Table of Content

Volume 55 Issue 6
15 June 2026
Contents
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Plant Protection
Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Article List
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CONTENTS

2026, 55(6):  0. 

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Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Effects of Addition Amounts，Treatment Durations and Pretreatment Durations of Different Chalcogens on Cadmium Absorption and Transport of Wheat Seedlings under Cadmium Stress

ZHOU Jinghang, WANG Zenghao, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Xia, LIU Jiajia, HU Tiezhu, ZHANG Dazhong

2026, 55(6):  1-10.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.001

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To explore the effects of chalcogens（sulfur，selenium and tellurium） on cadmium（Cd）absorption and transport of wheat seedlings，the effects of different types［Na₂SO₄（sulfate，SVI），Na₂SO₃（sulfite，SIV），Na₂SeO₄（selenate，SeVI），Na₂SeO₃（selenite，SeIV），and Na₂TeO₃（thioselenite，TeIV）］，addition amounts（600，1 200，2 400 μmol/L for SVI and SIV，and 5，15，30 μmol/L for SeVI，SeIV，and TeIV），treatment durations（2，6，12，24，48，96，168 h）and pretreatment durations（0，24，72，168 h）of chalcogens on Cd absorption kinetics，content and translocation factor of wheat seedlings were studied.The results showed that compared with Cd treatment alone（control），SVI，SeVI and SeIV had a relatively smaller impact on the Cd absorption rate and the maximum absorption rate（V_max）. However，SIV and TeIV had a greater impact on the Cd absorption rate and V_max，among which the 1 200 μmol/L SIV and 15 μmol/L TeIV treatments had the higher V_max，with 88.1% and 54.4% higher than the control，respectively.The 600 μmol/L SIV treatment had the highest Cd Michaelis constant（K_m），which was 39.7% higher than the control；while K_m of SeIV and TeIV treatments decreased. The addition of chalcogens could significantly reduce Cd contents of root and shoot.Among them，SeIV had the greatest impact on Cd content of root，Cd contents of roots of 5，15，and 30 μmol/L SeIV treatments decreased by 56.1%，61.2%，and 61.5% compared with the control，respectively. Compared with the control，the Cd translocation factor of 1 200 and 2 400 μmol/L SVI treatments significantly decreased by 2.4% and 14.0%，respectively.Chalcogens promoted Cd absorption of root when the treatment duration was ≤24 h，inhibited Cd absorption of root when the treatment duration was ≥48 h，and reduced Cd content of root by 34.9%（SVI）to 49.1%（SeIV）compared with the control at 168 hours. Chalcogens significantly decreased Cd content of shoot when the treatment duration was ≥96 h，the reducing effect of SeVI and TeIV with the treatment duration ≥48 h on the Cd content of shoot was more significant. Compared with the control，the 168 h treatment of SeVI and TeIV reduced Cd content of shoot by 48.4% and 50.7%，respectively.When the duration of chalcogen treatment was ≤96 h，the Cd translocation factor was significantly higher than or not significantly different from the control. When the duration of chalcogen treatment was 168 h，the Cd
translocation factor of SeVI and TeIV treatments significantly decreased compared with the control.Chalcogen pretreatment could reduce Cd contents of root and shoot. With the pretreatment time extension，the Cd contents of root and shoot under SIV treatment，the Cd content of shoot and Cd translocation factor under SVI treatment，and Cd translocation factor under TeIV treatment all showed decrease trend.At 168 h of pretreatment，Cd translocation factors of SVI and TeIV decreased by of 33.9% and 7.1% compared with the control，respectively. In conclusion，the effects of chalcogens on the Cd absorption and transport are influenced by type，addition amount，treatment duration and pretreatment duration.The 1 200，2 400 μmol/L SVI and 15 μmol/L TeIV reduce Cd translocation factor through enhancing the Cd fixation in roots. Treatment with chalcogens for more than 48 h obviously decreases Cd content of root，and more than 96 h significantly decreases Cd content of shoot. Chalcogens pretreatment can reduce Cd contents of root and shoot，and 168 h of SVI pretreatment has the lowest Cd translocation factor，which is 33.9% lower than the control.


Identification and Agronomic Trait Analysis of Pre⁃harvest Sprouting⁃Resistant Mutants of Zhoumai 22

WANG Yubo, WANG Yixing, DING Lin, XU Hao, ZHAO Wei, LI Na, JIE Yize, TIAN Zhicheng, MENG Panpan, TANG Jianwei, DONG Chunhao, LI Qiaoyun, YIN Guihong, HUANG Zhenpu

2026, 55(6):  11-22.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.002

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Aiming at the serious shortage of pre⁃harvest sprouting（PHS）⁃resistant germplasm and cultivars in the Huang⁃Huai wheat region，a mutant library was constructed using Zhoumai 22 by ethyl methanesulfonate（EMS） mutagenesis.PHS⁃resistant mutants with excellent agronomic traits were screened through PHS resistance identification and agronomic trait analysis，so as to provide elite germplasm resources for PHS resistance breeding. The results showed that a total of 36 mutants with moderate or higher PHS resistance were identified from 1 189 mutants，which exhibited large variation coefficients and abundant variations in plant height，effective tiller number per plant，spike length，grain number per spike，1 000⁃grain weight，and grain yield per plant.Among the 36 PHS⁃resistant mutants，23 mutants showed no significant difference in plant height compared with wild type（WT），16 mutants had no significantly lower grain yield per plant than WT，and eight mutants had no significantly lower 1 000⁃grain weight than WT. Twelve mutants（SFY04，SFY05，SFY06，SFY13，SFY15，SFY18，SFY21，SFY22，SFY23，SFY24，SFY27，and SFY33）performed well in both plant height and grain yield per plant. Among them，SFY05，SFY13，SFY18，SFY22，SFY24，and SFY27 showed moderate or higher PHS resistance in two cropping years.Among the 16 mutants with no significantly lower grain yield per plant than WT，two mutants（SFY30 and SFY04）had no significant difference in 1 000⁃grain weight compared with WT，retaining the large⁃grain characteristic of WT.Among them，SFY30 was a dwarf mutant with large grains. Grain yield per plant was extremely significantly positively correlated with effective tiller number per plant.The 36 PHS⁃resistant mutants were clustered into four groups.Group Ⅰ contained 12 mutants including SFY03 and so on，with relatively balanced comprehensive traits. Group Ⅱ contained 20 mutants including Zhoumai 22 and so on，with obvious high⁃yield characteristics. Group Ⅲ contained four mutants including SFY15 and so on，belonging to the grain⁃number⁃per⁃spike superior type. Group Ⅳ had only one mutant（SFY19），which was extremely prominent in plant height and spike length（both the highest），belonging to a special ecotype or genetic extreme material. In conclusion，13 PHS⁃resistant mutants with excellent agronomic traits were developed and identified，including 12 mutants with superior performance in both plant height and grain yield per plant，and one dwarf mutant with large grains.Among them，six mutants（SFY05，SFY13，SFY18，SFY22，SFY24，and SFY27）possessed stable moderate or higher PHS resistance.


Comprehensive Evaluation of Adaptability of Different Sorghum Germplasms in Arid Region of Longdong

LIU Facai, FU Jiangpeng, YAN Baoqin, ZHAO Zhihui, ZHOU Yingxia, WEI Wei, LI Lili, WANG Yongdong

2026, 55(6):  23-30.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.003

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Sixteen sorghum germplasms were evaluated for their agronomic and quality traits in the arid region of Longdong using diversity index，correlation analysis，and principal component analysis，so as to screen the suitable germplasms for cultivation and provide a basis for germplasm utilization and cultivar breeding.The results showed that agronomic traits and yield were significantly different among different germplasms. Yield ranged from 7.96 to 10.60 t/ha，with Jinchangzao A/8385 having the highest yield，and 3148A/PSR1 having the lowest yield. Plant height ranged from 131.67 to 189.67 cm，stem diameter ranged from 10.81 to 22.44 mm，panicle length ranged from 26.90 to 39.13 cm，panicle weight ranged from 93.33 to 186.00 g，grain weight per panicle ranged from 76.33 to 156.33 g，and 1 000⁃grain weight ranged from 22.90 to 36.73 g.Quality traits were also significantly different among different germplasms.The protein content ranged from 7.75% to 10.47%，fat content ranged from 2.30% to 4.09%，starch content ranged from 57.87% to 76.01%，and tannin content ranged from 0.37% to 1.46%. Protein content，yield，and panicle length displayed relatively high variation coefficients，whereas tannin content showed the lowest genetic diversity index. Plant height was significantly or highly significantly positively correlated with 1 000⁃grain weight，panicle weight，grain weight per panicle，and yield.Highly significantly positive correlations were detected among 1 000⁃grain weight，panicle weight，grain weight per panicle，and yield.Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the top four principal components reached 80.51%.Among all germplasms，the comprehensive scores of LNHA/866，YuanA/15734R，and 6A/8801 ranked the top three.Overall，LNHA/866，YuanA/15734R，6A/8801 have superior traits in the Longdong region.



Effects of Tobacco⁃Sweet Potato Intercropping Systems on Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community Structure and Tobacco Leaf Quality

FAN Jinglei, ZHAO Yuanyuan, CHEN Shengli, ZHANG Shuwei, FAN Yikuan, SONG Ruifang, QI Caining, WANG Luheng, SHI Hongzhi

2026, 55(6):  31-43.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.004

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To optimize the intercropping structure of tobacco and sweet potato，an experiment was conducted in Mianchi County，Sanmenxia City，Henan Province. Three treatments were set up，including tobacco monoculture（CY），tobacco and sweet potato planted in the same ridge（YS⁃T），and tobacco and sweet potato planted in separate ridges（YS⁃Y），to investigate the effects of the tobacco⁃sweet potato intercropping system on soil fertility，microbial community structure，and tobacco leaf quality.The results showed that compared with tobacco monoculture，the tobacco⁃sweet potato intercropping significantly altered the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of rhizosphere soil.In particular，the YS⁃Y treatment significantly decreased soil pH and significantly increased the contents of organic matter，available phosphorus，and available potassium. Among soil microorganisms，the relative abundances of fungi such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota，and bacteria such as Acidobacteriota and Actinomycetota increased，while the relative abundances of Chytridiomycota and Pseudomonadota decreased.The Shannon and Chao1 indices of rhizosphere fungi increased by 19.24%（p<0.05）and 7.85%（p>0.05），respectively，and the Shannon and Chao1 indices of rhizosphere bacteria increased significantly by 8.64% and 18.41%.After curing，the contents of total sugar，reducing sugar，and potassium in tobacco leaves were higher than those in the tobacco monoculture，increasing by 8.90%—15.52%，13.40%—13.68%，and 21.08%—25.35%，respectively，while total nitrogen，nicotine，and chlorine contents decreased.The contents of aroma compounds such as megastigmatrienone，neophytadiene，and β⁃dihydroactinidiolide increased，resulting in more balanced chemical composition in the tobacco leaves and improved sensory quality.In summary，tobacco⁃sweet potato intercropping，especially the YS⁃Y pattern，promotes soil nutrient cycling by optimizing the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of flue⁃cured tobacco，thereby enhancing tobacco leaf quality.



Nitrogen Response Characteristics of Peanut Varieties with Different Quality Types and Precise Nitrogen Application Recommendation

LI Xiujie, WANG Xiuping, ZHANG Xinyou

2026, 55(6):  44-55.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.005

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To clarify the differentiated nitrogen fertilizer application recommendation standards for the main peanut varieties with different quality types in Henan Province，this study utilized the high⁃oil peanut variety Yuanza 9102（YZ9102），the high⁃protein peanut variety Zhuhua No. 2（ZH2），and the common peanut variety Yuhua 23（YH23），which are widely promoted in Henan Province，as experimental materials. A field experiment was conducted with five nitrogen application gradients（pure N at 0，75，150，225，and 300 kg/ha）. Pod yield and its components，grain protein content and oil content，as well as the activities of key metabolic enzymes involved in fatty acid and protein synthesis in grains were investigated and measured. Linear⁃plateau model and quadratic regression model were employed for fitting analysis. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the responses of different quality⁃type peanuts to nitrogen fertilizer. In the nitrogen application range of 0—150 kg/ha，peanut pod yield increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. YH23 had the highest yield increase of 34.6% compared to the no⁃nitrogen application，which was mainly attributed to the simultaneous increase in pod number per plant and 100⁃pod weight. ZH2 and YZ9102 showed yield increases of 26. 6% and 16. 9%，respectively，which were mainly dependent on the increase in pod number per plant. ZH2 exhibited relatively high activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes，and its protein content gradually increased within the nitrogen application range of 0—300 kg/ha.YZ9102 showed generally high activities of fatty acid synthesis⁃related enzymes，and its oil yield gradually increased within the nitrogen application range of 0—225 kg/ha.The two models demonstrated good fitting effects on pod yield，protein yield，and oil yield.Among them，the linear⁃plateau model significantly reduced the recommended nitrogen application rate while ensuring increases in both yield and quality，offering superior economic benefits.Therefore，based on the recommended nitrogen application rates predicted by the linear⁃plateau model，differentiated nitrogen application recommendations are proposed as follows：for oil⁃use peanut variety YZ9102，the recommended nitrogen application rate is 161.7 kg/ha；for high⁃protein peanut variety ZH2，it is 201.5 kg/ha；and for common peanut variety YH23，it is 163.4 kg/ha.



Response and Prediction of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.Distribution to Climate Change in China

WANG Qing, YANG Lixia, LI Xiaoshuang, JI Hongmin, WANG Rulin, ZHAO Jinpeng

2026, 55(6):  56-67.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.006

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To provide a scientific basis and decision support for the optimization of the planting area division of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. ，the protection of its native resources and the layout of the industry，based on 137 distribution points of L.chuanxiong in China and 26 environmental factors，the jackknife method was used to select the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of L.chuanxiong.Combined with maximum entropy model（MaxEnt）and Arc geographic information system（ArcGIS），the potential suitable areas and migration trends of L.chuanxiong in China under current and future climate scenarios，including SSP1⁃2. 6（low⁃emission sustainable development pathway），SSP2⁃4. 5（medium⁃emission intermediate pathway），and SSP5⁃8. 5（high⁃emission fossil fuel⁃dependent pathway），were simulated.The results showed that the annual temperature range（Bio2），mean diurnal range（Bio7），minimum temperature of coldest month（Bio6），annual mean precipitation（Bio12），mean precipitation of coldest quarter（Bio19），mean UV⁃B of highest month（UV⁃B3）and altitude（Alt）were the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of L. chuanxiong. Under the current climate scenario，the total suitable⁃area of L.chuanxiong was 150.89×10⁴ km². Meanwhile，moderately⁃ and highly⁃suitable areas extended from the eastern fringe of the western Sichuan Plateau（eastern Aba and Ganzi）southeastward across the Chengdu Plain and Chongqing to northern Guizhou and northwestern Hunan，lying mainly within 102—110°E，22—30°N，the transition belt between the upper Yangtze Mountains and basins.Under the SSP1⁃2.6 scenario，the area of moderately⁃ and highly⁃suitable areas for L.chuanxiong would have an evolutionary characteristic of initial expansion followed by stabilization，significantly increasing by the 2050s（2041—2060）and returning to near⁃current levels by the end of the 21st century.Under the SSP2⁃4.5 scenario，the area of moderately⁃ and highly⁃suitable areas would continue to expand.In contrast，the SSP5⁃8.5 scenario would trigger a fluctuating response of mid⁃term expansion followed by end⁃century，reflecting that intense warming may temporarily expand potential habitats but ultimately lead to degradation of habitat suitability due to extreme climate conditions.In summary，confronted with future climate change dominated by significant warming and restructuring of precipitation patterns，the industrial planning for L.chuanxiong must adopt differentiated strategies centered on enhancing climate resilience，optimizing dynamic distribution，and strengthening risk management.


Agricultural Resources and Environment

Estimation of Alkali⁃Hydrolyzable Nitrogen Content in Fluvo⁃Aquic Soil Profiles Based on Characteristic Band Selection of Near⁃Infrared Spectroscopy

WU Shiwen, ZHANG Yechen, HAO Wenhui, SONG Yu, GUO Yan, ZHANG Junhua, SUO Yanyan

2026, 55(6):  68-80.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.007

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The alkali⁃hydrolyzable nitrogen（AH⁃N）content in soil profiles reflects the short⁃term nitrogen supply potential of soil. However，its hyperspectral estimation is often hindered by high⁃dimensional redundant features，which limits model accuracy. To optimize the combination of methods and improve estimation accuracy，this study focused on the distribution area of fluvo⁃aquic soil in Henan Province.Specifically，11 soil profiles（1 m depth）were selected across farmlands，orchards and vegetable fields.A near⁃infrared hyperspectral imager was utilized to acquire hyperspectral images of the profiles，obtaining the spectral information of 220 soil samples. Five spectral preprocessing methods，such as standard normal variate（SNV）and first derivative（FD），were used in combination with competitive adaptive reweighted sampling（CARS），successive projections algorithm（SPA），and uninformative variable elimination（UVE）to extract wavelengths sensitive to AH⁃N. Partial least squares regression（PLSR）and least squares support vector machine（LS⁃SVM）models were constructed to compare and analyze the estimation accuracy of different method combinations.The results indicated that both SNV and FD preprocessing improved the model performance. Overall，wavelength selection methods yielded better performance when coupled with the LS⁃SVM model than with the PLSR model. Among them，the FD⁃CARS⁃LS⁃SVM model exhibited the optimal performance，with a prediction set R² of 0.89 ，a root mean square error（RMSE）of 11.58 mg/kg，and a relative prediction deviation（RPD）of 2.92.Profile validation based on the optimal model showed that the R² values for all profiles ranged from 0.90 to 0.98，with RMSE values between 4.33 and 11.77 mg/kg，and RPD values all exceeding 2.3.These results demonstrate the robustness and stability of the model and indicate its capability for accurate inversion and vertical distribution characterization of AH⁃N content in fluvo⁃aquic soil profiles. In conclusion，the integration of FD preprocessing and CARS variable selection effectively eliminates redundant information in hyperspectral data. When coupled with the nonlinear LS⁃SVM model，this approach achieves optimal estimation of AH⁃N content in fluvo⁃aquic soil profiles. Furthermore，the proposed method effectively characterizes the vertical spatial differentiation of AH⁃N.


Plant Protection

Molecular Response of Wheat Serine/Threonine Kinase to Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici and Plant Hormones

WANG Junmei, LIU Lulu, LIU Kai, LI Yahong, FENG Chaohong, SHI Ruijie, HAN Zihang, DU Xijun, XU Fei

2026, 55(6):  81-91.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.008

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To elucidate the response characteristics of the wheat serine/threonine kinase gene（TaSTK）to Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici（Bgt）infection and exogenous plant hormone treatments，TaSTK genes were cloned from the susceptible wheat cultivar Yumai 13 and resistant wheat cultivar Hongyoumai，respectively，followed by analyses of their encoded proteins，expression patterns and subcellular localization.The full⁃length sequences of TaSTK from Yumai 13 and Hongyoumai were obtained through homologous cloning，the similarity of the two gene sequences was 98%.Both genes contained complete open reading frames，encoding 476（GenBank accession No.ADP09024.1）and 473（GenBank accession No.ADP09025.1）amino acid residues，respectively.Both proteins possessed typical conserved domains of serine/threonine protein kinases.Protein structural analysis revealed that Yumai 13 TaSTK protein contained one additional β⁃sheet and one additional α⁃helix in its secondary structure compared with Hongyoumai TaSTK protein，resulting in different tertiary structures. Real⁃time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression level of the TaSTK gene in Yumai 13 was significantly decreased at 96 h post inoculation with Bgt.By contrast，TaSTK expression in different Hongyoumai⁃Bgt interaction combinations peaked at 24 h post inoculation，and was higher in the compatible interaction（Hongyoumai/BgtZZ）than the incompatible one（Hongyoumai/BgtGY）.Furthermore，when Hongyoumai was treated with plant hormones，salicylic acid（SA），methyl jasmonate（MeJA），ethylene（ETH），and abscisic acid（ABA），TaSTK expression peaked at 6 h after SA treatment，reaching 2.61⁃fold of 0 h；expression peaked at 0.5 h after MeJA and ETH treatments，reaching 6.16⁃fold and 4.81⁃fold of 0 h，respectively；and showed two peaks at 0.5 h and 24 h after ABA treatment，reaching 7.54⁃fold and 13.29⁃fold of 0 h，respectively.Transient expression analysis revealed that TaSTK protein from Hongyoumai was localized to the plasma membrane.These results demonstrate that TaSTK participates in wheat⁃Bgt interactions and responds to plant hormone signaling pathways.


Effects of High Temperature and Insecticides against Spodoptera frugiperda on Telenomus remus

YANG Huquan, YAN Chaojianping, SUN Ganlin, CAI Haosheng, XIE Yonghui, LIU Zhengling, GU Xiaofei, CHEN Bin

2026, 55(6):  92-99.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.009

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To clarify the effects of high temperature and insecticides on the parasitic capacity of Telenomus remus，and to optimize its integrated use with chemical controls against Spodoptera frugiperda，the lifespan and parasitic capacity of T.remus at 26 ℃ and 35 ℃ were determined，and the safety of five common insecticides against T.remus was also evaluated via selective toxicity assays.Results showed that when exposed to 35 ℃，the survival time and parasitism of T.remus decreased，the parasitism duration of single egg and the parasitism interval of eggs increased，and the emergence rate of T.remus decreased，and the negative effect increased with the prolongation of exposure time.Compared to 26 ℃，exposure to 35 ℃ for 12，24，and 48 h reduced parasitoid survival time by 13.28%，13.55%，and 32. 88%，respectively；the total parasitism by 20.84%，27.13%，and 46.26%，and emergence rate by 9.22%，11.80%，and 19.26%. Concurrently，the time required to parasitize a single egg was extended by 26.98%，38.25%，and 79.71%，and the parasitism interval of eggs increased by 22.93%，46.50%，and 71.81%.The 5% lufenuron，30% chlorantraniliprole，5% emamectin benzoate，10 billion PIB S.litura nucleopolyhedrovirus，and 10 billion cfu/g Bacillus thuringiensis，all exhibited negative selectivity against both adult T.remus and parasitized eggs.The selective toxicity ratio（STR）values for adult T.remus were 0.94，0.93，0.42，0.73，and 0.78，respectively，while the STR values for parasitized eggs were 0. 62，0.71，0.73，0.86 and 0.75，respectively.In conclusion，high⁃temperature 35 ℃ reduces the parasitic effect of T.remus，so the release of T.remus at 35 ℃ should be avoided. While integrated use of T.remus with 5% lufenuron shows potential for field control of S.frugiperda，insecticide applications should be withheld as much as possible during the peak period of parasitized eggs.



Horticulture

Effects of Different Vernalization Methods and Durations on the Vernalization Effect of Late⁃Bolting Common Chinese Cabbage

DAI Ruifang, SHENG Lu, TAN Shuting, SONG Shixia, LIU Dan, ZHOU Xiaobo, AI Xin

2026, 55(6):  100-108.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.010

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To investigate the effects of different vernalization methods and durations on the vernalization of late⁃bolting common Chinese cabbage，the inbred lines E⁃67 and E⁃50，which exhibit varying levels of bolting resistance，and the control variety Shanghai May Slow were used as experimental materials. Under low⁃temperature conditions of 4 ℃ ，three vernalization methods including green tissue vernalization，light⁃exposed seedling vernalization，and seedling vernalization were applied，along with four vernalization duration gradients of 60，50，40，30 days.We systematically analyzed the effects of these treatments on key indicators of late⁃bolting Chinese cabbage，including bud emergence rate，bud emergence time，breeding effect，and plant growth status. The results indicated that under different vernalization methods，the bud emergence time tended to occur earlier as the duration of low⁃temperature vernalization increased，with significant differences observed between varieties（lines）.The effects of  green tissue vernalization and light⁃exposed seedling vernalization were similar，and both significantly shortened the time required for vernalization compared to traditional seedling vernalization.Plants subjected to green⁃tissue vernalization and light⁃exposed seedling vernalization exhibited robust growth and higher⁃quality bolting；in contrast，seedling vernalization，compared to the other two methods，more readily highlighted differences in bud emergence time among individual plants within a line，facilitating the selection of superior late⁃bolting individuals.In summary，green tissue vernalization and light⁃exposed seedling vernalization are beneficial for accelerating the breeding process of late⁃bolting common Chinese cabbage，while seedling vernalization offers distinct advantages in the selection of superior late⁃bolting individual plants.



Optimization of Liquid Spawn Fermentation Medium Formula for Lentinula edodes by Response Surface Methodology

LIU Yurong, LU Juan, SONG Ling, LUO Ruiping, CHEN Hongxian, GUI Mingying

2026, 55(6):  109-119.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.011

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To optimize the liquid spawn fermentation medium formula of Lentinula edodes，with PDA and CPDA media as the control groups，single⁃factor experiments were carried out at a rotating speed of 150 r/min.Five temperature gradients（10，15，20，25，30 ℃），five carbon sources（fructose，maltose，dextrin，brown sugar and white granulated sugar），five nitrogen sources（soybean flour，bran，peptone，yeast powder and NH4Cl），and five inorganic salts（MgSO₄，KH₂PO₄，NaCl，CaCl₂，MgCl₂）were set to screen the factor levels that promoted the fastest mycelial growth of Lentinula edodes.On this basis，concentration gradient experiments were conducted on the screened optimal carbon source，nitrogen source and inorganic salt to determine their optimal addition amounts.Furthermore，a response surface model of fermentation parameters was constructed for further optimization tests.The results of single⁃factor experiments showed that temperature，carbon source，nitrogen source and inorganic salt kinds and their concentration all significantly affected the mycelial biomass of Lentinula edodes，and the mycelial biomass increased first and then decreased with the rise of each factor level.The optimal culture temperature was 25 ℃，with a mycelial biomass of 2.733 g/L.Dextrin was selected as the optimal carbon source，and the maximum mycelial biomass of 6.156 g/L was obtained at the dextrin concentration of 30 g/L.Soybean meal was the optimal nitrogen source，with a peak mycelial biomass of 11.133 g/L at 20 g/L. CaCl ₂ was the best inorganic salt，with the maximum mycelial biomass of 5.044 g/L at the concentration of 3 g/L. Excessively high levels of each factor would inhibit mycelial growth and reduce mycelial biomass.The optimal medium formula for liquid spawn fermentation of Lentinula edodes obtained by response surface methodology was as follows：dextrin 28 g/L，soybean meal 22 g/L，and CaCl₂ 3 g/L. Under this formula，the measured mycelial biomass was 14.222 g/L，which was basically consistent with the model’s predicted value of 14.202 g/L，indicating that the optimized medium formula was effective and feasible.



Identification of VvABF Gene Family and Expression Analysis under Post⁃harvest ClO₂Treatment in Shine⁃Muscat Grape

YUAN Yilin, YUE Hong, WANG Liangrui, LI Yuxuan, ZHENG Pufan, CHEN Ting, MIAO Yungang, LI Xiaoxue, TAN Liping

2026, 55(6):  120-131.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.012

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Abscisic acid（ABA）⁃responsive element（ABRE）binding factor proteins（ABF）constitute a crucial subfamily of bZIP transcription factors that play pivotal roles in both ABA⁃dependent and ABA⁃independent signaling pathways.Through bioinformatics approaches，members of the VvABF family were identified from transcriptome sequencing data of Shine⁃Muscat grape，followed by bioinformatics analysis.Their expression patterns under different storage days and varying chlorine dioxide（ClO₂）concentration treatments were further investigated using qRT⁃PCR analysis.The results showed that the VvABF family comprised thirteen members dividing into three subfamilies and each member contained three to six exons，and the VvABF family members distributed across ten chromosomes with four gene pairs exhibiting collinear relationships.The VvABF family proteins were all hydrophilic and unstable.The entire VvABF family had seven conserved motifs and six conserved structural domains superfamily，which might interact with non⁃specific serine/threonine protein kinases such as D7TPP4_VITVI. Notably，8 g/kg ClO₂treatment significantly increased the expression levels of VvABF2，VvABF4，VvABF9，and VvABF13.ClO₂may mitigate post⁃harvest browning and aging of Shine⁃Muscat grape fruits by increasing the expression levels of VvABF2，VvABF4，VvABF9，and VvABF13genes.


Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Preparation of Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B Based on Sortase A⁃Mediated Enzymatic Ligation

ZHAO Mingming, WANG Zhibo, YU Qi, CHAI Chuang, LIANG Haoran, WANG Hanqi, REN Honglin

2026, 55(6):  132-140.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.013

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To establish a safe and efficient preparation technology system of botulinum neurotoxin serotype B（BoNT/B），BoNT/B was divided into light chain and heavy chain N⁃terminal domain（LH_N）and heavy chain C⁃terminal domain（H_C） by prokaryotic expression method.The LPETG pentapeptide sequence was introduced into the C⁃terminus of the LHN protein and the glycine（Gly）was introduced into the N⁃terminus of the HC protein.The prokaryotic expression vectors of pET⁃32a⁃LH_N and pET⁃28a⁃SUMO‑H_C were constructed accordingly，respectively.The recombinant LH_N and H_C proteins were induced and purified. Using the sortase A（SrtA）⁃mediated transpeptidation reaction，the in vitro covalent coupling of LH_N and H_C was achieved，and recombinant BoNT/B was prepared.To evaluate the toxicity of recombinant BoNT/B，eighteen female KM mice were randomly divided equally into 6 groups（n=3）.Mice in each group were intraperitoneally injected with diluted recombinant BoNT/B at mass concentrations of 200，100，10，1 and 0.1 μg/mL，respectively.Gelatin phosphate buffer was set as the negative control，and the morbidity and mortality of mice were continuously observed within 96 hours.The results showed that following expression，purification，and tag removal，specific protein bands of LH_N and H_C were observed at approximately 98.67 ku and 52.15 ku，respectively，via sodium dodecyl sulfate⁃polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS⁃PAGE）.Under the catalysis of SrtA，the two fragments were successfully covalently ligated to generate recombinant BoNT/B with a molecular weight of approximately 150.82 ku.The toxicity test in mice showed that the recombinant BoNT/B had obvious neurotoxicity.The recombinant BoNT/B with mass concentration≥1 μg/mL could cause typical botulinum poisoning symptoms and death in mice.There was no death in mice in the group with mass concentration<1 μg/mL and the control group.In conclusion，the pET⁃32a⁃LH_N and pET⁃28a⁃SUMO‑H _Cexpression vectors were successfully constructed and efficiently expressed in the Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression system.The purified LH_N and H_C domain proteins were capable of conjugating to form recombinant BoNT/B under SrtA catalysis.The mouse challenge test confirmed that the prepared recombinant BoNT/B exhibited neurotoxicity.



Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Study on Essential Oil Extraction from Different Parts of Ocimum×citriodorum and Its Cigarette Flavoring Effect

CHEN Haoran, WANG Liusheng, LI Xinyan, FENG Wenning, LIU Wei, LI Yuanyuan, ZHAO Mingqin

2026, 55(6):  141-155.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.014

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To explore the differences in essential oil components in different parts（stem，leaf and whole plant）of Ocimum×citriodorum and develop natural characteristic tobacco flavorings，three extraction methods，including ultrasonic extraction，soxhlet extraction and simultaneous distillation and extraction，were adopted to extract Ocimum×citriodorum essential oil. The chemical compositions and aroma characteristics of essential oils from different parts were systematically analyzed，and their flavoring effects in cigarettes were evaluated.The results showed that 20，15 and 40 volatile components were extracted by ultrasonic extraction，soxhlet extraction and simultaneous distillation and extraction，respectively.The extracts obtained by the first two methods were mainly composed of acids，with relative contents of 45.35% and 44.19%，respectively. However，the extract of simultaneous distillation and extraction was dominated by olefins，with a relative content of 24.25%，and the most volatile components were detected. Essential oils were extracted from fresh and dried Ocimum×citriodorum by simultaneous distillation and extraction. The results indicated that the extraction rate of fresh samples was higher than that of dried samples，and the extraction rate of leaves was higher than that of stems and whole plants.A total of 31，29 and 36 major volatile components were extracted in essential oils from fresh stems，leaves and whole plants of Ocimum×citriodorum，while 29，29 and 40 major components were detected in dried samples，respectively.Olefins and alcohols were abundant in all samples in terms of component species.A total of 10 key aroma substances with relative odor activity value≥1 were screened from essential oils of different Ocimum×citriodorum parts，including 1⁃octen⁃3⁃ol，linalool，geraniol，eugenol，（Z）⁃citral，citral，（E）⁃citral，phenylacetaldehyde，β⁃ionone and β⁃caryophyllene.All samples presented distinct herbal and fresh aroma notes. The cigarette flavoring and smoking evaluation results showed that the fresh leaf essential oil achieved the highest sensory score of 29.0 at the addition level of 0.2 mg/cig，which could endow cigarettes with a fresh sweet aroma.In conclusion，the fresh leaf essential oil of Ocimum×citriodorum at the addition dosage of 0.2 mg/cig exhibited the optimal flavoring effect on cigarettes.It could improve aroma quality and aroma intensity，as well as enhance smoking taste.



Analysis of Low⁃Temperature Pyrolysis Characteristics and Aroma Compound Release Differences in Eight Aroma Styles of Flue⁃cured Tobacco

WU Jian, GUAN Qinglin, TANG Xiaodong, LU Xinbo, WANG Yiqun, LI Wenqi, LIANG Miao, ZHANG Junsong, XIAO Weiqiang

2026, 55(6):  156-168.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.015

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To investigate the low⁃temperature pyrolysis characteristics and aroma release differences of eight aroma types of flue⁃cured tobacco during heating，eight aroma types of flue⁃cured tobacco from typical ecological regions（fresh⁃sweet aroma type，honey⁃sweet aroma type，alcohol⁃sweet aroma type，burnt⁃sweet and burnt aroma type，burnt⁃sweet and alcohol⁃sweet aroma type，fresh and honey⁃sweet aroma type，honey⁃sweet and burnt aroma type，woody and honey⁃sweet aroma type，numbered QT，MT，CT，JJ，JC，QM，MJ and MM，respectively）were selected as the research materials. Thermogravimetric analysis was adopted，combined with the self⁃built program temperature control heating platform，the flue gas capture device and the GC⁃MS instrument，to analyze the thermogravimetric characteristic parameters and the differences in species and contents of heat⁃released aroma components of the eight flavor types of flue⁃cured tobacco. The results showed that the thermogravimetric loss process of all eight aroma types of flue⁃cured tobacco was divided into three stages. In stage Ⅱ，the maximum weight loss temperature（T_max）was 199.1—210.9 ℃，the maximum weight loss rate（DTG_max）was 6.9—10.1%/min，and the weight loss rate was 19.7%—26.3%.The weight loss rate and DTG_max of JC tobacco leaves were the lowest，and the weight loss rate and DTG_max of CT，JJ，QM and QT tobacco leaves were relatively higher.A total of 118 aroma components were identified in the heat⁃released aroma traps of the eight aroma types of flue⁃cured tobacco，with the total content of 10 223.92—15 338.56 μg/g. Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds accounted for the largest proportion（44.70%—56.70%），while oxygen heterocyclic compounds accounted for 9.86%—16.73%.The release order of oxygen heterocyclic components was aroma MJ>JJ>QM>JC>CT>MT>QT>MM.Based on the distribution of heat release products combined with principal component analysis，a comprehensive evaluation function of aroma quality was established.The comprehensive score was ranked as MJ>QT>JC>QM>MT>CT>JJ>MM. In summary，there are significant differences in the characteristic parameters of the thermal weight loss stage Ⅱ of the eight flavor types of flue⁃cured tobacco. The weight loss rate and DTG_max of the fresh⁃sweet aroma type，alcohol⁃sweet type，burnt⁃sweet and burnt aroma type，and fresh and honey⁃sweet aroma type tobacco leaves are relatively higher，which can be preferentially selected in the screening of heated cigarette raw materials.It provides a reference for clarifying the heat release characteristics of the eight flavor types of flue⁃cured tobacco and optimizing of heated cigarette raw materials.


Study on Optimization of Preparation Technology，Anti⁃allergic Activity and Underlying Mechanism of Tricholoma matsutake Extract

SUN Yelong, CHEN Yichen, ZHONG Sujie, QU Yiyang, FENG Xiao, AN Jingjing, WU Ya, CHE Huilian, CHI Fumin

2026, 55(6):  160-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.06.016

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To explore the antioxidant and anti⁃food allergy activities of Tricholoma matsutake extract and enhance its high value⁃added application potential，using ethanol as the extraction solvent and total antioxidant capacity（T⁃AOC）as the evaluation index，single⁃factor tests combined with response surface methodology were adopted to systematically optimize the extraction process parameters.Food allergy model of BALB/c mice sensitized by ovalbumin（OVA）was constructed，and the levels of serum allergy⁃and immune⁃related factors were detected by ELISA to evaluate the potential intervention effect of the extract on food allergies. Furthermore，untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed using ultra⁃high performance liquid chromatography⁃tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC⁃MS/MS） to fully clarify the material basis underlying its anti⁃allergic effect.The results showed that after optimization by response surface methodology，the optimal preparation conditions for the Tricholoma matsutake extract were ethanol volume fraction of 88%，a liquid⁃to⁃solid ratio of 31∶1，extraction temperature of 31 ℃，and extraction time of 60 min.Under these conditions，the T⁃AOC of the extract reached 357.00 μmol/g.In vivo animal experiments confirmed that intervention with the Tricholoma matsutake extract effectively alleviated the clinical symptoms of allergic mice；significantly down⁃regulated the levels of Th2⁃type allergic mediators such as immunoglobulin E，mouse mast cell protease⁃1，and histamine（p<0. 01）；significantly up⁃regulated the level of the Th1⁃type cytokine IFN⁃γ（p<0.01）；and exhibited significant protective and repair effects against intestinal and splenic tissue damage caused by food allergies in mice.UPLC⁃MS/MS analysis revealed that the extract was rich in key substances involved in allergic immune regulation，such as L⁃phenylalanine and L⁃tryptophan，as well as a variety of bioactive components including brassinolide and α⁃eleostearic acid.In summary，the extract of Tricholoma matsutake prepared by this process has good antioxidant activity and has a significant intervention effect on food allergic reaction.The study clarifies that the active material basis of Tricholoma matsutake extract is L⁃phenylalanine and L⁃tryptophan which provides theoretical basis and data support for the development of high value⁃added Tricholoma matsutake products and new natural anti⁃allergic preparations.