Table of Content

Volume 53 Issue 7
15 July 2024
Contents
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Plant Protection
Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

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Contents

2024, 53(7):  0. 

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Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance and Genome‑Wide Association Study of Japonica Rice Germplasms at Seedling Stage

FENG Peiyuan, DONG Yue, JIAO Zilan, CHEN Min, KONG Weiru, RAN Jie, LI Peifu, TIAN Lei

2024, 53(7):  1-9.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.001

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To investigate the distribution characteristics of Na⁺and K⁺in japonica rice germplasms at seedling stage under salt stress，identify elite salt‑tolerant germplasms and detect ion homeostasis‑related loci，181 japonica rice germplasms were used to determine the salt tolerance score（STS），shoot Na⁺content（SNC），root Na⁺content（RNC），shoot K⁺content（SKC），root K⁺content（RKC），calculate shoot Na⁺/K⁺（SNK），root Na⁺/K⁺（RNK）and comprehensive evaluation value（D），and conduct genome‑wide association study（GWAS）.The results showed that seven indexes STS，SNC，RNC，SKC，RKC，SNK and RNK showed abundant variation，and the variation coefficient ranged from 23.7% to 70.5%.The correlation analysis result showed that，SNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with RNC，SNK and RNK；RNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with SNK and RNK；SKC was significantly positively correlated with RKC and extremly significantly negatively correlated with SNK.Principal component analysis（PCA）results showed that four major components were extracted，with a cumulative contribution rate of 89. 545%. Subsequently，five salt‑tolerant germplasms，including Bertone，Cigalon，Banat2951，Zaonuodao and Shennong 2，were selected by D value，and Jiahe 1，Yueguang，Xingshi，Shanfuliya and Qianchonglang were salt‑sensitive germplasms.The GWAS analysis revealed a total of 16 salt tolerance related InDel loci and 32 allelic variants，with contribution rate of 10.82%—20.57%.Among them，nine InDel loci were significantly associated with RNC，which were located on chromosomes 1，4，6，8，9 and 11；seven InDel loci were significantly associated with RNK，which were located on chromosomes 4，5，6，7，9 and 10，with contribution rate of 11.04%—18.79%.The allele 6IM20. 68Mb‑2 was detected in RNC and RNK，respectively.The InDel locus 9IM20.21Mb，which was significantly associated with RNK，showed three haplotypes.The RNK of Hap1 was significantly lower than that of Hap2 and Hap3，so it was a typical salt‑tolerant haplotype.



Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Heat Damage at Flowering Stage of Summer Maize in Henan Province

LI Zhi, LU Haoran, YANG Guanguan, LI Hongping, WANG Qun, LI Chaohai, ZHOU Guotao, LU Chunguang, ZHANG Yongen

2024, 53(7):  10-20.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.002

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Based on the daily meteorological data of 109 counties（districts）meteorological stations in Henan Province from 1957 to 2022，the duration days and cumulative days of daily maximum temperature≥35℃ at flowering stage of summer maize were calculated. The frequency and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize in Henan Province were analyzed from two aspects of continuous heat damage and non‑continuous heat damage，so as to provide scientific basis for disaster prevention and disaster avoidance in summer maize production in Henan Province. The results showed that in terms of time distribution，from 1957 to 2022，the frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize decreased first and then increased in Henan Province.After 2010，the frequency of heat damage showed a trend of frequent occurrence，and the frequency of continuous heat damage was higher. The higher frequency of heat damage happened in 1960s and after 2010，and the 1960s was dominated by moderate and severe heat damage，and after 2010，mild and moderate heat damage dominated.In terms of spatial distribution，the frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize was higher in eastern and southern Henan，and lower in western and northern Henan. The high‑risk areas of heat damage were south of Nanyang City，Zhumadian City，Zhoukou City and the east of Shangqiu City. The low risk areas of heat damage were Anyang City，Puyang City and Hebi City.In terms of the type of heat damage，the south of Shangqiu City was more prone to continuous heat damage；Luohe City and Zhoukou City were more prone to non‑continuous mild heat damage，southern Nanyang City was more prone to non‑continuous moderate and severe heat damage，and southern Zhumadian City was more prone to non‑continuous severe heat damage.



Genetic Dissection of Dwarf Genes in Varieties（Lines）Derived from Core Wheat Parent Zhou 8425B

LI Xiaode, YANG Yuxin, ZHU Chenjia, LI Yujia, CHEN Shulin, YIN Guihong, DONG Chunhao, WANG Daowen, ZHANG Kunpu

2024, 53(7):  21-27.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.003

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In this study，219 wheat varieties（lines）derived from Zhou 8425B were used as test materials，and the molecular markers of four main dwarf genes［reduced height 1（Rht1），Rht2，Rht8 and Rht24］were used to detect them to determine the distribution，combination type and influence of the dwarf genes on plant height and yield related traits of wheat，so as to lay the foundation for the continuous genetic research of core wheat parent Zhou 8425B and the application of molecular marker‑assisted selection for dwarf genes in wheat.The results showed that the distribution frequencies of dwarf genes Rht1，Rht2，Rht8 and Rht24 were 94.52%，100.00%，42.00% and 97.26% in varieties（lines）derived from Zhou 8425B，respectively.Among the 219 samples，the type of single dwarf gene wasn’t found；instead，various dwarf genes were found to coexist in combination. There were seven combination types for the four dwarf genes，namely Rht1+Rht2，Rht2+Rht8，Rht2+Rht24，Rht1+Rht2+Rht8，Rht1+Rht2+Rht24，Rht2+Rth8+Rth24 and Rth1+Rth2+Rth8+Rth24.The frequency of Rht1+Rht2+Rht24 was the highest with 53.42%，and the frequency of Rht2+Rht8 was the lowest with 0.46%.For single dwarf gene，Rht8 had the strongest culm reduction effect，while Rht1 had the weakest；for dwarf gene combination，Rht1+Rht2 combination had the strongest culm reduction effect，while Rht1+Rht2+Rht8 combination had the weakest. For single dwarf gene，Rht2 genotype had the highest yield，with plant height of 77.38 cm；the yield of Rht8 genotype was the lowest，with plant height of 76.71 cm. For dwarf gene combination，Rht2+Rht8 combination had the highest yield，with plant height of 78.21 cm；the combination of Rht1+Rht2 had the lowest yield，with plant height of 75.85 cm.The results of correlation analysis between yield‑related traits and four dwarf genes showed that，in a certain range，proper increase of plant height was beneficial to the increase of plant biomass，harvest index and yield.Three wheat materials with higher yields were selected，including Zhengmai 103，Cunmai 13 and Zhongyu 1220，with plant heights of 82.79 cm，78.71 cm and 82.50 cm，respectively，and their dwarf gene combination was all Rht1+Rht2+Rht24.



Effect of Halloysite Nanotubes on Growth of Wheat under Copper Stress

WANG Jingying, WANG Jiaxu, CHEN Lina, WANG Xiuping

2024, 53(7):  28-34.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.004

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Three copper（Cu）treatments［20 mg/L Cu²⁺（20Cu），50 mg/L Cu²⁺（50Cu）and 100 mg/L Cu²⁺（100Cu）］were set up under hydroponics to study the effect of exogenous addition of 50 mg/L halloysite nanotubes（HNTs）on wheat seedling growth，stomata size，chloroplast pigment content，oxidative damage of roots and Cu²⁺ content in plants under Cu stress，so as to provide theoretical basis for HNTs to alleviate the effects of heavy metal pollution on crop growth.The results showed that exogenous addition of HNTs significantly increased the plant height and root length of wheat seedlings under Cu stress，the plant height of 20Cu+HNTs，50Cu+HNTs and 100Cu+HNTs treatments increased by 13.10%，26.45% and 28.30%，and the root length increased by 62.87%，56.68% and 92.34%，respectively.Exogenous addition of HNTs significantly increased the dry and fresh weight of wheat seedlings，chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of wheat seedlings under Cu stress，as well as root activity，and reduced the oxidative damage degree of roots，among which chlorophyll a content increased by 34.34%，18.09% and 54.76%，chlorophyll b content increased by 44. 83%，25. 93% and 43. 75%，and root activity increased by 38.16%，339.48% and 453.56%，respectively.Compared with 100Cu treatment，the Cu²⁺ content in roots and leaves of wheat seedlings of 100Cu+HNTs treatment decreased by 19.18% and 37.02%，respectively.In conclusion，exogenous addition of HNTs can reduce Cu²⁺ content in wheat seedlings，alleviate the toxicity of heavy metal Cu to wheat seedlings，and promote their growth.



Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Traits of Wheat Varieties in Henan Province Consortium Experiment

ZHANG Huifang, YAN Zhaoling, LIU Haijiao, DUAN Junzhi, CHEN Haiyan, GUO Yan, WANG Nan, YANG Cuiping, QI Hongzhi

2024, 53(7):  35-43.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.005

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Consortium experiment is a new measure to broaden the channels of crop variety approval experiment under the current agricultural situation in China.In order to deeply understand the experiment capacity of wheat consortium experiment in Henan Province and master the agronomic traits and quality traits of its varieties，comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted between the consortium experiment varieties and the provincial unified experiment varieties，based on the wheat
varieties approved by Henan Province in the past three years（2021—2023）.The results showed that Henan Province approved a total of 355 wheat varieties from 2021 to 2023，including 187 consortium experiment varieties.The consortium experiment capacity showed an upward trend，and the proportion of varieties increased from 48.3% in 2021 to 61.2% in 2023.The consortium experimental group was single，mainly including winter wheat‑irrigation group. In the winter wheat‑irrigation group，when applicants independently applied for varieties，the proportion of universities and research institutes through consortium experiment channel was higher than that through provincial unified experiment channel，and individual applicants were more inclined to provincial unified experiment channel.Compared with the provincial unified experiment，the difference of agronomic traits of the consortium experiment wheat was larger at the early stage and smaller at the later stage. Among the 7 agronomic traits，5 traits were significantly or extremely significantly different in 2021，and 2 traits were significantly different in 2023.The difference of quality traits was relatively smaller，but also showed the rule of large at the early stage and small at the late stage. Among the 7 quality traits，2 traits were significantly different in 2021，and there was no significant difference in 2023.The variation coefficient and diversity of agronomic and quality traits of the consortium experiment varieties were greater than those of provincial unified experiment varieties. Principal component analysis was used to transform 14 agronomic and quality traits into 7 principal components，which reflected 81.51% of the original information.The evaluation results based on principal component analysis showed that among the top 50 varieties with comprehensive scores，the varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the wheat consortium experiment accounted for a relatively smaller proportion of all varieties.In 2021 and 2023，there were 5 and 14 varieties respectively，accounting for 9.3% and 17.9% of all consortium experiment varieties.The varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the provincial unified experiment accounted for a relatively larger proportion of all varieties，with 4 and 5 in 2021 and 2023，respectively，accounting for 19.0% and 35.7% of all provincial unified experiment varieties.In summary，the capacity of Henan wheat consortium experiment is constantly increasing，and the dispersion of agronomic and quality traits is relatively larger；The gap of comprehensive scores of varieties between the consortium experiment and the provincial unified experiment is narrowing；Relevant departments can adjust and optimize the consortium experimental group according to the market in the future，focus on the issues of consortium experiment channel，and promote the high‑quality development of the consortium experiment.



Effects of Topping and Hormone on Nicotine in Upper Tobacco Leaves and Analysis of Source Sink Relationship

WANG Yuhua, WANG Dequan, WANG Yulin, ZHANG Yang, DONG Xiaowei, XIONG Ying, LIU Zhongqing, SUN Yanguo

2024, 53(7):  44-53.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.006

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In order to clarify the physiological mechanism of topping and hormone regulating nicotine synthesis and accumulation in flue‑cured tobacco，the variety K326 was used to study the effects of different topping measure and hormone interactions on traits of root and upper leaf，contents of nicotine and total nitrogen in upper leaves，key enzymes activity of nitrogen metabolism，gene expression of nicotine synthesis and transport in roots，and analyze the source and sink relationship of nicotine accumulation.The results showed that topping significantly increased nicotine content and accumulation in upper tobacco leaves，which were 1.41 and 1.85 times those without topping respectively.Spraying methyl jasmonate（MeJA） without topping significantly increased nicotine content by 14.60%，while spraying N‑1‑naphthylphthalamic acid（NPA） significantly decreased nicotine content by 10.01%.Application of salicylhydroxamic acid（SHAM）and naphthylacetic acid（NAA）after topping significantly reduced nicotine content，with 23.07% and 16.92% reduction ranges respectively.Jasmonic acid（JA）had limited effect on root development，and mainly promoted nicotine synthesis through directly regulating the expression of nicotine synthesis and transport genes.Auxin（IAA） mainly indirectly affected nicotine synthesis and accumulation by regulating roots development. Path analysis showed that the number of root tips had the largest direct effect on nicotine accumulation in root traits，and the root surface area had the largest overall effect on nicotine accumulation，which were the main‘source’indicators affecting nicotine synthesis.The direct effect of leaf area on nicotine accumulation was the largest among leaf traits，and the total effect of leaf dry weight on nicotine accumulation was the largest，which were the main‘sink’indicators affecting nicotine accumulation.By comprehensive analysis，IAA content increased after topping，and promoted the increase of root tips number，which increased the number of nicotine synthesis‘sources’. The activities of nitrate reductase（NR）and glutamine synthetase（GS）were enhanced after topping meanwhile，promoting nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen acquisition.JA increased in roots after topping，which directly enhanced the expression of PMT，QPT，A622 and NUP1 genes for nicotine synthesis and transport，and increased the intensity of nicotine synthesis.In addition，topping improved nicotine accumulation efficiency by promoting the increase of‘sink’capacity such as leaf area and leaf dry weight.




Response of Root Development and Auxin in Tea Plants to Different Nitrogen Forms

HUANG Shuangjie, LI Mengzhen, LUO Jinlei, CHANG Yali, ZHANG Yali, GUO Guiyi

2024, 53(7):  54-65.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.007

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Tea plants（Camellia sinensis）prefer NH₄⁺ as the dominant nitrogen（N）source.Although it has been proven that the use of mixed nitrate（NO₃^-）and ammonium（NH₄⁺）as a N source can improve plant growth，whether genotypic difference in response to mixed nutrition exists in different tea plants remains obscure.Two tea cultivars（Camellia sinensis cv.Xinyang 10 and Zhongcha 108）were grown at three ratios of NH4+/NO₃^-（4∶0，3∶1 and 0∶4）to elucidate how the ratio of NH₄⁺/NO₃^- modulate the architecture of the root system by investigating root growth，N content and auxin content as well as the expression of related genes.Xinyang 10 had the highest root and shoot dry matter and root N content under mixed nutrition（3∶1）And Xinyang 10 had the longer adventitious roots under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH₄⁺，but no difference was observed in growth of lateral root between sole NH4+ andmixed nutrition treatments.IAA content was significantly increased in the roots of Xinyang 10，but significantly decreased in its leaves.Response of Zhongcha 108 to ratios of NH₄⁺/NO₃^- was different from Xinyang 10.Shoot biomass and N content of root and shoot in Zhongcha 108 were significantly reduced under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH₄⁺，while length of adventitious root increased，but not reaching statistical significance. Compared with sole NH₄⁺，mixed nutrition increased length of lateral root but decreased the number and density of lateral roots in Zhongcha 108.And the IAA content in roots of Zhongcha 108 was significantly reduced under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH₄⁺，but not in its leaves.The results of qRT‑PCR showed that auxin synthetic genes CsTSA，CsNIT1，transportation genes CsPIN3a，CsPIN3b and response genes CsARF3，CsIAA27 in roots of Xinyang 10 were significantly up‑regulated under mixed nutrition compared with sole NH₄⁺；however，auxin synthetic genes CsNIT1，CsNIT2，transportation CsABCB4 and response genes CsARF1，CsARF3，CsARF5，CsARF6 in roots of Zhongcha 108 were significantly down‑regulated under mixed nutrition compared with sole NH₄⁺. In conclusion，Xinyang 10 and Zhongcha 108 have genotypic differences when responding to N forms.The former is tolerant to NO₃^- and suitable for growth at the ratio of NH₄⁺/NO₃^- as 3∶1，while the latter is sensitive to NO₃^- and suitable for growth under sole NH₄⁺ nutrition. Under the ratio of NH4+/NO₃^- at 3∶1，auxin transport to roots of Xinyang 10 increases but to those of Zhongcha 108 decreases，which may be one of the physiological mechanisms conferring different response of different tea roots to N forms.



Identification and Expression Analysis of HD‑ZIP Family in Salvia miltiorrhiza

LI Wan, CHENG Ruixing, DANG Xin

2024, 53(7):  66-78.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.008

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To screen HD‑ZIP genes（SmHD‑ZIPs）in Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to high temperature stress，SmHD‑ZIPs were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics，and the expression pattern of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature stress was detected by qPCR. The results showed that there were 44 HD‑ZIP genes in S.miltiorrhiza，most of which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes. SmHD‑ZIPs could be divided into four subfamilies：HD‑ZIP Ⅰ，HD‑ZIP Ⅱ，HD‑ZIP Ⅲ，HD‑ZIP Ⅳ. The sequence analysis results showed that the amino acid residues of these proteins ranged from 180 to 982，and the relative molecular weight of these proteins ranged from 20. 947 ku to 109. 620 ku. SmHD‑ZIPs were hydrophilic proteins without transmembrane domain，and most of them did not contain signal peptides.The isoelectric points of SmHD‑ZIPs were between 4. 48 and 10. 91，and they were almost expressed in the nucleus with the poor protein stability. Among the 44 SmHD‑ZIP genes，there were 10 gene duplication events，all of which were purified selection. The results of structure and motif analysis showed that the exon number of members of the same subfamily was basically the same，and the members of HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily had the largest exon number and the largest motif number. Motifs 1 and 6 were conserved motifs of SmHD‑ZIP，motifs 10，11，12，13 and 15 was unique to the HD‑ZIP Ⅲ subfamily，while motif 5 were unique to the HD‑ZIP IV subfamily. By analyzing the expression patterns of SmHD‑ZIPs under high temperature（37℃）stress，it was found that the number of genes with increased and decreased expression was basically the same. Among the genes with up‑regulated expression，the expression levels of SmHD‑ZIP1.11，SmHD‑ZIP1.13，SmHD‑ZIP2.2，SmHD‑ZIP2.5，SmHD‑ZIP3.1，SmHD‑ZIP3.4，SmHD‑ZIP4.9，SmHD‑ZIP4.10 and SmHD‑ZIP4.12 were increased by more than 10 times，which could be used as candidate gene resources to improve the heat resistance of S.miltiorrhiza.



Agricultural Resources and Environment

Effects of Soybean and Maize Stubbles on Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Winter Wheat Rhizosphere Soil

GUO Hui, LIAN Yanhao, ZHAO Zhibo, REN Yongzhe, WANG Zhiqiang, LIN Tongbao

2024, 53(7):  79-89.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.009

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To explore the differences in the effects of maize stubble and soybean stubble in the Huang‑Huai‑Hai area，in 2023，rhizosphere soil samples at the jointing stage of winter wheat were collected under the conditions of long‑term positioning test fields for up to 4 years（2019—2023）.The responses of rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and function to no nitrogen application（N0）and conventional nitrogen application（N240，pure nitrogen 240 kg/ha） were studied by using 16S high‑throughput sequencing technology combined with Tax4Fun2 function prediction analysis in the jointing stage of winter wheat under maize（M）stubble and soybean（S）stubble，respectively.There were four treatments（MN0，SN0，MN240，SN240）in total.The results showed that，at the phylum level，Proteobacteria，Acidobacteria，Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriota were the dominant rhizosphere bacteria of winter wheat with a relative abundance of 66.66%—69.56%.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in S stubble was significantly increased by 19.10% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05），and under N240 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in S stubble was significantly increased by 11.90% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05）.At the order level，Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales were the dominant bacteria with a relative abundance of 18.42%—19.68%. Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of Vicinamibacterales in S stubble was significantly reduced by 13.69% compared with that in M stubble（P<0.05）；The relative abundance of Burkholderiales was increased significantly by 11.31%（P<0.05）.Through the Tax4Fun2 function prediction and the KEGG data comparison，it was found that there were significant differences in the relative abundance of seven functional pathways under the metabolism category under N0 nitrogen application rate（P<0.05），and correlation analysis further revealed that there was a significant correlation between Vicinamibacterales and Burkholderiales and amino acid metabolism pathways（P<0.01）.There were 26 functional genes involved in soil nitrogen cycling pathway in winter wheat soil bacteria，and the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes accounted for the largest proportion.Under N0 nitrogen application rate，the relative abundance of denitrification functional genes norB，norC and nirS in M stubble was significantly higher than that in S stubble（P<0.05）.In conclusion，the stubble causes the soil bacterial community structure of winter wheat to change under different amount of nitrogen. Different stubble affects the nitrogen metabolism function of bacterial community by changing the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial community.



Changes of Soil Nutrients in Summer Corn Field during Different Flood Duration

HUANG Yanli, SU Hui, HUANG Pengfei, ZHUANG Jingjing, ZHOU Huiping

2024, 53(7):  90-99.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.010

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The study of the distribution and changes of soil hydrolyzed nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，and organic matter in typical flooded summer corn fields of Weihui City，Henan Province in July 2021 will provide efficient fertilization strategies for post disaster farmland reclamation.The results showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of hydrolyzed nitrogen within the 0—40 cm soil layer for different flooding duration of 1—2，5—7，10—12，20—25 and over 30 days，while in 40—60 cm soil layer of cultivated land with flooding duration ≥10 d it was significantly lower than that of cultivated land with less than 10 d.However，the content of available phosphorus in 20—40 and 40—60 cm soil layers increased with the increase of flooding days overall. The longer the flooding time of 0—20 cm soil layer，the higher the content of available potassium overall.The content of available potassium in 20—40 and 40—60 cm soil layers decreased first and then increased with the increase of flooding time.The longer the flooding time of 20—40 and 40—60 cm soil layers，the lower the soil organic matter content overall，but the organic matter content of 0—20 cm soil layer increased first and then decreased with the increase of flooding days，and the organic matter content was the highest in 10—12 days.In summary，due to the different ways and mechanisms of soil nutrient transformation and migration，summer maize field with different flooding days shows different profile distribution characteristics of soil nutrient.It is suggested that nitrogen fertilizer should be supplemented in time in flooded farmlands，and green manure should be supplemented in time to increase soil organic matter content.



Soil Quality Assessment of Tobacco Field Based on Minimum Data Set in Southwest Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture

LIU Zhiyong, LUO Fufang, LU Wanhua, ZHU Bo, LI Hongxun, LIU Zhangyong, CHEN Jie, YI Lixia

2024, 53(7):  100-108.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.011

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Abstract：To clarify the soil quality characteristics of typical flue‑cured tobacco planting areas in Southwest Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture，51 representative soil sampling points were selected to study the physicochemical properties and biological characteristics for topsoil（0—10 cm）and subtopsoil（10—20 cm）.Concurrently，a minimum data set（MDS）was established based on principal component analysis（PCA） to evaluate the impact of varying tobacco cropping durations（Y1：0—10 years；Y2：10—20 years；Y3：over 20 years）on soil quality indicator（SQI）in tobacco‑growing areas.The results of PCA indicated that MDS consisted of six indicators：soil organic matter，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，alkali‑hydrolyzable nitrogen，available potassium content，and urease activity. The soil quality indicator（TDS‑SQI，mean 0. 589）of the total data set（TDS）was highly positively correlated with MDS‑SQI（mean 0.581）（R²=0.993，P<0.01），suggesting that both MDS and TDS could be used to explain soil quality characteristics.Additionally，MDS‑SQI showed a highly significant positive correlation with tobacco plant height and length of leaf，indicating a better growth condition of tobacco plants in areas with higher MDS‑SQI values，and revealing the good representativeness of indicators belonging to MDS.There were no significant differences in SQI between different soil layers（0—10 cm and 10—20 cm）；however，SQI of Y3（over 20 years）tobacco field was lower than that of Y2（10—20 years）and Y1（0—10 years），with a significant difference between Y1 and Y3 SQI values（P<0.05）.In conclusion，six indicators including soil organic matter，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen，available potassium content，and urease activity can effectively evaluate the soil quality of tobacco fields in Southwest Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture；Long‑term continuous cropping of tobacco leads to declining of soil quality.



Plant Protection

Major QTL Mapping and Effect Analysis for Resistance to Southern Corn Rust

LI Zhimin, LI Zheng, DING Junqiang, TIAN Zhiqiang

2024, 53(7):  109-116.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.012

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Southern corn rust（SCR）is a major maize disease worldwide. In this study，a BC₁F₄ population including 165 families was derived from the cross between the susceptible line Lx9801 and the resistant line TY4，which was used for dissecting the QTLs for resistance to SCR.A 23K‑SNP chip was used for genotyping the family lines of the BC₁F₄ population as well as the parental lines. In total 4 654 polymorphic SNP markers between the parental lines were selected to construct the high‑density genetic linkage map. Combined with the phenotype evaluation of resistance to SCR in three environments，a total of six QTLs against SCR were detected，which could explain 3.93%—17.87% of the phenotypic variation.Among these QTLs，one QTL located on chromosome 6（i.e.，qSCR6.01）was a stable QTL in all three environments，which could explain up to 17.87% of the phenotypic variation.The BC₁F₅ population including 366 families was used for fine‑mapping qSCR6.01.Combined with marker development in the QTL region and resistance identification of key recombinant plants，the QTL was finally narrowed down to the interval of 4.09 Mb between the markers M3 and M4，and temporarily named as RppT.


Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Degradation Rate of 21 Prohibited Pesticides and Active Components of Bupleurum

ZHAO Zhilei, SUN Ming, LIU Dongdong, QIU Zhengfang, PANG Yanping

2024, 53(7):  117-123.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.013

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In order to investigate the effects of electron beam irradiation on degradation of 21 prohibited pesticide residues and active components of bupleurum，the content changes of 21 prohibited pesticides in bupleurum were analyzed by gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS/MS），and the content changes of active components in bupleurum were determined by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）after electron beam treatment of 4，6，8，10 kGy.The results showed that the degradation rates of 21 prohibited pesticides in bupleurum increased with the increase of irradiation dose，and the maximal degradation rates ranged from 25.58% to 56.61%. The degradation rates of methyl parathion，fipronil sulfone，fipronil and monocrotophos in bupleurum after the 10 kGy irradiation treatment were significantly higher than those of 8 kGy，while the degradation rates of the other 17 pesticides did not show significant difference between 8 kGy and 10 kGy irradiation treatments. In addition，there was no significant change in the contents of saikosaponin a and d after different doses of irradiation treatments.Therefore，taking costs into account，it is concluded that 8 kGy electron beam irradiation can effectively degrade 21 prohibited pesticide residues in bupleurum，and has no significant effect on the content of active components in bupleurum，which can provide technical support for the degradation of 21 pesticides in bupleurum by irradiation.



Horticulture

Changes of Carbohydrate Content and C/N in Branches and Leaves during Flower Bud Differentiation of Tianhong 2 Apple

WANG Jinxin, JIA Linguang, SHAO Jianzhu, SUN Jianshe, PENG Jianying

2024, 53(7):  124-132.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.014

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The changes of carbohydrate content and C/N in the leaves and branches of short and medium branches with different rootstocks during flower bud differentiation in Tianhong 2 apple were studied.The results showed that the flowering rate of Tianhong 2 apple was not affected by rootstocks during the stable yield stage.During the whole flower bud differentiation period，in the same branch of SH40 interstock and vigorous stock，the contents of soluble sugar，sucrose，fructose and nitrogen exhibited higher levels in leaves compared to branches，while the content of starch and C/N displayed lower levels. Within SH40 interstock，the contents of starch and fructose were lower in leaves of short branch with high flowering rate compared to those in leaves of medium branch with low flowering rate.The contents of soluble sugar，sucrose and C/N were higher in leaves of short branch than those in leaves of medium branch from the initial differentiation stage to petal primordium stage. The contents of soluble sugar，fructose and C/N were lower in branches of short branch than those in medium branch，and the starch content was higher in branches of short branch than that in medium branch before the petal primordium stage. Similarly for vigorous stock，the contents of soluble sugar，starch，fructose and C/N were lower in leaves of short branch with high flowering rate compared to those in leaves of medium branch with low flowering rate.The contents of soluble sugar，fructose and C/N were lower in branches of short branch than those in medium branch，and the starch content was lower in branches of short branch than that in medium branch during the transformation stage.It was concluded that carbohydrate content and C/N did not play a decisive role in apple flowering. During the whole flower bud differentiation period，there was an increasing trend in the soluble sugar content in leaves，while the content of starch and C/N in branches showed a fluctuating upward trend，suggesting that the accumulation of carbohydrates and C/N was essential for the morphological differentiation of Tianhong 2 apple flower buds.



Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Establishment of Indirect ELISA Antibody Detection Method Based on Penton Protein of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4

LI Peng, LEI Mengyao, FENG Lili, WANG Zhenwei, GUAN Chunxiao, ZHENG Hongshuang, WANG Junru, WANG Liping, LI Yanjin, WU Xinyuan, LIU Xingyou, JIN Qianyue

2024, 53(7):  133-141.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.015

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Penton protein is the main structural protein that constitutes the capsid of fowl adenovirus serotype 4（FAdV‑4），which has high conservation and good immunogenicity. An indirect ELISA antibody detection method based on the purified Penton protein of FAdV‑4 was established.The results showed that the optimal coating concentration of Penton protein was 2 μg/mL，the serum dilution multiple was 200 times，the enzyme‑labeled antibody dilution multiple was 1∶5 000，the positive critical value was 0.222，and the sensitivity could reach 1∶6 400. There was no cross‑reaction with infectious bronchitis virus，infectious bursal disease virus，and infectious laryngotracheitis virus，and the specificity was good.The coefficient of variation of inter‑batch and intra‑batch repeatability was less than 10%.The positive detection rate in 100 clinical serum samples was 77%，and the coincidence rate with the commercial kit was 98%.In summary，the ELISA antibody detection method established in this study can be used for the clinical detection of antibodies against FAdV‑4.



Isolation，Identification and Antibacterial Activity Research of Metabolites of Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp.from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada in Guizhou

TAO Xiaoyan, ZHANG Tao, ZHOU Sixuan, TANG Yuanjiang, LU Yuxi, QING Chengxin, SHI Kaizhi, ZHAO Yu, YANG Yueqian

2024, 53(7):  142-148.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.016

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The aim is to investigate the chemical constituents of the metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp.QX4G6 from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada in Guizhou，which has antibacterial activity，and to screen the antibacterial active compounds.After expanding culture of the strain Diaporthe sp.QX4G6，the metabolites were isolated and purified by various separation methods，and their structures were identified by spectrography combined with literature reports.The bacteriostatic activity of the monomers against E.coli and Salmonella was determined by microbroth dilution method and plate coating method,respectively.The results showed that four monomer compounds were isolated and purified from the metabolites of Diaporthe sp. QX4G6.The compounds were analyzed by NMR and MS.They were identified as dibutyl phthalate (compound 1) ,1‑[(12E,16E)‑12,16‑eicosadienoyl]‑2‑[(E,E)-7，10‑octadecadienoyl]‑3‑stearacylglycerol(compound2),3‑(4‑toluoxy)‑propionic acid(compound 3)，tyrosol(compound 4).The results of bacteriostatic test showed that compounds 1—3 displayed certain inhibitory activity against E.coli and Salmonella，and the inhibitory effect on Salmonella was stronger under the same conditions.Compound 3 showed the strongest antibacterial activity with MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration)of 7.81 μg/mL and 3.91 μg/mL，and MBC(minimum bactericidal concentration)of 15.63 μg/mL and 7.81 μg/mL，respectively.In summary,all the four compounds were isolated from the metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp.for the first time,and three compounds showed certain antibacterial activity on E.coli and Salmonella in vitro，which provided a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of endophytic fungal metabolites from Berchemia polyphylla var.leioclada.



Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Sensitivity Analysis and Applicability Evaluation of the AquaCrop Model for Sesame Crop Parameters

LI Mengyao, GUAN Haoyue, ZHANG Jiantao, HUANG Ming, LI Feng, RONG Yasi, LI Youjun, LI Guoqiang

2024, 53(7):  149-159.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.017

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The objective is to enhance the calibration efficiency of the AquaCrop model for sesame crop parameters and verify the applicability of the model. The initial value and value range of sesame crop parameters were determined based on the experimental data（2022—2023）and related literatures.The EFAST method was used to perform global sensitivity analysis of 53 sesame crop parameters，uncertainty analysis of simulation results and parameters calibration validation. The results showed that 27 parameters were sensitive to the maximum biomass of each treatment，including CDM，CDSE，POFE，RSWT，PSENSP，PSTOSP，RSWB and ECSW with TS_i above 0.3.And 14 parameters were sensitive to grain yield of each treatment，including POHX，RSWT，CDSE，DMCON，PSTO and PSTOSP with TS_i higher than 0.2.The decision coefficient（R²） of simulated and measured canopy coverage and aboveground biomass ranged from 0.875 to 0.954 and 0.951 to 0.970，respectively.Futhermore，the normalized root mean square error（NRMSE） ranged from 11. 5% to 18.1% and 18. 9% to 27.7%，respectively.Meanwhile，the Nash‑Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients（NSE） were 0.873—0.940 and 0.930—0.959，respectively.The relative error between the simulated and measured values of yield was between 0.03 and 0.07.The localized AquaCrop model can better simulate the dynamic development process of sesame，which can be used to optimize sesame management and forecast future production.



Variety Identification of Coated Maize Seed Based on Deep Learning

FENG Xiao, ZHANG Hui, LIU Zheng, ZHANG Huifang, CHEN Haiyan, ZHAO Wei, ZHENG Guoqing, MA Zhongjie

2024, 53(7):  160-167.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.018

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In order to realize the low cost，efficient and convenient variety identification of coated maize seed，a dataset was constructed based on 23 100 double‑sided images of 18 varieties and 4 colors of coated maize seeds collected by smartphone，and the lightweight convolutional neural network models ShuffleNetV2，MobileNetV3，MobileViT，MobileOne，RepGhostNet and the integrated models based on the above models were used to identify coated maize seed variety.The results showed that the identification accuracy and the comprehensive performance of the five single models were high.The identification accuracies were 98.48%，98.23%，98.44%，98.23% and 98.01%，respectively.The model sizes were 1.55，4.96，4.42，6.97 and 4.19 MB，respectively. The inference speeds were 106，94，84，212 and 94 f/s，respectively.The identification accuracy of the integrated models was higher than that of the single models，and the identification accuracy of the integrated model composed of ShuffleNetV2 and MobileViT was 99.22%.The analysis found that the false identification only occurred in the varieties of the same color coated seeds，and as the number of varieties of the same color coated seeds increased，the model’s identification accuracy had a downward trend.



Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Tobacco Bud Extract on Fermentation of Cigar Leaves

DING Jingyi, YU Jun, YANG Chunlei, CHEN Xiong, YAO Lan

2024, 53(7):  168-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.019

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In order to explore the effect of tobacco bud water extract fermentation by yeast on the aroma of cigar tobacco leaves，gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS）technology was applied to analyze the aroma components of cigar tobacco leaves after solid‑state fermentation with flower bud water extract fermented by Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum，Cyberlindnera fabianii，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii.The results showed that a total of 58 volatile substances were detected after fermentation，and the total content of volatile substances after treatment by Torulaspora delbrueckii was the highest（1 470.48 μg/g）.The results of odor activity value（OAV）analysis showed flower aroma> tobacco aroma>fruit aroma>baking aroma. Principal component analysis（PCA）results indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate was 71.1%.Cyberlindnera fabianii was closely related to β‑cyclocitral，geranylacetone，2‑methoxy‑4‑vinylphenol，phenylacetaldehyde，6‑methyl‑5‑hepten‑2‑one，styrene，benzaldehyde，4，7，9‑megastigmatrien‑3‑one a and（+）‑limonene.Zygosaccharomyces bailii was highly correlated with 4‑hydroxy‑β‑damascone，dihydroactinidiolide and phenylethyl alcohol.The results of cluster analysis showed that the aroma of cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of flower buds in the two groups of yeasts，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum and Zygosaccharomyces bailii，was similar. In summary，the cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of tobacco bud with the five yeasts have different flavor types，which is of great significance to the development of domestic cigars.