Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Contents

2024, 53(6): 0.

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Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Application on Accumulation and Distribution of Mineral Elements in Plant of Maize Varieties with Different Zinc Efficiency

ZHANG Panpan, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, MU Weilin, GUO Hanxiao, ZHOU Yanli, CHENG Zeqiang

2024, 53(6): 1-10. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.001

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With Zhengdan 958(ZD958)with high zinc(Zn)efficiency and Longping 638(LP638)with Zn insensitivity as materials,the field plot experiment was conducted with three nitrogen(N)rates[90 kg/ha(LN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 225 kg/ha(HN)]and two foliar Zn treatments[no Zn(F0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(F1)]to analyze the effects of N and Zn application on content,accumulation and distribution of mineral elements in plant and grain yield of maize,so as to provide reference for N and Zn application in the maize production.The results showed that the highest copper(Cu)and Zn content in grain was found under MN treatment,with 1.82 mg/kg and 16.23 mg/kg,respectively.F1 treatment could increase the contents of N and Zn and Zn availability.The accumulation of N,phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)in plant was the highest in LP638 under MNF1 treatment;The highest accumulation of Cu and Zn was found in ZD958 under LNF1 treatment,while the highest accumulation of manganese(Mn)and iron(Fe)under HNF1 treatment.The highest proportion of N,P and Cu in grain was obtained in LP638 under HNF1 treatment;The higher proportion of Zn was found in ZD958 under HNF0 and LNF0 treatments.HN treatment had the highest grain yield with an average of 10.31 t/ha,followed by MN treatment,and LN treatment was the lowest.There was significantly positive correlation between P content and Mn content in grain of two varieties;K content was significantly positively correlated with Fe content and Zn content,but significantly negatively correlated with Cu content in LP638.To sum up,180 kg/ha N and spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can increase Zn availability and accumulation of mineral elements in maize grain，promote the synchronous improvement of yield and mineral nutrition,and can be promoted in maize field production.

Relationship between Dough Stickness and Wheat Gliadin Composition Based on RP‑HPLC

CAO Yingni, WANG Junyan, XIN Yujie, ZHAO Guanghua, FENG Dan, HU Weiguo, PEI Jinhua, WANG Hongqi, YIN Haiyan, LIU Dongmei, WANG Yun, ZHENG Jia, CAO Cheng, LIU Jihong

2024, 53(6): 11-17. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.002

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To establish a method for rapid identification of dough stickness with a small sample size,74 wheat varieties(lines) from regional trials in Henan Province were used as materials,the gliadin characteristic maps of wheat materials with different stickness grades were separated by reverse high‑performance liquid chromatography(RP‑HPLC),and the correlations among dough stickness,gliadin components and flour quality traits were analyzed.The results indicated that the three components of ω‑，α/β‑ and γ‑gliadin were clearly visible on the map after RP‑HPLC separation,and the different gliadin characteristic maps of wheat materials with different stickness grades were obtained.The number of component peaks of ω‑gliadin were more in wheat with higher dough stickness,and the total peak area was larger.The relative content of ω‑gliadin was significantly different among different dough stickness grades.The correlation analysis results showed that the dough stickness was significantly positively correlated with relative content of ω‑gliadin,but not significantly correlated with relative contents of α/β‑and γ‑gliadin;there was extremely significantly negative correlation between relative content of ω‑gliadin and sedimentation value,formation time,stability time,energy,resistance and maximum resistance,significantly positive correlation with protein content and wet gluten content,and extremely significantly positive correlation with degree of softening；there was extremely significantly positive correlation between relative content of α/β‑gliadin and protein content,wet gluten content;there was no significant correlation between relative content of γ‑gliadin content and wheat quality factors.Thus,dough stickiness is mainly related to the relative content of ω‑gliadin,and ω‑gliadin has a weakening effect on dough quality.

Effect of MWCNTs‑COOH on Growth of Wheat Seedlings under Drought Stress

HAN Jinling, ZHONG Tingwei, YANG Qing, ZHAO Xiaoli, YANG Min, WANG Xiuping

2024, 53(6): 18-26. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.003

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10%PEG was used to simulate drought stress，ultrapure water and 10% PEG solution treatments were used as non‑drought treatment control(CK1)and drought treatment control(CK2),and the effects of different concentrations of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs‑COOH;10,20,40,80,160,320 mg/L)on the growth of wheat seedlings under drought stress were studied,so as to provide a theoretical basis and new approach for alleviating wheat drought stress.The results showed that with the increase of MWCNTs‑COOH concentration,the wheat seedling height,fresh shoot weight,dry shoot weight,maximum root length,fresh root weight and dry root weight all first increased and then decreased under drought stress.The highest values were observed in the treatment with 160 mg/L MWCNTs‑COOH.Compared with CK2,the treatment of 10—160 mg/L MWCNTs‑COOH increased wheat seedling height,maximum root length,fresh shoot weight,dry shoot weight,fresh root weight and dry root weight under drought stress,promoting wheat growth,and the promoting effect on roots was higher than that on shoots;320 mg/L MWCNTs‑COOH treatment reduced seedling height,fresh shoot weight and dry shoot weight under drought stress,and inhibited wheat growth.Analysis of physiological and biochemical indicators of wheat leaves and root activity showed that compared with CK2,the treatment with 160 mg/L MWCNTs‑COOH increased the water content，relative water content,proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity of wheat leaves,decreased water saturation deficit and malonaldehyde content,and enhanced root activity.High concentration of MWCNTs‑COOH(320 mg/L)led to the opposite development of various indicator values,and increased stress levels.The results indicated that low concentration of MWCNTs‑COOH treatment could induce drought tolerance of seedlings by maintaining leaf water content and activating plant defense systems.In summary,appropriate concentrations of MWCNTs‑COOH(10—160 mg/L)can promote the growth of wheat seedlings under drought stress,enhance drought resistance,and 160 mg/L MWCNTs‑COOH treatment has the best effect;High concentration of MWCNTs‑COOH(320 mg/L) has toxic effects on wheat seedlings under drought stress.

Effect of Optimal Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer on Eating and Nutritional Quality of Superior and Inferior Grains of Dry Direct‑Sowing Rice in Wheat‑Rice Rotation Cropping District

LIU Qihua, SUN Zhaowen, YIN Xiubo, ZHENG Chongke

2024, 53(6): 27-36. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.004

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The effect of optimal reduction of chemical fertilizer[F1(N 280 kg/ha,P₂O₅ 108 kg/ha,K₂O 135 kg/ha),F2(N 210 kg/ha,P₂O₅ 81 kg/ha,K₂O 135 kg/ha),F3(N 140 kg/ha,P₂O₅ 54 kg/ha,K₂O 135 kg/ha)]on eating and nutritional quality of superior and inferior grains of dry direct‑sowing rice was studied in wheat‑rice rotation cropping district,with conventional fertilization(F0:N 350 kg/ha,P₂O₅135 kg/ha,K₂O 135 kg/ha)as control,so as to provide reference for high quality and high yield fertilization management of direct‑sowing rice.The results showed that optimal reduction of chemical fertilizer generally significantly enhanced the breakdown and peak viscosity of superior and inferior grains of dry direct‑sowing rice,improving eating quality.Compared with F0 treatment,the breakdown of superior grains of F1,F2 and F3 treatments significantly increased by 8.35%，7.65% and 9.78%,respectively,the value of breakdown of inferior grains of F1 and F3 treatments significantly enhanced by 13.25% and 11.13%,respectively. Generally,optimal reduction of chemical fertilizer significantly decreased the contents of histidine(His),proline(Pro)and Mn in superior and inferior grains,but enhanced the tyrosine(Tyr),arginine(Arg)and lysine(Lys)contents in superior and inferior grains and contents of Cu and Zn in inferior grains.In addition,the Fe content in inferior grains was significantly increased by F1 treatment,and the Fe and Cu contents in superior grains and Ca content in superior and inferior grains were significantly increased by F2 treatment. Compared with F0 treatment,the Tyr content in superior grains of F1,F2 and F3 treatments significantly enhanced by 100.28%，44.76% and 41.08%,respectively,and that in inferior grains of F1,F2 and F3 treatments significantly increased by 85.21%,61.64% and 22.47%,respectively;the Lys content in superior grains of F1,F2 and F3 treatments significantly enhanced by 28.87%,27.32% and 70.62%,respectively,and that in inferior grains of F1 and F3 treatments significantly increased by 27.23% and 39.44%,respectively;the Arg content in superior and inferior grains of F1,F2 and F3 treatments significantly increased by 6.54%,1.84%,2.18% and 32.83%,33.59%,23.02%,respectively.Compared with F0 treatment,the Fe content in inferior grains of F1 treatment significantly increased by 27.16%,Zn content in inferior grains of F1,F2 and F3 treatments significantly enhanced by 18.86%，6.56% and 3.39%,respectively,Cu content in inferior grains of F1,F2 and F3 treatments significantly increased by 2.49%,2.95% and 3.11%,respectively.In summary,optimal reduction of chemical fertilizer enhances eating quality,improves nutritional quality of superior and inferior grains of dry direct‑sowing rice,and F1 treatment is the best.

Effects of Different Growth‑Promoting Fungal Fertilizers on Aroma Components，Sensory Quality and Soil Properties of Flue‑cured Tobacco

YE Zhihui, SHAO Xinguang, ZHAO Xiaozhong

2024, 53(6): 37-48. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.005

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With Yunyan 87 as the test material,a field cultivation experiment was set up，and on the basis of conventional fertilization(CK),symbiotic Richoderma harzianum(Rh),internal and external symbiotic Funneliformis mosseae(Fm),endophytic Beauveria bassiana(Bb)and their combined treatments(RF,RB,FB,RFB)were applied to explore the effects of different growth‑promoting fungi on aroma components，sensory quality and soil properties of flue‑cured tobacco,to provide some reference for the application of growth‑promoting fungal fertilizer in flue‑cured tobacco production.The results showed that the inoculation and combined application of different growth‑promoting fungi had positive effects on the total amount of non‑volatile organic acids，neutral aroma components,sensory quality and soil properties of flue‑cured tobacco.Compared with CK,the soil microbial respiration rate of related inoculation treatments(Rh,Fm,Bb,RF,RB,FB,RFB)was significantly increased by 87.93%—186.21%,and other soil indexes(the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,exchangeable calcium,exchangeable magnesium and exchangeable iron)were better in multi‑inoculation treatments(RF,RB,FB,RFB).The contents of non‑volatile organic acids(succinic acid,fumaric acid,oxalic acid,citric acid,malic acid)and neutral aroma components(aromatic amino acids,browning products,plastid pigments,cembranoids)were higher in multi‑inoculation treatments(RF,FB,RFB)containing Funneliformis mosseae.In the sensory quality,the difference of the total score of each treatment was small,but the aroma quality,aroma quantity,strength and flammability of the inoculated treatments were better.Furthermore,correlation analysis showed that soil exchangeable calcium,magnesium,iron contents were closely related to aroma components and sensory quality of flue‑cured tobacco.Principal component analysis showed that FB treament was the most conducive to improving the total amount of non‑volatile organic acids,neutral aroma components and sensory quality.In summary,the combination of Funneliformis mosseae and Beauveria bassiana was the best treatment,which could improve the quality of flue‑cured tobacco by promoting soil ion exchange performance.

Effects of Increasing Boll Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Characteristics，Autumn Boll Development and Yield of Chemically Capped Cotton

HU Haoran, DUAN Songjiang, ZHANG Chengjie, WU Yifan, ZHANG Jusong, GUO Rensong

2024, 53(6): 49-57. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.006

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Chemical topping accelerates the aging process of cotton,leading to insufficient nutrient supply,affecting the proper development of top cotton bolls,resulting in reduced boll formation,fewer bolls,and lower boll weight,ultimately impacting yield.To address this issue,using J206‑5 as the experimental material,a split‑plot design was employed with the main plot containing two additional urea treatments during the boll stage[0 kg/ha(N0)and 150 kg/ha(N1)],and the sub‑plot containing four foliar fertilization treatments during the boll stage[no foliar spray(F0)and spraying 1% potassium sulfate(F1),0.1% borate(F2),0.3% monopotassium phosphate(F3)],totaling eight treatments.The study aimed to investigate the impact of additional boll fertilizer under chemical topping conditions on cotton photosynthetic capacity,boll development,and yield formation.Results indicated that the functional leaf SPAD value peaked at 21 days after boll fertilizer application,with N1F3 treatment showing the highest SPAD value among all treatments,increasing by 15.02% compared to N0F0.After 21 days of applying boll fertilizer,at N0 level,Pn values of F3,F1,and F2 treatments increased significantly by 20.72%,17.71%,and 14.42%,respectively,compared to F0 treatment;at N1 level,F3 and F1 treatments showed significant increases of 20.00% and 11.81%,respectively,over F0 treatment. Boll length and volume after applying boll fertilizer were higher than N0F0 treatment,and the differences were significant in boll length except for N0F2 treatment.Under the same nitrogen level,seed and fiber dry mass of F1—F3 treatments were higher than F0 treatment;at N0 level,seed and fiber dry mass of F1 and F3 treatments increased significantly by 31.43%,25.53%,and 38.57%,35.46%,respectively;at N1 level,seed dry mass increased significantly by 32.92%,17.39%,37.89% for F1—F3 treatments,while fiber dry mass increased by 23.81% and 32.65% for F1 and F3 treatments,respectively,compared to F0 treatment.Individual boll weight and seed cotton yield of all boll fertilizer treatments were higher than N0F0 treatment,with N1F3 treatment showing the highest individual boll weight(6.18 g),a significant increase of 14.44% over N0F0 treatment;except N0F2,N1F0,and N1F2 treatments,seed cotton yield of all other treatments was significantly higher than N0F0 treatment,with N1F3 treatment showing the highest seed cotton yield of 7 273.35 kg/ha,and a significant increase of 30.20% over N0F0 treatment.In conclusion,based on cotton chemical topping and nitrogen application at the conventional levels of 300—375 kg/ha in southern Xinjiang,it is recommended to apply 150 kg/ha of urea along with foliar spraying of 0.3% monopotassium phosphate during the boll stage to enhance cotton′s photosynthetic capacity,facilitate the accumulation of boll biomass,increase the number and quality of cotton bolls,thereby enhancing cotton yield.

Effects of Corn Straw on Heavy Metals Release and Bioavailability in Coal Gangue

XU Xiuyue, WANG Ningning, DONG Huilin, WANG Jie, WEI Rongguai, WANG Kewei

2024, 53(6): 58-66. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.007

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In order to study the effect of straw on the release and bioavailability of heavy metals in coal gangue,different proportions(0%,1%,2%,5%,10%)of corn straw were added to coal gangue to study their effects on the release and forms of heavy metals such as iron(Fe),manganese(Mn),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),lead(Pb),and cadmium(Cd)in coal gangue.The results showed that the addition of corn straw promoted the rapid release of Fe and Mn in coal gangue,and the higher the proportion of straw addition,the higher the concentration of Fe and Mn in the leachate.At the end of the experiment(180 days of straw decomposition),the concentration of Fe and Mn in the treatment group with 10% straw addition reached 459.30 mg/L and 47.30 mg/L,respectively.The addition of corn straw overall promoted the release of Cu and Zn in coal gangue,inhibited the dissolution of Pb in coal gangue,but had no significant effect on the dissolution of Cd.Overall,the addition of straw promoted the transformation of Fe and Mn from reducible to exchangeable and oxidizable states in coal gangue,and the transformation of Cu from exchangeable and reducible states to oxidizable state,resulting in the transformation of Zn from reducible to exchangeable states.The heavy metal RAC risk assessment results showed that the proportion of active forms in each heavy metal was in the order of Mn>Zn>Cu>Fe>Cd>Pb.The addition of straw increased the proportion of Mn and Zn activity in coal gangue,and the treatment group with a straw addition of 5% had the lowest proportion of Cu and Cd activity in coal gangue.In summary,the addition of 5% corn straw has a fixing effect on Cu,Pb,and Cd in coal gangue,but it also activates Mn and Zn in coal gangue.When using corn straw for remediation and improvement of coal gangue,attention should be paid to the changes in Mn and Zn activity in coal gangue to prevent secondary pollution to the environment.

Effects of PGPR on Arsenic Accumulation and Physiological Characteristics of Aquatic Plants under Arsenic Stress

LI Yuanyuan, ZHANG Wenjing, LI Nan

2024, 53(6): 67-78. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.008

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To investigate the enrichment and physiological response of arsenic(As) in heavy metal polluted water by a combination of aquatic plants such as Phragmites australis,Juncus effusus,and root growth‑promoting bacteria(PGPR),a total of 24 treatments were simulated with water arsenic concentrations(0,5,15,30 mg/L)and PGPR strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens(Pf),Bacillus velezensis(Bv),and no strain(control,CK)added.The results showed that low concentrations of arsenic had a promoting effect on the growth of P.australis and J.effusus,while high concentrations inhibited it.Adding PGPR could increase the height and biomass of P.australis and J.effusus,increased chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,improved the root configuration and vitality of P.australis and J.effusus,increased nitrogen absorption by plant aboveground and root systems,and enhanced the ability of root systems to accumulate arsenic.At the arsenic concentration of 5 mg/L,compared with CK,the height,biomass,root nitrogen uptake,and aboveground nitrogen uptake of P.australis treated with Pf increased by 54.6%,38.5%,11.5%,and 48.4%,respectively.The total chlorophyll content increased by 23.4%,and the maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm)and potential activity(Fv/Fo)of PSⅡ increased by 6.7% and 20.6%,respectively.The total length,total projected area,total volume,and root tips number of roots increased by 4.8%,19.3%,27.4% and 14.8% respectively.The height,biomass,root nitrogen uptake,total chlorophyll content,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and root configuration parameters of P.australis treated with Bv also showed varying degrees of improvement.At the arsenic concentration of 5 mg/L,compared with CK,the height,biomass,chlorophyll content,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and root system configuration of J.effusus treated with Pf and Bv addition were also improved.At the arsenic concentration of 30 mg/L,the arsenic content in the aboveground and root parts of P.australis treated with Pf reached its maximum value,up to 126.1 and 432.1 mg/kg,respectively.The conclusion is that P.australis+Pf has the best absorption and enrichment effect on arsenic,and could be applied to the ecological restoration of heavy metal arsenic polluted water bodies.

Rapid Detection of Three Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Using Colloidal Gold Immunoassay

WEI Maoqiong, WANG Li, LAN Shanshan, LIU Zhenhuan, SHA Lingjie, LIN Xin, LI Jun, PU Yali, LIU Hongcheng

2024, 53(6): 79-90. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.009

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Rapid test strips for the detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were developed based on colloidal gold immunochromatography,and its application effect in the detection of garlic and cabbage was evaluated.The test strips for rapid detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were established by preparation of colloidal gold by reduction with trisodium citrate,with the monoclonal antibodies of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran labeled with colloidal gold particles as the detection probes,nitrocellulose membrane as the solid‑phase carrier,imidacloprid‑BSA,profenofos‑BSA and carbofuran‑BSA conjugate as the detection lines,and goat anti‑mouse IgG antibody as the control line.The parameter conditions,including gold‑labeled antibody usage,concentrations of antibody for labeling,and concentration of the coating antigen were optimized. Under the optimal condition,the sensitivity,specificity and stability,as well as the accuracy of the test strips were evaluated.With optimization of sample extraction,the test strips were employed for the detection of pesticides in two vegetable samples by negative detection and addition of standardized pesticide products.The results showed that in the optimized process parameters，the concentrations of colloidal gold labeled antibody of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 9.6,8.4,9.6 μg/mL,respectively,the concentrations of the antigens coated were all 0.3 mg/mL,and the detection time was about 15 min.The limits of detection of imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran were 20,3 000,and 20 ng/mL,which were in compliance with the limits of the national standard for the two kinds of vegetables.There was no cross‑reactivity and good specificity in the detection of other drugs with similar function and structure as imidacloprid,profenofos and carbofuran.The most suitable extractants for carbofuran and imidacloprid pesticides were 4 mL of ethyl acetate and 4 mL of methanol,respectively,with a sample size of 2 g and a supernatant of 3 mL;for profenofos pesticide,the most suitable extractant was 9 mL of ethyl acetate,with a sample size of 3 g and a supernatant of 8 mL,and the supernatant was dried with nitrogen gas.The detection results of 50 negative and spiked samples of vegetables showed a false positive rate of 6% and a false negative rate of 0.It can be seen that the developed test strips are suitable for on‑site rapid detection of garlic and cabbage as well as screening of a large number of samples in grass‑roots laboratories,and can provide an effective regulatory tool for the control of pesticide residues in garlic and cabbage.

The Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Nysius inconspicuus

LIN Xingyu, XI Yuqiang, SONG Nan, YIN Xinming

2024, 53(6): 91-99. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.010

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To explore the mitochondrial genome structure of Nysius inconspicuus and the phylogeny of Lygaeidae,we newly sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of N.inconspicuus using next‑generation sequencing methods. In phylogenetic analyses，we selected 14 representative species of Lygaeidae as ingroups. One species of Geocoridae was used as outgroup.We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods.The results indicated that the mitochondrial genome of N.inconspicuus encompassed 37 genes(13 protein‑coding genes,22 transfer RNA genes，and 2 ribosomal RNA genes)along with 1 non‑coding control region,spanning a total length of 14 893 bp(GenBank accession number:OR099699).In the mitochondrialgenome of N.inconspicuus，the start codons of protein‑coding genes were TTG for cox1 and nad6,AAC for nad4l,while the remaining protein‑coding genes began with ATN.As for the stop codons,cox1,cox2,nad3,and nad1 ended with an incomplete T,whereas the rest of protein‑coding genes terminated with TAA.In addition，based on three different data matrices,we employed two phylogenetic analysis methods,resulting in largely consistent phylogenetic trees.

Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on the Photosynthesis，ASA‑GSH Cycle，and Hormone Changes of Malus‘Royalty’under Drought Stress

YANG Yan, XIAO Bin

2024, 53(6): 100-110. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.011

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To investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin(MT)on the growth status,photosynthesis,hormone metabolism,and ASA‑GSH cycle physiology of Malus‘Royalty’under drought stress,under potted conditions,normal water(CK),drought stress(DS),and six concentrations of melatonin(50,100,150,200,250,300 mg/kg,denoted as MT₁,MT₂,MT₃,MT₄,MT₅,and MT6)under drought stress were designed,for a total of eight treatments.The effects of different concentrations of melatonin treatment on the growth,chlorophyll content,photosynthetic parameters,hormone metabolism,enzyme activity and antioxidant content in the ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’under drought stress were analyzed.Compared with DS treatment,the plant height,basal diameter,total dry weight,total root volume,and average root diameter under DS+MT3 treatment increased by 54.7%,20.0%,143.2%,33.5%,and 6.9%,respectively.The content of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,and carotenoids increased by 20.5%,115.7%,and 83.0%,respectively.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),and water use efficiency(WUE) in the photosynthetic parameters increased by 51.8%,110.9%,55.5%,and 96.6%,respectively,and Pn returned to the CK level.The intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(Ci)and stomatal limitation value(Ls)decreased by 43.3% and 57.0%,respectively.Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ and Fv′/Fm′ increased by 5.4%,61.8%,171.6%,and 168.7%,respectively.The activities of ascorbate peroxidase(APX),dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR),monodehydroascorbate reductase(MDHAR),and glutathione reductase(GR)in the ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’increased by 168.3%,90.4%,167.2%,and 126.0%,respectively.The content of ascorbic acid(ASA),glutathione(GSH),ascorbic acid/dehydroascorbic acid(ASA/DHA),and reduced/oxidized glutathione(GSH/GSSG)increased by 102.5%,67.5%,129.8%,and 342.1%,respectively.The content of auxin(IAA),gibberellin(GA),and zeatin nucleoside(ZR)increased by 26.2%,24.6%and 89.3%,respectively,while the content of abscisic acid(ABA)decreased by 49.0%.Under drought stress,the growth parameters,photosynthesis,and ASA‑GSH cycle of Malus‘Royalty’are inhibited,and the hormone balance is disrupted.Spraying different concentrations of melatonin on leaves can regulate the metabolism level of endogenous hormones,improve photosynthesis,enhance the activity of related enzymes and antioxidant content in the ASA‑GSH cycle,promote the synthesis and cumulation of photosynthetic pigments，improve chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and thereby increase plant biomass and enhance the drought resistance of Malus‘Royalty’.Foliar spraying of 150 mg/kg of melatonin has the best drought resistance effect on Malus‘Royalty’.

Anatomical Structure and Stress Resistance Evaluation of Leaves of Rhododendron L.in the Shergyla Mountain

GUO Wenwen, ZHUO Mecao, HAN Jiahua, FANG Jiangping

2024, 53(6): 111-119. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.012

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Research on the variations in anatomical structure among different species of Rhododendron L.and environmental response strategies can offer fundamental data for the investigation of plant adaptive evolution.The paraffin sealing technique was used to examine the difference and stress resistance of each anatomical structure in five different species of Rhododendron L.found in the Shergyla Mountain.The results showed that,five Rhododendron L.species exhibited typical ectopic leaves,made up of three parts:mesophyll,epidermis and veins.Significant differences were observed among the species in terms of leaf thickness(L_LT),upper cuticle thickness(L_UCT),upper epidermis thickness(L_UET),palisade tissue thickness(LPMT),spongy tissue thickness(L_SMT),and tightness of leaf palisade tissue(L_PMT/LT)(P<0.05).Principal component analysis results showed that the stress resistance of the leaf anatomical structure of the five species of Rhododendron L.could be assessed using lower epidermal thickness(L_LET),L_SMT,L_PMT/LT,palisade tissue and spongy tissue ratio(L_PMT/SMT),and protrusion of the main vein(LMPD).The stress resistance of the five species of Rhododendron L.was arranged as follows:Rhododendron nivale(RNH)>Rhododendron wardii(RWW)>Rhododendron bulu(RBH)>Rhododendron nyingchiense(RNR)>Rhododendron aganniphum(RAB).In summary,RNH shows strong resistance and can be utilized in the selection of Rhododendron varieties.

Cloning and Functional Analysis of Phosphate Transporter SlPT2 Promoter from Solanum lycopersicum

WANG Jiayin, ZHANG Yunyi, XUE Tingting, YAN Pinyue, ZHU Shu, LI Wenjing

2024, 53(6): 120-127. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.013

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To study the function and activity of the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)phosphate transporter SlPT2 promoter，tomato variety of Micro‑Tom was used as experimental materials,the real‑time quantitative PCR was performed to determine the expression pattern of SlPT2 gene,and the sequence of SlPT2 promoter(pSlPT2)was cloned using PCR technology.The cis‑acting elements inside pSlPT2 were analyzed through the online promoter analysis websites Plant Care and New Place.The plant expression vector p1300GN‑pSlPT2 was constructed using homologous recombination method and transformed into Arabidopsis.The expression patterns and activities of pSlPT2 were studied by using GUS histochemical staining.The real‑time quantitative PCR results showed that SlPT2 was expressed mainly in tomato roots;Plant Care and New Place analysis showed that pSlPT2(1 801 bp)not only contained the core promoter elements such as CAAT‑Box and TATA‑Box,but also contained root‑specific expression elements (ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1,RAV1AAT,OSE1ROOTNODULE),light response elements(Box 4,G‑Box,TCT‑motif),and CGTCA‑motif,ABRE,O2‑site involved in methyl jasmonate reaction,abscisic acid reaction,regulation of zein metabolism respectively.GUS histochemical staining showed that the SlPT2 promoter drove GUS gene expression in roots of Arabidopsis specifically,which indicated that SlPT2 promoter was a root specific promoter.

Optimization of Solid‑State Fermentation Process of Artemisia argyi and Its Inhibitory Effect on PRRSV

LI Peng, WANG Junru, FENG Lili, WANG Huajian, AN Na, LEI Mengyao, ZHENG Hongshuang, WANG Liping, LIU Xingyou

2024, 53(6): 128-137. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.014

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In order to study the inhibitory effect of Artemisia argyi as feed additive on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),the probiotic strains suitable for solid‑state fermentation of Artemisia argyi were screened,the fermentation process was optimized，and the changes of effective components and antiviral effect were studied.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)were used as the detection indexes,and Pediococcus acidilactici was screened out as the probiotic strain suitable for the solid‑state fermentation of Artemisia argyi.With the number of viable bacteria of Pediococcus acidilactici as the index,the solid‑state fermentation process of Artemisia argyi was optimized by single factor test and response surface analysis,and the components and cytotoxicity of the solid‑state fermentation products of Artemisia argyi were determined.The results showed that the optimum solid‑state fermentation process of Artemisia argyi was as follows:The material‑water ratio was 1∶0.95,the inoculation amount was 7%,the fermentation time was 41 h,and the temperature was 28.6℃.After solid‑state fermentation,the total flavonoids content of Artemisia argyi increased by 15.3%,the total polyphenols content increased by 22.4%,the total polysaccharides content decreased by 38.1%,the crude fiber content decreased by 1.69 percentage points,and the cytotoxicity decreased by 50%.The extracts of Artemisia argyi before and after solid‑state fermentation were added to Marc145 cells infected with PRRSV.After 72 h,the proliferation of PRRSV was detected by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay(IPMA)and real‑time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR).When the concentration of Artemisia argyi was 0.625—1.25 mg/mL,the inhibitory effect of solid‑state fermentation group on PRRSV was higher than that of non‑fermentation group，and the viral load decreased from 9.24×10⁶ copies/μL to 7.90×10³ copies/μL.The above results showed that the active ingredients were fully released and the antiviral effect was enhanced after solid‑state fermentation of Artemisia argyi.

Determination and Comparative Analysis of Meat Quality of Breast Muscle and Leg Muscle of Zhijin White Goose of Different Sex

ZHAO Zhonglong, HE Changqing, YANG Hong, YANG Yuanqing, WANG Zhiwei, AI Zhaobi, YE Li, ZHU Ying, ZHANG Yong

2024, 53(6): 138-143. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.015 收

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In order to study the effect of gender on the breast muscle and leg muscle quality of Zhijin white geese,40 healthy 10‑week‑old Zhijin white geese(25 male geese,15 female geese)with similar body weight were randomly selected for slaughter,and the color,pH value,shearing force and water loss rate of breast muscle and leg muscle were measured and analyzed.The moisture,crude protein,crude fat,amino acid,fatty acid,vitamin,iron,copper,zinc and other indexes of breast muscle were determined and analyzed.The results showed that the pH value and water loss rate of breast muscle and leg muscle of male and female geese were not significantly different(P>0.05),and the shearing force of leg muscle of male and female geese was significantly higher than breast muscle(P<0.01).The yellowness and redness of leg muscle of male geese were significantly higher than breast muscle(P<0.01)and the brightness of leg muscle was significantly higher than breast muscle(P<0.05).The yellowness of leg muscle of female geese was significantly higher than breast muscle(P<0.01).The content of vitamin A in breast muscle of male geese was significantly higher than female geese(P<0.05),the content of magnesium in breast muscle of female geese was significantly higher than male geese(P<0.01),but there was no significant difference in other indexes.In summary,gender has an effect on the muscle quality of breast muscle and leg muscle of 10‑week‑old Zhijin white goose.The breast muscle of male goose is rich in vitamin A and various fatty acids,while the breast muscle of female goose contains more mineral elements.

Effects of Different Sample Set Partition Strategies on Crop Remote Sensing Classification Accuracy

LIU Yang, LI Qiangzi, DU Xin, WANG Hongyan, ZHANG Yuan, ZHANG Xiwang, SHEN Yunqi, ZHANG Sichen, YU Shiqi

2024, 53(6): 144-153. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.016

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The extraction accuracy of crop distribution has a profound impact on the subsequent inversion of farmland parameters and estimation of crop yield per unit area.In the process of crop classification and recognition,the accuracy and number of training samples are crucial to the final classification results.Aiming at the problem of small number of samples and uneven distribution,the crop classification sample data set was constructed by two ways of field identification and visual interpretation,and five sample data set construction schemes were designed:①all the measured sample points(70% training,30% verification)were used in the scheme;②all visual interpretation sample points were used(70% training,30% verification);③ the same proportion of training samples and verification samples were selected from the measured sample points and visual sample points respectively,and then the training sample set and verification sample set were constructed combinedly(70% training,30% verification);④the visual interpretation sample points were used as training samples,and the measured sample points were used as verification samples;⑤the same number of samples were selected from the visual sample points and the measured sample points to construct a sample set(70% training,30% verification).The accuracy of crop remote sensing classification was studied under different schemes.The results showed that except④,the overall accuracy of ① ② ③ ⑤ four sample data set partition schemes was more than 95%,and the classification results were good. Using visual interpretation to supplement sample points could effectively solve the problem of fewer sample points and uneven distribution.As the best classification scheme for crop recognition and extraction in the study area,scheme③had an overall accuracy of 97.6% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.970,and the accuracy of corn,rice and soybean was all more than 97%,indicating that the combination of training samples and validation samples selected from visual interpretation samples and measured samples to construct training and validation sample sets can not only improve the accuracy of classification results,but also improve the authenticity and accuracy of classification results.

Estimation of Rice Panicle Biomass by Remotely Sensed Photosynthetically Active Absorption

ZHANG Chaoran, PENG Yi, YANG Kaili, YUAN Ningge, LI Yuanjin, LIU Xiaojuan, WU Huili

2024, 53(6): 154-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.017

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Due to the complexity of canopy geometry and spectral characteristics,the traditional vegetation index inversion method is difficult to estimate the biomass of rice panicle. Based on the absorption coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation obtained by the UAV platform，this paper established a remote model for estimating panicle biomass based on photosynthetically active absorption by analyzing the change of the photosynthetically active radiation absorption capacity in different spectral regions during rice post‑heading period.The results showed that compared with the traditional empirical model using vegetation index,the model using blue‑red absorption difference index proposed in this paper had higher accuracy for panicle biomass estimation,with the coefficient of determination of 0.83,the root mean square error of 147.50 g/m²,and the coefficient of variation of 10.19%.Using the calibrated model for validation samples from different year and location,the validation accuracy was quite high with R² of 0.72,which presented the good migration ability of the model.Therefore,the model can achieve accurate estimation of rice panicle biomass by remotely sensed photosynthetically active absorption,which is helpful to improve the precision and efficiency of crop yield estimation at large scales.

Analysis of Chemical Composition Change and Coupling with Temperature and Humidity in Box Cured Tobacco Leaves

SONG Zonghao, JIANG Chenguang, WU Yuexuan, WU Zhongxin, WANG Longfei, LU Xiaochong, TI Jinsong, LIU Jianjun

2024, 53(6): 162-172. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.018

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To investigate the spatiotemporal coupling relationship between tobacco quality formation and temperature‑humidity fields during box‑type curing,real‑time sensors were employed to monitor temperature and humidity at different locations within the curing barn.Temperature and humidity field cloud maps were constructed,chemical composition changes were analyzed,and a comprehensive evaluation of post‑curing tobacco quality was conducted based on the analytic hierarchy process,aiming to reveal the relationship between temperature‑humidity fields during box‑type curing and the formation of tobacco quality within the curing chamber. Results showed that temperature distribution at different levels within the chamber exhibited a pattern that the lower level had the highest temperature,followed by the middle level,and the upper level was the lowest.As the curing process progressed,high‑temperature regions within the chamber tended to concentrate from the periphery towards the center.Moist air moved from the middle to the upper levels of the chamber,gradually creating a relatively high‑humidity environment in the upper levels from the color‑fixing stage to the drying stage.Within the same level of the chamber,the distribution of moist air followed a pattern of higher concentration in the center and lower concentration in the periphery. During the box‑type curing process,compared to the middle and upper levels,the lower level had higher temperature and lower humidity,resulting in greater starch degradation,with starch content decreasing to 3.88% at the end of curing.Total sugar and reducing sugar were significantly lower than in other levels,protein degradation rate was fast,and total nitrogen content changed smoothly overall.Accumulation of aroma compounds was high,reaching 1 308 μg/g.Evaluation of post‑curing tobacco quality at different levels within the curing chamber showed that the lower level had the highest comprehensive score of 0. 817,followed by the middle level at 0.765,and the upper level at 0.721,indicating that the tobacco quality at the lower level of the chamber was optimal.These results demonstrate that tobacco leaves in the lower level of the chamber,where temperatures are high and relative humidity is low,experience greater degradation of starch resulting in higher accumulation of aroma compounds,total sugar,and reducing sugar,and superior post‑curing tobacco quality.

Synthesis of Ethyl Vanillin Artificial Antigen and Preparation of Murine Polyclonal Antibodies

ZHAO Yinli, CHEN Panpan, WANG Jinrong, DUAN Erzhen, GAN Liping

2024, 53(6): 173-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.06.019

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In order to study the immunological methods for detecting ethyl vanillin(EV),ethyl vanillic acid(EVA)was coupled with bovine serum albumin(BSA)by the active ester(AE)and mixed anhydride(MA)methods to prepare the immune antigens BSA‑EV(AE)and BSA‑EV(MA).UV scanning and SDS‑PAGE were used to identify the artificial antigens.BALB/c mice were immunized with BSA‑EV(AE)or BSA‑EV(MA),tail‑cut blood samples were collected and serum were separated at 10 days after the third immunization to prepare rat polyclonal antibodies.Serum titer was determined by indirect ELISA,and serum sensitivity and specificity were determined by indirect competitive ELISA.The results showed that the artificial antigen of EV was prepared successfully,and the coupling ratios of BSA‑EV(AE)and BSA‑EV(MA)were 1∶2.92 and 1∶37.95.The serum titer of the No.3 mouse of BSA‑EV(AE)immunization group was the highest with 1∶51 200,the serum half inhibitory concentration(IC₅₀)against EV was 173.78 μg/L,the liner range was 14.79—2 041.74 μg/L.The serum titer of the No.1 mouse of BSA‑EV(MA)immunization group was the highest with 1∶ 102 400,the serum half inhibitory concentration(IC₅₀)against EV was 617.00 μg/L,the liner range was 42.66—8 709.64 μg/L.The cross reaction rate of serum antibodies in the two immunization groups with vanillin,methyl vanillin,maltol,ethyl maltol,BSA,ovalbumin(OVA)was less than 1%.In conclusion,the artificial antigens of EV were successfully synthesized,and mouse polyclonal antibodies against EV with high sensitivity and specificity were prepared by animal immunization.

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