5%,115.7%,and 83.0%,respectively.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),and water use efficiency(WUE) in the photosynthetic parameters increased by 51.8%,110.9%,55.5%,and 96.6%,respectively,and Pn returned to the CK level.The intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(Ci)and stomatal limitation value(Ls)decreased by 43.3% and 57.0%,respectively.Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ and Fv′/Fm′ increased by 5.4%,61.8%,171.6%,and 168.7%,respectively.The activities of ascorbate peroxidase(APX),dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR),monodehydroascorbate reductase(MDHAR),and glutathione reductase(GR)in the ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’increased by 168.3%,90.4%,167.2%,and 126.0%,respectively.The content of ascorbic acid(ASA),glutathione(GSH),ascorbic acid/dehydroascorbic acid(ASA/DHA),and reduced/oxidized glutathione(GSH/GSSG)increased by 102.5%,67.5%,129.8%,and 342.1%,respectively.The content of auxin(IAA),gibberellin(GA),and zeatin nucleoside(ZR)increased by 26.2%,24.6%and 89.3%,respectively,while the content of abscisic acid(ABA)decreased by 49.0%.Under drought stress,the growth parameters,photosynthesis,and ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’are inhibited,and the hormone balance is disrupted.Spraying different concentrations of melatonin on leaves can regulate the metabolism level of endogenous hormones,improve photosynthesis,enhance the activity of related enzymes and antioxidant content in the ASA‑GSH cycle,promote the synthesis and cumulation of photosynthetic pigments，improve chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and thereby increase plant biomass and enhance the drought resistance of Malus‘Royalty’.Foliar spraying of 150 mg/kg of melatonin has the best drought resistance effect on Malus‘Royalty’. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Soil Amendments on Yield and Quality of Mango Fruit SUN Yahui, ZHENG Zhongbing, ZI Nanhua, SHEN Sihan, CHEN Ping Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 118-125.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.013 Abstract （140）      PDF （1389KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save With Tainong No.1 mango as the test material and routine management（CK）as the control，microbial agents 0.5 kg/plant（T1），2.0 kg/plant（T2），3.5 kg/plant（T3），quicklime 1. 0 kg/plant（T4），1.5 kg/plant（T5），2.0 kg/plant（T6），biochar 4 kg/plant（T7），6 kg/plant（T8），8 kg/plant（T9）were applied to the mango orchard to study the effects of three types of soil amendments，including microbial inoculants，quicklime，and biochar，on the yield and quality of mango fruits.The results showed that all three kinds of soil amendments could increase fruit yield.Compared with the control，all three types of soil amendments could increase the edible rate，hardness，soluble sugar，vitamin C，soluble protein and soluble solids content of mango fruits，and reduce the titratable acid content.After conducting TOPSIS analysis on the fruit yield and quality treated with three types of soil amendments，the performance of each treatment was as follows：T4>T5>T7>T6>T8>T1>T9>T2>T3>CK.According to TOPSIS analysis，the mango fruits treated with the optimal concentrations of three types of soil amendments T4，T7 and T1，were selected for qPCR testing.It was found that all three types of soil amendments could increase the expression of sucrose synthase genes MiSS1，MiSS2 and sucrose phosphate synthase gene MiSPS in mango fruits，which could promote sugar metabolism in mango fruits and improve mango fruit quality.This study showed that treatment with a certain concentration of microbial inoculants，quicklime，and biochar could promote the yield and quality of mango fruit，which further verified the improvement effect of soil amendments on acidic soil in mango orchard. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sensitivity Analysis and Applicability Evaluation of the AquaCrop Model for Sesame Crop Parameters LI Mengyao, GUAN Haoyue, ZHANG Jiantao, HUANG Ming, LI Feng, RONG Yasi, LI Youjun, LI Guoqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 149-159.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.017 Abstract （690）      PDF （3280KB）（159）       Knowledge map    Save The objective is to enhance the calibration efficiency of the AquaCrop model for sesame crop parameters and verify the applicability of the model. The initial value and value range of sesame crop parameters were determined based on the experimental data（2022—2023）and related literatures.The EFAST method was used to perform global sensitivity analysis of 53 sesame crop parameters，uncertainty analysis of simulation results and parameters calibration validation. The results showed that 27 parameters were sensitive to the maximum biomass of each treatment，including CDM，CDSE，POFE，RSWT，PSENSP，PSTOSP，RSWB and ECSW with TSi above 0.3.And 14 parameters were sensitive to grain yield of each treatment，including POHX，RSWT，CDSE，DMCON，PSTO and PSTOSP with TSi higher than 0.2.The decision coefficient（R2） of simulated and measured canopy coverage and aboveground biomass ranged from 0.875 to 0.954 and 0.951 to 0.970，respectively.Futhermore，the normalized root mean square error（NRMSE） ranged from 11. 5% to 18.1% and 18. 9% to 27.7%，respectively.Meanwhile，the Nash‑Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients（NSE） were 0.873—0.940 and 0.930—0.959，respectively.The relative error between the simulated and measured values of yield was between 0.03 and 0.07.The localized AquaCrop model can better simulate the dynamic development process of sesame，which can be used to optimize sesame management and forecast future production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Intercropping of Different Genotypes of Maize on Stomatal Characteristics and Yield LI Fangjie, CHANG Zhijie, SHI Dakun, WEI Xiaoyi, WEI Feng, HONG Defeng, MA Junfeng, ZHENG Qiudao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 21-29.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.003 Abstract （224）      PDF （4751KB）（159）       Knowledge map    Save Using four maize varieties[Weiyu 618(WY618),MY73,Yudan 9953(YD9953)and Zhengdan 958(ZD958)]as materials，four single cropping treatments and three intercropping treatments were set up to study the effects of intercropping of different genotypes of maize on stomatal characteristics，spatial layout and yield of maize,so as to provide theoretical basis for increasing maize yield by intercropping of different genotypes of maize from the perspective of stomata.The results showed that maize yield could be improved by intercropping with different genotypes of maize.For WY618 intercropping with MY73 and ZD958,the yield of WY618 significantly increased by 9.41% and 12.94% compared with WY618 single cropping,respectively,and WY618 had more yield advantage.The land equivalent ratio of WY618 intercropping with ZD958 was 1.08,the intercropping advantage was the most obvious，followed by WY618 intercropping with MY73.Maize intercropping could improve the stomatal density,length,width,circumference,area and shape index in the paraxial and abaxial planes of leaves,and make stomatal spatial layout more regular and rational.The density,width and area of stomata in the distal axial plane of leaves were significantly positively correlated with yield.In conclusion,maize intercropping with different genotypes of maize can improve the stomatal characteristics and spatial layout in leaves,which is conducive to the increase of maize yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Ardisia crispa（Thunb.）A.DC. Based on Multiple Indicators and Multivariate Statistical Analysis HU Youqiong, JIANG Jinxiang, HUANG Anling, REN Zhiqin, WEI Shenghua, WANG Zhiwei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 51-60.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.006 Abstract （138）      PDF （2008KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save Based on seven indicators（moisture，total ash，acid‑insoluble ash，extract，total flavonoids，total phenols and total saponins content），correlation analysis，principal component analysis，clustering heatmap analysis，CRITIC‑TOPSIS and CRITIC‑grey relational analysis models were used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of seven batches of Ardisia crispa（Thunb.）A.DC.from different areas.The results of correlation analysis showed close relationship among seven indexes，indicating some overlap of information.Principal component analysis extracted five main indicators，including total ash，acid‑insoluble ash，extract，total saponins and moisture content，and the cumulative contribution rate was 93.293%.The weighting results of each indicator based on CRITIC method were basically consistent with principal component analysis，among which the weight values of the extract and total saponins content ranked highest.Both evaluation models showed significant quality differences among the A.crispa samples from different areas，but the coefficient of variation of the CRITIC‑grey relational analysis model was larger to 42.889 9%，which better reflected the quality difference of A.crispa.And the results were basically consistent with the principal component and clustering heatmap analysis results.Under this model，sample BLJ3 ranked highest，BLJ1，BLJ2，BLJ6，BLJ7 ranked middle，and BLJ4，BLJ5 ranked lowest.In summary，among the seven indicators，the extract，total saponins，moisture，total ash and acid‑insoluble ash content can be used as the main indicators for evaluating the quality of A.crispa from different areas，especially the extract and total saponins content providing the greater quality information.Among the two evaluation models，the CRITIC‑grey relational analysis model is more suitable for the comprehensive quality evaluation of A.crispa.Among the seven batches of samples，sample BLJ3 from Pengshui County，Chongqing City is of the best quality，which could be used as the first choice for the high‑quality provenances of A.crispa.BLJ1，BLJ2，BLJ6，BLJ7 are of medium quality and can be used as alternative provenances.The quality of the two samples（BLJ4 and BLJ5）from Guiyang，Guizhou Province is poor，which should be avoided as much as possible in the screening of provenances of A.crispa. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Tobacco Bud Extract on Fermentation of Cigar Leaves DING Jingyi, YU Jun, YANG Chunlei, CHEN Xiong, YAO Lan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 168-180.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.019 Abstract （211）      PDF （3413KB）（154）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the effect of tobacco bud water extract fermentation by yeast on the aroma of cigar tobacco leaves，gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS）technology was applied to analyze the aroma components of cigar tobacco leaves after solid‑state fermentation with flower bud water extract fermented by Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum，Cyberlindnera fabianii，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii.The results showed that a total of 58 volatile substances were detected after fermentation，and the total content of volatile substances after treatment by Torulaspora delbrueckii was the highest（1 470.48 μg/g）.The results of odor activity value（OAV）analysis showed flower aroma> tobacco aroma>fruit aroma>baking aroma. Principal component analysis（PCA）results indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate was 71.1%.Cyberlindnera fabianii was closely related to β‑cyclocitral，geranylacetone，2‑methoxy‑4‑vinylphenol，phenylacetaldehyde，6‑methyl‑5‑hepten‑2‑one，styrene，benzaldehyde，4，7，9‑megastigmatrien‑3‑one a and（+）‑limonene.Zygosaccharomyces bailii was highly correlated with 4‑hydroxy‑β‑damascone，dihydroactinidiolide and phenylethyl alcohol.The results of cluster analysis showed that the aroma of cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of flower buds in the two groups of yeasts，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum and Zygosaccharomyces bailii，was similar. In summary，the cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of tobacco bud with the five yeasts have different flavor types，which is of great significance to the development of domestic cigars. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Metabolites Mining and Path Enrichment Analysis of Tigernut Tuber Formation GUO Xiaoyang, LA Guixiao, XU Xinran, YU Yange, DAI Dandan, LI Yanpeng, WANG Yanhong, GUO Hongxia, YANG Tiegang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 30-43.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.004 Abstract （828）      PDF （4749KB）（150）       Knowledge map    Save In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography Abstract：In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.And then，the differential metabolites related to the formation of tubers were screened by multivariate statistical method，and KEGG metabolic pathways associated with differential metabolites were enriched.The results showed that a total of 1 217 metabolites were detected in unexpanded stolons（PFJ1），expanded stolons（PFJ2）and new tubers（JD1）.According to the conditions of VIP（Variable importance in the projection）>1，P<0.05 and FC（Fold change）>2 or FC<0.5，35 differential metabolites were screened for JD1 vs PFJ1，of which 26 were up‑regulated and nine were down‑regulated；JD1 vs PFJ2 identified 57 differential metabolites，of which 50 were up‑regulated and seven were down‑regulated；PFJ2 vs PFJ1 identified 39 differential metabolites，of which three were up‑regulated and 36 down‑regulated. The metabolites were identified as amino acids and their derivatives，nucleotides and their derivatives，organic oxygen compounds，flavonoids，phenylpropanes，phenols and so on. The relative content analysis of differential metabolites showed that the content of glutathione in JD1 was 14.021 times that in PFJ1 and 29.195 times that in PFJ2.The content of 3‑methy‑L‑histidine in JD1 was 10.463 times that in PFJ1 and 129.931 times that in PFJ2.The content of kaempferol in JD1 was 0.421 times that in PFJ1 and 0.358 times that in PFJ2.KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed metabolites was further conducted，and they were mainly concentrated into KEGG pathways such as aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis，arginine and proline metabolism，alanine，aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism，phenylalanine metabolism，flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.In summary，amino acids and flavonoids were the main metabolites related to the formation of tubers，and the metabolic pathways were mainly concentrated in aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.   Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Major QTL Mapping and Effect Analysis for Resistance to Southern Corn Rust LI Zhimin, LI Zheng, DING Junqiang, TIAN Zhiqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 109-116.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.012 Abstract （262）      PDF （2594KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save Southern corn rust（SCR）is a major maize disease worldwide. In this study，a BC1F4 population including 165 families was derived from the cross between the susceptible line Lx9801 and the resistant line TY4，which was used for dissecting the QTLs for resistance to SCR.A 23K‑SNP chip was used for genotyping the family lines of the BC1F4 population as well as the parental lines. In total 4 654 polymorphic SNP markers between the parental lines were selected to construct the high‑density genetic linkage map. Combined with the phenotype evaluation of resistance to SCR in three environments，a total of six QTLs against SCR were detected，which could explain 3.93%—17.87% of the phenotypic variation.Among these QTLs，one QTL located on chromosome 6（i.e.，qSCR6.01）was a stable QTL in all three environments，which could explain up to 17.87% of the phenotypic variation.The BC1F5 population including 366 families was used for fine‑mapping qSCR6.01.Combined with marker development in the QTL region and resistance identification of key recombinant plants，the QTL was finally narrowed down to the interval of 4.09 Mb between the markers M3 and M4，and temporarily named as RppT. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of AMF on Morphological Index and Photosynthetic Physiology of Bidens pilosa and B. biternata under Different Phosphorus Levels ZENG Jingjin, LIU Wei, LIU Jiang, ZHAO Ying, MA Xiao Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 79-91.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.009 Abstract （159）      PDF （1790KB）（147）       Knowledge map    Save A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） on the growth status，nutrient absorption，photosynthesis，and antioxidant enzyme activity of invasive plant Bidens pilosa and local closely related plant B.biternata under different phosphorus levels of 0，50，and 200 mg/kg，inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae on two plants and with no inoculation as control（CK）.The results showed that AMF could infect both plants mentioned above，and the infection rate and spore density of AMF on B. pilosa were significantly higher than those on B. biternata.At a phosphorus level of 50 mg/kg，B.pilosa had the highest infection rate and spore density.Inoculation of AMF at 0 and 50 mg/kg phosphorus concentration could significantly promote the absorption of phosphorus by both plants，while the absorption of nitrogen decreased.It also had a certain promoting effect on the plant height，leaf area，total biomass，number of branches，and root crown ratio of both plants.At a phosphorus level of 50 mg/kg，compared with CK，the total chlorophyll content，chlorophyll a/b，maximum fluorescence，maximum photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ ，and photosynthetic performance index of B.pilosa and B.biternata inoculated with AMF increased by 22.1%—22.9%，8.4%—11.5%，15.5%—23.8%，11.4%—14.4%，and 17.9%—25.9%，respectively.The net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，and transpiration rate increased by 8.1%—17.7%，18.4%—18.7%，and 12.6%—14.9%，respectively，while the intercellular CO2 concentration decreased by 9.4%—14.7%.The activities of superoxide dismutase，catalase，and peroxidase treated with AMF were significantly higher than those of CK，with increases of 17.2%—19.3%，37.4%—46.4%，and 24.1%—32.1%，espectively.The contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein in osmotic regulators were increased by 45.6%—59.8% and 33.3%—45.1%，respectively.In summary，AMF can promote the growth of B.pilosa and B.biternata under low phosphorus levels（0,50 mg/kg），and the mycorrhizal effect of B.pilosa is higher than that of B.biternata，while the high phosphorus level（200 mg/kg）has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of the two plants，which is likely to have a certain effect on the successful invasion of B.pilosa in a low phosphorus environment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation，Identification and Antibacterial Activity Research of Metabolites of Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp.from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada in Guizhou TAO Xiaoyan, ZHANG Tao, ZHOU Sixuan, TANG Yuanjiang, LU Yuxi, QING Chengxin, SHI Kaizhi, ZHAO Yu, YANG Yueqian Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 142-148.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.016 Abstract （214）      PDF （1467KB）（147）       Knowledge map    Save The aim is to investigate the chemical constituents of the metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp.QX4G6 from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada in Guizhou，which has antibacterial activity，and to screen the antibacterial active compounds.After expanding culture of the strain Diaporthe sp.QX4G6，the metabolites were isolated and purified by various separation methods，and their structures were identified by spectrography combined with literature reports.The bacteriostatic activity of the monomers against E.coli and Salmonella was determined by microbroth dilution method and plate coating method,respectively.The results showed that four monomer compounds were isolated and purified from the metabolites of Diaporthe sp. QX4G6.The compounds were analyzed by NMR and MS.They were identified as dibutyl phthalate (compound 1) ,1‑[(12E,16E)‑12,16‑eicosadienoyl]‑2‑[(E,E)-7，10‑octadecadienoyl]‑3‑stearacylglycerol(compound2),3‑(4‑toluoxy)‑propionic acid(compound 3)，tyrosol(compound 4).The results of bacteriostatic test showed that compounds 1—3 displayed certain inhibitory activity against E.coli and Salmonella，and the inhibitory effect on Salmonella was stronger under the same conditions.Compound 3 showed the strongest antibacterial activity with MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration)of 7.81 μg/mL and 3.91 μg/mL，and MBC(minimum bactericidal concentration)of 15.63 μg/mL and 7.81 μg/mL，respectively.In summary,all the four compounds were isolated from the metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp.for the first time,and three compounds showed certain antibacterial activity on E.coli and Salmonella in vitro，which provided a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of endophytic fungal metabolites from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fungal Diversity in Rotten Bulb and Cultivated Soil of Lilium lancifolium CHEN Xingxing, XING Lin, YANG Menglin, LIU Haohuiling, ZHANG Xu, ZHANG Jiaqi, JIAO Xiaolin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 92-98.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.010 Abstract （136）      PDF （2672KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the fungal communities in rotten bulb and cultivated soil of Lilium lancifolium，as well as to explore the mechanism of bulb rot disease occurrence，the cultivable fungi and pathogenic isolates were identified through isolation and cultivation methods. The differences in fungal community between diseased and healthy soil were compared by using Illumina MiSeq high‑throughput sequencing.273 strains were isolated and identified from rotten bulb of Lilium lancifolium，with the dominant genus being Fusarium.Among them，eight genera and 14 species of fungi were found to be pathogenic to Lilium lancifolium bulb.Notably，the relative abundance of Alternaria，Botrytis，Fusarium，Penicillium，and Trametes was higher in diseased soil compared to healthy soil by 0.025，0.006，0.132，0. 078，and 0. 002 percent points，respectively. Moreover，fungal α‑diversity was higher in diseased soil，and β‑diversity analysis confirmed distinct fungal community structures between diseased and healthy soils.Lefse analysis revealed that Cephaliophora，Candida，Chaetomium strumarium，etc.were markers of diseased soil，whereas Leythophora and its species indicated healthy soil.Our findings suggest that the accumulation of pathogenic fungi in the soil，along with shifts in fungal diversity and community structure，might be the key reasons for the development of bulb rot disease in Lilium lancifolium. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Accumulation and Distribution of Mineral Elements in Plant of Maize Varieties with Different Zinc Efficiency ZHANG Panpan, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, ZHOU Yanli, CHENG Zeqiang Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.001 Abstract （985）      PDF （2797KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Save With Zhengdan 958(ZD958)with high zinc(Zn)efficiency and Longping 638(LP638)with Zn insensitivity as materials,the field plot experiment was conducted with three nitrogen(N)rates[90 kg/ha(LN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 225 kg/ha(HN)]and two foliar Zn treatments[no Zn(F0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(F1)]to analyze the effects of N and Zn application on content,accumulation and distribution of mineral elements in plant and grain yield of maize,so as to provide reference for N and Zn application in the maize production.The results showed that the highest copper(Cu)and Zn content in grain was found under MN treatment,with 1.82 mg/kg and 16.23 mg/kg,respectively.F1 treatment could increase the contents of N and Zn and Zn availability.The accumulation of N,phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)in plant was the highest in LP638 under MNF1 treatment;The highest accumulation of Cu and Zn was found in ZD958 under LNF1 treatment,while the highest accumulation of manganese(Mn)and iron(Fe)under HNF1 treatment.The highest proportion of N,P and Cu in grain was obtained in LP638 under HNF1 treatment;The higher proportion of Zn was found in ZD958 under HNF0 and LNF0 treatments.HN treatment had the highest grain yield with an average of 10.31 t/ha,followed by MN treatment,and LN treatment was the lowest.There was significantly positive correlation between P content and Mn content in grain of two varieties;K content was significantly positively correlated with Fe content and Zn content,but significantly negatively correlated with Cu content in LP638.To sum up,180 kg/ha N and spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can increase Zn availability and accumulation of mineral elements in maize grain，promote the synchronous improvement of yield and mineral nutrition,and can be promoted in maize field production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of HSF Gene Family in Eucommia ulmoides and Its Expression Analysis under Adverse Stresses WU Shujuan, XU Feng, WANG Guangan, WANG Chen Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 46-56.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.005 Abstract （1197）      PDF （6355KB）（141）       Knowledge map    Save Heat shock transcription factors（HSFs）play important roles in plant growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses.In order to understand the information of HSF gene family members in Eucommia ulmoides and reveal the structural characteristics and expression patterns of EuHSFs,this study analyzed the physicochemical properties,protein structure,phylogeny,gene structure,conserved domains,promoter cis‑acting elements,and the expression patterns of EuHSF genes in different developmental periods and abiotic stresses by bioinformatics methods and qRT‑PCR.The results showed that a total of 21 EuHSF genes were identified from Eucommia ulmoides,which differed in protein properties,with amino acid numbers,protein theoretical molecular masses,isoelectric points and instability coefficients ranging from 68—369,7.72—42.06 ku,4.31—9.22,and 7.05—67.28,respectively,and mainly consisted of acidic,hydrophilic,and unstable nuclear proteins.Phylogeneticanalysis showed that EuHSFs were divided into three subgroups,including ClassⅠ(1 EuHSF),ClassⅡ(7 EuHSFs)and ClassⅢ(13 EuHSFs),and promoter cis‑acting element analysis revealed that a large number of light‑responsive and hormone‑responsive elements in EuHSF genes.In addition,EuHSF genes were expressed at different developmental periods in Eucommia ulmoides leaves,but there were significant differences in the expression patterns. qRT‑PCR revealed that all EuHSFs responded to different abiotic stresses(high temperature,low temperature,high salinity,and drought),e.g.,most of the EuHSFs showed elevated expression under high‑temperature stress with the prolongation of the treatment time，and they were strongly responsive to both high and low temperatures.In summary,the EuHSF gene family has the function of regulating plant response to abiotic stresses. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Expression Analysis of HD‑ZIP Family in Salvia miltiorrhiza LI Wan, CHENG Ruixing, DANG Xin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 66-78.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.008 Abstract （1058）      PDF （6842KB）（139）       Knowledge map    Save To screen HD‑ZIP genes（SmHD‑ZIPs）in Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to high temperature stress，SmHD‑ZIPs were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics，and the expression pattern of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature stress was detected by qPCR. The results showed that there were 44 HD‑ZIP genes in S.miltiorrhiza，most of which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes. SmHD‑ZIPs could be divided into four subfamilies：HD‑ZIP Ⅰ，HD‑ZIP Ⅱ，HD‑ZIP Ⅲ，HD‑ZIP Ⅳ. The sequence analysis results showed that the amino acid residues of these proteins ranged from 180 to 982，and the relative molecular weight of these proteins ranged from 20. 947 ku to 109. 620 ku. SmHD‑ZIPs were hydrophilic proteins without transmembrane domain，and most of them did not contain signal peptides.The isoelectric points of SmHD‑ZIPs were between 4. 48 and 10. 91，and they were almost expressed in the nucleus with the poor protein stability. Among the 44 SmHD‑ZIP genes，there were 10 gene duplication events，all of which were purified selection. The results of structure and motif analysis showed that the exon number of members of the same subfamily was basically the same，and the members of HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily had the largest exon number and the largest motif number. Motifs 1 and 6 were conserved motifs of SmHD‑ZIP，motifs 10，11，12，13 and 15 was unique to the HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily，while motif 5 were unique to the HD‑ZIP IV subfamily. By analyzing the expression patterns of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature（37℃）stress，it was found that the number of genes with increased and decreased expression was basically the same. Among the genes with up‑regulated expression，the expression levels of SmHD‑ZIP1.11，SmHD‑ZIP1.13，SmHD‑ZIP2.2，SmHD‑ZIP2.5，SmHD‑ZIP3.1，SmHD‑ZIP3.4，SmHD‑ZIP4.9，SmHD‑ZIP4.10 and SmHD‑ZIP4.12 were increased by more than 10 times，which could be used as candidate gene resources to improve the heat resistance of S.miltiorrhiza. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rapid Detection of Three Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Using Colloidal Gold Immunoassay WEI Maoqiong, WANG Li, LAN Shanshan, LIU Zhenhuan, SHA Lingjie, LIN Xin, LI Jun, PU Yali, LIU Hongcheng Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 79-90.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.009 Abstract （227）      PDF （6356KB）（137）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid test strips for the detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were developed based on colloidal gold immunochromatography,and its application effect in the detection of garlic and cabbage was evaluated.The test strips for rapid detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were established by preparation of colloidal gold by reduction with trisodium citrate,with the monoclonal antibodies of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran labeled with colloidal gold particles as the detection probes,nitrocellulose membrane as the solid‑phase carrier,imidacloprid‑BSA,profenofos‑BSA and carbofuran‑BSA conjugate as the detection lines,and goat anti‑mouse IgG antibody as the control line.The parameter conditions,including gold‑labeled antibody usage,concentrations of antibody for labeling,and concentration of the coating antigen were optimized. Under the optimal condition,the sensitivity,specificity and stability,as well as the accuracy of the test strips were evaluated.With optimization of sample extraction,the test strips were employed for the detection of pesticides in two vegetable samples by negative detection and addition of standardized pesticide products.The results showed that in the optimized process parameters，the concentrations of colloidal gold labeled antibody of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 9.6,8.4,9.6 μg/mL,respectively,the concentrations of the antigens coated were all 0.3 mg/mL,and the detection time was about 15 min.The limits of detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 20,3 000,and 20 ng/mL,which were in compliance with the limits of the national standard for the two kinds of vegetables.There was no cross‑reactivity and good specificity in the detection of other drugs with similar function and structure as imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran.The most suitable extractants for carbofuran and imidacloprid pesticides were 4 mL of ethyl acetate and 4 mL of methanol,respectively,with a sample size of 2 g and a supernatant of 3 mL;for profenofos pesticide,the most suitable extractant was 9 mL of ethyl acetate,with a sample size of 3 g and a supernatant of 8 mL,and the supernatant was dried with nitrogen gas.The detection results of 50 negative and spiked samples of vegetables showed a false positive rate of 6% and a false negative rate of 0.It can be seen that the developed test strips are suitable for on‑site rapid detection of garlic and cabbage as well as screening of a large number of samples in grass‑roots laboratories,and can provide an effective regulatory tool for the control of pesticide residues in garlic and cabbage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of Carbohydrate Content and C/N in Branches and Leaves during Flower Bud Differentiation of Tianhong 2 Apple WANG Jinxin, JIA Linguang, SHAO Jianzhu, SUN Jianshe, PENG Jianying Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 124-132.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.014 Abstract （197）      PDF （2132KB）（131）       Knowledge map    Save The changes of carbohydrate content and C/N in the leaves and branches of short and medium branches with different rootstocks during flower bud differentiation in Tianhong 2 apple were studied.The results showed that the flowering rate of Tianhong 2 apple was not affected by rootstocks during the stable yield stage.During the whole flower bud differentiation period，in the same branch of SH40 interstock and vigorous stock，the contents of soluble sugar，sucrose，fructose and nitrogen exhibited higher levels in leaves compared to branches，while the content of starch and C/N displayed lower levels. Within SH40 interstock，the contents of starch and fructose were lower in leaves of short branch with high flowering rate compared to those in leaves of medium branch with low flowering rate.The contents of soluble sugar，sucrose and C/N were higher in leaves of short branch than those in leaves of medium branch from the initial differentiation stage to petal primordium stage. The contents of soluble sugar，fructose and C/N were lower in branches of short branch than those in medium branch，and the starch content was higher in branches of short branch than that in medium branch before the petal primordium stage. Similarly for vigorous stock，the contents of soluble sugar，starch，fructose and C/N were lower in leaves of short branch with high flowering rate compared to those in leaves of medium branch with low flowering rate.The contents of soluble sugar，fructose and C/N were lower in branches of short branch than those in medium branch，and the starch content was lower in branches of short branch than that in medium branch during the transformation stage.It was concluded that carbohydrate content and C/N did not play a decisive role in apple flowering. During the whole flower bud differentiation period，there was an increasing trend in the soluble sugar content in leaves，while the content of starch and C/N in branches showed a fluctuating upward trend，suggesting that the accumulation of carbohydrates and C/N was essential for the morphological differentiation of Tianhong 2 apple flower buds. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application Status and Research Progress of Bioaugmentation Technology in Agricultural Waste Composting Treatment TIAN Jingjie, CUI Erping, LIU Chuncheng, HU Chao, LI Zhongyang, CUI Bingjian Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (11): 1-16.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.11.001 Abstract （323）      PDF （1510KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save Composting treatment is one of the crucial approaches to achieve the harmlessness and resource utilization of agricultural wastes.Nevertheless,conventional composting methods suffer from issues such as a prolonged fermentation period,low conversion efficiency,significant nutrient loss，difficult control of secondary pollution,as well as the emission of odors and greenhouse gases.Microorganisms have emerged as effective means to address the aforementioned problems due to their characteristics of promoting decomposition,deodorization,emission reduction,and enhancing fertilizer efficacy.Regarding the bioaugmentation technology for composting using agricultural wastes as raw materials，this paper summarizes the application and research progress of bioaugmentation technology in the composting process of agricultural wastes at home and abroad from aspects such as the types of functional microbial strains and screening,the construction of complex microbial agents,the functions of microorganisms,and the influencing factors and mechanisms of bioaugmentation.Moreover,it explores the existing problems in the composting process of agricultural wastes and proposes the development trends and countermeasure suggestions for the resource treatment and utilization of agricultural wastes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Foliar Application of Carbon Nanosol on Growth of Potted Tobacco Seedlings CHEN Lijuan, HU Huibo, SONG Zuguo, YANG Jianli, GE Chang, DONG Lu, LIU Dongfei Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 44-50.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.005 Abstract （156）      PDF （1795KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the effects of carbon nanosol on potted tobacco seedlings through foliar application，five mass concentrations［0（CK），10，40，70，and 100 μg/mL］were employed in this experiment.Several growth parameters were measured，including the maximum leaf length and width，fresh weight，photosynthesis，plastid pigments，leaf nitrate reductase activity，root morphology and characteristics of tobacco seedlings，as well as the absorption of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium nutrients.The results indicated that carbon nanosol promoted the length extension of leaves，but had little effect on the width within the concentration range from 40 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. At the concentration of 40 μg/mL and 70 μg/mL，significant differences in fresh weight were observed in aboveground part between the treated and control groups.The net photosynthetic rate（Pn），transpiration rate（Tr）and stomatal conductivity（Gs）of tobacco seedlings initially increased and then decreased with the concentration rising of carbon nanosol，with the most significant differences occurring at 40 μg/mL and 70 μg/mL.The contents of pigment chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves increased with higher carbon nanosol concentration，and there were significant differences of pigment contents between the 40 μg/mL，100 μg/mL treatment groups and the control group.The nitrate reductase activity of 40，70，100 μg/mL treatments was significantly higher than that of control group，and nitrate reductase activity of 40 μg/mL treatment reached the maximum value.Foliar application of 40 μg/mL and 70 μg/mL carbon nanosol had positive effects on the root average diameter，surface area，volume and tip number.The treatments of 40 μg/mL and 70 μg/mL significantly promoted the absorption of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium nutrients by the seedlings.In conclusion，foliar application of carbon nanosol at concentration of 40—70 μg/mL is most beneficial for promoting the growth of potted tobacco seedlings. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytology Research of Spontaneous Doubling of Maize Haploid ZHANG Lihua, LIU Xiaoman, MA Miaomiao, LI Xingxing, ZHANG Qifan, ZHENG Binrui, LIU Zonghua, SONG Yunyun, LI Haochuan Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 21-27.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.003 Abstract （209）      PDF （3281KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Save The diploid RL36 with high spontaneous doubling ability and its haploid H⁃RL36 and the haploid H⁃L119A with low spontaneous doubling ability were used as materials,the pollen viability and anther morphology were observed,the cell ploidy of vegetative and reproductive organs at different development stages were detected,and simultaneously the chromosome behavior during meiosis process was observed,so as to explore the causes of spontaneous doubling of haploid to produce fertile gametes,analyze the underlying cytology mechanisms,and provide theoretical support for biological research related to spontaneous doubling of haploid.The results showed that the high spontaneous doubling haploid H⁃RL36 had round，full and fertile pollen grains and normal anther tissue,while the low spontaneous doubling haploid H⁃L119A had sterile pollens with irregular morphology and wrinkled anther tissue.The ploidy detection results showed that the chromosome number in the leaves of the two haploid materials did not double at different growth stages,and there were diploid cells and a few tetraploid cells in the tassel of H⁃RL36 at trumpet stage,while the H⁃L119A cells did not show diploidization.4,6⁃diamidino⁃2⁃phenylindole(DAPI)staining was used to observe the chromosome segregation behavior of pollen mother cells,it was found that the chromosomes of most cells in H⁃RL36 showed segregation distortion and moved to one pole at anaphase of first meiosis,and then underwent normal second meiosis to produce gametes with normal chromosome number,thus producing fertile pollens.In contrast,the chromosome of H⁃L119A cells eventually degenerated,leading to sterile gametes with abnormal chromosome number.The segregation distortion of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to spontaneous doubling of haploids,and the doubling of haploid germ cells and somatic cells is two independent processes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Maturity Detection Method for Hemerocallis citrina Baroni Based on Improved YOLOv5 SHENG Bin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (8): 145-153.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.016 Abstract （151）      PDF （3862KB）（122）       Knowledge map    Save To unify identification standards and improve the detection accuracy and real‑time performance of mature Hemerocallis citrina Baroni picking，an improved GCS‑BI YOLOv5 image detection algorithm was proposed.Firstly，the Ghost lightweight neural networks were utilized to streamline the model structure and save computational resources.Secondly，in order to pay attention to the image channel information and position information simultaneously，efficient attention mechanisms，namely convolutional block attention module（CBAM）and squeeze‑and‑excitation（SE），were cross‑introduced to improve the image feature perception ability and model convergence speed.Then，a weighted bi‑directional feature pyramid network（BI FPN）was used to fuse the multi‑scale image information and improve the comprehensive detection performance of the model for different targets.The experimental results showed that compared with the original algorithm，the lightweight metrics such as the model volume，network layers，number of parameters，and floating‑point operation of the improved algorithm were reduced by 62.89%，33.12%，63.01%，68.39%，respectively.The performance metrics such as detection accuracy and recall rate were improved by 7.77，6.28 percentage points，respectively.Real‑time detection performance was improved by 33.81 f/s.It can be seen that the improved algorithm has better comprehensive performance and can meet the requirements of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni maturity detection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Respiration ZHU Leyang, ZHANG Xizhe, TAO Jiang, WANG Xiu, HAN Yanying, YE Yanhui Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (10): 1-11.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.001 Abstract （362）      PDF （1280KB）（120）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen deposition，as a critical ecological factor in the soil ecosystem，significantly affects the structure and function of ecosystems.To systematically elucidate the impact of nitrogen deposition on soil respiration，the effects of nitrogen deposition on soil root respiration，soil microorganism respiration，soil animal respiration and chemical oxidation of soil carbon⁃containing minerals were reviewed，and the specific effects of different nitrogen deposition gradients on soil respiration were analyzed.In order to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent in⁃depth monitoring and research of soil respiration and related life activities，the future research directions in the field of soil respiration were prospected. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharides with Different Molecular Weight on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Maize Seedlings under Drought Stress ZHANG Le, ZHANG Fuguo, JIN Yazhong, ZHANG Yitao, ZHANG Youli Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (12): 10-22.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.002 Abstract （163）      PDF （4066KB）（118）       Knowledge map    Save Under drought stress，50 mg/L chitosan oligosaccharides with different molecular weight （1 197，1 428，1 990 u）were sprayed to explore the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide with different molecular weight on the growth and physiological characteristics of maize seedlings，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of chitosan oligosaccharide with different molecular weight in production under drought stress.The results showed that under normal water condition，spraying chitosan oligosaccharide could promote the growth of maize seedlings. Under drought stress condition，spraying chitosan oligosaccharide could alleviate the impact of drought stress on the growth of maize seedlings.Among them，the plant height of treatments with chitosan oligosaccharides with small，medium and large molecular weight increased by 8.55%，9.37% and 5.80%，the stem diameter increased by 10.99%，5.23% and 1.31%，the dry weight of the aboveground part increased by 28.27%，38.82% and 19.83%，the dry weight of the underground part increased by 44.44%，39.58% and 29.17%，the leaf area increased by 43.45%，65.79% and 24.51%，the number of root branches increased by 114.57%，104.84% and 102.33%，the chlorophyll content increased by 43.07%，49.42% and 36.49%，the net photosynthetic rate（Pn）increased by 12.70%，22.49% and 6.80%，the content of superoxide anion decreased by 25.88%，35.74% and 21.83%，the activity of ascorbate peroxidase（APX）increased by 18.77%，29.92% and 11.43%，and the activity of glutathion peroxidase（GPX）increased by 23.30%，11.17% and 16.51%，respectively.Overall，under drought stress condition，spraying chitosan oligosaccharide with small molecular weight had the best effect on promoting the growth of the underground part，while spraying chitosan oligosaccharide with medium molecular weight had the best effect on promoting the growth of the aboveground part.The comprehensive evaluation results showed that the treatment with chitosan oligosaccharide with low molecular weight had the highest comprehensive score，followed by the treatment with chitosan oligosaccharide with medium molecular weight. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination and Comparative Analysis of Meat Quality of Breast Muscle and Leg Muscle of Zhijin White Goose of Different Sex ZHAO Zhonglong, HE Changqing, YANG Hong, YANG Yuanqing, WANG Zhiwei, AI Zhaobi, YE Li, ZHU Ying, ZHANG Yong Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (6): 138-143.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.015 收 Abstract （147）      PDF （1264KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save In order to study the effect of gender on the breast muscle and leg muscle quality of Zhijin white geese,40 healthy 10‑week‑old Zhijin white geese(25 male geese,15 female geese)with similar body weight were randomly selected for slaughter,and the color,pH value,shearing force and water loss rate of breast muscle and leg muscle were measured and analyzed.The moisture,crude protein,crude fat,amino acid,fatty acid,vitamin,iron,copper,zinc and other indexes of breast muscle were determined and analyzed.The results showed that the pH value and water loss rate of breast muscle and leg muscle of male and female geese were not significantly different(P>0.05),and the shearing force of leg muscle of male and female geese was significantly higher than breast muscle(P<0.01).The yellowness and redness of leg muscle of male geese were significantly higher than breast muscle(P<0.01)and the brightness of leg muscle was significantly higher than breast muscle(P<0.05).The yellowness of leg muscle of female geese was significantly higher than breast muscle(P<0.01).The content of vitamin A in breast muscle of male geese was significantly higher than female geese(P<0.05),the content of magnesium in breast muscle of female geese was significantly higher than male geese(P<0.01),but there was no significant difference in other indexes.In summary,gender has an effect on the muscle quality of breast muscle and leg muscle of 10‑week‑old Zhijin white goose.The breast muscle of male goose is rich in vitamin A and various fatty acids,while the breast muscle of female goose contains more mineral elements. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation，Identification，and Functional Analysis of Culturable Microorganisms in Cigar Tobacco Leaves from Various Regions SI Hongyang, YANG Weili, CUI Bing, LAI Miao, ZHAO Mingqin Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (9): 37-45.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.004 Abstract （180）      PDF （3022KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the species and functionality of culturable microorganisms in domestic cigar tobacco leaves,cured cigar tobacco leaves from Wuzhishan,Hainan Province(variety Haiyan 103)and and from Dazhou，Sichuan Province(variety Chuanxue No.1) were used as experimental materials.The culture‑dependent method were employed to isolate microorganisms,which were subsequently identified through molecular sequencing.The enzyme and aromatic substances production abilities of the isolated microorganisms were investigated.The results showed the isolation of 52 different bacterial strains from Haiyan 103 and Chuanxue No.1 cigar leaves,belonging to five different families:Bacillaceae,Planococcaceae,Erwiniaceae,Enterobacteriales,and Moraxellaceae.Bacillus subtilis E‑11,isolated from Hainan tobacco,exhibited the highest protease and pectinase activities of 85.02 U/mL and 256.71 U/mL,respectively.Additionally,four yeast strains were isolated from Hainan tobacco leaves,namely one strain from Pichia,one strain from Rhodotorula,and two strains from Debaryomyces.These yeast strains did not produce extracellular protease and pectinase,and Pichia sp.J‑2 demonstrated the ability to metabolize 2‑phenylethanol.The highest yield of 2‑phenylethanol,333.81 mg/L,was observed after 72 h of fermentation.In conclusion,cigar tobacco contains a rich variety of culturable microbial resources.Bacillus subtilis E‑11 and Pichia sp.J‑2,isolated from Haiyan 103,show promising potential for degrading macromolecular substances and enhancing the aroma content in tobacco leaves. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variety Identification of Coated Maize Seed Based on Deep Learning FENG Xiao, ZHANG Hui, LIU Zheng, ZHANG Huifang, CHEN Haiyan, ZHAO Wei, ZHENG Guoqing, MA Zhongjie Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences    2024, 53 (7): 160-167.   DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.018 Abstract （185）      PDF （3002KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save In order to realize the low cost，efficient and convenient variety identification of coated maize seed，a dataset was constructed based on 23 100 double‑sided images of 18 varieties and 4 colors of coated maize seeds collected by smartphone，and the lightweight convolutional neural network models ShuffleNetV2，MobileNetV3，MobileViT，MobileOne，RepGhostNet and the integrated models based on the above models were used to identify coated maize seed variety.The results showed that the identification accuracy and the comprehensive performance of the five single models were high.The identification accuracies were 98.48%，98.23%，98.44%，98.23% and 98.01%，respectively.The model sizes were 1.55，4.96，4.42，6.97 and 4.19 MB，respectively. The inference speeds were 106，94，84，212 and 94 f/s，respectively.The identification accuracy of the integrated models was higher than that of the single models，and the identification accuracy of the integrated model composed of ShuffleNetV2 and MobileViT was 99.22%.The analysis found that the false identification only occurred in the varieties of the same color coated seeds，and as the number of varieties of the same color coated seeds increased，the model’s identification accuracy had a downward trend. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics