Effects of Application Depth and Amount of Different Types of Fertilizers on Growth and Development of Winter Wheat

doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.004

Abstract

Abstract: Three types of fertilizers were selected with no fertilization as control（CK），including tower granulation compound fertilizer，agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer，and controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer. Three application rates were set，including 600 kg/ha（F1），750 kg/ha（F2）and 900 kg/ha （F3），and three application depths were set，including 6 cm（D1），8 cm（D2）and 10 cm（D3）.The effects of application depth and rate on the plant height，aboveground fresh weight，root length，root diameter，root volume，root surface area，and root tip number of winter wheat seedlings were studied，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational adjustment of application depth and rate based on fertilizer types in winter wheat production. The results indicated that when the application rate was F1 and the application depths were D2—D3，the tower granulation compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat，with membership function values of 0.70 and 0.77 respectively（the membership function value of CK was 0.61），and the F1D3 treatment had the best effect，significantly increased root length，root volume，root surface area and root tip number compared with CK.When the application rates were F1—F3 and the application depth was D3，the agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat，and the F2D3 treatment had the best effect with membership function value of 0.86，significantly increased plant height，aboveground fresh weight，total root length，root diameter，root volume，root surface area and root tip number compared with CK.When the application rates were F1—F3，and the application depths were D2—D3，the controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat，and the F1D2 and F1D3 treatments had better effects with membership function values of 0.93 and 0.92 respectively，significantly increased plant height，aboveground fresh weight，root length，root volume，root surface area and root tip number compared with CK. Under the same application rate and application depth，the membership function values generally showed controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer>agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer>tower granulation compound fertilizer. In conclusion，the F1D3 treatment is the best for the tower granulation compound fertilizer，the F2D3 treatment is the best for agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer，the F1D2 and F1D3 treatments are better for the controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer，and the controlled⁃release mixed compound fertilizer has the best effect.

Key words: Winter wheat, Fertilizer application amount, Fertilizer application depth, Root morphology

摘要： 选用高塔工艺复合肥、团粒工艺复合肥以及控释掺混复合肥3种肥料，以不施肥处理为对照（CK），设置3个施用量［600 kg/hm²（F1）、750 kg/hm²（F2）和900 kg/hm²（F3）］和3个施用深度［6 cm（D1）、8 cm（D2）和10 cm（D3）］，研究不同类型肥料施用量及施用深度对冬小麦苗期株高、地上部鲜质量及根长、根直径、根体积、根表面积、根尖数的影响，为冬小麦生产中依据肥料类型合理调节施用量及施用深度提供理论依据。结果表明，高塔工艺复合肥在施用量F1、施肥深度D2—D3时，对冬小麦生长发育有促进作用，隶属函数值分别为0.70和0.77（CK隶属函数值为0.61），以F1D3处理效果最优，较CK显著提高根长、根体积、根表面积和根尖数；团粒工艺复合肥在施用量F1—F3、施用深度D3时，对冬小麦生长发育有促进作用，以F2D3处理效果最优，隶属函数值为0.86，较CK显著提高株高、地上部鲜质量及根长、根直径、根体积、根表面积、根尖数；控释掺混复合肥在施用量F1—F3、施用深度D2—D3时，对冬小麦生长发育有促进作用，以F1D2和F1D3处理效果较优，隶属函数值分别为0.93和0.92，均较CK显著提高株高、地上部鲜质量及根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数；在相同施用量以及施用深度条件下，隶属函数值总体上表现为控释掺混复合肥>团粒工艺复合肥>高塔工艺复合肥。综上，高塔工艺复合肥以F1D3处理最优，团粒工艺复合肥以F2D3处理最优，控释掺混复合肥以F1D2和F1D3处理较优，且控释掺混复合肥效果最优。

关键词: 冬小麦, 施肥量, 施肥深度, 根系形态

CLC Number:

S512

HAN Ruifeng, REN Rongkui, DONG Xiangyang, HU Zebin, GUO Fangjun, FANG Tiantian, MA Wenhao, ZHANG Shuhong. Effects of Application Depth and Amount of Different Types of Fertilizers on Growth and Development of Winter Wheat[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 54(2): 30-39.

韩锐锋, 任荣魁, 董向阳, 胡泽彬, 郭方君, 方甜甜, 马文豪, 张书红. 不同类型肥料施用深度和施用量对冬小麦生长发育的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2025, 54(2): 30-39.

Figures/Tables 10

References

［1］张洪程，胡雅杰，戴其根，等.中国大田作物栽培学前沿与创新方向探讨［J］.中国农业科学，2022，55（22）：4373⁃4382.

ZHANG H C，HU Y J，DAI Q G，et al.Discussions on frontiers and directions of scientific and technological innovation in China’s field crop cultivation［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica，2022，55（22）：4373⁃4382.

［2］郭笑，王首驿，袁天怡，等.小麦免耕播种机研究现状及展望［J］.作物杂志，2019（2）：39⁃45.
GUO X，WANG S Y，YUAN T Y，et al.Research status and prospects on wheat no⁃tillage seeder［J］.Crops，2019 （2）：39⁃45.

［3］付浩然，李婷玉，曹寒冰，等.我国化肥减量增效的驱动因素探究［J］.植物营养与肥料学报，2020，26（3）：561⁃580.
FU H R，LI T Y，CAO H B，et al.Research on the driving factors of fertilizer reduction in China［J］.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers，2020，26（3）：561⁃580.

［4］徐萍，杨宪杰，冯佐龙，等.华北平原小麦新型耕作施肥播种方式增产增效研究［J］.中国生态农业学报（中英文），2022，30（5）：831⁃841.
XU P，YANG X J，FENG Z L，et al.Yield⁃and efficiency⁃increasing effect of new tillage⁃fertilization⁃sowing method on wheat in the North China Plain［J］.Chinese Journal of Eco⁃Agriculture，2022，30（5）：831⁃841.

［5］赵凌天，咸云宇，刘光明，等.不同机械化耕播模式对冬小麦幼苗质量和产量的影响［J］.农业工程学报，2021，37（17）：31⁃38.
ZHAO L T，XIAN Y Y，LIU G M，et al.Effects of different mechanized tillage and sowing modes on the seedlingquality and yield of winter wheat［J］.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering，2021，37（17）：31⁃38.

［6］周吉红，王俊英，孟范玉，等.耕作方式对小麦播种质量、产量和效益的影响［J］.作物杂志，2022（4）：199⁃204.
ZHOU J H，WANG J Y，MENG F Y，et al. Effects of tillage methods on sowing quality，yield and benefit of wheat［J］. Crops，2022（4）：199⁃204.

［7］李玉青，焦艳艳，朱晓颖，等.不同氮肥施用深度对小麦旗叶光合特征、产量及品质的影响［J］.农业科技通讯，2024（8）：79⁃82.
LI Y Q，JIAO Y Y，ZHU X Y，et al. Effects of different nitrogen application depth on photosynthetic characteristics，yield and quality of flag leaves of wheat［J］. Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology，2024（8）：79⁃82.

［8］郭新送，丁方军，陈士更，等.控释肥不同施肥位置及深度对小麦产量及根区土壤养分的影响［J］.中国农学通报，2018，34（4）：9⁃15.
GUO X S，DING F J，CHEN S G，et al. Effect of application depth and location of controlled⁃release fertilizer on wheat yield and soil nutrients of root zone［J］. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin，2018，34（4）：9⁃15.

［9］刘苹，谭德水，徐钰，等. 施肥方法对小麦专用控释氮肥肥效的影响［J］.中国农业科学，2018，51（20）：3897⁃3908.
LIU P，TAN D S，XU Y，et al. Effects of fertilization methods of self⁃made wheat⁃specific controlled⁃release nitrogen fertilizer on fertilizer efficiencies［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica，2018，51（20）：3897⁃3908.

［10］苏同庆，邢璐，王火焰. 氮磷配施和施肥方式对潮土小麦氮吸收利用的影响［J］.中国土壤与肥料，2022（7）：1⁃7.
SU T Q，XING L，WANG H Y. Effectss of nitrogen combined with phosphorus and application methods on nitrogen uptake and utilization of wheat in fluvo⁃aquic soil［J］.Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China，2022（7）：1⁃7.

［11］姚肖健，张雄坚，姚祝芳，等.甘薯种质资源盆栽保存基质的筛选与评价［J］.中国农学通报，2022，38（24）：28⁃37.
YA0 X J，ZHANG X J，YAO Z F，et al.Potted conservation substrates of sweet potato germplasms：Screening and evaluation［J］.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin，2022，38（24）：28⁃37.

［12］董鹏荣，梁祎，韩敬旭，等.氮钾化肥减施和有机肥增施对番茄果实品质及矿质元素含量的影响［J］.中国土壤与肥料，2023（1）：13⁃22.
DONG P R，LIANG Y，HAN J X，et al. Effects of reduced application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and increased application of organic fertilizer on fruit quality and mineral elements content of tomato［J］.Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China，2023（1）：13⁃22.

［13］李诚，严小兵，王安乐，等.施氮量与氮肥运筹模式对和两优55产量及稻米品质的影响［J］.杂交水稻，2023，38（4）：128⁃133.
LI C，YAN X B，WANG A L，et al. Effects of nitrogen rate and nitrogen application regime on yield and grain quality of Heliangyou 55［J］.Hybrid Rice，2023，38 （4）：128⁃133.

［14］曲晓莲，李耕，仲锦维，等.尿素类型与施肥深度对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性与产量的影响［J］. 山东农业科学，2021，53（12）：88⁃95.
QU X L，LI G，ZHONG J W，et al. Effects of urea type and fertilization depth on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves after anthesis and yield of winter wheat［J］.Shandong Agricultural Sciences，2021，53（12）：88⁃95.

［15］李炳浩，玉素甫江·玉素音，马红友，等. 肥料穴施位置、深度及间距对春小麦产量及养分利用的影响［J］.麦类作物学报，2024，44（12）：1599⁃1605.
Ll B H，YUSUFUJIANG·Y S Y，MA H Y，et al.Effects of fertilization application position，depth，and spacing on springwheat yield and nutrient utilization［J］.Journal of Triticeae Crors，2024，44（12）：1599⁃1605.

［16］李永虎，曹梦琳，杜慧玲，等.基于杂交谷子产量及其构成因素的最优养分用量和施肥位置研究［J］. 植物营养与肥料学报，2019，25（9）：1532⁃1541.
LI Y H，CAO M L，DU H L，et al. Optimum NPK fertilizer rates and fertilization placement based on yield and yield components of hybrid millet［J］.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers，2019，25（9）：1532⁃1541.

［17］郭宏娟，张绪成，尹嘉德，等. 施氮深度对小麦光合及生长特性的影响［J］.西北农业学报，2022，31（10）：1277⁃1286.
GUO H J，ZHANG X C，YIN J D，et al.Effect of nitrogen application depth on photosynthesis and growth characteristics of wheat［J］. Acta Agriculturae Boreali⁃Occidentalis Sinica，2022，31（10）：1277⁃1286.

［18］曾倩.高塔复合肥工艺控制点［J］.化工设计通讯，2021，47（9）：1⁃2.
ZENG Q. High⁃tower compound fertilizer process control point［J］.Chemical Engineering Design Communications，2021，47（9）：1⁃2.

［19］郑秀兴.复合肥料生产工艺的创新发展［J］. 磷肥与复肥，2021，36（11）：1⁃6.
ZHENG X X. Innovation and development of compound fertilizer production process［J］.Phosphate & Compound Fertilizer，2021，36（11）：1⁃6.

［20］陈卫民，姚安，丁方军.高浓度团粒法复合肥配方设计及工艺参数控制要点［J］.磷肥与复肥，2022，37（7）：20⁃21.
CHEN W M，YAO A，DING F J.Key points of formulation design and process parameter control of high concentration compound fertilizer with agglomeration process［J］.Phosphate & Compound Fertilizer，2022，37（7）：20⁃21.

［21］方爽.不同造粒工艺复合肥料理化性质及其作物效应［D］.昆明：云南农业大学，2023.
FANG S.Physicochemical properties and crop effects of compound fertilizers with different granulation processes［D］.Kunming： Yunnan Agricultural University，2023.

［22］AZEEM B，KUSHAARI K，MAN Z B，et al.Review on materials & methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer［J］.Journal of Controlled Release，2014，181：11⁃21.
［23］韩锐锋，牛堉锡，王鑫悦，等.控释尿素和普通尿素混合基施对冬小麦氮素吸收利用和产量的影响［J］.植物营养与肥料学报，2023，29（11）：2042⁃2058.
HAN R F，NIU Y X，WANG X Y，et al.Effect of mixed basal application of controlled release urea and common urea on the nitrogen uptake，utilization and yield of winter wheat［J］.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers，2023，29（11）：2042⁃2058.

［24］黄兴成，刘玉红，张宇亭，等.不同工艺复合肥氮素释放特征及其增产效应［J］.中国农业科学，2016，49（2）：391⁃398.
HUANG X C，LIU Y H，ZHANG Y T，et al.Nitrogen release characteristics of compound fertilizers with different manufacturing processes and their effect on maize yield［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica，2016，49 （2）：391⁃398.

［25］冯梦喜，杨博兰，钟雯瑾，等.不同工艺生产的硫基复合肥对小白菜生长的影响［J］.化肥工业，2019，46（5）：67⁃69.
FENG M X，YANG B L，ZHONG W J，et al.Effects of sulphur⁃based compound fertilizer produced by different technologies on the growth of pakchoi［J］.Chemical Fertilizer Industry，2019，46（5）：67⁃69.

［26］丁俊山. 不同工艺复合肥农艺效果及其配方优化研究［D］.杭州：浙江大学，2013.

DING J S.Study on the agronomic effects of compound fertilizers with different processes and the formulation optimization［D］.Hangzhou：Zhejiang University，2013.

[1]	GUO Hui, LIAN Yanhao, ZHAO Zhibo, REN Yongzhe, WANG Zhiqiang, LIN Tongbao. Effects of Soybean and Maize Stubbles on Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Winter Wheat Rhizosphere Soil [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(7): 79-89.
[2]	HAO Yonghui, JIN Haiyang, YAN Yaqian, LI Xiangdong, ZHENG Fei, YUE Junqin, ZHANG Deqi, FANG Baoting, YANG Cheng, CHENG Hongjian, LI Chunxi. Effects of Nitrogen Topdressing Rates on Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Winter Wheat under Long⁃Term Straw Returning [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(4): 9-19.
[3]	XU Chunyan, ZHANG Qian, WANG Yaxian, WANG Hongyu, SHENG Kai, WANG Yilun. Effects of Commercial Organic Fertilizers on Physical and Chemical Properties of Sandy Fluvo⁃Aquic Soil，Yield and Nutrient#br# Accumulation of Winter Wheat [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(2): 56-64.
[4]	WU Xin, BI Jiayu, GE Yingtong, HE Yangfa, WANG Yuyun. Research Progress of Intercropping Promoting Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(12): 1-9.
[5]	LIU Linye, WANG Zhuangzhuang, GU Fengxu, DUAN Jianzhao, WANG Yonghua. Effects of Seeding Methods on Population Photosynthetic Characteristics，Nitrogen Accumulation and Transport and Yield of Winter Wheat [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(10): 28-36.
[6]	LIAN Yanhao, DU Feibo, XUE Bo, WANG Zhiqiang, REN Yongzhe, LIN Tongbao, LI Sen. Effect of Bed Planting Combined with One‑time Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Nitrogen Utilization and Economic Benefit of Winter Wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(9): 56-65.
[7]	ZHANG Keqian, CHENG Gang, WU Wei, SONG Xiangyang, ZHANG Ziqian, YAO Shun, WU Shuai. Extraction of Winter Wheat Planting Area Based on Fused Active and Passive Remote Sensing Images [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(6): 160-171.
[8]	RONG Yasi, LI Guoqiang, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Jiantao, WANG Meng, ZHENG Guoqing, FENG Wei. Irrigation Strategies Optimization for Winter Wheat in Henan Province Based on AquaCrop Model [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(2): 151-161.
[9]	GUO Yan, JING Yuhang, HE Jia, ZHANG Huifang, JIA Dewei, WANG Laigang. Winter Wheat Aboveground Biomass and Yield Estimation Based on Multi‐Source Information from UAV Imagery [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(12): 149-161.
[10]	LI Feifei, TANG Jun, GAO Xianjun, YANG Yuanwei, ZHAN Yangying. Analysis of Climate Change Effects on Winter Wheat Sowing Area and Yield in Northern Henan Based on GEE [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 51(8): 150-165.
[11]	MA Hongyan, NIE Zhaojun, LIU Hongen, LI Chang, QIN Shiyu, ZHAO Peng. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Selenium Application Method on Yield and Mineral Element Accumulation in Grain of Winter Wheat [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 51(5): 10-22.
[12]	JING Yuhang, GUO Yan, ZHANG Huifang, RONG Yasi, ZHANG Shaohua, FENG Wei, WANG Laigang, HE Jia, LIU Haijiao, ZHENG Guoqing. Effects of UAV Flight Height on Prediction Model of Plant Nitrogen Accumulation in Winter Wheat [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 51(2): 147-158.
[13]	. Effects of Straw Microorganisms Returning on Soil Nutrients，Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Yield of Winter Wheat [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 51(1): 60-70.
[14]	WEI Qingwei, ZHU Liming , WANG Fuzhou. A Method for Monitoring the Critical Growth Stages of Winter Wheat by Using Near‑earth Remote Sensing [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 50(10): 163-171.
[15]	YU Meng, GU Xiaobo, LI Yuannong, CHEN Pengpeng, YANG Jinyu, LI Yupeng. Effects of Planting Pattern and Sowing Date on Nitrogen Translocation and Yield of Winter Wheat [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 50(10): 27-36.