Table of Content

Volume 53 Issue 5
15 May 2024
Contents
Reviews
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Plant Protection
Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Article List
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Contents

2024, 53(5):  0. 

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Reviews

Progress on Application of Rational Design of Enzyme in Crop Breeding and Prospect

WANG Donghui, WANG Aoxuan, HE Changhai, LIU Zhihao, SHI Yongchun, WANG Ran, WANG Xiaoran

2024, 53(5):  1-9.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.001

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Excellent germplasm resources are important guarantee for food security，and traditional breeding techniques have problems such as long breeding cycles and intensive workloads. With the deep integration of biology and computer technology，the rational design of enzyme used for directional optimization of key crop genes has laid the foundation for greater exploitation of high‑quality genetic resources.It further integrates with gene editing and transgenic technologies，and becomes one of the important directions in the exploration of molecular breeding technology.This article elaborated the common methods of rational design of enzyme，such as molecular docking，molecular dynamic simulations，binding free energy evaluation and so on，reviewed the progress on application of rational design of enzyme in improvement of crop quality，stress resistance and biomass，and the future was prospected，to provide reference for the development and utilization of new technologies in crop breeding.


mRNA Vaccines：Research Progress and Applications in Animal Infectious Diseases

ZHAI Chongkai, MAO Fuchao, TIAN Wenjing, WANG Conghui, WANG Yingxian, ZHANG Hewei

2024, 53(5):  10-21.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.002

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Compared to traditional approaches，RNA vaccines offer advantages such as high safety，good efficacy，and short development cycle，which makes them have unique advantages in the prevention and control of infectious diseases.Currently，mRNA vaccines have made great progress in the prevention and control of COVID‑19，influenza，Ebola，Zika and other human diseases，but the research on mRNA vaccines for animals is still not in‑depth.Therefore，the development of mRNA vaccines for animals to prevent and control infectious diseases in livestock，poultry，and wild animals has become one of the important research directions in the field of animal diseases and public health.This review comprehensively discusses the design，preparation，delivery system，application，advantages，challenges and prospects of mRNA vaccines against animal infectious diseases，to provide valuable insights for the development and research of future animal mRNA vaccines.


Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Relationship between Milk Line Proportion and Traits Related to Grain of Maize

DONG Hongfen, HUO Chengbin, LI Aijun, LI Hong, YAN Xiaoguang, MA Zhiyuan

2024, 53(5):  22-29.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.003

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Three different grain type maize varieties，horse tooth type Zhengdan 958(ZD958),half‑horse tooth type Xianyu 335（XY335） and hard grain type Changdan 106(CD106),were selected as experimental materials to study the relationship of maize grain milk line proportion and grain length,grain width,fresh 100‑grain weight,water content,filling rate and dehydration rate,so as to provide a basis for the determination of the optimum harvest time and breeding of new maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest.The results showed that the effect of varieties on the milk line proportion of maize grain was significant or extremely significant,XY335 had the fastest increase rate of milk line proportion,followed by CD106 and ZD958.The effects of grain length,grain width and fresh 100‑grain weight of different grain type varieties on milk line proportion were different,grain width and fresh 100‑grain weight had greater effect on milk line proportion.Milk line proportion was significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with grain water content,filling rate anddehydration rate as a whole,the water content was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with filling rate and dehydration rate,and filling rate was significantly positively correlated with dehydration rate.


Effects of Panicle Potassium Fertilizer Rates and Foliar Fertilizer on Rice Physiological Characteristics，Yield and Quality under Crayfish‑Rice Integrated System

DONG Hongrui, ZHU Jie, ZHOU Yong, LI Haoxuan, YANG Wei, JIANG Mengdie, ZHU Bo, NIE Jiangwen, LIU Zhangyong

2024, 53(5):  30-39.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.004

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In order to provide scientific basis for rice green high‑yield and high‑quality cultivation under crayfish‑rice integrated system，the effects of panicle potassium fertilizer rates [0 kg/ha(S0)，45kg/ha(S1)，90 kg/ha(S20]and foliar fertilizer[no foliar fertilizer(P0)and spraying foliar fertilizer(P1)]on physiological characteristics，yield and quality of rice were investigated under crayfish‑rice integrated system.The results showed that spraying foliar fertilizer and applying panicle potassium fertilizer increased the SPAD value，superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(RuBisCO)activity,peroxidase(POD)activity,soluble sugar content,aboveground dry matter accumulation，dry matter transport amount and transport rate of stem and leaf and their contribution rates to grain，and decreased the content of malondialdehyde(MDA),overall,S1P1 was the best treatment.Spraying foliar fertilizer and applying panicle potassium fertilizer could increase filled grain number per panicle and setting rate，thus increasing yield. P1 treatment could increase yield by 13.60%,9.76% and 6.55% under S0,S1 and S2 conditions,respectively;S1 and S2 treatments could increase yield by 3.70% and 2.47%,respectively，and S1P1 treatment had the highest yield.Compared with P0 treatment，the whole polished rice rate of P1 treatment significantly increased by 2.21% and 1.82% under S0 and S1 conditions,chalky grain rate significantly decreased by 55. 88% and 50.01%,chalkiness degree significantly decreased by 49.98% and 50.00%,and total protein content significantly decreased by 8.77% and 12.08%,respectively.Compared with S0 treatment，chalky grain rate of S1 and S2 treatments significantly decreased by 11.23% and 30.61%,espectively,and total protein content of S1 treatment significantly decreased by 4.15%.Overall，S1P1 had the best effect.In summary,the application of foliar fertilizer and panicle potassium fertilizer can improve leaf photosynthesis,increase the accumulation and transport of aboveground dry matter,and improve yield and quality,and S1P1 treatment has the best effect.



Comprehensive Evaluation of Photosynthetic Performance of Foxtail Millet Varieties and Screening of High Photosynthetic Efficiency Varieties

YAN Feng, DONG Yang, ZHAO Fuyang, HOU Xiaomin, LI Qingquan, WANG Lida, LI Qingchao, LIU Yang, ZHANG Lei, LIU Kai

2024, 53(5):  40-48.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.005

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A field experiment was conducted to determine the photosynthetic indexes[intercellular CO₂ concentration(X₁),ranspiration rate(X₂),stomatal conductance(X₃),net photosynthetic rate(X₄),instantaneous water use efficiency(X₅)]and leaf morphological indexes［leaf area(X₆)，dry leaf weight(X₇),specific leaf weight(X₈)]of 37 foxtail millet varieties,the fuzzy membership function,principal component analysis,correlation analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the photosynthetic performance of foxtail millet varieties,the varieties with high photosynthetic efficiency were screened,and the regression equation of photosynthetic performance prediction was established by stepwise regression analysis,so as to provide a reference for the screening and utilization of high photosynthetic efficiency foxtail millet germplasm. The results showed that the photosynthetic indexes and leaf morphological indexes were significantly different among 37 foxtail millet varieties.The CV ranged from 3.41% to 33.94%.The CV of stomatal conductance was the largest(33.94%),and the CV of specific leaf weight was the smallest(3.41%).The results of correlation analysis showed that intercellular CO₂ concentration was significantly negatively correlated with transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate;Transpiration rate was significantly positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate;Instantaneous water use efficiency was significantly negatively correlated with transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate;Leaf area was significantly positively correlated with dry leaf weight.Principal component analysis was used to transform the 8 indicators into 3 independent comprehensive indicators.Transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate could be used as evaluation indicators for the identification of photosynthetic performance of foxtail millet.Through cluster analysis,37 foxtail millet varieties were divided into three categories(high photosynthetic efficiency，medium photosynthetic efficiency and low photosynthetic efficiency),and 8 high photosynthetic efficiency varieties,including Nenxuan 22,Datong 25,Gonggu 88,Yangu 18,Jingu 20，Mengfeng 7,Longgu 13 and Gonggu 75,were screened out,which could be used as parent materials for high photosynthetic efficiency breeding.The regression model of foxtail millet photosynthetic performance was established by stepwise regression analysis(D=-1.391 984 196+0.000 619 787 003 4X₁+0.051 519 289 48X₂+0.674 399 672 2X₃+0.013 844 082 338X₄+0.058 230 284 78X₅+0.003 403 878 541X₆+0.051 881 997 92X₈）.


Identification of Nicotine Content Marker Genes NtMPO1 and NtARF6

GAO Yifei, PAN Shouhui, ZHANG Li, ZHANG Quan, ZAN Jianpeng, CEN Hao, FAN Chengping, ZHANG Fuqiang, TIAN Juyao, XU Shixiao

2024, 53(5):  49-59.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.006

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In order to identify the effective nicotine content marker genes,the nicotine contents of 89 flue‑cured tobacco varieties were determined，the high‑,medium‑ and low‑nicotine flue‑cured tobacco varieties were screened，the relative expression levels of a total of 25 genes related with nicotine synthesis,transpor,regulation in high‑,medium‑ and low‑nicotine flue‑cured tobacco varieties were determined by real‑time quantitative PCR(qRT‑PCR),the correlation between relative expression levels of the above genes and nicotine content was analyzed，and candidate marker genes for nicotine content were screened.The leaves of tobacco treated with 2.5、5.0、7.5 mmol/L NaNO₃,upper,middle and lower parts of leaves and the leaves before and after topping(10 days)were used to determine the nicotine content and the relative expression levels of candidate marker genes，so as to verify the effectiveness of nicotine content candidate marker genes.The results showed that 4 high‑,4 medium‑ and 4 low‑nicotine flue‑cured tobacco varieties were screened from 89 flue‑cured tobacco varieties，and the nicotine content of these flue‑cured tobacco varieties was significantly negatively correlated with the relative expression levels of NtMPO1 gene and significantly positively correlated with the relative expression levels of NtARF6 gene,which could be used as candidate genes for nicotine content marker genes.The results of the validation test of nicotine content candidate marker genes showed that compared with the normal nitrogen treatment,the nicotine content of leaves in the high nitrogen treatment significantly increased,the relative expression level of NtMPO1 gene significantly decreased,and the relative expression level of NtARF6 gene significantly increased；the nicotine content of the low nitrogen treatment significantly decreased,the relative expression level of NtMPO1 gene significantly increased,and the relative expression level of NtARF6 gene significantly decreased.The nicotine content of the upper leaves was significantly higher than that of the middle leaves，and the nicotine content of the middle leaves was significantly higher than that of the lower leaves;the relative expression level of NtMPO1 gene in the upper leaves was significantly lower than that in the middle leaves,and the relative expression level of NtMPO1 gene in the middle leaves was significantly lower than that in the lower leaves;the relative expression level of NtARF6 gene in the upper leaves was significantly higher than that in the middle leaves,and the relative expression level of NtARF6 gene in the middle leaves was significantly higher than that in the lower leaves. Compared with before topping,the nicotine content of leaves significantly increased after topping,the relative expression level of NtMPO1 gene significantly decreased,and the relative expression level of NtARF6 gene significantly increased.In conclusion,the NtMPO1 and NtARF6 genes can be used as effective markers of nicotine content.



Difference Analysis of Metabolic Profiles of Upper Leaves from Different Plant Types of Qushou No.1

LI Jincheng, ZHANG Li, WANG Weimin, ZHENG Hongbin, HAN Dan, JIA Wei, SHI Jiuchang, XU Zicheng

2024, 53(5):  60-69.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.007

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In order to clarify the differences in yield,quality and metabolomics of flue‑cured tobacco under different plant types，with Qushou No.1 as the experimental material，the metabolites of upper leaves at the mature stage of two plant types were analyzed by LC‑MS non‑targeted metabonomics technique combined with the determination of chemical components and sensory quality.The results showed that compared with umbrella‑type tobacco plants,the plant height and effective leaf number of cylinder‑type tobacco plants increased,and the maximum leaf area decreased.The overall chemical composition coordination and sensory quality of the cylinder‑type tobacco plants were better than those of the umbrella‑type tobacco plants.The yield of cylinder‑type tobacco plants was 5.2% lower than that of umbrella‑type tobacco plants，but the average price and output value increased by 25.0% and 20.4%.Through partial least squares‑discriminate analysis(PLS‑DA),123 differential metabolites were screened out, including amino acids,organic acids,sugars,flavonoids and alkaloids,in which N‑formyl‑L‑methionine,2‑oxoarginine,phenylacetylglutamine,trehalose,3‑keto‑β‑D‑galactose,D‑mannose,2‑phenylethanol，jasmonic acid might be the key metabolites in response to different plant types.Thedifferential metabolites were significantly enriched in the pathways of amino acid metabolism and glucose metabolism.Among them，nicotinic acid and nicotinamide metabolism pathway,alanine,aspartic acid and glutamic acid metabolism pathway,and tryptophan metabolism pathway played important regulating roles in the formation of intrinsic quality under different plant types.



Effects of Different Planting Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilizer Ratios on Growth and Yield of Cotton

XU Xinlong, ZHANG Jusong, WANG Dong, DAI Jianmin, LI Xuerui, ZHAI Menghua, SUN Minghui

2024, 53(5):  70-79.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.008

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This research is focused on suitable planting patterns and nitrogen application ratios for cotton，aiming to provide technical support for the high‑yield and efficient development of cotton in Xinjiang.Using the cotton variety Xinluzhong 84 as the material，field experiments were conducted in 2022 in Hailou Town，Shayar County，Aksu District，Xinjiang. The experiment employed a split‑plot design with planting pattern as the main factor：one film with six rows of wide‑narrow spacing[(66+10)cm]with a plant spacing of 12 cm(M6)and one film with three rows of equal spacing(76 cm)with a plant spacing of 6 cm(M3);nitrogen application ratio served as the sub‑factor：0∶10(N0)，2∶8(N2)，4∶6(N4). There were totally six treatments.The total nitrogen application rate for each treatment was 320 kg/ha of pure nitrogen throughout the cotton growth period. Investigations and measurements were conducted on the growth process,agronomic traits,leaf area index(LAI),net photosynthetic rate(Pn),dry matter content,yield,and yield components of cotton.Results indicated that the average lint yield of various nitrogen application ratio treatments under the M3 planting pattern increased by 22.0% compared to the M6 planting pattern,M3N4 and M6N2 treatments exhibited higher lint yields of 3 251.90 kg/ha and 2 895. 42 kg/ha,respectively,and Pn of M3N4 treatment increased by 41.2%，12.1% and 34.0% compared to M6N2 treatment，respectively.Under the M3 planting pattern,the average dry matter accumulation during the boll opening stage of each nitrogen application ratio treatment was 35.1% higher than that of the M6 planting pattern.The average number of bolls per plant,individual boll weight,and seed cotton yield were 20.6%,5.3%,and 21.7% higher,respectively,compared to the M6 planting pattern.As the nitrogen application ratio increased，the cotton growth period extended，with the boll opening stage under the M6 planting pattern advancing 5 and 8 days for N0,compared to N2 and N4 treatments,respectively.Under the M3 planting pattern,N0 treatment advanced 4 and 6 days compared to N2 and N4 treatments,respectively. Under the two planting modes,LAI of different nitrogen fertilizer base‑topdressing ratio treatment showed N4>N2>N0. In the M6 planting pattern,compared to N0 and N4 treatments，the N2 treatment showed 9.2% and 8.9% increases in Pn during peak flowering stage，aboveground biomass during the boll opening stage，number of bolls per plant，individual boll weight，and seed cotton yield improved by 18.2% and 42.5%,19.8% and 18.3%,9.3% and 5. 5%，and 30.3% and 25.4%respectively. Under the M3 planting pattern，the N4 treatment exhibited 21.1% and 6.7% increases in Pn during peak flowering stage，aboveground biomass during the boll opening stage，number of bolls per plant，and seed cotton yield improved by 32.9% and 24.0%,11.3% and 12.3%,and 12.5% and 11.4%,respectively,compared to N0 and N2 treatments,with no significant difference in individual boll weight.Taking into account the synergistic effect of planting patterns and nitrogen application ratios on cotton yield enhancement,under the conditions of this experiment,the choice of a row spacing pattern of 76 cm with a nitrogen application ratio controlled at 4∶6 is most suitable.



Analysis on the Climate Suitability of Rape Growing Season in Hubei Province under Climate Warming

ZHANG Yucui, YUAN Liang, WANG Pei, YAN Caixia, ZOU Congpeng

2024, 53(5):  80-91.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.009

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In order to clarify the climate suitability during the rape growing season of Hubei Province,the climate suitability models were constructed during the rape growing season of Hubei Province,which was based on the daily data of average temperature,precipitation,sunshine hours of 76 stations in Hubei Province from 1963 to 1993 and from 1993 to 2023. ArcGIS software was used to analyze the spatio‑temporal characteristics of climate resources and climate suitability during the rape growing season of Hubei Province in 1963—1993 and 1993—2023.The results showed that,during the rape growing season of Hubei Province,average temperature was higher in the south and lower in the northwest and southwest;Accumulated precipitation was more in the southeast and southwest，less in the northwest;Accumulated sunshine hours decreased from north to southwest.On the whole,average temperature exhibited an increasing trend,accumulated precipitation and sunshine hours exhibited a decreasing trend.The low value of temperature suitability was in the south part of the northwest and west part of the southwest,and the high value was in the other areas in Hubei Province;Precipitation suitability was higher in the middle and north parts while lower in the southeast part；Sunshine suitability decreased from northeast to southwest. Temperature suitability and precipitation suitability exhibited an increasing trend,while sunshine suitability exhibited a decreasing trend.According to the value of comprehensive climate suitability,Hubei Province was divided into the most suitable，suitable and unsuitable areas to plant rape by natural breaks of ArcGIS software.The most suitable areas were distributed mainly over the middle and east parts of Hubei Province and Shiyan in the northwest，while the unsuitable areas were distributed mainly in high altitude areas of the west in Hubei Province,which was only distributed in the northeast of Shennongjia in 1993—2023.The most suitable areas accounted for about 70.8% of the total areas in Hubei in 1963—1993,about 9.7% of the suitable areas changed to the most suitable areas in 1993—2023,while the unsuitable areas decreased by about 3.8%.Under the climate warming,heat and precipitation resources are more suitable for rape growth,but sunshine resources are not suitable for rape growth gradually，the climate resources are generally suitable for rape growth in Hubei Province,and the area increased which is suitable to plant rape.



Agricultural Resources and Environment

Effects of Different Ratios of Organic Fertilizers Substituting Chemical Fertilizers on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and N₂O Emissions in Summer Maize Season

LI Xinmei, QI Hongzhi, HE Jiashuai, YANG Kangna, WEI Yuepeng, GUO Hangzhao, SUN Leikang, LI Xiaoyong, JIA Xucun, LI Yuxia, LI Rongfa, WANG Qun

2024, 53(5):  92-100.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.010

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This study was set up to explore the effects of different organic fertilizer substitution ratios on maize yields and plant uptake and utilization of nitrogen fertilizers in 2022 and 2023 for two consecutive years，including five treatments:No fertilizer(CK),conventional fertilizer(CF),organic fertilizers substituting 10% nitrogen fertilizer(FM1),organic fertilizer substituting 30% nitrogen fertilizer(FM2)and organic fertilizer substituting 50% nitrogen fertilizer(FM3).The results showed that compared with CF treatment,the two‑year average soil bulk density of FM1,FM2,and FM3 treatments decreased by 1.43%,2.15%,and 4.67%,respectively.The two‑year average soil porosity increased by 2.07%,2.60%,and 5.51%,respectively.The two‑year average nitrate nitrogen content increased by 9.67%,14.86%,and 11.01%,respectively.Compared with CF treatment,FM1 treatment increased the two‑year average dry matter accumulation and yield of corn plants by 3.41% and 3.42% over the two years,while FM3 treatment decreased by 3.25% and 6.73%,respectively.Compared with CF treatment,FM1 treatment increased the two‑year average nitrogen accumulation by 4.49% over two years,and the two‑year average nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and agronomic utilization efficiency increased by 13.62% and 6.11% respectively.The two‑year average economic benefit increased by 2.87% over two years,and the two‑year average nitrogen dioxide(N₂O)emission decreased by 16.41% over two years.Moreover,FM1 treatment increased the nitrogen accumulation in stems and leaves.When the proportion of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer was 30% or more(FM2,FM3 treatments),the yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency were significantly reduced,and the economic benefit was reduced.In summary，substituting 10% chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer can significantly improve nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and reduce N₂O emission,making it a recommended proportion for achieving nitrogen fertilizer reduction and green and high‑yield agriculture.



Screening and Identification of Efficient Degradation Fungi for Garden Waste Lignocellulose

HUANG Qiuyue, HE Jianqing, LIU Haixin, NIE Zifang, XU Dong, PAN Changmang

2024, 53(5):  101-111.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.011

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In order to screen fungal strains for efficient degradation of lignocellulose in garden waste,PDA medium was used to separate fungi from humus,cow manure,horse manure,dead branches and leaves,compost,straw and other environments and aniline blue medium and filter paper inorganic salt medium were used to qualitatively screen fungal strains with lignocellulosic degrading ability.The activity of lignocellulosic degrading enzymes and their degradation rate on garden waste were quantitatively measured，and excellent fungal strains for efficient degradation of lignocellulose in garden waste were screened.The results showed that a total of 109 strains of fungi were isolated. Among them，there were 32 fungi with lignin degradation ability，accounting for 29.36% of the tested strains;There were 40 fungi with cellulose degradation ability，accounting for 36.70% of the tested strains.Among the above strains，BF31‑32,BF32‑93,T2‑55,T1‑16，and T1‑24 could efficiently degrade lignocellulose from garden waste,with degradation rates of 50.30%,45.94%,44.49%,44.68%,and 46.81%,respectively.Based on the lignocellulosic degrading enzyme activity，morphological characteristics,and molecular identification results of fungi,strain BF31‑32 was identified as Penicillium brevicompactum,strain BF32‑93 as Aspergillus fumigatus,strains T1‑16 and T1‑24 as Fusarium equiseti,and strain T2‑55 as Paecilomyces lilacinus.



Plant Protection

Screening and Safety Evaluation of Herbicides for Weed Control in Tobacco Fields in Guizhou

GUO Tao, YU Zhihe, XUE Yuan, JIANG Chaoying, CHEN Lili, WANG Ying, WANG Hancheng, CHEN Li, LIN Musen, GAO Gui

2024, 53(5):  112-122.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.012

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In order to understand the weed species in the tobacco fields of Guizhou,screen for safe and efficient weed control herbicides and evaluate their safety,we investigated the hazardous conditions of weeds in the tobacco fields of Guizhou,and evaluated the efficacy of eight herbicides(960 g/L S‑metolachlor EC,480 g/L metribuzin SC,30% glyphosate AS,81.5% acetochlor EC,30% clopyralid AS,20% diquat AS，108 g/L haloxyfop‑R‑methyl EC and 36% glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate AS）by pre‑emergence and stem‑leaf control of weeds in tobacco fields,as well as their safety to tobacco.The results showed that there were a total of 49 species of weeds in 26 families and 43 genera in the tobacco fields,with Polygonum,Asteraceae and Gramineae weed species predominating,and there were nine common species of Polygonum nepalense,Chenopodium album,Amaranthus vividis,Stellaria media,Capsella bursa‑pastoris,Galinsoga parviflra,Digitaria sanguinalis,Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus rotundus.The tested herbicides showed different weed control effects,among which the pre‑emergence soil sealing treatments of acetochlor,S‑metolachlor and metribuzin and the post‑emergence stem‑leaf treatments of glyphosate,glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate,diquat and metribuzin had a population control effect of 90.41%—97.71% against weeds in the tobacco fields,and clopyralid and haloxyfop‑R‑methyl were selective for weeds control and were effective against Asteraceae and Gramineae weeds,respectively.Soil treatments of S‑metolachlor and acetochlor were safe for tobacco at recommended dosage,but were harmful at high dosage.Haloxyfop‑R‑methyl,glyphosate,diquat and glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate were relatively safe for tobacco in targeted spraying of them on weed stems and leaves.Both soil treatment and stem‑leaf treatment of metribuzin and clopyralid caused serious harm to tobacco. In conclusion,S‑metolachlor and acetochlor were suitable for soil sealing treatment to control weeds at recommended dosage,haloxyfop‑R‑methyl was suitable for stem‑leaf treatment to control grass weeds,glyphosate,diquat and glufosinate‑ammonium‑glyphosate could be used for strictly targeted spray on weed stems and leaves between rows in tobacco fields,and metribuzin and clopyralid were not suitable for weed control in tobacco fields.


Horticulture

Identification and Expression Analysis of EIL Family under Saline‑alkali Stress in Capsicum annuum L.

WU Peng, LI Dongxue, GUO Qianqian

2024, 53(5):  123-132.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.013

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EIL(ethylene‑insensitive 3‑like)genes play important roles in the transduction involved in the ethylene signaling pathway and development of plants.In order to understand the information of EIL gene family members in Capsicum annuum L.,this study analyzed the physicochemical properties,protein structure，phylogeny,gene architecture,conserved domains,promoter cis‑acting elements,the expression patterns of CaEILs genes in different tissue parts and under different abiotic stress conditions using bioinformatics.The expression pattern of CaEILs in pepper leaves under saline‑alkali stress was also investigated using real‑time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT‑PCR).The results showed that nine CaEILs of Capsicum annuum L.were distributed on six chromosomes.The number of amino acids,molecular weight and aliphatic index were from 209 to 677,23.77 to 76.07 ku，and 63.10 to 87.75,respectively and they were mainly acid,hydrophilic,and unstable nuclear proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CaEILs were divided into four subfamily groups,nine CaEILs were expressed in different degrees in roots,stems,leaves,buds,and flowers,and low temperature stress,high temperature stress,high salt stress,and drought stress induced the expression of CaEILs,which responded to the above abiotic stresses to different degrees. In addition，qRT‑PCR was performed to detect CaEILs expression in pepper leaves under saline‑alkali stress，and it was found that with the extension of treatment time，the expression of CaEIL1,CaEIL2,CaEIL4,CaEIL5,and CaEIL8 showed an increasing trend，while the expression of CaEIL3,CaEIL6,CaEIL7,and CaEIL9 showed an decreasing trend.The above results lay a foundation for the study of the functions of CaEILs and their mechanisms of action in response to saline‑alkali stress.



Optimization of Oudemansiella raphanipes Liquid Fermentation Medium

LIU Guoli, CHEN Xun, XIAO Jun, MA Xiaoying, ZHANG Min, ZHANG Peng, ZHANG Man, GONG Na

2024, 53(5):  133-140.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.014

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Oudemansiella raphanipes strain H1 was used as experimental material and single factor test，Plackett‑Burman design，maximum climb test and Box‑Benhnken design response surface method were used to optimize the liquid culture medium of strain H1 with mycelial dry weight as the main evaluation index,in order to improve the mycelium biomass of O.raphanipes liquid seeds，and provide the guarantee for the industrial large‑scale production of O.raphanipes.The results showed that the most suitable carbon source for the growth of O.raphanipes was corn meal and the most suitable nitrogen source was
soybean meal.When the rotating speed of shaker was 150 r/min and the culture temperature was 25℃，the formula of optimized liquid fermentation medium was 25.8 g/L glucose，26.0 g/L corn flour,1.0 g/L KH₂PO_4，1.5 g/L soybean meal，1.0 g/L yeast extract powder，0.4 g/L MgSO_4，0.01 mg/L VB_1，and under this culture condition，the measured value of mycelium dry weight was 23.2 g/L.The culture cycle was shortened by 3 d，and the mycelial activity was higher compared with conventional medium.


Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Effect Analysis of Morphological Traits on Body Weight of Cipangopaludina cathayensis

LONG Liuping, PAN Xianhui, LIN Yong, LI Zhe, ZOU Xinxi, QIN Junqi, PENG Jinxia, WANG Dapeng, CHEN Zhong, HUANG Yin, DENG Qian, ZHOU Kangqi

2024, 53(5):  141-149.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.015

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To explore the relationship between morphological traits and body weight of Cipangopaludina cathayensis，a total of 505 C.cathayensis were collected,and their shell width(Z₁)，shell height(Z₂)，shell mouth height(Z₃)，shell mouth width(Z₄)，body snail layer height(Z₅)，spiral height(Z₆)，the penultimate snail layer width(Z₇),the penultimate snail layer height(Z8)and body weight(W)were measured.Through statistical analysis，correlation analysis,path analysis and regression analysis，the main morphological traits of C.cathayensis with greater influence on body weight were determined，and the regression equation was established.The results showed that the coefficient of variation of the body weight of C.cathayensis was 59.61%，and its breeding potential was great.The correlation coefficients of shell width，shell height，body snail layer height and the penultimate snail layer width with body weight were higher(≥0.949).Path analysis and ridge regression analysis showed that shell height had the greatest direct effect on body weight(0.963,0.152),and the direct determination coefficient was the highest(0.927).The co‑determination coefficients of other traits and shell height on body weight were higher,and the total determination coefficient was 1.117.The optimal multiple regression equation of body weight and main influencing traits of C. cathayensis was established ：W=-24.346+0.214Z₁+0.148Z₂+0.123Z₃+0.306Z₄+0.188Z₅+0.083Z₆+0.383Z₇+0.882Z8,R²=0. 943. The analysis of variance of the regression equation showed that the regression relationship reached a very significant level(P<0. 01).In summary,shell height is the most important trait affecting the body weight of C.cathayensis.



Effects of BmNPV Infection on β‑N‑acetylglucosidase Activity and Transcriptional Level of Related Genes in Bombyx mori

YANG Weike, ZHANG Lusi, FAN Yonghui, LIU Zenghu, TANG Fenfen

2024, 53(5):  150-156.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.016

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In order to further analyze the action mechanism of β‑N‑acetylgucosaminidase(GlcNAcases)during Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrovirus(BmNPV)infection,the expression of GlcNAcases genes was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and the activity of GlcNAcases was determined using the enzyme activity assay kit in heamolymph,fat body and midgut of silkworm larvae after oral infection with BmNPV at 3,6,9,12 and 24 h.The results indicated that the GlcNAcases activity in hemolymph,fat body and midgut showed a trend of gradual increase and then sharp decrease,while the transcription levels of the four GlcNAcases coding genes were different in these tissues. In hemolymph,BmGlcNAcase1 and BmGlcNAcase2 were significantly up‑regulated at 3 h to 12 h after infection with BmNPV,while the expression levels of BmGlcNAcase3 and BmGlcNAcase4 showed no significant change compared with the control group(no infection).At 24 h,the expression of four GlcNAcases genes began to down‑regulate and the expression levels were significantly lower than those in the control group.After infection with BmNPV,the expression of BmGlcNAcase2 and BmGlcNAcase3 in fat body was first up‑regulated and then down‑regulated. BmGlcNAcase2 began to up‑regulate at 3 h and BmGlcNAcase3 began at 9 h.In addition,the expression levels of BmGlcNAcase1 and BmGlcNAcase4 did not change significantly.In midgut,BmGlcNAcase2 and BmGlcNAcase4 were gradually up‑regulated firstly,their expression levels were gradually increased and showed a peak,then sharply decreased and the expression was significantly inhibited. However,BmGlcNAcase1 and BmGlcNAcase3 were down‑regulated continuously and their expression levels gradually decreased after infection with BmNPV. In conclusion,β‑N‑acetylglucosidases encoded by BmGlcNAcase2 may play a certain immune defense function in the process of silkworm resisting BmNPV infection.



Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Research on Insect‑bitten Zijin Tea Detection Method Based on YOLOv5s‑SE and Channel Pruning

DAI Jiabing, SONG Chunfang, LING Caijin, LI Zhenfeng, SUN Chonggao

2024, 53(5):  157-163.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.017

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In order to achieve rapid and accurate identification of insect‑bitten Zijin tea leaves in complex nature backgrounds，a detection method for Zijin tea based on YOLOv5s‑SE and channel pruning was proposed. Firstly,SE modules were added to the backbone network of YOLOv5s to enhance the model’s feature extraction capability and reduce interference from complex backgrounds during tea leaf feature extraction.Then,a channel pruning algorithm was used to prune the model and fine‑tuning was conducted,enabling fast and accurate detection of insect‑bitten Zijin tea leaves. Compared to YOLOv5s,the test results showed that the pruned model reduced parameters by 60.1%,improved FPS by 18.6%,reduced GFLOPs by 29.7%,and achieved mAP of 81.3%.


Fine‑Grained Flower Image Classification Based on Neural Network Architecture Search

ZHENG Xingkai, YANG Tiejun, HUANG Lin

2024, 53(5):  164-171.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.018

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To enhance the automation of deep convolutional neural network(CNN)design and improve fine‑grained flower image classification accuracy，an advanced neural network search approach based on differentiable architecture search(DARTS) was proposed.This method automatically constructed fine‑grained flower image classification models.Initially,an attention‑convolution module was constructed to create a comprehensive attention‑convolution search space，thereby increasing the network’s focus on discriminative features. Subsequently,a densely connected reduction cell(DCR cell)with more shallow feature input nodes was developed to retain additional shallow feature information，reducing the loss of discriminative feature information and promoting multi‑scale feature fusion.Lastly,the positions of DCR cells were adjusted when stacking the best cells to create network models of varying parameter sizes,enabling deployment on a broader range of terminal devices.The results showed that this method took approximately 4.5 hours to find the optimal neural network model,achieving classification accuracies of 96.14% on the Oxford 102 dataset and 94.12% on the Flower 17 dataset.Compared with methods like AGNAS,it improved accuracy by 1.40 percentage points on Oxford 102 and 3.09 percentage points on Flower 17.



Optimization of Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Sanghuangporus lonicericola by Response Surface Methodology

YANG Juanjuan, SUN Bo, WANG Zhuoren, LIU Qiyan, ZHAO Huizhang, ZHOU Hongying, CHANG Juhua

2024, 53(5):  172-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.05.019

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In order to improve the extraction rate of total flavonoids from Sanghuangporus lonicericola,this study used the fruiting body of S.lonicericola as the raw material,and used ultrasound assisted ethanol extraction to extract its total flavonoids.The extraction process was optimized by response surface testing,which was conducted based on single factor tests of liquid‑solid ratio，ethanol concentration，ultrasonic time，and ultrasonic temperature.The optimal extraction process of total flavonoids from the fruit bodies of S.lonicericola was as follows：solid‑liquid ratio of 1∶60,ethanol concentration of 60%,ultrasonic time of 60 min and ultrasonic temperature of 76 ℃ .In the optimal conditions,the extraction rate of total flavonoids from S.lonicericola was 0.80%,which was close to the predicted value of 0.83% of the model,indicating that the optimized process is reasonable and feasible,can improve the extraction rate of total flavonoids from S.lonicericola,and facilitate the deep processing of S.lonicericola products and the comprehensive utilization of Sanghuang resources.