Table of Content

Volume 53 Issue 8
15 August 2024
Contents
Reviews
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Plant Protection
Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Article List
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CONTENTS

2024, 53(8):  0. 

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Reviews

Research Progress of Nitrogen Inhibitors

HUANG Boxuan, ZHENG Cangsong, SUN Miao, SHAO Jingjing, FENG Weina, LI Pengcheng, DONG Helin

2024, 53(8):  1-10.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.001

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Nitrogen inhibitors have the advantages of increasing crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency，and reducing nitrogen application costs and environmental pollution risks，providing a technological pathway for the green and efficient development of modern agriculture.They mainly included nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors.This article summarized the research and development history，mechanism of action，and application effects of nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors，and prospected their future research directions，in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of nitrogen inhibitors.


Research Progress in Alleviating Continuous Cropping Obstacles by Allium L.Plants

GUO Jianing, LI Nannan, LI Kun

2024, 53(8):  11-20.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.002

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Soil continuous cropping obstacles commonly occur in many plants，such as grain crops，fruit trees，vegetables，Chinese herbal medicines and others，restricting the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.Intercropping，rotation and relay intercropping are important agricultural management measures，and they can regulate the microecological environment of rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping，reducing the harm of continuous cropping.Allium L.plants contain various biologically active components such as organic sulfur compounds，saponins，flavonoids，and other compounds.They are often used as an intercropping，rotation or relay intercropping crop to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.This paper expounded the alleviative effects of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstaces，and the alleviating mechanism of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstacles was discussed from photosynthetic characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activity，root exudate characteristics and soil nutrients，enzyme activity and microorganisms quantity and community structure.The components contained in root exudates and plant volatiles of Allium L.plants were analyzed.Finally，the research direction of mechanisms of Allium L.plants alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and the development of active substances were proposed，which laid a theoretical foundation for further application of Allium L.plants in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles.


Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Effects of Intercropping of Different Genotypes of Maize on Stomatal Characteristics and Yield

LI Fangjie, CHANG Zhijie, SHI Dakun, WEI Xiaoyi, WEI Feng, HONG Defeng, MA Junfeng, ZHENG Qiudao

2024, 53(8):  21-29.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.003

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Using four maize varieties[Weiyu 618(WY618),MY73,Yudan 9953(YD9953)and Zhengdan 958(ZD958)]as materials，four single cropping treatments and three intercropping treatments were set up to study the effects of intercropping of different genotypes of maize on stomatal characteristics，spatial layout and yield of maize,so as to provide theoretical basis for increasing maize yield by intercropping of different genotypes of maize from the perspective of stomata.The results showed that maize yield could be improved by intercropping with different genotypes of maize.For WY618 intercropping with MY73 and ZD958,the yield of WY618 significantly increased by 9.41% and 12.94% compared with WY618 single cropping,respectively,and WY618 had more yield advantage.The land equivalent ratio of WY618 intercropping with ZD958 was 1.08,the intercropping advantage was the most obvious，followed by WY618 intercropping with MY73.Maize intercropping could improve the stomatal density,length,width,circumference,area and shape index in the paraxial and abaxial planes of leaves,and make stomatal spatial layout more regular and rational.The density,width and area of stomata in the distal axial plane of leaves were significantly positively correlated with yield.In conclusion,maize intercropping with different genotypes of maize can improve the stomatal characteristics and spatial layout in leaves,which is conducive to the increase of maize yield.



Metabolites Mining and Path Enrichment Analysis of Tigernut Tuber Formation

GUO Xiaoyang, LA Guixiao, XU Xinran, YU Yange, DAI Dandan, LI Yanpeng, WANG Yanhong, GUO Hongxia, YANG Tiegang

2024, 53(8):  30-43.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.004

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In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography Abstract：In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.And then，the differential metabolites related to the formation of tubers were screened by multivariate statistical method，and KEGG metabolic pathways associated with differential metabolites were enriched.The results showed that a total of 1 217 metabolites were detected in unexpanded stolons（PFJ1），expanded stolons（PFJ2）and new tubers（JD1）.According to the conditions of VIP（Variable importance in the projection）>1，P<0.05 and FC（Fold change）>2 or FC<0.5，35 differential metabolites were screened for JD1 vs PFJ1，of which 26 were up‑regulated and nine were down‑regulated；JD1 vs PFJ2 identified 57 differential metabolites，of which 50 were up‑regulated and seven were down‑regulated；PFJ2 vs PFJ1 identified 39 differential metabolites，of which three were up‑regulated and 36 down‑regulated. The metabolites were identified as amino acids and their derivatives，nucleotides and their derivatives，organic oxygen compounds，flavonoids，phenylpropanes，phenols and so on. The relative content analysis of differential metabolites showed that the content of glutathione in JD1 was 14.021 times that in PFJ1 and 29.195 times that in PFJ2.The content of 3‑methy‑L‑histidine in JD1 was 10.463 times that in PFJ1 and 129.931 times that in PFJ2.The content of kaempferol in JD1 was 0.421 times that in PFJ1 and 0.358 times that in PFJ2.KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed metabolites was further conducted，and they were mainly concentrated into KEGG pathways such as aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis，arginine and proline metabolism，alanine，aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism，phenylalanine metabolism，flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.In summary，amino acids and flavonoids were the main metabolites related to the formation of tubers，and the metabolic pathways were mainly concentrated in aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.

 


Effects of Foliar Application of Carbon Nanosol on Growth of Potted Tobacco Seedlings

CHEN Lijuan, HU Huibo, SONG Zuguo, YANG Jianli, GE Chang, DONG Lu, LIU Dongfei

2024, 53(8):  44-50.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.005

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To explore the effects of carbon nanosol on potted tobacco seedlings through foliar application，five mass concentrations［0（CK），10，40，70，and 100 μg/mL］were employed in this experiment.Several growth parameters were measured，including the maximum leaf length and width，fresh weight，photosynthesis，plastid pigments，leaf nitrate reductase activity，root morphology and characteristics of tobacco seedlings，as well as the absorption of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium nutrients.The results indicated that carbon nanosol promoted the length extension of leaves，but had little effect on the width within the concentration range from 40 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. At the concentration of 40 μg/mL and 70 μg/mL，significant differences in fresh weight were observed in aboveground part between the treated and control groups.The net photosynthetic rate（Pn），transpiration rate（Tr）and stomatal conductivity（Gs）of tobacco seedlings initially increased and then decreased with the concentration rising of carbon nanosol，with the most significant differences occurring at 40 μg/mL and 70 μg/mL.The contents of pigment chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves increased with higher carbon nanosol concentration，and there were significant differences of pigment contents between the 40 μg/mL，100 μg/mL treatment groups and the control group.The nitrate reductase activity of 40，70，100 μg/mL treatments was significantly higher than that of control group，and nitrate reductase activity of 40 μg/mL treatment reached the maximum value.Foliar application of 40 μg/mL and 70 μg/mL carbon nanosol had positive effects on the root average diameter，surface area，volume and tip number.The treatments of 40 μg/mL and 70 μg/mL significantly promoted the absorption of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium nutrients by the seedlings.In conclusion，foliar application of carbon nanosol at concentration of 40—70 μg/mL is most beneficial for promoting the growth of potted tobacco seedlings.



Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Ardisia crispa（Thunb.）A.DC. Based on Multiple Indicators and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

HU Youqiong, JIANG Jinxiang, HUANG Anling, REN Zhiqin, WEI Shenghua, WANG Zhiwei

2024, 53(8):  51-60.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.006

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Based on seven indicators（moisture，total ash，acid‑insoluble ash，extract，total flavonoids，total phenols and total saponins content），correlation analysis，principal component analysis，clustering heatmap analysis，CRITIC‑TOPSIS and CRITIC‑grey relational analysis models were used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of seven batches of Ardisia crispa（Thunb.）A.DC.from different areas.The results of correlation analysis showed close relationship among seven indexes，indicating some overlap of information.Principal component analysis extracted five main indicators，including total ash，acid‑insoluble ash，extract，total saponins and moisture content，and the cumulative contribution rate was 93.293%.The weighting results of each indicator based on CRITIC method were basically consistent with principal component analysis，among which the weight values of the extract and total saponins content ranked highest.Both evaluation models showed significant quality differences among the A.crispa samples from different areas，but the coefficient of variation of the CRITIC‑grey relational analysis model was larger to 42.889 9%，which better reflected the quality difference of A.crispa.And the results were basically consistent with the principal component and clustering heatmap analysis results.Under this model，sample BLJ3 ranked highest，BLJ1，BLJ2，BLJ6，BLJ7 ranked middle，and BLJ4，BLJ5 ranked lowest.In summary，among the seven indicators，the extract，total saponins，moisture，total ash and acid‑insoluble ash content can be used as the main indicators for evaluating the quality of A.crispa from different areas，especially the extract and total saponins content providing the greater quality information.Among the two evaluation models，the CRITIC‑grey relational analysis model is more suitable for the comprehensive quality evaluation of A.crispa.Among the seven batches of samples，sample BLJ3 from Pengshui County，Chongqing City is of the best quality，which could be used as the first choice for the high‑quality provenances of A.crispa.BLJ1，BLJ2，BLJ6，BLJ7 are of medium quality and can be used as alternative provenances.The quality of the two samples（BLJ4 and BLJ5）from Guiyang，Guizhou Province is poor，which should be avoided as much as possible in the screening of provenances of A.crispa.



Diversity of Phenotypic Traits of Wild Astragalus polycladus Resource and Their Correlations with Environmental Factors in  Sanjiangyuan Area

LIU Qingqing, CAI Zongcheng, LÜ Liangyu, LEI Shaqing, ZHANG Hairong, MA Fang, SHI Jianjun

2024, 53(8):  61-69.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.007

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A total of 150 wild Astragalus polycladus plants from 6 cities（counties，towns） in Sanjiangyuan area were used as materials.The diversity，correlation and principal component analysis of 18 phenotypic traits were conducted，and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed，so as to understand the phenotypic differentiation degree and population variation characteristics of Astragalus polycladus in Sanjiangyuan area，and provide basis for breeding excellent varieties of Astragalus polycladus.The results showed that the phenotypic traits of Astragalus polycladus resource had abundant diversity in Sanjiangyuan area，and the variation coefficient of 18 phenotypic traits was 1%—29%.Among them，the variation coefficients of stem diameter of reproductive branch and stem length of reproductive branch were higher（more than 20%），while the variation coefficients of calyx length and seed thickness were the smallest（1%）.There were significant difference in phenotypic traits of Astragalus polycladus under different environments.Among them，the crown width from south to north，plant height，root number，stem length of reproductive branch，leaf thickness，corolla length，corolla number，seed thickness and seed longitudinal diameter of Astragalus polycladus in Muli Town were significantly lower than the other populations.Correlation analysis showed that there was significantly positive or negative correlation among phenotypic traits except for root number and stem length of reproductive branch.At the same time，the phenotypic traits of Astragalus polycladus were positively or negatively correlated with longitude，latitude，altitude and soil pH value，and different traits were affected by environmental factors differently.Among them，the corolla number，leaf thickness and root number were greatly affected.



Agricultural Resources and Environment

Remediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soil by γ‑Polyglutamic Acid Modified Biochar

LI Zhijuan, HE Wenxing, ZHANG Laixing, LIU Zheng, SUN Dan, XU Shuxia

2024, 53(8):  70-78.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.008

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In order to strengthen the remediation effect of biochar on cadmium‑contaminated soil，γ‑polyglutamic acid was used to activate and modify corn straw biochar. The structure of γ‑polyglutamic acid modified biochar was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy.The passivation effect of γ‑polyglutamic acid modified biochar on Cd²⁺ was investigated by simulating soil cadmium pollution test.The results showed that the number of hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups of γ‑polyglutamic acid modified biochar increased significantly.Compared with the application of 1.0% original biochar， applying equal amount of γ‑polyglutamic acid modified biochar in cadmium‑contaminated soil significantly increased the soil cation exchange capacity，organic matter content，soil phosphatase，catalase and urease activities by 9%，17%，18%，15% and 20%，respectively.The content of residual Cd in soil increased by 15%，the content of weak acid extractable Cd decreased by 27%，and the bioavailability of Cd²⁺ in soil decreased significantly.The content of Cd²⁺ in roots and leaves of Chinese cabbage decreased significantly. In summary，γ‑polyglutamic acid modification can improve the ability of biochar to passivate cadmium in soil，and γ‑polyglutamic acid modified biochar has great potential in the remediation of cadmium contaminated soil.



Effects of AMF on Morphological Index and Photosynthetic Physiology of Bidens pilosa and B. biternata under Different Phosphorus Levels

ZENG Jingjin, LIU Wei, LIU Jiang, ZHAO Ying, MA Xiao

2024, 53(8):  79-91.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.009

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A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） on the growth status，nutrient absorption，photosynthesis，and antioxidant enzyme activity of invasive plant Bidens pilosa and local closely related plant B.biternata under different phosphorus levels of 0，50，and 200 mg/kg，inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae on two plants and with no inoculation as control（CK）.The results showed that AMF could infect both plants mentioned above，and the infection rate and spore density of AMF on B. pilosa were significantly higher than those on B. biternata.At a phosphorus level of 50 mg/kg，B.pilosa had the highest infection rate and spore density.Inoculation of AMF at 0 and 50 mg/kg phosphorus concentration could significantly promote the absorption of phosphorus by both plants，while the absorption of nitrogen decreased.It also had a certain promoting effect on the plant height，leaf area，total biomass，number of branches，and root crown ratio of both plants.At a phosphorus level of 50 mg/kg，compared with CK，the total chlorophyll content，chlorophyll a/b，maximum fluorescence，maximum photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ ，and photosynthetic performance index of B.pilosa and B.biternata inoculated with AMF increased by 22.1%—22.9%，8.4%—11.5%，15.5%—23.8%，11.4%—14.4%，and 17.9%—25.9%，respectively.The net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，and transpiration rate increased by 8.1%—17.7%，18.4%—18.7%，and 12.6%—14.9%，respectively，while the intercellular CO₂ concentration decreased by 9.4%—14.7%.The activities of superoxide dismutase，catalase，and peroxidase treated with AMF were significantly higher than those of CK，with increases of 17.2%—19.3%，37.4%—46.4%，and 24.1%—32.1%，espectively.The contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein in osmotic regulators were increased by 45.6%—59.8% and 33.3%—45.1%，respectively.In summary，AMF can promote the growth of B.pilosa and B.biternata under low phosphorus levels（0,50 mg/kg），and the mycorrhizal effect of B.pilosa is higher than that of B.biternata，while the high phosphorus level（200 mg/kg）has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of the two plants，which is likely to have a certain effect on the successful invasion of B.pilosa in a low phosphorus environment.



Plant Protection

Fungal Diversity in Rotten Bulb and Cultivated Soil of Lilium lancifolium

CHEN Xingxing, XING Lin, YANG Menglin, LIU Haohuiling, ZHANG Xu, ZHANG Jiaqi, JIAO Xiaolin

2024, 53(8):  92-98.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.010

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To understand the fungal communities in rotten bulb and cultivated soil of Lilium lancifolium，as well as to explore the mechanism of bulb rot disease occurrence，the cultivable fungi and pathogenic isolates were identified through isolation and cultivation methods. The differences in fungal community between diseased and healthy soil were compared by using Illumina MiSeq high‑throughput sequencing.273 strains were isolated and identified from rotten bulb of Lilium lancifolium，with the dominant genus being Fusarium.Among them，eight genera and 14 species of fungi were found to be pathogenic to Lilium lancifolium bulb.Notably，the relative abundance of Alternaria，Botrytis，Fusarium，Penicillium，and Trametes was higher in diseased soil compared to healthy soil by 0.025，0.006，0.132，0. 078，and 0. 002 percent points，respectively. Moreover，fungal α‑diversity was higher in diseased soil，and β‑diversity analysis confirmed distinct fungal community structures between diseased and healthy soils.Lefse analysis revealed that Cephaliophora，Candida，Chaetomium strumarium，etc.were markers of diseased soil，whereas Leythophora and its species indicated healthy soil.Our findings suggest that the accumulation of pathogenic fungi in the soil，along with shifts in fungal diversity and community structure，might be the key reasons for the development of bulb rot disease in Lilium lancifolium.



Control Effects on Two Pathogenic Fungi of Pepper（Capsicum annuum）by Biological Fungicides

WANG Xiaogang, LUO Donglan, HUANG Tianyu, CAO Sen

2024, 53(8):  99-107.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.011

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To ascertain the efficacy of various biocides as a means of biological control for diseases affecting Guizhou pepper，the pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum were selected as the research subjects，and the inhibitory efficacy of four biocides on the growth of hyphae，the virulence in an indoor environment，their conductivity，and the leakage of nucleic acids were determined.A propidium iodide solution（PI） staining test was carried out to further investigate the effects of the biocides on the cell membranes of the fungi to ascertain their effectiveness.The results demonstrated that among the four biofungicides，0.5% picrasidine aqueous solution exhibited the most significant inhibitory effect on Botrytis cinerea，with a half‑maximum effect concentration（EC₅₀）of 156.675 1 mg/L.This was followed by 10% polymyxin wettable powder，4% kasugamycin aqueous solution and 28% validamycin soluble powder，with EC₅₀ of 598.681 4，1 485.473 9，2 449.178 1 mg/L，respectively. 0.5% picrasidine aqueous solution exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect on Fusarium graminearum，with an EC₅₀ of 162.536 8 mg/L.This was followed by 10% polymyxin wettable powder，28% validamycin soluble powder，and 4% kasugamycin aqueous solution，with EC₅₀ of 577.307 7，1 833.176 6，1 963.849 1 mg/L.The mycelial conductivity of pathogenic fungi increased following biocide treatment，with the absorbance value at OD₂₆₀ of the treated group exhibiting a significantly higher level than that of the control（untreated with biocide）at 8 h（P<0.05）.The results of the PI test indicated that the biocides had an obvious damaging effect on the cell membrane of pathogenic fungi，exerting their inhibitory effect by destroying the integrity of the cell membrane. In conclusion，the results demonstrate that both 0.5% picrasidine aqueous solution and 10% polymyxin wettable powder inhibit the mycelial growth of both Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum.The two biofungicides can be employed as biocontrol agents for pepper diseases caused by Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum.



Horticulture

Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors Related to Cold Stress Response in Phalaenopsis Based on RNA‑sequencing

LIANG Fang, ZHANG Yan, YUAN Xiuyun, KANG Yingying, WU Zheng, XU Shenping

2024, 53(8):  108-117.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.012

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In order to explore the function of MYB transcription factor in the response of cold‑resistant Phalaenopsis to low temperature stress，this research obtained a total of 31 MYB transcription factors with complete ORF from transcriptome library of Phalaenopsis cultivars under low temperature stress，and analyzed their structural domain，physicochemical properties，phylogenetic evolution，and expression characteristics. The results were as follows：there were 19 sequences belonging to R2R3‑MYB，with W（T/‑S/I）X₂EDX₂LX₇GX₃WX₂（L/V/I）X₃（A/T/S）（G/S）LXR（C/T/S）GKSCRLRWXNY of the amino acid arrangement pattern for R2 repeat，and（F/I/M/L）（S/T）X₂EX₃（I/V）（I/L/V）X（L/V）HX₂（L/W）G（N/T）（R/K）‑W（S/A）XIAX₂LPGRTDNE（I/V）KNXW（N/R/H）（T/S/G）of the amino acid arrangement pattern for R3 repeat；there were 12 sequences belonging to 1R‑MYB，with W（S/T）X（E/D）EHX₂FLX（A/G）X₄（G/D）‑（R/K）G0‑1（A/D）W or W（S/T）X（E/K）（Q/E）（N/D）KXFE（R/K）AL（A/V）X₃（E/D）X（T/A）PXRW of the amino acid arrangement pattern for R repeat.All these 31 sequences had a Myb‑DNA‑binding domain.The average relative molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point were 30 288.28 and 7.55 for 31 MYB proteins in Phalaenopsis，respectively；all of them were hydrophobic proteins.MYB transcription factor TRINITY_DN61754_c4_g1 was almost unchanged in Phalaenopsis cultivar Big Chili among the whole process，while the expression level was decreased in the early stage of cold treatment in Phalaenopsis cv.Fuller’s Sunset.The expression level of RINITY_DN74288_c0_g1 was increased obviously at 48 h after cold treatment in Big Chili，however，the level was decreased remarkablely at 24 h after cold stress compared to normal temperature in Fuller’s Sunset.Based on the phylogenetic analysis and functional prediction of MYB transcription factors between in Phalaenopsis equestris and Phalaenopsis cultivars，it is speculated that these two genes may play important roles in response to low temperature stress in Phalaenopsis.



Effects of Different Soil Amendments on Yield and Quality of Mango Fruit

SUN Yahui, ZHENG Zhongbing, ZI Nanhua, SHEN Sihan, CHEN Ping

2024, 53(8):  118-125.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.013

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With Tainong No.1 mango as the test material and routine management（CK）as the control，microbial agents 0.5 kg/plant（T1），2.0 kg/plant（T2），3.5 kg/plant（T3），quicklime 1. 0 kg/plant（T4），1.5 kg/plant（T5），2.0 kg/plant（T6），biochar 4 kg/plant（T7），6 kg/plant（T8），8 kg/plant（T9）were applied to the mango orchard to study the effects of three types of soil amendments，including microbial inoculants，quicklime，and biochar，on the yield and quality of mango fruits.The results showed that all three kinds of soil amendments could increase fruit yield.Compared with the control，all three types of soil amendments could increase the edible rate，hardness，soluble sugar，vitamin C，soluble protein and soluble solids content of mango fruits，and reduce the titratable acid content.After conducting TOPSIS analysis on the fruit yield and quality treated with three types of soil amendments，the performance of each treatment was as follows：T4>T5>T7>T6>T8>T1>T9>T2>T3>CK.According to TOPSIS analysis，the mango fruits treated with the optimal concentrations of three types of soil amendments T4，T7 and T1，were selected for qPCR testing.It was found that all three types of soil amendments could increase the expression of sucrose synthase genes MiSS1，MiSS2 and sucrose phosphate synthase gene MiSPS in mango fruits，which could promote sugar metabolism in mango fruits and improve mango fruit quality.This study showed that treatment with a certain concentration of microbial inoculants，quicklime，and biochar could promote the yield and quality of mango fruit，which further verified the improvement effect of soil amendments on acidic soil in mango orchard.



Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Transcriptional Levels of PD‑1 and Its Ligands and Immunosuppressive Mechanism in Swine Infected with Foot‑and‑Mouth Disease Virus

YUE Feng, ZHOU Juanjuan, ZHU Yanping, GUO Dongguang, XIA Liming, ZHU Yangzhao, WANG Xuannian

2024, 53(8):  126-132.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.014

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This study investigated the mRNA transcription levels of programmed death‑1（PD‑1）and its ligands（PD‑L1，PD‑L2），cytokines［interleukin‑2（IL‑2），interleukin‑10（IL‑10），interferon‑γ（IFN‑γ）］，and proliferation ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells（PBMCs）in pigs infected with foot and mouth disease virus（FMDV） ，to explore the mechanism of the PD‑1/PD‑Ls pathway in the immunosuppressive process induced by FMDV.The results showed that at 3，7，14 and 17 days after infection with FMDV，the transcription level of PD‑1 mRNA significantly or extremely significantly increased，reaching a peak at 7 days after infection，and then gradually decreased.At 3 and 7 days after infection with FMDV，the transcription level of PD‑L1 mRNA extremely significantly increased.At 3 days after infection with FMDV，the transcription level of PD‑L2 mRNA significantly increased.At 3 and 7 days after infection with FMDV，the transcription level of IL‑2 mRNA significantly decreased.At 1 and 3 days after infection with FMDV，the transcription levels of IFN‑γ mRNA extremely significantly decreased.The change trend of transcription levels of IL‑2 and IFN‑γ mRNA showed opposite to those of PD‑1 and its ligands mRNA. At 3，7 and 14 days after infection with FMDV，the transcription level of IL‑10 mRNA significantly or extremely significantly increased，which was consistent with the change trend of the transcription levels of PD‑1 and its ligands mRNA. After infection with FMDV，the viral load of FMDV in the whole blood gradually increased with the progression of infection time，reaching a peak at 7 days after infection，which was generally consistent with the change trend of PD‑1 and its ligand mRNA transcription levels.At 7 days after infection，the proliferation ability of PBMCs obviously decreased.Overall，after FMDV infection，the transcription levels of PD‑1 and its ligands mRNA are upregulated，which is an important pathogenic mechanism for immune suppression caused by FMDV infection.



Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Estimation of Potato SPAD Values Based on Machine Learning and UAV Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

CHEN Yifan, GUO Faxu, FENG Quan

2024, 53(8):  133-144.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.015

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To enable rapid，non‑destructive monitoring of the soil plant analysis development（SPAD）value of field‑grown potatoes，this research employed unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） hyperspectral imaging to construct a quantitative detection model during critical growth phases.UAV hyperspectral imagery captured during the tuber initiation and enlargement stages was processed using mathematical transformations.Characteristic bands correlating with the SPAD value were identified using the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling（CARS），uninformative variable elimination（UVE），and random frog（RF） algorithms. Subsequently，partial least squares regression（PLSR），support vector regression（SVR），and back propagation（BP）neural networks were utilized to formulate models for estimating the potato SPAD values.It was observed that the characteristic bands derived from distinct feature selection algorithms varied slightly，with the CARS algorithm demonstrating efficiency in extracting sensitive spectral features，reducing hyperspectral data dimensions，and enhancing model precision.Compared to models constructed with alternative algorithmic combinations，the 1/R‑CARS‑SVR model displayed superior predictive capabilities，yielding R ²values of 0.88 for the training set and 0.84 for the validation set，and consistent root mean square error（RMSE） values of 0.39 for both.The 1/R‑CARS‑SVR model was utilized to perform point‑by‑point SPAD value computations across the study area，and a detailed inversion map was generated.It was found that SPAD value in tuber expansion stage was generally higher than that in tuber formation stage.This map offered a visual representation of potato growth conditions for managerial decision‑making，contributing to the theoretical framework and methodological approach for the surveillance of potato growth dynamics.



A Maturity Detection Method for Hemerocallis citrina Baroni Based on Improved YOLOv5

SHENG Bin

2024, 53(8):  145-153.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.016

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To unify identification standards and improve the detection accuracy and real‑time performance of mature Hemerocallis citrina Baroni picking，an improved GCS‑BI YOLOv5 image detection algorithm was proposed.Firstly，the Ghost lightweight neural networks were utilized to streamline the model structure and save computational resources.Secondly，in order to pay attention to the image channel information and position information simultaneously，efficient attention mechanisms，namely convolutional block attention module（CBAM）and squeeze‑and‑excitation（SE），were cross‑introduced to improve the image feature perception ability and model convergence speed.Then，a weighted bi‑directional feature pyramid network（BI FPN）was used to fuse the multi‑scale image information and improve the comprehensive detection performance of the model for different targets.The experimental results showed that compared with the original algorithm，the lightweight metrics such as the model volume，network layers，number of parameters，and floating‑point operation of the improved algorithm were reduced by 62.89%，33.12%，63.01%，68.39%，respectively.The performance metrics such as detection accuracy and recall rate were improved by 7.77，6.28 percentage points，respectively.Real‑time detection performance was improved by 33.81 f/s.It can be seen that the improved algorithm has better comprehensive performance and can meet the requirements of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni maturity detection.


Physical Characteristics Changes and Internal Water Migration of Different Types of Peanut during Seed Soaking Process

LI Ping, XIE Yongkang, LI Xingyi, YANG Hui, HAN Junhao, ZHANG Lixia

2024, 53(8):  154-164.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.017

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To reduce the damage rate of seed coat during peanut germination，the suitable soaking time and temperature of different types of peanuts should be explored.The seed soaking characteristics of high oleic acid（YH37），high protein（YH9326）and common（HY38）peanuts at different temperatures（25℃ and 31℃）and soaking time（0，3，6，9，12 h）were investigated.The water phase state and migration of seeds were dynamically monitored by the low field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology，and the physical characteristics and water absorption dynamics of different types of peanut seeds during seed soaking were clarified.The results showed that the mass and volume increase rate，moisture content increase rate and total signal amplitude of the three types of peanut seeds were significantly positively correlated with peanut soaking time and temperature（P<0.05）.The ratio of protein to high protein standard（P/P _standard）（1.37）of YH9326 was the highest，and its mass gain rate（58.91%）was the highest after soaking at 25℃ for 12 h，which was not significantly different from that at 31℃.The increase rates of moisture content of seeds soaked at 25℃ for 3 h and 6 h were 22% and 6% lower than that at 31℃.At the two temperatures，the increase rate of unbound water signal amplitude at 12 h was significantly higher than that at 9 h，indicating that the seeds were absorbing water constantly. Compared with 31℃，the increase rate of signal amplitude of total water and bound water at 25℃ for 3 h increased by 42% and 10.0 times，respectively.The ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid（OA/LA）（1.30）of HY38 was the lowest.At 31℃，the volume increase rate after 3 h，6 h and 9 h of soaking increased significantly by 8%，17% and 25% compared with that at 25℃，respectively.The increase rate of moisture content after soaking for 9 h was 20% higher than that at 25℃.The increase rate of bound water signal amplitude decreased by 35% and 29% after 3 h and 6 h of soaking，respectively，compared with 25℃，but the increase rate of non‑bound water signal amplitude increased by 99% and 55%，which were not significantly different after soaking at 31°C for 6 h and 9 h.The high oleic acid peanut YH37 displayed the highest oleic acid to linoleic acid ratio（OA/LA）（11.1），with the highest volume increase rate（46.13%）in three peanut cultivars after 3 h of soaking at 25℃ .The increase rate of non‑bound water signal amplitude decreased by 13% and 9%，respectively，compared with that at 31℃ for 3 h and 6 h.In contrast，the increase rate of bound water signal amplitude significantly increased by 3.5 times and 1.3 times.Soak seeds At 25℃，the non‑bound water signal amplitude increase rate of YH37 and YH9326 showed continuous water absorption up to 12 h of soaking，with no significant difference at 6 h and 9 h.In summary，high protein peanut YH9326 and high oleic acid peanut YH37 are suitable for seed soaking at 25℃ for 6 h to complete initial rapid swelling and water absorption，while common peanut HY38 should be soaked at 31℃ for 6 h for the same.


Analysis of Separation Products from Alcohol‑Soluble Extract of Burley Tobacco by Different Apertures of Membrane and Cigarette#br# Flavoring Evaluation

ZHANG Bo, WANG Xinhui, KONG Bo, WANG Zhiguo, LI Ruili, LIANG Miao, ZHANG Junsong

2024, 53(8):  165-172.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.018

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In order to study the effect of alcohol‑soluble extract of burley tobacco with different molecular weight on cigarette flavorings，ultrafiltration membrane with different pore sizes（3.5 ku，7 ku，8—14 ku and 25 ku） was used to separate the alcohol‑soluble extract of burley tobacco，the volatile aroma components of alcohol‑soluble extract and membrane separation products of tobacco were analyzed by gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS），and the membrane separation products were evaluated for cigarette flavoring.The results showed that a total of 53 volatile aroma components were identified by GC‑MS. Among them，the total volatile component content of 8—14 ku membrane separation products was the highest（113.75 mg/g），and the composition kinds was the highest（38 kinds）.A comprehensive evaluation model of aroma quality was established by principal component analysis.The quality of 8—14 ku membrane separation products was the best，followed by 7 ku membrane separation products，and alcohol‑soluble extract was the lowest.The results of sensory evaluation showed that 8—14 ku membrane separation products had the best aroma enhancement effect，which could reduce irritation and impurity，and improve aftertaste；Followed by 7 ku membrane separation products，which had less impurity and irritation，more comfortable aftertaste；Alcohol‑soluble extract and 3.5 ku membrane separation products had the lowest sensory evaluation scores.In summary，the optimal group of alcohol‑soluble extract of burley tobacco suitable for cigarette flavoring is 8—14 ku membrane separation products.



Extrusion Degradation and Structural Characterization of Lignocellulose in Spent Lentinus edodes Substrate

LIU Lina, CUI Guomei, LI Shunfeng, XU Fangfang, TIAN Guangrui, JI Mufeng, WEI Shuxin, WANG Anjian

2024, 53(8):  173-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.019

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In order to develop a new processing method of spent Lentinus edodes substrate and promote its efficient conversion and utilization，spent Lentinus edodes substrate was taken as the material，and the lignocellulose content，lignocellulose functional groups，relative crystallinity of cellulose and fiber morphology of spent Lentinus edodes substrate after extrusion treatment were analyzed by Van Soest method，FTIR，X‑ray diffraction method and optical microscopic imaging. Results showed that the degradation degree of lignocellulose components was different after extrusion treatment.After the 40%
water extrusion and 50% water extrusion，the lignocellulose content decreased by 13.863% and 11.264% respectively，the cellulose content decreased by 19.003% and 16.630% respectively，the holocellulose content decreased by 17.357% and 11.343% respectively，and the lignin content decreased by 6.574% and 11.099% respectively.The cellulose showed a faster degradation rate than hemicellulose and lignin.Compared with 50% water extrusion，the 40% water extrusion had more
significant degradation effect on hemicellulose and holocellulose.The degradation rates were increased by 12.131% and 6.783%，respectively.FTIR showed that the main absorption peaks position of the lignocellulose infrared spectral characteristic functional groups did not change，but the characteristics and intensity changed.It indicated that the extrusion treatment had a degradation effect on the components of lignocellulose，and the hemicellulose was more likely to degrade under low moisture conditions，which was consistent with the extrusion degradation of lignocellulose components.The spent Lentinus edodes substrate before and after extrusion had typical cellulose X‑ray diffraction characteristics，the crystalline region of cellulose was destroyed after extrusion，and the relative crystallinity of cellulose decreased by 21.10% and 18.00% after the 40% water extrusion and 50% water extrusion，respectively.The fiber length，width and length‑width ratio showed a decreasing trend.Observed by the microscope，the cellulose wall and inner lumen were further destroyed after extrusion，and the sheet structure of bulky state increased significantly.Therefore，the extrusion treatment could effectively degrade the lignocellulose of spent Lentinus edodes substrate，destroy its biomass structure，and change the infrared spectrum absorption peak，cellulose crystallinity and fiber morphology. Among them，the 40% water extrusion was better in degradation effect.