Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

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Analysis of the Current Status and Research Progress on the Resource Utilization of Spent Mushroom Substrate in Edible Fungi Cultivation

ZHANG Chaohui, LIU Yang, ZHANG Guang, WANG Zhenhe, QIU Liyou

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 1-14. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.001

Abstract （672）

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Edible fungi cultivation is the fifth‑largest planting industry in China and an important pillar for rural revitalization.When the edible fungi industry is developing rapidly，a large amount of spent mushroom substrate（SMS）is generated.A lot of SMS is casually discarded or incinerated，resulting in serious environmental pollution and resource waste.Therefore，the issue of the resource‑based utilization of SMS has received widespread attention.Based on the analysis of the source，physical and chemical properties，and nutritional components of SMS，this paper comprehensively reviews the current situation and research progress of the resource‑based utilization of SMS.This includes SMS being used as energy materials，for the production of bio‑fertilizers，for improving the soil environment，for the extraction of bioactive substances，and for the manufacture of composite materials，etc.It also points out the existing problems in the utilization of SMS.Combining with the development status of the edible fungi industry，this paper looks ahead to the comprehensive utilization of SMS，aiming to increase the utilization rate of SMS and promote the sustainable development of the edible fungi industry.

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Research Progress of Porcine Getah Virus

ZHANG Yuyang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 15-22. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.002

Abstract （1794）

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Getah Virus（GETV） is an emerging insect‑borne pathogen that has caused reproductive disorders in pigs and high mortality in piglets in many countries in recent years，posing a major threat to global animal husbandry and public health. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito bites，which can cause widespread infection in pigs and significantly affect reproductive performance and health.In response to the spread of the epidemic，it is urgent to conduct research on genomic characterization and molecular evolution to guide vaccine design and optimize prevention and control strategies.At the same time，it is necessary to clarify the law of GETV transmission through epidemiological investigation and analyze the pathogenic mechanism in order to provide theoretical support for epidemic prevention and control.In addition，improving the accuracy and timeliness of early diagnosis has become a key link in prevention and control.In view of the critical role of early diagnosis in epidemic prevention and control，based on the latest research results，the pathogenic characteristics，epidemiological characteristics，pathogenic mechanism，diagnostic techniques and prevention and control strategies of GETV were systematically discussed，aiming to provide theoretical support for clinical prevention and control，and provide scientific basis for vaccine development，diagnostic technology innovation and prevention and control policy formulation.

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Preparation of Different Types of Tobacco Leaf Dry Distilled Flavor and Application in Heated Cigarettes

XU Da, LI Jiaxin, WANG Xuanjing, GUO Lei, LI Lipeng, LIU Wei, TIAN Yaowei, SUN Zhengguang, SUN Qiang, XU Chunping

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (12): 148-166. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.015

Abstract （286）

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To expand the core flavor source of heated cigarettes，flue⁃cured tobacco，sun⁃cured yellow tobacco，burley tobacco and oriental tobacco were selected as raw materials to prepare flavors by dry distillation process. Firstly，the contents of conventional chemical components in four kinds of tobacco leaves were determined.Then，the dry distillation flavors were prepared and the extraction rate was calculated.The composition differences of volatile components were explored by GC⁃MS and principal component analysis.Finally，the aroma⁃enhancing effect was evaluated by sensory evaluation.The results showed that the nicotine and total nitrogen contents of burley tobacco were significantly higher than those of other tobacco leaves，the total sugar and reducing sugar contents of sun⁃cured yellow tobacco were the highest，and the chemical components of flue⁃cured tobacco were more balanced.The extraction rate of dry distillation perfume was 2. 8% for flue⁃cured tobacco，2.7% for oriental tobacco，2.5% for sun⁃cured yellow tobacco and 1.5% for burley tobacco. A total of 205 volatile components were identified by GC⁃MS，and the total contents were 7 024.00 μg/g for flue⁃cured tobacco，1 407.79 μg/g for sun⁃cured yellow tobacco，3 881. 90 μg/g for burley tobacco and 6 951. 56 μg/g for oriental tobacco，respectively.Phenols，ketones and heterocyclic compounds were the main aroma components. Principal component analysis showed that the aroma components of flue⁃cured tobacco and oriental tobacco were similar，while burley tobacco and sun⁃cured yellow tobacco were significantly different.The sensory evaluation showed that the addition of dry distillation flavors could improve the smoking quality of heated cigarettes.Among them，the effect of flue⁃cured tobacco dry distillation flavor was the best，and the improvement effect was significant in aroma quantity，sweetness and strength.In summary，the aroma components of flue⁃cured tobacco are coordinated，the content of volatile components is high，and the burnt sweet and smoked aroma are prominent，which can effectively make up for the problem of insufficient aroma release of heated cigarettes.

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Research Progress on Generation，Migration and Release of Moisture in Heated Tobacco Product

WU Jinlu, HU Anfu, JIANG Jian, XIA Qian, WANG Jun, XIAO Weiqiang, ZHOU Guojun, WU Jian, XU Jian, FANG Mengxiang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (8): 15-25. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.002

Abstract （382）

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As a new type of tobacco product，heated tobacco product has gradually become popular in the world in recent years，and its fundamental research has become the focus of the tobacco industry both domestically and internationally.Among them，the generation，migration and release characteristics of moisture in heated tobacco products are the key factors to regulate the moisture content and temperature of smoke.The generation，migration and release characteristics of moisture in heated tobacco products are affected by many factors，such as sample characteristics（moisture content，type and content of atomizing agent，preparation process，tobacco raw materials），cigarette structure（length of tobacco section，ventilation rate of filter，punching position），heating instrument parameters（heating temperature，heating mode），puffing regimes and so on.To deepen the basic research of heated tobacco products and improve the quality of products，the influencing factors and mechanism of moisture content in the tobacco section，the law of moisture generation and the law of moisture migration and release were summarized and analyzed.On this basis，the shortcomings of current research were pointed out and the future research focus was put forward，to provide technical references for the research and development of heated tobacco products.

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Residues and Dissipation Dynamics of Four Herbicides in Alfalfa

SU Wangcang, NIU Yujia, LONG Yan, YAN Zhaoling, XUE Fei, SUN Lanlan, XU Hongle, WU Renhai

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 119-126. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.013

Abstract （334）

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To clarify the residue behavior of imazapic，imazethapyr，carfentrazone‑ethyl，and terbacil in alfalfa（Medicago sativa L.），a quantitative analytical method was established using LC‑MS/MS.Field trials were conducted during the spring and summer of 2023 to characterize the degradation kinetics and final residues of these four herbicides in alfalfa. Results demonstrated that the method achieved limits of detection（LODs）ranging from 0. 01 to 0. 1 mg/kg for imazapic，imazethapyr，carfentrazone‑ethyl，and terbacil in alfalfa. The average recovery rate fell within 83. 8%—113. 2%，with relative standard deviations（RSDs）all below 4.81%.These parameters confirmed the method’s accuracy，precision，and suitability for pesticide residue analysis. The degradation of imazapic，imazethapyr，carfentrazone‑ethyl，and terbacil in alfalfa followed first‑order kinetics，with half‑lives of 1.37—1.62，2.57—2.86，2.09—3.18，and 8.66—9.36 d，respectively. At harvest，residues were detected only in summer trials treated with imazethapyr at 150 g/ha（1.5×recommended high dosage），and terbacil at 432 g/ha（1.5×recommended high dosage）.However，the detected residue levels for both compounds were below the corresponding United States Maximum Residue Limits（US MRLs）.These findings indicate that imazapic，imazethapyr，carfentrazone‑ethyl，and terbacil are readily degradable herbicides in alfalfa.Their application at normal rates is considered safe with respect to the residue levels at harvest.

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Quality Analysis of Heated Cigarette Raw Materials in Different Producing Areas Based on Metabonomics

CHEN Zhen, GUAN Qinglin, LIU Huabing, JIANG Jian, LU Xinbo, DONG Shuya, WU Yunjie, WU Jian

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 159-170. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.017

Abstract （303）

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To investigate the relationship between the metabolic products of flue‑cured tobacco leaves from different producing areas and the sensory quality of heated cigarettes，the heated cigarette roasted tobacco samples from eight producing areas in the United States（T1），Zimbabwe（T2），Brazil（T3），Yunnan Province（T4），Sichuan Province（T5），Guizhou Province（T6），Henan Province（T7）and Hunan Province（T8）in China were used as the research objects. The conventional chemical components of tobacco leaves from each producing area were detected，and the characteristics of metabolites were analyzed by metabolomics. The key differential metabolites were screened by least squares discriminant analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis，and their relationship with sensory quality was analyzed.The results showed that there were significant differences in metabolic characteristics of tobacco leaves from different producing areas. Compared with T4，T5 and T8，T1 tobacco leaves showed downregulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and guanine in purine metabolism pathway，and the sensory quality of heated cigarettes was the best. Compared with T4，T5 and T7，5‑hydroxyindole‑3‑acetic acid in tryptophan metabolism pathway was up‑regulated and irritation was the least in T2 tobacco leaves.Compared with T5 and T6，T3 tobacco leaves were up‑regulated in arginine and proline metabolism pathways，such as γ‑aminobutyric acid. The ratio of two sugars was the highest，the ratio of sugar to alkali was the lowest，and the irritation of heated cigarettes was larger. Compared with T6 and T8，L‑aspartic acid was up‑regulated in the alanine，aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway of T4 tobacco leaves，and the sugar‑alkali ratio was the highest.The smoke temperature and aroma scores of heated cigarettes were lower than those of T8. Compared with T6 and T8，2´，4´，6´，3，4‑pentahydroxychalcone and dihydroquercetin were down‑regulated in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of T5 tobacco leaves，and the ratio of potassium to chlorine was high but the harmony was poor. Compared with T1，T2，T4，T5 and T6，many metabolites in β‑alanine metabolism pathway of T7 tobacco leaves were significantly up‑regulated.Compared with T2，T3，T4 and T6，lysine biosynthesis pathway in T7 tobacco leaves was also different.The ratio of potassium to chlorine was low，and the irritation and offensive odor of heated cigarettes were more. Correlation analysis showed that 5‑hydroxyindole‑3‑acetic acid and other compounds were significantly correlated with the sensory quality of heated cigarettes. In summary，T1 tobacco leaves are most suitable for heating cigarettes，followed by T8，and T7 has poor quality.

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Remediation Effects of Protaetia brevitarsis Frass on Chromium‑Arsenic Contaminated Soil‑Cherry Radish System

XIA Zhenxiang, MENG Zhongju, WU Xiuhua, YANG Chao, ZHANG Xiujun, LIU Qian, HE Xin, WU Jiatong, ZHANG Yanru

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 103-111. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.011

Abstract （415）

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To systematically evaluate the passivation and remediation efficiency，as well as the improvement of physicochemical properties and plant physiological metabolism of Cr and As contaminated soil in mine tailings ponds by the P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand，a greenhouse pot cultivation method was used. Cherry radish was selected as the test crop，and seven treatment levels were set up［insect feces sand was added at 0%（CK），10%（T1），20%（T2），40%（T3），50%（TN），80%（T4），and 100%（T5）of soil weight］to study its effects on soil physicochemical properties，soil Cr and As content，and soil enzyme activity. At the same time，its effect on photosynthetic indicators，heavy metal content in edible parts，and plant enzyme activity of cherry radish were analyzed.The results showed that with the increase of application rate of P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand，soil pH value，heavy metals Cr and As content showed a decreasing trend，while conductivity，organic matter content，available nitrogen content，available phosphorus content，soil urease activity，invertase activity，and catalase activity significantly increased（P<0. 05）.Cherry radish showed reduced absorption of Cr and As，improved photosynthetic indicators（relative chlorophyll content，leaf nitrogen content），and increased antioxidant enzyme（superoxide dismutase，peroxidase，catalase）activity. The redundancy analysis results showed that soil organic matter content was the core driving factor（with a contribution rate of 83.0%），indicating its central role in soil fertility.In summary，the P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand could enhance the adsorption capacity of soil heavy metals（Cr，As）by regulating soil physical and chemical properties，improving soil fertility and soil enzyme activity，and could effectively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals，alleviating the toxicity to cherry radishes.Among them，adding insect feces sand at 80% of soil weight（T4 treatment）has a better effect on soil remediation and plant safety production.

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Effects of EMS Mutagenesis on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pomegranate

GAO Xiaofeng, ZHANG Qiuyue, ZHOU Xiaojing, ZUO Weifang, HUANG Rantao, GUO Shuangshuang, YUAN Chaozheng, ZHENG Mingyan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (8): 133-139. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.013

Abstract （426）

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This study investigated the mutagenesis effect of ethyl mesylate（EMS）on pomegranate seeds，and determined the appropriate mutagenesis dose for germplasm innovation of pomegranate seeds，to explore new techniques and methods for the breeding of new varieties of pomegranate. Pomegranate seeds were treated with EMS solutions of five different mass fractions（0，0.2%，0.4%，0.6%，0.8%），and the germination time，germination potential，germination rate，emergence rate，seedling formation rate，phenotypic variance，phenotypic variation rate and other indicators were measured，and the seedling height，ground diameter，root length，root number and other morphological indicators were measured.Physiological and biochemical indexes such as superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity，peroxidase（POD）activity，catalase（CAT）activity and ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activity were detected in the leaves of seedlings. The results showed that，after EMS treatment，the germination time of seeds was delayed，and the higher the concentration，the more the delay.The germination potential and germination rate of seeds were increased slightly after 0.2% treatment，and the other three treatments were significantly decreased，and the higher the concentration，the more the decrease.The seedling success rate gradually decreased with the increase of EMS mass fraction，reaching a minimum of 11.67% at 0.8%.The variation rate gradually increased with the increase of EMS mass fraction，reaching a maximum of 5.34% at 0.8%.The average plant height and average root length of seedlings were decreased，except for a slight increase after 0.2% treatment.The average ground diameter of seedlings was decreased，and the higher the concentration was，the greater the decrease was.The average root number of seedlings was decreased by the other three treatments except for 0.2% treatment，which had no change，and the higher the concentration was，the greater the decrease was.The activities of SOD，POD，CAT and APX in the leaves of seedlings were increased，and with the increase of the concentration，the increase amplitude showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and gradually increased with the increase of concentration in 0.2%—0.6%，and the increase amplitude decreased significantly at 0.8%.EMS generally showed an inhibitory effect on the germination of pomegranate seeds and the growth of seedlings，and EMS with an appropriate mass fraction could enhance the stress resistance of plants.Considering the seedling formation rate，variation rate，physiological and biochemical indexes，the optimal EMS mutagenesis dose for pomegranate seeds ranges from half lethal dose（LD₅₀）to critical dose（LD₄₀），that is 0.54%—0.63%.

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Fish Community Structure and Ecological Niche of the Major Fish Species in Nanwan Reservoir

LUN Feng, TAN Chenxi, SU Chaoqun, YANG Tiezhu, MA Yuanye, LI Zheng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (8): 159-166. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.016

Abstract （397）

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To understand the fish community structure characteristics and interspecific relationships of major fish species in Nanwan Reservoir，fish resource surveys were conducted in November 2022（autumn） and May 2023（spring）.Community composition，fish diversity，and spatiotemporal niche characteristics［including niche width index（Bi ） and overlap index（Qik）］were analyzed.The results showed that a total of 1 903 fish were captured in the two surveys，belonging to 24 species，22 genera，6 families，and 4 orders. Comprehensive analysis showed that in Nanwan Reservoir Hemiculter leucisculus，Toxabramis swinhonis，and Xenocypris davidi was the dominant species. Based on the PINKAS relative importance index（IRI），a total of 10 major fish species were identified.There were spatio‑temporal variations in fish diversity in the Nanwan Reservoir.The Margalef species richness index in spring（2.78）was slightly higher than that in autumn（2.67），whereas the Shannon‑wiener diversity index，Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index in autumn were significantly higher than in spring，and the fish species diversity was significantly higher in the central reservoir area. Spatio‑temporal niche analysis revealed that Chanodichthys dabryi（1.254），X.davidi（1.073），and Sarcocheilichthys sciistius（1.024）exhibited moderate niche width index，while other species showed low niche width index.Among spatiotemporal niche overlap index，18 species pairs（40% of total pairs）showed high overlap index（Q_ik>0.6），and 11 pairs（24.4%）exhibited low overlap index（Q_ik<0.3）.The highest spatiotemporal overlap occurred between Pseudorasbora parva and Carassius auratus（0.922），while P.parva and T.swinhonis，despite having similar ecological habits，displayed low overlap index（0.249）.In conclusion，the dominant fish species with significant differences in feeding habits and living water layers in the Nanwan Reservoir show a more stable community structure；fish species with similar feeding habits but different living spaces have higher spatial and temporal overlap index.Fish species with similar feeding habits and living water layers may have reduced spatial and temporal overlap index due to niche competition，accompanied by significant population fluctuations.

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Effects of Irrigation Amount and Nitrogen Application Rate on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Maize under Different Densities

ZHANG Meiwei, GUO Hanxiao, ZHAO Shuangsuo, HU Yanqi, MU Weilin, ZHANG Panpan, LI Chuan, ZHENG Fei, QIAO Jiangfang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (12): 13-22. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.002

Abstract （293）

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In order to definite the response of dry matter accumulation and yield formation of maize to irrigation and nitrogen under different densities，Xundan 509 and Zhengdan 958 were used as materials to study the effects of irrigation amount［reduced irrigation（W1，irrigating 37.5 mm at flare opening and silking stages），full Irrigation（W2，irrigating 75 mm at flare opening and silking stages）］and nitrogen application rate［no nitrogen fertilizer（N0），low nitrogen level（N1，150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer），normal nitrogen level（N2，225 kg/hanitrogen fertilizer）］on dry matter accumulation，ear height coefficient，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters（Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo），leaf area index（LAI），yield and its components of maize under different densities［67 500 plants/ha（D1），90 000 plants/ha（D2）］.The results showed that，full irrigation and application of nitrogen both increased dry matter accumulation of population，LAI，Fv/Fm，Fv/Fo，ear height coefficient，yield and its components of two maize cultivars.Simultaneously，the appropriate irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate promoted transfer of dry matter to grain.Increase of density also increased dry matter accumulation of population，LAI and grain yield，while had adverse effects on Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo.Two maize cultivars generally had the highest dry matter accumulation of population，LAI and grain yield under D2W2N2 treatment. Compared with D1W1N0 treatment，the yields of Xundan 509 and Zhengdan 958 increased by 60.76% and 55.38% under D2W2N2 treatment respectively.Overall，D2W2N2 treatment with nitrogen application rate of 225 kg/ha，irrigating amount of 75 mm at the flare opening and tasseling⁃silking stages of maize respectively，and density of 90 000 plants/ha is the optimal measure to obtain high yield under high density.

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Effects of Exogenous Regulators on Superior and Inferior Grain Filling and Yield of Wheat

ZHANG Suyu, LIU Hongjie, REN Dechao, YANG Mingda, GE Jun, ZHAO Jingling, ZHU Peipei, ZHENG Dongfang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 23-33. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.003

Abstract （341）

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In order to investigate the yield‑increasing effect of different exogenous regulators on wheat，the semi‑winter wheat cultivars Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 were used as materials，and different exogenous regulators［distilled water+emulsifier（Tween 80）（CK1，T1），KH2PO4 +emulsifier（Tween 80）（CK2，T2），salicylic acid+ZnSO₄+MnSO₄+chitin+spermidine+6‑BA+emulsifier（Tween 80）（T3），salicylic acid+ZnSO₄+MnSO₄+H₃BO₃+chitin+phthalanilic acid+brassinolide+emulsifier（Tween 80）（T4），salicylic acid+ ZnSO₄+MnSO₄+H₃BO₃+chitin+phthalanilic acid+spermidine+emulsifier（Tween 80）（T5），salicylic acid+ZnSO₄+MnSO₄+H₃BO₃+chitin+brassinolide+6‑BA+emulsifier（Tween 80）（T6）］were sprayed on the leaves at wheat full‑heading stage and mid‑filling stage，and the effects of different exogenous regulators on superior and inferior grain filling and yield of wheat were explored. The results showed that compared with CK1 and CK2，the 1 000‑grain weight of superior and inferior grains of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 obviously improved under T5 and T6 treatments at 37 d after anthesis；the time of reaching the maximum grain filling rate of inferior grains of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 was advanced under T4，T5 and T6 treatments；at 22 d after anthesis，the grain filling rate of superior grains of the two wheat cultivars obviously increased under T4，T5 and T6 treatments.With the advancement of grain filling，the contribution of superior grains to total grain weight per panicle of wheat generally decreased first and then increased.T3—T6 treatments were beneficial to improve the contribution of inferior grains to total grain weight per panicle of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 at 27 d after anthesis compared with CK1，and the contribution of superior grains to total grain weight per panicle of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 at 37 d after anthesis compared with CK1 and CK2. Compared with CK1 and CK2，the activities of ADP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase（AGP） and soluble starch synthase（SSS） in superior grains and SSS and granule‑bound starch synthase（GBSS）in inferior grains of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 of T3—T6 treatments increased at 25 d after anthesis.Compared with CK1 and CK2，T3—T6 treatments were beneficial to improve the grain number per spike，1 000‑grain weight and yield of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207，and the yield increased significantly，T6 treatment was the best，followed by T5 treatment.Under T6 treatment，the yields of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 significantly increased by 14.0% and 9.6% compared with CK1，and 9.7% and 6.1% compared with CK2，respectively. Under T5 treatment，the yields of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 significantly increased by 11.5% and 6.7% compared with CK1，and 7.3% and 3.3% compared with CK2，respectively.In addition，T6 treatment significantly reduced the defective grain number.Overall，application of different exogenous regulators generally can increase the filling rate of both superior and inferior grains，1 000‑grain weight and yield of wheat in different degree，and T6 treatment shows the best effect.

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Effects of Different Green Manure Varieties and Sowing Times on the Growth，Soil Enzyme Activity，and Microbial Diversity of Chili Pepper in Guizhou

YAO Danjun, LIAO Heng, ZHANG Qin, KUANG Shengjian, LIANG Yanfei, ZHANG Aihua, QIN Song, ZHU Qing

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 91-102. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.010

Abstract （320）

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To investigate the effects of different types of green manure and sowing time on the growth，yield，quality，soil enzyme activity，and microbial diversity of Guizhou chili peppers，the Zhengjiao No.6 chili pepper was used as the material，and 11 treatments were set up，including winter fallow，winter planting of cabbage，and sowing of different green manures（Vicia villosa Rothvar，Vicia sativa L.，Brassica campestris）at different times（late August，mid to late September，mid October）.The growth indicators，nutrient accumulation，yield，quality，soil enzyme activity，microbial diversity，and other indicators of chili peppers were measured.The results showed that the type of green manure and the time of sowing had varying degrees of impact on the yield and nutrient accumulation of green manure. Various green manure planting treatments slowed down the decrease in chlorophyll relative content in the leaves of chili peppers in the later stage of growth，with the most significant effect observed in the sowing treatment of Brassica campestris at the end of August. During the harvesting period of chili peppers（114 days after transplantation），the above ground dry matter mass and nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium accumulation of chili peppers treated with Brassica campestris at the end of August increased by 39.45%，64.46%，45.50%，and 31.95%，respectively，compared to the winter idle treatment.The highest yield of chili peppers was achieved by sowing Vicia sativa L.at the end of August，which increased by 5.56%compared to winter fallow.The sowing treatment of Brassica campestris at the end of August increased the vitamin C and reducing sugar content of chili peppers by 20.69% and 0.18% respectively compared to the winter idle treatment，while reducing the nitrate content by 10.78%.Planting green manure significantly increased the activities of soil urease，sucrase，and catalase，with soil urease activity increasing by 15.94% to 89.18% compared to cabbage treatment and 10.26% to 79.91% compared to winter fallow treatment.Planting green manure could effectively improve soil microbial diversity，and the Ace，Chao，and Sobs indices of bacterial and fungal communities were increased most significantly by sowing Brassica campestris at the end of August.The correlation analysis between soil enzyme activity，bacterial community diversity，fungal community diversity，and chili growth，yield，and quality indicators showed that green manure affected chili fruit yield and quality by increasing soil microbial community diversity and enzyme activity. In summary，planting green manure in winter and returning it to the field can enhance soil enzyme activity and microbial diversity，promote the growth of Guizhou pepper，improve pepper yield and quality.Among different types of green manure，Brassica campestris has the best effect，and its optimal sowing time is at the end of August.

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Characteristics of Fish Community Structure in Qianxia Lake

CHEN Huan, LIAN Qingping, MENG Zhou, GUO Aihuan, SHENG Pengcheng, CHEN Guangmei, YUAN Julin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (10): 141-149. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.10.015

Abstract （528）

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To investigate the characteristics of fish community structure in Qianxia Lake，a two‐year survey was conducted from 2022 to 2023，with sampling performed once in March，July，October，and December of each year，resulting in a total of eight sampling events. The results showed that a total of 40 fish species were collected and identified，belonging to 3 orders，9 families，and 31 genera.Among them，Cypriniformes accounted for the highest proportion（30 species，75%）.Ecological type analysis indicated that sedentary（92.50%），omnivorous（50%），and bottom‐dwelling fish（42.5%）were the main ecological groups.Community structure analysis identified six dominant species：Hemiculter leucisculus，Sinibrama macrops，Xenocypris microlepis，Coptodon zillii，Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Culter alburnus.The results of Margalef species richness index and Shannon‐Wiener diversity index in biodiversity indexes showed that 2023 was higher than 2022.The results of catch per unit fishing effort showed that the average catch number per unit fishing effort and catch biomass per unit fishing effort in 2023 were higher than those in 2022，and the peak of catch number per unit fishing effort and catch biomass per unit fishing effort appeared in July 2023，with values of 8.32 ind（/m^²·d）and 1 131.88 g（/m^²·d），respectively.The abundance‐biomass comparison curve（W₂=0.037）indicated that the water body was in a moderately disturbed state.In summary，the construction of the Qianxia Lake Reservoir has changed the original fish resources situation. At the same time，the increase in the number of alien species and the risk of fish miniaturization may have a negative impact on the indigenous fish in the water area.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Mid‐Early Maturing Apple Varieties Based on Grey Correlation Analysis，DTOPSIS Method，and Membership Function Method

YANG Ximeng, ZHANG Biao, LI Jiali, CUI Xiufen, CAO Yafeng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (10): 121-130. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.10.013

Abstract （342）

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In order to provide a reference basis for optimizing and adjusting the apple variety structure in Longdong area of Gansu Province，12 medium and early maturing apple varieties were used as test materials，and 9 fruit quality index values（single fruit weight，fruit shape index，hardness，soluble solids content，titratable acid content，solid acid ratio，a^* value，b^* value and L^* value）were determined.The fruit quality was comprehensively evaluated by grey correlation analysis，DTOPSIS method and membership function method.The results showed that Honeycrisp had the largest single fruit weight，Fujiuhong had the largest fruit shape index，soluble solids content and solid acid ratio，while Hongfudi had the largest hardness and L^* value，and Qinyang had the largest titratable acid content，Golden Century had the largest a^*value，while the b^* value of Red Prince was the smallest.The variation coefficient of solid acid ratio was the largest（37.62%），while that of fruit shape index was the smallest（5.75%）.Due to the different calculation methods，the comprehensive evaluation results of gray correlation degree method，DTOPSIS method and membership function method were significantly different，but the top four varieties in the comprehensive ranking including Fujiuhong，Luli and Huashuo，which could be popularized and applied as medium‐early maturing apple varieties with excellent comprehensive quality in Longdong area of Gansu Province.

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Analysis of Foxtail Millet Regional Trials Based on BLUP and GGE Biplot

WANG Shujun, XING Lu

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (8): 51-59. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.005

Abstract （390）

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In order to accurately select foxtail millet varieties with high and stable yield and broad adaptability，this study utilized best linear unbiased prediction（BLUP）data instead of raw yield for GGE biplot analysis.The analysis was conducted on 9 foxtail millet varieties and 14 test sites of National Foxtail Millet Variety Regional Adaptability Joint Evaluation Trial（North China Summer‑sowing Region）in 2023—2024.The results showed that，heatmap and ANOVA comparisons demonstrated that BLUP data decreased the variation coefficient of yield，and could better represent the genetic potential of variety.Notably，BLUP data explained 94.95% of total yield variation，which was obviously higher than that of raw data（72.51%），improving analytical precision.GGE biplot analysis using the BLUP data revealed that Yugu 101，Zhenggu 678 and Zhonggu 855 had higher yield；Hangu 6，Zhonggu 855 and Cang 471 had better yield stability；Yugu 101 and Zhonggu 855 had better comprehensive performance in yield potential and stability.Yugu 101 had the widest adaptability，followed by Zhonggu 855. Jinzhou（Liaoning Province），Taian（Shandong Province）and Anyang（Henan Province）sites were ideal test sites with strong discriminability and good representativeness.Overall，Yugu 101 and Zhonggu 855 are ideal foxtail millet varieties with high and stable yield and broad adaptability，suitable for promotion and cultivation in the North China summer millet region.

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Research Advances on the Effects of Oxidative Stress on Lactation Performance in Dairy Cows

LI Yanqing, LI Yuhang, WANG Xingping, HU Ximin, WANG Yihan, LUORENG Zhuoma

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (1): 16-25. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.002

Abstract （178）

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The lactational performance of dairy cows is closely related to mammary gland health and is susceptible to various environmental factors and nutritional factors.Among these，oxidative stress is a key factor affecting both lactational performance and mammary health in dairy cows.Oxidative stress can destroy the normal physiological function of breast tissue，induce the apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells，and lead to the decrease of milk yield and milk quality，causing serious economic losses to the breeding industry.Therefore，this review systematically summarized the main pathways through which factors such as the physiological condition，feeding environment，and dietary factor of dairy cows induced oxidative stress.It sorted out the impacts of oxidative stress on lactational performance and the structure and function of mammary tissue，as well as their action mechanisms，with a specific focus on processes including mammary epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammatory responses，exploring the role of related signaling pathways in mediating the decline of lactational function.At the same time，the research progress of adding vitamins，minerals，plant extracts and other nutrients to the diet to alleviate the oxidative stress injury of dairy cows was summarized，in order to provide a theoretical reference for improving the lactation performance of dairy cows and reducing oxidative stress injury.

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Effects of LED Red⁃Blue Light Quality Ratio on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Dendrobium fimbriatum Test⁃Tube Seedlings

ZHANG Ningjing, WANG Jiangning, MENG Xinya, FU Qiunuan, HUO Jiaran, LU Jiajing, WANG Yuxin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (12): 70-80. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.008

Abstract （294）

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To cultivate high⁃quality commercial seedlings of Dendrobium fimbriatum，six different light quality treatments were set up，including 100% red light（R），100% blue light（B），80% red light+20% blue light（8R∶2B），70% red light+30% blue light（7R∶3B），and 50% red light+50% blue light（5R∶5B），with white fluorescent lamp as the control（CK）. After 60 days，growth indicators（plant height，leaf number，leaf length，stem diameter，fresh weight，dry weight），antioxidant indicators［superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity，malondialdehyde（MDA）content，ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activity，peroxidase（POD）activity，catalase（CAT）activity］，photosynthetic indicators（chlorophyll a content，chlorophyll b content，chlorophyll a+b content，chlorophyll a/b ratio，and carotenoid content），chlorophyll fluorescence indicators［potential activity of PS Ⅱ in plants（Fv/Fo），maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），actual photochemical efficiency（Φ_PSⅡ），photochemical quenching coefficient（qP），electron transfer rate（ETR Ⅱ），and non⁃photochemical quenching coefficient（qN）］，as well as the content of nutrients（soluble proteins and soluble sugars）and other related indices，totaling 24 indexes were measured in order to screen the LED light quality ratio for the healthy growth of D. fimbriatum test⁃tube seedlings.The results indicated that monochromatic red light was beneficial for the height and elongation of test⁃tube seedlings，while monochromatic blue light was beneficial for increasing soluble protein content. 8R∶2B treatment was beneficial for leaf elongation，leaf number，and stem thickness increase of test⁃tube seedlings of D.fimbriatum.The overall antioxidant index was best when they were treated with 5R∶5B，and the dry and fresh weight，soluble sugar content，chlorophyll content，and chlorophyll fluorescence of test⁃tube seedlings were also best when they were treated with 5R∶5B.There was a significant correlation between growth indicators，antioxidant indicators，nutritional indicators，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，and chlorophyll content.The results of principal component analysis indicated that the physiological and biochemical indicators of Dendrobium fimbriatum test⁃tube seedlings under 5R∶5B treatment showed the best performance，with the highest comprehensive score.In summary，the light environment of 50% red light+50% blue light（5R∶5B）LED is the most conducive to the growth and development of the test⁃tube seedlings of D.fimbriatum，and is the most suitable light environment for cultivating strong seedlings.

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Effects of Biochar Combined with Mineral Amendments on Soil Carbon‑Nitrogen Regulation and Tobacco Leaf Quality

ZHAO Wenjun, YIN Mei, LIU Kui, WANG Zhengxu, FU Libo, XU Zihe, WAN Xiang, WANG Zhiyuan, CHEN Jianfeng, CHEN Hua

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (11): 70-78. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.008

Abstract （266）

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With flue‑cured tobacco as the research object，different biochar materials（rice husk biochar and corn straw biochar）were combined with different mineral amendments（bentonite and sepiolite）to explore the effects of different biochar and soil mineral amendment combinations on the growth of flue‑cured tobacco，soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics，and the yield and quality of tobacco leaves. A field experiment was conducted，with a total of seven treatments：the control treatment（CK，no biochar and amendment）；rice husk biochar alone（R）；rice husk biochar+bentonite（R1）；rice husk biochar+sepiolite（R2）；corn straw biochar alone（C）；corn straw biochar+bentonite（C1）；and corn straw biochar+sepiolite（C2）. The results indicated that R1 treatment significantly increased the content of total nitrogen and alkali‑soluble nitrogen. Specifically，the total nitrogen content during the harvesting stage increased by 19.10% compared to CK，and the decrease in total nitrogen（11.50%）was notably lower than that of CK（21.70%）. R1 treatment significantly enhanced the quality of soil carbon pool，with organic carbon，dissolved organic carbon，and microbial biomass carbon contents increased by 21.60%，22.30%，and 39.00% respectively compared to CK，and the carbon‑to‑nitrogen ratio increased from 8.10 to 11.34.The dry weight of the root system in R1 treatment increased by 26. 90% and 23. 80% during the vigorous growth period and the harvesting stage，respectively，compared to CK. In terms of economic traits and tobacco leaf quality，the yield of flue‑cured tobacco in R1 treatment reached 2 709.69 kg/ha，with an increase of 6.55% compared to CK；the proportion of high‑quality tobacco increased to 58.12%，and the average price and output value increased by 11.04% and 18.45% respectively compared to CK.The analysis of chemical components in tobacco leaves showed that R1 treatment optimized key indicators such as nicotine（3.27%），total sugar（31.40%），and petroleum ether extract（8.63%），among which the content of petroleum ether extract increased by 21.90% compared to CK. In contrast，the effect of the corn straw biochar treatment group was generally inferior to that of the rice husk biochar treatment group，indicating that the characteristics of biochar raw materials were the key influencing factor.In summary，the combination treatment of rice husk biochar and bentonite（R1）exhibited the best comprehensive effect. This treatment could effectively improve the carbon and nitrogen environment of rhizosphere soil，enhance nutrient retention capacity，and significantly enhance the yield and quality of flue‑cured tobacco.

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Optimization of Fermentation and Application of Amylase‑producing Bacillus velezensis A8‑1

WU Shuangshuang, ZHANG Zekun, YE Changwen, YAN Jianying, WANG Qingyue, SUN Zhikang, LI Liqun, HAO Jie, LIU Dandan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (2): 156-170. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.017

Abstract （195）

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The amylase‑producing strain Bacillus velezensis A8‑1 preserved in the early stage of the experiment was used as the test strain，and its metabolic capacity and sensitivity to different carbon sources and chemical substances were analyzed by Biolog technology.The enzyme production process was optimized through single‑factor experiments，Placket‑Burman experiments and Box‑Behnken experiments.The amplification effect of the process was verified by fermentation in a 1 000 L tank，and the change characteristics of chemical composition and sensory quality of tobacco leaves after the application of amylase produced by this amylase‑producing strain in tobacco leaf fermentation were explored.The results indicated that among the 70 different carbon sources，Bacillus velezensis A8‑1 had metabolic capacity for 65 of them and was intolerant to most of the bacteriostatic agents.The optimal shaking flask fermentation conditions after fermentation optimization were as follows：corn flour 20 g/L，soybean cake flour 80 g/L，K₂HPO₄ 1 g/L，fermentation time 36 h，temperature 37 ℃ ，pH value 7，inoculation amount 3%，and liquid loading volume 50 mL. Under these conditions，the enzyme activity could reach up to 133.3 U/mL at most.In a 1 000 L fermenter，the enzyme activity was 161.0 U/mL.After applying this amylase to the fermentation of tobacco leaves，the starch content of the tobacco leaves decreased by 15.4%，while the contents of reducing sugar and total sugar increased by 5.6% and 8.5% respectively.The contents of polyphenolic compounds，amino acids and Amadori compounds all increased to varying degrees，indicating that it had certain improvement effects on the chemical composition of tobacco leaves. The sensory evaluation results showed that the fermented tobacco leaves improved to varying degrees in terms of comfort，smoke characteristics and aroma style，with the total sensory evaluation score increasing by 0.64 points.In conclusion，the industrial fermentation production of the amylase‑producing strain Bacillus velezensis A8‑1 is feasible，and the application of the produced amylase in tobacco leaf fermentation can effectively improve the quality of tobacco leaves and has good practical application prospects and promotion value.

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Effects of Fermented Chinese Herbal Medicines on Growth Performance，Immune and Antioxidant Functions of Lactating Sows and Suckling Piglets

XU Xiangli, YANG Wenjing, GU Qiangwen, FAN Zihe, LAN Zhibin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (3): 135-143. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.014

Abstract （115）

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To investigate the effects of adding fermented Chinese herbal medicines（Codonopsis pilosula，Lycium barbarum，Astragalus membranaceus，Atractylodes macrocephala，Poria cocos） to the diet of lactating sows on the growth performance，blood biochemical indexes，immune function and antioxidant capacity of lactating sows and suckling piglets，and to explore its application effects in lactating sows and suckling piglets，27 Hexi black sows with similar parity，farrowing time and litter size were randomly divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates per group and 3 piglets per replicate.The control group was fed a basal diet，while experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were supplemented with 1.5% and 2.0% fermented Chinese herbal medicines in the basal diet，respectively.The experimental period was from the date of delivery of sows to the end of weaning day of piglets at 25 days post partum.The results showed that compared with the control group，the weaning body weight per individual and average daily gain of experimental group Ⅰ were significantly increased by 11.16% and 12.53%，respectively.The diarrhea rates of the two experimental groups were significantly decreased by 67.60% and 85.73%，respectively.In experimental group Ⅰ，the activities of alanine aminotransferase，aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen content in the blood were significantly decreased by 35.36%，40.11% and 24.96%，respectively.The contents of glucose in experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were increased by 65.06% and 94.58%，respectively.The contents of IgG，IgA and IL⁃6 in blood of group Ⅰ were significantly increased by 28.33%，44.95% and 24.68%，respectively.The levels of IL⁃1β and IL⁃6 in group Ⅱ were significantly increased by 35.44% and 33.73%，respectively. The activity of superoxide dismutase in the blood of group Ⅰ was significantly increased by 22.32%，and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased by 32.61%.In summary，adding 1.5% fermented Chinese herbal medicines to the diet of lactating sows can effectively improve the growth performance of suckling piglets，reduce diarrhea rate，and optimize some blood biochemical and immune antioxidant indicators.

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Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Leaf Photosynthetic Performance，Yield，and Quality of Sesame under High‐Temperature Stress during the Full‐Bloom Stage

LÜ Shuli, DING Fang, TIAN Zhuangbo

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (1): 65-75. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.006

Abstract （179）

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To investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous melatonin（MT）on sesame plants under high‐temperature stress and to enhance their thermotolerance，the cultivar Shangzhi 196 was used as the test material，with natural climate growth as the control（CK）.During the full‐bloom stage under high‐temperature stress，sesame leaves were sprayed with melatonin solution at concentrations of 0（MT0），100（MT100），150（MT150），200（MT200），and 250 mg/L（MT250）.The study examined the agronomic traits，photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activities，quality and yield‐related traits under different treatments.The results showed that high‐temperature stress during the full‐bloom stage（MT0）significantly reduced plant height and fruit axis length by 8.15% and 15.09%，respectively，compared with CK，while increased yellow tip length by 21.11%.The number of capsules per plant，seeds per capsule，1 000‐seed weight，and yield decreased significantly by 18.22%，24.93%，8.60%，and 12.53%，respectively. Leaf net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），and transpiration rate（Tr）were significantly reduced，and the photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ）reaction center was damaged. Additionally，seed moisture content increased by 4.54%，while oil and protein contents decreased by 0.28% and 0.75%，respectively. Exogenous melatonin application significantly increased the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule，while reduced yellow tip length.Leaf SPAD value，Pn，Gs，and Tr were significantly enhanced，whereas intercellular CO_₂ concentration（Ci）decreased.The maximum quantum efficiency of PSⅡ（Fv/Fm），actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ（ΦPSⅡ），and photochemical quenching coefficient（qP） increased significantly，while minimal fluorescence（Fo）decreased. Additionally，exogenous MT application significantly enhanced the activities of peroxidase（POD），superoxide dismutase（SOD），and catalase（CAT）in sesame leaves，while markedly reduced the malondialdehyde（MDA） content. Concurrently，both the grain water content and protein content decreased，accompanied by a significant increase in yield.Principal component analysis revealed that the high‐temperature tolerance of sesame followed the order of MT200 > MT150 > MT250 > MT100 > MT0，indicating that exogenous melatonin alleviated growth inhibition under high‐temperature stress，with the 200 mg/L treatment（MT200）exhibiting the best mitigation effect.Under MT200 treatment，SOD，POD and CAT activities increased by 24.36%，22.72%，and 22.42%，respectively，compared to MT0.Oil content increased by 1.06%，while moisture and protein contents decreased by 3.47% and 1.30%，respectively.Yield improved by 11.75%.In conclusion，exogenous melatonin application positively enhanced thermotolerance of sesame during the full‐bloom stage by protecting chloroplast structural stability and regulating antioxidant pathways，thereby mitigating high‐temperature‐induced damage.The optimal concentration for foliar spraying was determined to be 200 mg/L.

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Research Progress on Soil Health Improvement and Mitigation of Continuous Cropping Obstacles through Crop Rotation

LI Fangfei, WANG Chaoping, LI Huibin, ZHANG Xinjun, WANG Guiyan, ZHANG Jianheng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (4): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.001

Abstract （167）

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The long‑term monoculture intensive farming model has led to continuous cropping obstacles，resulting in soil acidification and fertility decline，which have become significant challenges hindering the sustainable development of agriculture. Crop rotation system，as an important agricultural management measure，can effectively improve soil structure，reduce the accumulation of self‑toxic substances，and break the cycle of pathogens，thereby alleviating the negative impacts of continuous cropping obstacles. This paper summarises the primary causes of continuous cropping obstacles and explores the mechanisms through which crop rotation system mitigate these obstacles from various perspectives，including soil properties，nutrient composition，enzyme activity，allelochemicals，crop yield，and quality.Additionally，it provides insights into the current challenges faced by crop rotation system in practical production and their future prospects，aiming to offer references for further research on crop rotation system.

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Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Leaf Quality and Economic Traits of Paddy‑Stubble Tobacco with Root Zone Application of Microbial Fertilizer

JIN Jianghua, XIA Bing, LI Xu, YU Dapeng, GUO Wei, CHEN Tao, WU Wenxin, LI Sijun, WANG Xinyue, HUANG Jie, DENG Xiaohua

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (8): 82-91. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.008

Abstract （302）

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The aim was to study the effects of applying microbial fertilizers in the root zone on the quality and economic traits of tobacco leaves，and clarify the suitable microbial fertilizers for improving the quality of tobacco leaves in tobacco rice intercropping areas.Yunyan 87 was used as the test tobacco variety.Five treatments were designed，including Dunfeng nano‑silicon microbial fertilizer，Gengtianxia microalgal nutrient solution，Jinye microbial fertilizer，Genjinkang microbial inoculant，and a control group without microbial fertilizer.A single‑factor randomized block design was conducted to investigate the effects of applying microbial fertilizer on leaf appearance quality，physical characteristics，chemical composition，smoking quality，and economic traits of flue‑cured tobacco.A leaf quality index and a comprehensive effect index were established for fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.Results demonstrated that root zone application of microbial fertilizers improved leaf appearance quality and physical characteristics，enhanced chemical composition coordination and smoking quality，and increased the premium‑grade ratio，yield，and output value of flue‑cured tobacco. Specifically，compared to the control，Jinye microbial fertilizer increased the appearance quality index of B2F，C3F，and X2F grades by 13.54%，4.37%，and 4.45%，respectively；Physical characteristic indices improved by 3.67%，6.25%，and 6.80%；Chemical usability indices rose by 6.14%，9.81%，and 6.59%；Smoking quality indices increased by 13.80%，18.80%，and 10.40%；Leaf quality index improved by 10.17%，13.02%，and 8.14%. For economic traits，Dunfeng nano‑silicon microbial fertilizer，Gengtianxia microalgal nutrient solution，Jinye microbial fertilizer，Genjinkang microbial inoculant treatments increased economic trait indices by 8.80%，11.10%，23.60%，and 19.80%，respectively；Comprehensive effect indices were elevated by 6.43%，6.75%，13.81%，and 9.00%.In conclusion，microbial fertilizer application significantly enhances leaf quality and economic performance of flue‑cured tobacco，with Jinye microbial fertilizer exhibiting the most pronounced benefits.

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Research Progress on Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing System in Wheat Breeding

CHEN Yanyan1, ZHAO Mingzhong1, LI Yan1, 2, HUA Xia1, FANG Yuhui1, 2, GONG Chen1, QI Xueli1, 2

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (10): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.10.001

Abstract （938）

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Wheat is a crucial cereal crop，and the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system provides a powerful tool for wheat breeding. The principle of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was elaborated，its applications in enhancing wheat yield related traits，improving grain quality，increasing stress resistance（biotic and abiotic stresses），and accelerating the breeding process were reviewed，and the current challenges and future prospects were explored，providing a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of wheat.

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A Review of Key Technologies in Fruits and Vegetables Maturity Detection

JIANG Mingze, YAN Jianwei, ZOU Chuanzhu

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (1): 1-15. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.01.001

Abstract （319）

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The maturity of fruits and vegetables is closely related to both producers and consumers.It plays a crucial role in enhancing consumer experience，improving harvest timing accuracy，extending shelf life，reducing waste，and increasing yield and quality. However，traditional manual methods of detecting fruit and vegetable maturity have issues such as high labor intensity，high costs，and low efficiency.In recent years，with the rapid development of computer technology，data‐driven methods for detecting fruit and vegetable maturity have made automation and intelligence in this process possible.This study begins with a comprehensive review of the commonly used data formats for fruit and vegetable maturity detection.It then discusses the research progress of maturity detection algorithms from three perspectives：traditional image processing algorithms，machine learning algorithms，and deep learning algorithms.A systematic summary of the current engineering applications of maturity detection in the agricultural field is also provided. Based on this，the study further analyzes the challenges faced by data‐driven maturity detection methods in real‐world applications and offers feasible solutions and research approaches to address these key issues.Finally，the study presents an analysis and outlook on the future development directions of fruit and vegetable maturity detection technologies in agriculture，aiming to provide theoretical references and practical insights for the further research and application of these technologies.

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Effects of Plasma Activated Water on Oat Seed Germination and Seedling Growth

WU Furong, BAO Jin, LÜ Xiaogui

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (2): 29-36. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.004

Abstract （190）

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Using distilled water without plasma treatment as the control（CK），atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma at 2 and 3 kV was used to activate distilled water for 5，10，and 15 min，resulting in six types of plasma‑activated water（PAW）. These types of PAW were then used to irrigate oat seeds to investigate the effects of PAW on oat seed germination and seedling growth. A comprehensive evaluation of different PAW treatments was conducted using the membership function method and principal component analysis，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of PAW in enhancing the growth potential of oat seeds. The results showed that the NO₂⁻ content of F（PAW produced by 3 kV atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma treatment for 15 min） treatment was the highest. Compared with CK，all PAW treatments generally improved the germination vigor，germination rate，germination index，and vigor index of oat seeds，with E（PAW produced by 3 kV atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma treatment for 10 min）showing the greatest increase. E and F treatments also improved seedling plant height，root length，number of rootlets，fresh weight，dry weight，and contents of chlorophyll，carotenoid，and soluble protein，with E treatment being more effective. Comprehensive evaluation indicated that E treatment had the best promoting effect on oat seed germination and seedling growth，followed by F treatment.In conclusion，PAW produced by 3 kV atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma treatment for 10 min has the best promoting effect on oat seed germination and seedling growth.

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Process Optimization of Microbe‐Enzyme Synergy Fermentation of Low‐grade Tobacco Leaves and Impact on Aroma Components

LIU Yuanshang, WU Pan, ZHAO Yifan, DONG Lu, QU Lili, TIAN Shu, XU Chunping

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (10): 159-170. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.10.017

Abstract （494）

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To improve the quality and usability of low‐grade tobacco leaves，aroma‐producing yeast（Y8‐12）and different biological enzyme preparations were used to co‐ferment low‐grade tobacco leaves，and the best combination of microbe‐enzyme preparations that could significantly improve the quality of tobacco leaves was screened.Subsequently，based on the degree of quality improvement，fermentation parameters were systematically optimized using single factor experiments combined with response surface methodology.Finally，changes in chemical composition and sensory quality before and after fermentation under optimal conditions were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that different biological enzyme preparations combined with aroma‐producing yeast fermentation could effectively improve the quality of tobacco leaves.Among them，the G4 group composed of cellulase+pectinase+hemicellulase+lipase+aroma‐producing yeast had the most obvious improvement effect，its quality improvement degree reached 0.94，and the content of total volatile aroma components increased to 197.57 μg/g.Through the response surface optimization combined with the actual production operation，the optimum process conditions were determined as follows：Fermentation time 4 d，fermaentation temperature 37 ℃，enzyme addition 0.4%.Under these conditions，the quality improvement degree increased to 1.15.After fermentation，the reducing sugar，chlorine and total sugar contents increased by 18.28%，-13.33% and 9.62%，respectively.The content of characteristic aroma substances such as phenylethanol，4‐oxo‐isophorone， geranylacetone，megastigmatrienone and phenethyl acetate were increased significantly.In summary，microbe‐enzyme synergistic fermentation under suitable conditions offers a rapid and effective strategy for improving low‐grade tobacco leaves and provides a reference for microbial applications in the tobacco industry.

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Effects of Shading on Source⁃Sink⁃Translocation Traits of Different Peanut Varieties

ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Man, ZHANG Penglei, ZHANG Zhongxin, ZHANG Xinyou, LIU Juan, HAO Xi, DONG Wenzhao, ZANG Xiuwang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (12): 40-48. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.12.005

Abstract （282）

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To evaluate the shade tolerance of different peanut cultivars and explore the impact of shading on source⁃sink⁃translocation characteristics，seven commonly cultivated peanut（Arachis hypogaea L.）varieties were selected to investigate their photosynthetic capacity，stem anatomical structure，reproductive development，and yield components under both normal light and shading conditions.The results showed that shading significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate and SPAD chlorophyll values，indicating a decline in assimilate synthesis capacity. In terms of transport traits，shading decreased the number of vascular bundles and xylem vessels by 9.52% and 30.10%，respectively.Reproductive development was also affected. The maximal flowering accumulation rate of Kaifeng 49，Yuhua 31，and Huayu 20 decreased by over 40%，while Puhua 28，Yuhua 22，and Yuhua 23 experienced declines of around 25%. Theoretical maximum flower number decreased by more than 50% in Kaifeng 49 and Yuhua 31，and by 12.48% and 15.86% in Yuhua 23 and Yuhua 22，respectively.While shading had little effect on the peak pod⁃filling rate，it delayed the time to reach this rate by an average of 5 days and shortened the duration of rapid accumulation by 6 days. Yield performance varied across cultivars：under shading，Yuhua 22 and Yuhua 23 showed relatively higher yields，with Yuhua 23 producing 1.33 times and 1.67 times more than Huayu 20 and Puhua 28，respectively.These findings suggest that Yuhua 22 and Yuhua 23 are suitable for shaded environments，with management strategies focused on enhancing photosynthesis. In contrast，Huayu 20 requires agronomic interventions that promote flowering and regulate assimilate translocation under shade.

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Reduction and Synergistic Effect of Seven Adjuvants on the Control of Rice False Smut by Tebuconazole

LI Xinyi, WANG Zuoqian, GUO Chenchen, XU Ting, CHANG Xiangqian, CAI Xuan, YANG Xiaolin, ZHANG Shu, LÜ Liang, DENG Qingchao

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (2): 89-97. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.010

Abstract （193）

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To investigate the synergistic enhancement effect of different adjuvants on the control of rice false smut by tebuconazole，seven novel adjuvants were selected including Nanosilica（NMG），Mairun（MR），Keousen（KOS），Maifei（MF），Benniu（BN），Jijian（JJ），and Chaoniu（CN）.Firstly，the improvement in spreading performance of reduced tebuconazole by the addition of adjuvants was quantitatively analyzed using the contact angle measurement method. Subsequently，greenhouse pot experiments with artificial inoculation and fungicide spraying，as well as field trials under natural conditions，were conducted.A comprehensive evaluation of the synergistic control effect of reduced tebuconazole with adjuvants was performed.The results showed that after 50% reduction of tebuconazole combined with each adjuvant，the contact angle of the solution on rice leaves significantly decreased，and the spreading performance was markedly improved.Under conditions of artificial inoculation with rice false smut，adding the seven adjuvants to 50% reduced tebuconazole increased the disease inhibition by 18.0% to 71.3% compared with the single 50% reduced tebuconazole treatment.Among them，the CN combination treatment exhibited the best inhibition effect，with a inhibition rate of 85.5%.Field control results indicated that 30% reduced tebuconazole combined with CN achieved the highest control efficacy against rice false smut，reaching 87.1%，which showed a significant increase of 48.6% compared with the 30% reduced tebuconazole alone and was comparable to the standard tebuconazole dose alone（86.6%）.In addition，the control efficacy of 30% reduced tebuconazole combined with MF，JJ，MR，or BN showed no significant difference compared with the standard tebuconazole dose alone.These results indicate that the addition of novel adjuvants can achieve enhanced control efficacy with reduced fungicide dosage against rice false smut，and the nanoscale CN adjuvant shows particularly pronounced synergistic effects，providing a basis for environmentally friendly disease management in rice.

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Effects of Delayed Harvest on Nutrient Accumulation of Bearing Base Shoot in Shine Muscat Grape

LOU Yusui, LÜ Zhongwei, SHANG Hongquan, CUI Xiaoyue, LU Huiran, ZHANG Ke, WU Wenying, FAN Hongjie

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2026, 55 (3): 126-134. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.03.013

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In order to use fruit delayed harvest technology better，the nutrient accumulation of bearing base shoots and the inflorescence rates were compared among treatments of different yield load of cluster hanging and no cluster hanging. 10⁃year⁃old Shine Muscat grapevines were used as materials.During the maturity period，the clusters were pruned by leaving one cluster per one（F1），one point five（F2），two（F3），three（F4），and four（F5）shoots.All clusters were cut off as the control（CK）.After 64 days of fruit maturity，all the other clusters were cut off. Results showed that the contents of malondialdehyde and starch increased gradually，the contents of total nitrogen，total phosphorus，and 17 amino acids first increased and then decreased with the yield load level decreasing. F3⁃CK had the highest soluble sugar content（18.98 mg/g）in bearing base shoot，while F5⁃CK showed the highest total potassium content（2.39%）.The contents of soluble sugar and total phosphorus，as well as inflorescence rate and double inflorescence rate were lower in the cluster hanging treatments than those in the no cluster hanging treatments on the same tree. Compared with CK，delayed harvest reduced the double inflorescence rate in the second year significantly. The double inflorescence rate of F3 decreased by 76.3% compared with the control.The treatments of F3，F4 and F5 did not affect or promote the accumulation of soluble sugar，starch，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，and total potassium in the bearing base shoot and the inflorescence rate in the second year. However，the treatments of F1，F2 and F3 promoted the accumulation of the most amino acids in the bearing base shoot. Therefore，it should be pruned by retaining one cluster per two or more shoots，with a yield of 17.09 t/ha or less，when delayed harvest was implemented in Shine Muscat grape to ensure enough nutrient accumulation and inflorescence rate.

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