Table of Content

Volume 54 Issue 2
2025-02-15
Contents
Reviews
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Plant Protection
Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

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CONTENTS

2025, 54(2):  0. 

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Reviews

Research Progress on Nano⁃ZnO Applications in Plant Disease Control

PENG Yulong1, SUN Xiaofang2, HUANG Yun3, ZHAO Ziyan

2025, 54(2):  1-9.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.001

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With the advancement of nanotechnology，nano⁃ZnO has garnered significant attention in the field of plant protection due to its excellent antimicrobial properties. This review summarizes the direct inhibitory effects of nano⁃ZnO on plant pathogenic bacteria，fungi，oomycetes，viruses，and nematodes，as well as its roles in inducing plant disease resistance，promoting plant growth，and other potential beneficial effects. Additionally，it discusses the applications of nano⁃ZnO composites，doped nano⁃ZnO，and green⁃synthesized nano⁃ZnO in controlling plant diseases.Finally，this review highlights that future research on the application of nano⁃ZnO in plant disease control is expected to focus on broadening its application evaluation in various pathogens，delving into its mechanisms of action，and optimizing the performance of nano⁃ZnO to enhance application efficacy.


Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Distribution of Rice Blast Resistance Genes Pita and Pikm in Japonica Rice Germplasm Resources and Their Relationship with Rice Blast Resistance

LIU Haolin, SHEN Wenjuan, GAO Yu, QI Jingyi, LIU Hairui, GUAN Ruijie, MA Yu, ZHANG Tianchang, ZHANG Yinxia

2025, 54(2):  10-20.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.002

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The blast resistance of 93 japonica rice germplasms，including local germplasms and introduced germplasms in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region，was identified. Molecular detection of two rice blast resistance genes，Pita and Pikm，was conducted to analyze their genotypes. Subsequently，correlation analysis was performed between the comprehensive index of resistance and the resistance genes Pita and Pikm.The objective of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for rice blast⁃resistant breeding in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The results showed that among the 93 germplasms，highly susceptible，moderately susceptible，susceptible，moderately resistant and resistant germplasms accounted for 2.2%（2/93），32.2%（30/93），6.5%（6/93），55.9%（52/93） and 3.2%（3/93），respectively.A total of 55 germplasms had resistance to rice blast，with resistance rate of 59.1%.Molecular detection results showed that there were 42 homozygotes for Pita resistance gene，accounting for 45.2% of the total germplasms.For Pikm resistance gene，there were 39 homozygotes，accounting for 41.9% of the total germplasms.The gene combination Pita⁺/Pikm⁺exhibited the best performance in enhancing resistance to rice blast，with an average comprehensive index of rice blast resistance of 2.63，followed by Pita⁺/Pikm^- and Pita^-/Pikm⁺，with average comprehensive indices of rice blast resistance of 4.08 and 4.42，respectively.In contrast，the resistance of gene combination Pita^-/Pikm^-was the weakest，with a comprehensive index of rice blast resistance of 5.33.The correlation analysis result showed that Pita and Pikm genes were significantly positively correlated with rice blast resistance，and there was also a significantly positive correlation between Pita and Pikm genes，indicating the presence of a synergistic effect of resistance between Pita and Pikm genes.Thus，integrating Pita and Pikm genes in molecular⁃assisted breeding programs against rice blast can improve the resistance to rice blast in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.



Phenotypic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of Wheat Dwarf Small⁃Kernel Mutant smk56

ZHANG Fuyan, SUN Congwei, CHEN Xiaojie, WANG Jiahuan, CHENG Zhongjie, ZHAO Wan, MA Xuhui, ZHANG Jianwei, FAN Jialin

2025, 54(2):  21-29.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.003

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A dwarf and small grain mutant smk56（small kernel 56）with stable phenotypic inheritance was obtained from the seeds of wheat variety Zhoumai 22，which was mutagenized by China’s first microgravity science experiment satellite，Shijian⁃10.The phenotype and endosperm starch morphology of smk56 were analyzed and observed.The mutant was hybridized with the wild type Zhoumai 22（WT）to construct an F₂ segregating population.The plant height，thousand⁃grain weight and other agronomic traits of F_2：3 families were investigated，and the genetic analysis of the mutant gene was carried out.Then，the bulked segregant analysis sequencing（BSA⁃Seq），exon capture sequencing and linkage analysis were used for preliminary location of the mutant gene.The results showed that compared with WT，smk56 had no significant difference in seedling habits，leaf color，panicle type，heading stage and mature stage；Plant height of smk56 significantly decreased by 14.51%，and thousand⁃grain weight significantly decreased by 21.83%；Additionally，spike length，effective spikelet number，internode length below the spike，grain number per spike，grain length and grain width were all significantly or extremely significantly decreased；The starch granules of smk56 had poor filling degree and a more loosely arrangement structure，with underdeveloped starch bodies in endosperm cells，but there was no significant difference in the arrangement and shape regularity of starch granules between smk56 and WT.Genetic analysis indicated that the smk56 trait was controlled by a single recessive gene，which was preliminarily mapped to a region on the wheat chromosome 6D，spanning from 23.18 cM to 35.54 cM on the genetic map，and closely linked to the marker gwm469，with the flanking molecular markers of cfd1 and cfd132.In summary，the dwarf and small grains of wheat mutant smk56 may be caused by the shortening of stem internodes and the poor development of amyloplasts in grain endosperm cells；The target gene is preliminarily mapped to the wheat chromosome 6D genetic map of 23.18—35.54 cM，with a genetic distance of 12.36 cM，and it is speculated that this region may habor a novel important gene related to the formation of plant height and thousand⁃grain weight in wheat.



Effects of Application Depth and Amount of Different Types of Fertilizers on Growth and Development of Winter Wheat

HAN Ruifeng, REN Rongkui, DONG Xiangyang, HU Zebin, GUO Fangjun, FANG Tiantian, MA Wenhao, ZHANG Shuhong

2025, 54(2):  30-39.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.004

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Three types of fertilizers were selected with no fertilization as control（CK），including tower granulation compound fertilizer，agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer，and controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer. Three application rates were set，including 600 kg/ha（F1），750 kg/ha（F2）and 900 kg/ha （F3），and three application depths were set，including 6 cm（D1），8 cm（D2）and 10 cm（D3）.The effects of application depth and rate on the plant height，aboveground fresh weight，root length，root diameter，root volume，root surface area，and root tip number of winter wheat seedlings were studied，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational adjustment of application depth and rate based on fertilizer types in winter wheat production. The results indicated that when the application rate was F1 and the application depths were D2—D3，the tower granulation compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat，with membership function values of 0.70 and 0.77 respectively（the membership function value of CK was 0.61），and the F1D3 treatment had the best effect，significantly increased root length，root volume，root surface area and root tip number compared with CK.When the application rates were F1—F3 and the application depth was D3，the agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat，and the F2D3 treatment had the best effect with membership function value of 0.86，significantly increased plant height，aboveground fresh weight，total root length，root diameter，root volume，root surface area and root tip number compared with CK.When the application rates were F1—F3，and the application depths were D2—D3，the controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat，and the F1D2 and F1D3 treatments had better effects with membership function values of 0.93 and 0.92 respectively，significantly increased plant height，aboveground fresh weight，root length，root volume，root surface area and root tip number compared with CK. Under the same application rate and application depth，the membership function values generally showed controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer>agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer>tower granulation compound fertilizer. In conclusion，the F1D3 treatment is the best for the tower granulation compound fertilizer，the F2D3 treatment is the best for agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer，the F1D2 and F1D3 treatments are better for the controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer，and the controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer has the best effect.



Effect of Drought Stress on Photosynthetic and Physiological Characteristics of Flag Leaves of Different Wheat Varieties at Filling Stage

PENG Chaojun, HUA Xia, WANG Songfeng, GAO Chong, DONG Haibin, HU Lin

2025, 54(2):  40-47.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.005

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The drought⁃resistant wheat variety Zhengmai 1860，its parents，and Zhoumai 18（control）were used as materials.The gas exchange parameters，chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activities，osmotic adjustment substances contents in flag leaves，and water use efficiency of different wheat varieties were studied under drought treatment（irrigation only at the jointing stage during the entire growth period），so as to provide valuable insights for optimizing water⁃efficient wheat cultivation，developing drought⁃resistant cultivars，and advancing water⁃saving breeding programs.The results showed that，under drought stress，the net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），transpiration rate（Tr）and maximum photomassive efficiency（Fv/Fm），potential photochemical activity（Fv/Fo），actual photomassive efficiency（ФPSⅡ），and electron transfer rate（ETR）of PSⅡ of the flag leaf of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18，and the intercellular CO₂ concentration（Ci） was significantly lower than that of Zhoumai 18，followed by Zhoumai 22；The activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD）and catalase（CAT），and the contents of soluble protein，soluble sugar and proline in the flag leaf of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18，and the content of malondialdehyde（MDA）was significantly lower than that of Zhoumai 18，followed by Zhoumai 22；The yield and water use efficiency of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18，which was mainly due to the significant improvement of the thousand⁃grain weight and the number of grains per spike，and followed by Zhoumai 22.In conclusion，Zhengmai 1860 enhances antioxidant enzyme activity，and osmotic adjustment capacity under drought stress at filling stage，protects the photosynthetic electron transport process of PSⅡ，alleviates the degree of nonstomatal restriction and membrane lipid peroxidation，and maintains higher Pn at filling stage，thus obtaining higher yield.



Effect of Mepenzolate Compounding with Plant Growth Regulator on Spatiotemporal Distribution of Boll Formation and Endogenous Hormones in Cotton

ZHANG Ning, ZHANG Yongli, LIU Yujie, TU Xiaoju, ZHOU Zhonghua, LIU Aiyu

2025, 54(2):  48-57.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.006

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Mepenzolate（DPC）compounding with plant growth regulator can effectively increase cotton yield. To clarify its effect on the law of boll formation in cotton，DPC was selected to be compounded with sodium nitroprusside（CSN），brassinolide（BR），sodium naphthylacetate（SNA），and phthalanilic acid（PHA），and a single application of DPC was used as the control. Three sprays were carried out at the budding stage，the pre⁃boll stage and the peak boll stage，and the effects of different compound combinations on the canopy structure，spatiotemporal distribution of boll formation，endogenous hormones，and yield were analyzed.The results showed that compared with the control，the compound treatment increased the leaf area index of cotton at the flowering boll stage，resulting in a significant decrease in the light transmittance of the lower canopy. The compound treatment increased the average growth rate of each reproductive organ and increased the number of flocculent bolls，and the number of cotton bolls increased by 35. 88%—46. 76% compared with the control. The compound treatment had a great effect on the vertical distribution of cotton bolls，the boll proportion in the lower part decreased compared with the control，but it increased the proportion of bolls in the middle and upper parts.The contents of indole acetic acid（IAA）and abscisic acid（ABA）in leaves could be reduced by compound treatment 10 days after the first application，and the gibberellins（GA₃）content of DPC compounding with BR was significantly higher than that of the control at 30 days after application，and the compound treatment could significantly regulate the increase of zeatin riboside（ZR）content. Compared with the control，the boll formation rate of the compound treatment was significantly increased by 9.97%—16.85%，the number of bolls per hectare was significantly increased by 9.20%—17.22%，and the lint yield was significantly increased by 10.33%—22.30%. In conclusion，DPC compound treatment optimizes the spatiotemporal distribution of boll formation by regulating cotton endogenous hormones，which significantly increases the boll rate and thus increases cotton yield.



Effects of Spraying Prohexadione Calcium on Mechanical Harvesting Agronomic Characters，Yield and Quality of Sesame under Different Densities

LÜ Shuli, DING Fang, TIAN Zhuangbo

2025, 54(2):  58-65.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.007

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In order to explore the effects of spraying prohexadione calcium under different planting densities on the agronomic traits，photosynthetic characteristics，quality and yield of sesame，and to integrate the effective cultivation measures for the mechanical harvesting of sesame through factorial experiments，with Shangzhi 196 as the test material，a two⁃factor split⁃plot experimental design was adopted. Different densities were set as the main plots（D1：180 000 plants/ha；D2：210 000 plants/ha；D3：240 000 plants/ha），and different application amounts of prohexadione calcium were set as the sub⁃plots（CK：0 g/ha，spraying clear water；T1：425 g/ha；T2：500 g/ha），with a total of 9 treatments. The results showed that with the increase of planting density，the stem diameter of sesame showed a gradually decreasing trend，with a decrease range of 2.01%—4.56%.The SPAD value of leaves showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and the D2 treatment was the highest，which was 0.82% and 6.65% higher than those of D1 and D3 treatments respectively. The leaf area index（LAI）and chlorophyll content had similar performance patterns.The average value of the D2 treatment was 4.72% and 5.17% significantly higher than the average values of D1 and D3 treatments respectively. The net photosynthetic rate（Pn）and stomatal conductance（Gs）were significantly decreased，and the intercellular CO₂ concentration increased significantly.The number of capsules per plant and the thousand⁃grain weight decreased obviously，with the reduction ranges being 1.28%—8.45% and 1.39%—5.92% respectively，but there was no significant effect on the quality of sesame. After spraying prohexadione calcium，with the increase of the application amount，the plant height，the height of the first capsule，and the length of the main stem fruit axis of sesame decreased significantly，with the reduction ranges being 7.89%—10.64%，11.91%—14.01%，and 5.29%—9.01% respectively.The photosynthesis was effectively enhanced. Meanwhile，the number of capsules per plant，the thousand⁃grain weight，and the yield were significantly increased，with the increasing ranges being 5.72%—11.14%，2.57%—6.25%，and 3.34%—6.42% respectively.The content of crude fat decreased to some extent，while the contents of linoleic acid and crude protein were effectively increased，with the increasing ranges being 2.25%—6.08% and 3.80%—8.84% respectively. Among all treatments，D1T2 treatment had the highest Pn and 1 000⁃grain weight，followed by D2T2 treatment，with no significant difference between the two treatments，and D2T2 treatment had the highest SPAD value，LAI，pod number per plant and yield，which significantly increased by 7.01% compared with D2CK. Comprehensive analysis shows that when the planting density is 210 000 plants/ha，spraying prohexadione calcium at a rate of 500 g/ha once at the seedling stage and once at the early flowering stage is relatively ideal for optimizing the plant type of sesame，improving the agronomic traits for mechanical harvesting，and enhancing the yield and quality.



Effects of LED Light Quality on Physiology，Biochemistry and Nutrient Content of Dendrobium officinale Test⁃tube Seedlings

LIN Qiongyu, ZHENG Lifang, MENG Xinya, WANG Jiangning, FU Qiunuan, SONG Xiqiang

2025, 54(2):  66-76.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.008

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To investigate the impact of different LED light spectrums on the growth，photosynthesis，and nutrient accumulation of Dendrobium officinale test⁃tube seedlings，using D.officinale test⁃tube seedlings as the experimental material，six different light quality treatments were established［100% red light（R），100% blue light（B），80% red light+20% blue light（8R∶2B），70% red light+30% blue light（7R∶3B），and 50% red light+50% blue light（5R∶5B），white fluorescent light used as a control group（CK）］.The growth indexes（plant height，leaf number，maximum leaf length，stem diameter，fresh weight，dry weight），antioxidant indexes［superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity，malondialdehyde（MDA） content，ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activity，peroxidase（POD）activity，catalase（CAT）activity）］，photosynthetic indexes（chlorophyll a content，chlorophyll b content，chlorophyll a+b content，chlorophyll a/b ratio，carotenoids content），chlorophyll fluorescence indexes（Fv/Fm，Φ_PSⅡ ，ETRⅡ，qN，qP，Fv/Fo）and nutrient contents（amino acids，alkaloids，polysaccharides）were measured after 90 days of treatment. The results showed that the 8R∶2B treatment was beneficial to the elongation of plant height，leaf growth and the increase of stem diameter of D.officinale test⁃tube seedlings.The number of leaves and qN were highest in blue light treatment with 7.846，0.861.The antioxidant index was the best in 5R∶5B treatment as a whole，and the dry weight，fresh weight，nutrient content，chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of test⁃tube seedlings were also the best in the 5R∶5B treatment.there were significant correlations among growth index，antioxidant enzyme index，nutrient index，chlorophyll fluorescence indexes and chlorophyll content.The results of principal component analysis showed that the physiological growth and nutrient accumulation of D.officinale test⁃tube seedlings with 5R∶5B treatment were the best，and the comprehensive score was 3.12.In conclusion，when the D.officinale test⁃tube seedlings are in the LED light quality environment of 5R∶5B treatment，it is most conducive to their growth and development and nutrient accumulation.



Agricultural Resources and Environment

Exploring the Effect of Soil Fertility Quality on the Quality of Ligusticum chuanxiong Based on Minimum Data Set

LI Ruirong, ZHANG Yayu, YANG Kefang, ZHOU Jixin, JIN Mengzhen, WU Lingmei

2025, 54(2):  77-87.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.009

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By optimizing and selecting the minimum dataset（MDS）to maximize the characterization of soil fertility quality，this study aims to explore the ecological relationship between soil fertility quality and the formation of Ligusticum chuanxiong quality，in order to improve soil quality and achieve high⁃quality cultivation of Ligusticum chuanxiong. Ligusticum chuanxiong and rhizosphere soil were collected from 114 sampling points in 38 plots in Meishan，Pengzhou，Qionglai，and Shifang cities in Sichuan Province.The content of 21 soil indicators and 5 effective component indicators was measured，and the Ligusticum chuanxiong comprehensive quality index（AQI）and soil fertility quality index（SQI）were calculated.The results showed that the selected MDS contained six indexes of nitrate nitrogen，available phosphorus，available magnesium，available iron，available cadmium and total iron content，with a cumulative contribution rate of 81.83%.There were significant differences in soil fertility quality among the four cities.The comprehensive index score of soil fertility quality for Ligusticum chuanxiong in Pengzhou was the highest，at 0.53，while that for Meishan was the lowest，at 0.34；The comprehensive quality index of Ligusticum chuanxiong in Pengzhou was also the highest，at 0.46.The correlation analysis between the comprehensive index of soil fertility quality and soil indicators showed that the content of available phosphorus，available iron，nitrate nitrogen，and total iron were important factors for improving soil fertility quality. Combined with the redundancy analysis results，the content of available phosphorus and available iron was a key factor affecting the formation of Ligusticum chuanxiong quality and soil fertility quality.In summary，a soil fertility evaluation system for Ligusticum chuanxiong has been established based on MDS. The high⁃quality planting process of Ligusticum chuanxiong requires key regulation of available phosphorus and available iron content in the soil.



Analysis of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Levels and Sources in Melon Fields in Two Typical Producing Areas of Xinjiang

PAN Juxiu, SHEN Qi, WANG Xiaoting, KANG Qi, WUJISIGULENG, HE Weizhong, WANG Cheng

2025, 54(2):  88-98.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.010

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In order to determine the level and sources of soil heavy metal pollution in two typical melon fields in Xinjiang，183 soil samples were selected as the research objects，according to the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Soil Heavy Metal Determination（DB 65T3974—2017），the content of six heavy metals，Cr，Ni，As，Cd，Pb，and Cu，in soil samples was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP⁃MS）. The single factor pollution index and Nemero comprehensive pollution index，ground accumulation pollution index，and potential ecological risk index of soil samples were calculated.A health risk assessment model was used to evaluate the pollution levels of six heavy metals in the samples，and principal component analysis was used to analyze the sources of the six heavy metals in the samples. The results showed that among the six heavy metals in the soil samples，the maximum values of As and Cd exceeded the risk screening values，indicating a relatively high degree of pollution.The Nemero comprehensive pollution index in the two production areas reached 3.74 and 1.40，respectively，indicating severe and mild pollution. In terms of land accumulation index， both production areas had the highest As pollution level. The health risks of heavy metal pollution to children were higher than those to adults，and the contribution rate of oral intake was relatively higher.Cr，Ni，and Cu in soil might be derived from parent materials，while human activities were an important source of As，Cd，and Pb in the samples. In summary，it is necessary to reduce the impact of human activities on soil As and Cd pollution in melon fields in the study area through various means.



Plant Protection

The Structure and Diversity of Insect Community in Artemisia argyi Fields in Nanyang

LI Haolei, HUANG Xianzhang, CUI Jianxin, YU Yi

2025, 54(2):  99-106.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.011

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In order to clarify the main insect community structure of Artemisia argyi fields，the insects were collected by the sweep nets and the community structure and diversity analyses were carried out after classification and identification. The results showed that a total of 70 579 individuals of insect pests and their natural enemies were collected in the summer and autumn seasons from the field of A.argyi，belonging to six orders，Hymenoptera，Coleoptera，Hemiptera，Neuroptera，Mantodea，and Orthoptera，with a total 32 families.The dominant pest communities were Cicadellidae，Aphididae，Lygaeidae，Chrysomelidae and Latridiidae.The dominant natural enemies of these insect pest communities were Braconidae，Miridae and Coccinellidae. For crops of A.argyi harvested 3—4 times annually，the insect species⁃richness（e.g.Margalef richness index）and diversity（e.g.Shannon diversity index）of mowed A.argyi field were high in summer and gradually decreased in autumn，while for the similar insect communities of unmowed A. argyi field both two above mentioned indexes were low.The dominant insect pest of unmowed A.argyi field was a leafhopper Austroasca mitjaevi，which began to outbreak in late June and lasted until late August. The outbreak of A. mitjaevi in mowed A.argyi field began in mid⁃to⁃late July and lasted until late August；The dominant species of aphid pest was Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae，which began to break out in mid⁃to⁃late July and lasted until early August.In general，mowed A.argyi field had a certain clear effect on delaying the outbreak of A.mitjaevi，and the degree of aphid damage in unmowed A.argyi field was less than that of mowed field.



Horticulture

Effects of Nutritional Additives on Growth of Sparassis latifolia

LIU Xiaoyu, XIAO Donglai, YANG Chi, LIN Hui, JIANG Xiaoling, MA Lu

2025, 54(2):  107-115.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.012

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In order to increase the yield of Sparassis latifolia，complex proteins，amino acids，sugars，organic acids and humic acid additives were selected，and the additives that promoted the growth of Sparassis latifolia were screened by measuring the mycelial growth speed and mycelial biomass，and the primordium induction and fruiting tests were carried out. The results showed that different types of nutritional additives had different effects on mycelial biomass and mycelial growth speed，the addition of buckwheat flour，black tartary buckwheat flour soybean flour，black soybean flour，Lixinyihao，Fengguwang，sugarcane molasses，beet molasses，potassium fulvic acid and mineral fulvic acid could significantly increase the mycelial biomass，which was 30.08%—36.67% higher than the control group，and the addition of buckwheat flour，soybean flour，potato flour，sugarcane molasses，beet molasses，tartaric acid，citric acid，L⁃pyroglutamic acid，potassium humate，mineral fulvic acid and humic acid could significantly increase the growth rate of mycelium，which was 12.86%—22.98% higher than the control group. The addition of buckwheat flour，black wheat flour，Fengguwang，Lixinyihao，L⁃pyroglutamic acid and humic acid to the cultivation material could increase the primordium formation rate，increased by 10.00，10.00，7.78，5.00，10.00 and 7.78 percentage points respectively，and Fengguwang，L⁃pyroglutamic acid and humic acid could increase the yield of Sparassis latifolia，increased by 16.23%，16.83% and 22.36% respectively.



Differences in Physiological Responses of Different Drought⁃tolerant Turnip Seedlings to Drought Stress and Rehydration

HE Miao, JIANG Yuanhao, MIN Haozhe, LIN Tao, WANG Duo, XUAN Zhengying

2025, 54(2):  116-123.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.013

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In order to clarify the effects of drought stress and rehydration on the physiological characteristics of turnip seedlings ［Huangqiamagu（B1）：drought⁃resistant type；Qiamagu（B2）：drought⁃sensitive type）］ ，pot culture was used to control water. The relative conductivity，malondialdehyde（MDA），osmotic adjustment substances［soluble sugar（SS），soluble protein（SP），proline（Pro），reducing sugar］，antioxidant enzymes［superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT）］，functional substances（total phenols，flavonoids，anthocyanins）and endogenous hormones［auxin（IAA），abscisic acid（ABA），trans⁃zeatin nucleoside（ZR），gibberellin（GA₃）］ of leaves after mild drought stress and severe drought stress and rehydration were studied.The results showed that with the increase of drought degree，the relative conductivity and MDA content of leaves of two turnip seedlings increased gradually，while the increase of B1 was smaller. Under drought stress，the contents of Pro and SS in the leaves of B1 and B2 germplasm seedlings increased gradually，the content of reducing sugar increased first and then decreased，the content of SP in B1 germplasm increased first and then decreased，and B2 increased gradually. The activities of SOD and POD in leaves of B1 and B2 germplasm seedlings were in direct proportion to the degree of drought stress，with the maximum value of CAT in B1 under severe drought stress and the maximum value of CAT in B2 under mild drought stress.The contents of total phenols and flavonoids in leaves of B1 and B2 germplasm seedlings increased gradually.The anthocyanin content of B1 increased gradually，while B2 increased first and then decreased.And the change range of B2 indexes in each treatment was larger than that of B1. With the increase of drought degree，IAA，ABA and ZR increased first and then decreased，while GA₃ decreased gradually，and the contents of IAA，ZR and GA₃ in B1 were lower than those in B2.After rehydration，the contents of all physiological indexes recovered except POD of B2.To sum up，drought and rehydration have different effects on the physiological characteristics of leaves of different drought⁃resistant turnip germplasms.Under drought stress，drought⁃resistant germplasm is less affected and shows stronger drought adaptability and resilience.



Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Preparation and Epitope Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody against African Swine Fever Virus D205R Protein

LIN Zhizhao, ZHAO Yanyan, REN Haojie, SHI Saiyan, HAN Shichong, HE Wenrui, WAN Bo, ZHANG Yuhang, ZHANG Gaiping

2025, 54(2):  124-130.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.014

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African swine fever（ASF）is a lethal infectious disease，and few vaccines or drugs were available to prevent or control ASF to date.In order to provide important materials for the diagnosis of African swine fever virus（ASFV），the ASFV recombinant D205R protein was expressed by E.coli system，a monoclonal antibody（mAb）against D205R protein was prepared，and antigenic epitope of mAb was identified.The results showed that the pET32a⁃D205R expression plasmid was successfully constructed，and the recombinant D205R protein with a size of about 44 ku was purified.Western blot assay showed that the recombinant D205R protein reacted specifically with ASFV⁃positive serum and had good immunogenicity.By hybridoma cell fusion and screening，mAb 19A5 was obtained. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assays showed that mAb 19A5 specifically recognized eukaryotically expressed recombinant D205R protein，and detected wild⁃type D205R protein.Alanine scanning identified 167⁃SDPPVVWLGGRPGD⁃180 as the antigenic epitope of mAb 19A5，and S167，W173，L174，G175，P178，and D180 were the key amino acids that binded to mAb 19A5.Homologous and structural analysis revealed that the antigenic epitope was highly conserved and located on the surface of the protein，which was a linear epitope.In conclusion，mAb 19A5 was successfully prepared and the antigenic epitope recognized by mAb 19A5 was identified.



Correlation Analysis between Tissue Expression of CIDEa and CIDEc Genes and Intramuscular Fat Content in Huanghuai Sheep

LI Jun, GAO Fuxian, KUAI Ziru, QI Yuxin, HAN Haoyuan, SHI Huibin, LIU Kun, QUAN Kai

2025, 54(2):  131-137.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.015

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The aim of this study was to explore the expression patterns of CIDEa and CIDEc genes in various tissues of Huanghuai sheep，and analyze their correlation with intramuscular fat and fatty acid content. This study selected three male Huanghuai sheep at the ages of 3，9，and 18 months each，collected tissue samples after slaughter and measured their intramuscular fat and fatty acid content.It used RT⁃qPCR technology to detect CIDEa and CIDEc genes expression level in various tissues and in longissimus dorsi at different ages，and analyzed their correlation with intramuscular fat and fatty acid content using Pearson correlation coefficient.The results showed that both CIDEa and CIDEc had highest expression levels in subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat.The expression level of CIDEa in 4 muscle tissues semitendinosus，longissimus dorsi，triceps brachii and quadriceps femoris increased overall with age.The expression level of CIDEa in the longissimus dorsi was positively correlated with intramuscular fat and C16：0（P<0.05），and negatively correlated with C18：0，C20：2，and C20：4n6（P<0.05）. While the expression level of CIDEc gene in longissimus dorsi and triceps brachii decreased with age.The expression level of CIDEc in the longissimus dorsi was positively correlated with C13：0，C18：0，C20：2，C23：0，and C24：0（P<0.05），and negatively correlation with C17：1 and C18：1n9c（P<0.05）.In summary，CIDEa and CIDEc genes play important roles in the regulation of intramuscular fat and fatty acids in Huanghuai sheep.



Infection Status and Epidemic Characteristics of Avain Leukosis Virus in Liangfenghua Breeding Chicken in Henan Province from 2021 to 2022

WANG Rudu, DENG Zuliying, QIAO Hongxing, ZHANG Han, BIAN Chuanzhou, LUO Jun, PENG Zhifeng

2025, 54(2):  138-144.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.016

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In order to explore the infection status and epidemic characteristics of avian leukosis virus（ALV）in Liangfenghua breeding chicken in Henan Province，ALV⁃p27 antigen was detected in 1 342 semen，1 611 cloacal swabs，8 187 eggs and 284 meconium collected from six cities of Henan Province in 2021—2022 by ELISA method. Meanwhile，512 hen serum samples were detected for ALV⁃A/B and ALV⁃J antibodies by ELISA method，and ALV was isolated from meconium by DF⁃1 cells.The gp85 gene fragment of the isolated strain was amplified by polymerase chain reaction（PCR）and sequenced.The gene sequences were compared with different strains of ALV⁃J，and the genetic evolution was analyzed.The results showed that the positive rates of ALV⁃p27 antigen were 13.11%（176/1 342），7.70%（124/1 611），2.39%（196/8 187） and 2. 81%（8/284） in semen，cloacal swabs，eggs and meconium，respectively. The positive rates of ALV⁃A/B and ALV⁃J subgroups were 16.60%（85/512）and 15.23%（78/512）in hen serum，respectively.In addition，there was no obviously difference in the positive rate of ALV in Liangfenghua breeding chicken in six cities in Henan Province，among which Anyang City was the highest（4.90%，82/1 675），the lowest level was found in Shangqiu City（3.56%，64/1 798），indicating that ALV infection was found in Liangfenghua breeding chicken in different areas of Henan Province.The positive rates of ALV⁃p27 were 4.00%（4/100）in cloacal swabs，1.08%（1/92）in eggs and 1.15%（1/87）in meconium，suggesting that ALV infection was caused by both vertical and horizontal transmission，and it was more objective to evaluate the vertical transmission of ALV in breeder flocks based on ALV infection in breeding eggs.An ALV⁃J strain HN2022 was isolated，which was in the same evolutionary branch as reference strains HLJ09MDJ⁃1，HuB09⁃1，SX090912J，CAUHM01 and HPRS103.The nucleotide homology and amino acid homology of gp85 gene of different strains of ALV⁃J were 92.7%—97.8% and 88.6%—91.8%，respectively.The results of homology comparison of amino acids encoded by gp85 gene showed that the variation of amino acids encoded by gp85 gene mainly occurred in the high⁃frequency variation regions of sequence Hr 1 and Hr 2.The results not only showed that ALV infection was common in Liangfenghua breeding chicken in Henan Province，but also enriched the data of genetic variation characteristics of ALV，which provided data support for the subsequent study of the virus and the purification of avian leukemia in this chick.


Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Inversion of Soil Organic Carbon Content in the Central Yunnan Plateau Based on Sentinel⁃2A Images and XGBoost Model

YAN Zhengfei, YANG Minglong, TANG Xiujuan, XIA Yonghua, YANG Zhen, LI Wantao

2025, 54(2):  145-153.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.017

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Soil organic carbon（SOC）plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility，promoting plant growth，and supporting sustainable agricultural development. Therefore，efficient and accurate acquisition of SOC content is of great significance. This study utilized Sentinel⁃2A multispectral remote sensing imagery combined with measured SOC content，Sentinel⁃1 backscattering coefficients，vegetation indices and topographic factors（elevation，slope，aspect）to investigate the inversion of SOC content in the Yao’an irrigation district using Random forest（RF），Deep forest（DF），and XGBoost models.The results indicated that，from the perspective of different combinations of auxiliary variables，incorporating various factors（vegetation indices，topographic factors，backscattering coefficients，etc.）significantly improved the prediction accuracy of SOC content.Specifically，the inclusion of topographic factors increased the R² values of the RF，DF and XGBoost models by 0.052 3，0.039 8，0.068 9，respectively.Analysis of the prediction results from different models showed that both XGBoost and DF models could effectively predict SOC content in cultivated land. Among them，the XGBoost model combined with the M3 variable set（including 12 bands of Sentinel⁃2A spectral image，vegetation indices，Sentinel⁃1 backscattering coefficients，and topographic factors） achieved the highest prediction accuracy（R²=0.810 6，RMSE=1.813 2），followed by the DF model（R²=0.751 2，RMSE=1.925 5），while the RF model exhibited relatively lower predictive performance（R²=0.624 5，RMSE=2.503 1）



Preparation of Tobacco Essential Oil Microcapsule and Its Application in Cigarette Paper

XUE Yun, WU Yihong, LIU Yuanshang, HUANG Jiale, ZHOU Pengfei, BAI Jiafeng, JIA Xuewei, DAI Yuxiang, XU Chunping

2025, 54(2):  154-162.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.018

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In order to explore the effect of tobacco essential oil microcapsules on cigarette paper flavoring，firstly，tobacco essential oil was prepared by water distillation. Then complex coacervation method was employed to prepare tobacco essential oil microcapsules with tobacco essential oil as the core material，chitosan as the wall material，and span⁃80 as the emulsifier，and the embedding yield was determined.Subsequently，scanning electron microscopy，laser particle size analyzer and infrared spectrum analyzer were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of microcapsules.Finally，the microcapsules were used to flavor cigarette paper，and the sensory evaluation and smoke composition analysis of the flavored cigarettes were carried out.The results showed that the average particle size of tobacco essential oil microcapsules prepared with chitosan as the wall material and tobacco essential oil as the core material was 221. 1 nm，and the embedding yield was 75.3%.The prepared tobacco essential oil microcapsules showed smooth and plump spherical surface through scanning electron microscope.The infrared spectrum analysis of tobacco essential oil，chitosan and tobacco essential oil microcapsules showed that tobacco essential oil was embedded in chitosan by comparing their characteristic absorption peaks.The results of sensory evaluation showed that the flavored cigarettes were significantly improved.When the tobacco essential oil microcapsules and tobacco essential oil were compounded at a volume ratio of 1∶2，the aroma effect was more significant，and the sensory evaluation score could reach 86.6.Compared with the control（ie.cigarettes without flavoring），the contents of nicotine，alcohols，aldehydes，acids，esters and ketones in the smoke components of the cigarettes with compound flavors were increased，and the aroma，taste and strength of cigarettes were improved.



Study on the Relationship between Chromaticity Signal Values and Plastid Pigments in Different Sections of Tobacco Leaves during Curing Process

SHAN Jiaye, WANG Qiuling, LI Chunguang, LI Quansheng, ZOU Shenghao, SUN Mi, LUO Dongsheng, XI Feihu, JING Yanqiu

2025, 54(2):  163-173.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.019

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In order to achieve online monitoring of plastid pigments and colors in different sections of tobacco leaves during the baking process，and provide reference for the processing of different sections of tobacco leaves and the realization of intelligent baking，technologies such as chromaticity signal monitoring equipment，acetone spectrophotometer colorimetric method，and colorimeter were used to measure the chromaticity signal values，pigment content，and color parameters of different sections of tobacco leaves at key temperature points during the baking process，and analyze their changes.Correlation analysis and regression analysis methods were used to analyze the correlation between chromaticity signal values，pigments，and color parameters，and regression equations between chromaticity signal values and pigments were constructed and verified. The results showed that there were significant differences in the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in different sections of fresh tobacco leaves during the baking process，manifested as leaf base>leaf middle>leaf tip.The correlation analysis results showed that the brightness value（L^*），redness value（a^*），and yellowness value（b^*）of different sections of tobacco were significantly negatively correlated with the content of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，chlorophyll，and carotenoids；The chromaticity signal values in different sections were significantly positively correlated with brightness value（L^*），redness value（a^*），and yellowness value（b^*），and significantly negatively correlated with chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，chlorophyll，and carotenoid content.The regression analysis results indicated that the chromaticity signal values of tobacco leaves in different sections had a high degree of fit with chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，chlorophyll，and carotenoid content；The regression equation validation results showed that the relative errors of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，chlorophyll，and carotenoid content in the leaf base were 8.19%，9.13%，8.42%，and 13.58%，respectively.The relative errors of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，chlorophyll，and carotenoid content in the leaf middle were 11.39%，6.63%，10.42%，and 7.63%，respectively.The relative errors of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，chlorophyll，and carotenoid content in the leaf tip were 11.47%，10.79%，10.21%，and 11.58%，respectively.In summary，the chromaticity signal monitoring equipment has small experimental errors，high degree of automation，and high accuracy，which can achieve rapid and accurate monitoring of pigment in different sections of tobacco during the baking process.



Preparation and Properties of Resistant Starch from Potato by Ultrasonic Assisted Enzymatic Method

CHENG Jianxin, TIAN Jiachun, GE Xia, ZHAO Bingxin

2025, 54(2):  174-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.020

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In order to explore suitable preparation method of potato resistant starch，Tianshu 14 potato was used as raw material to prepare resistant starch by ultrasonic⁃assisted high temperature resistant α⁃amylase method，ultrasonic⁃assisted pullulanase method，ultrasonic⁃assisted double enzyme method（high temperature resistant α⁃amylase method，pullulanase method） and ultrasonic⁃assisted high temperature resistant α⁃amylase method after potato ripening.The yield，content，solubility，swelling degree and other physical and chemical properties of resistant starch were compared.The morphology and molecular chain conformation of resistant starch granules prepared by different methods were compared by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that theyield（14.25%），content（19.31%），solubility and swelling degree of resistant starch prepared by ultrasonic⁃assisted thermostable α⁃amylase after potato ripening were higher than those prepared by other methods，and no new functional groups were produced. However，the strength ratio increased slightly and the degree of double helix structure decreased.In summary，the resistant starch prepared by ultrasonic⁃assisted high⁃temperature resistant α⁃amylase after potato ripening is stable，with good morphological structure and physical and chemical properties.It is recommended as a high⁃quality and efficient production method for potato resistant starch.