Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2025, 54(7): 0.

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Research and Application of Chitosan Coatings in Fruits and Vegetables Storage and Preservation

LIU Chenghong, ZHANG Shun, HUANG Wen, ZHANG Xiaoyan, YANG Hailong, FU Shiyu, ZHAN Lijuan

2025, 54(7): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.001

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Fresh fruits and vegetables，due to their high water content and vigorous respiratory metabolism，are highly prone to quality decline and spoilage after harvest.As the world’s largest producer and consumer of fruits and vegetables，China has a persistently high post‑harvest loss rate of fruits and vegetables.The development of efficient and safe preservation technology has become an urgent need for the industry.Coating preservation technology is a new food preservation method，which can effectively maintain the quality of fresh fruits and vegetables and extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.Chitosan，as a natural biopolymer，is regarded as the most promising preservation coating material due to its wide source，degradability and biosafety，as well as excellent film forming property，antibacterial activity and biocompatibility.A systematic review is conducted on the basic characteristics of chitosan and the preparation methods of coatings.The research and application of chitosan coatings in the field of fruit and vegetable preservation are described in detail.The preservation effect of chitosan coatings on fruits and vegetables is discussed from the perspectives of appearance quality，nutrients，flavor substances and shelf life，and mechanism of preservation and the key factors affecting the preservation efficiency are summarized.Finally，the preservative chitosan coating technical bottlenecks and future development directions are pointed out，with the expectation of providing theoretical references for the in‑depth research and industrial application of this technology.

Genome‑wide Association Analysis and Candidate Gene Prediction for Rice Drought Tolerance at Seedling Stage

HUANG Shipeng, HE Huqiang, LI Guangzhao, CHEN Chuanxin, ZHONG Tuo, XIE Jianbo, ZHOU Xiangwan, WANG Dan, XIAO Yinghui

2025, 54(7): 12-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.002

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Taking 355 rice germplasms from RDP‑Ⅱ as materials，taking the yellow leaf rate after re‑watering as the drought tolerance evaluation index，combined with the population genotype data，genome‑wide association analysis（GWAS）was carried out，and the candidate genes related to drought tolerance were analyzed，so as to provide excellent germplasm resources and gene resources for the breeding of drought tolerant rice.The results showed that in RDP‑Ⅱ population，the yellow leaf rate of tropical japonica rice was the lowest，and that of Osbeck rice was the highest；Seventeen SNP loci related to drought tolerance were identified by GWAS，and distributed on chromosomes 1，2，3，6，7，8，11 and 12 of rice.Candidate genes were predicted in the 10 kb region near the peak SNP，and 33 candidate genes related to drought tolerance were screened，mainly including genes encoding protein kinases，transposon proteins，etc.Based on gene function annotation，8 candidate genes were selected for gene expression analysis in drought tolerant germplasm and drought intolerant germplasm，and OsCTFdt and OsPEX1 genes with significant difference in expression level were identified，which positively and negatively regulated the drought tolerance of rice at seedling stage，respectively.OsCTFdt and OsPEX1 genes had 4 haplotypes respectively，and the yellow leaf rate of the dominant haplotype was significantly lower than that of other haplotypes.

Effects of Plant Spacing and Seedling Number per Hill Configurations on Panicle Traits，Yield and Quality of Japonica Rice

LIU Qiuyuan, GONG Jingyang, WEI Yunfei, LI Meng, JI Xin, LIU Juan, FENG Fan, WANG Fujuan, LEI Zhenshan, SONG Xiaohua

2025, 54(7): 21-29. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.003

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The effects of different plant spacing（10，15，20 cm）and seedling number per hill（2，4，6 seedlings/hill）configurations on tiller dynamics，panicle traits，yield and grain quality of japonica rice were studied.A comprehensive evaluation was conducted to determine the optimal treatment using the TOPSIS method，so as to provide support for synergistic improvement of yield and quality in southern Henan Province.The results showed that the tiller number per hill and population tiller number increased with the increase of seedling number per hill；The tiller number per hill increased with the increase of plant spacing，but population tiller number decreased. The panicle length，primary branch number，secondary branch number and grain number of secondary branch increased with the decrease of seedling number per hill or increase of plant spacing. A opening‑downward quadratic parabolic relationship was observed between basic seedling number and yield. The T8 treatment（plant spacing of 15 cm with 6 seedlings/hill）had the highest yield（9.68 t/ha），followed by T4 treatment（plant spacing of 10 cm with 4 seedlings/hill），there was no significant difference between these two treatments.High yield was attributed to elevated effective panicle number and grain number per panicle.The plant spacing，seedling number per hill and their interaction significantly affected grain quality. With the increase of seedling number per hill，milling and appearance quality tended to deteriorate，but taste value generally enhanced；With the increase of plant spacing，processing and appearance quality improved，but taste value generally decreased. TOPSIS analysis identified T8 treatment as the optimal treatment，followed by T4 treatment. Overall，either plant spacing of 15 cm with 6 seedlings/hill or plant spacing of 10 cm with 4 seedlings/hill can achieve high yield and quality for japonica rice in southern Henan Province.

Effect of Fertilization and Planting Density on Yield，Quality of Oat Forage and Soil Physicochemical Property

CAI Zongcheng, LÜ Liangyu, LIU Qingqing, ZHANG Hairong, LI Fayi, BAO Shancun, FU Shouquan, SHI Jianjun

2025, 54(7): 30-39. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.004

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Taking Baiyan 7 as material，the effects of fertilization[single application of 18 000 kg/ha bio‑organic fertilizer(A),single application of 225 kg/ha pasture‑specific fertilizer(B),and combined application of 50% pasture‑specific fertilizer(112.5 kg/ha)+50% bio‑organic fertilizer(9 000 kg/ha)(C)]and planting density[4.75 million plants/ha(1)，5.75 million plants/ha(2),and 6.75 million plants/ha(3)]on oat plant height,leaf area,photosynthetic characteristics,forage yield,quality,and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed,and comprehensive evaluation was conducted using membership function method to screen the optimal treatment,so as to provide theoretical basis for efficient production of oat forage and sustainable soil utilization in alpine ecological regions.The results showed that from the perspectives of oat growth,yield and nutritional quality,C1,C2 and C3 treatments performed well,overall,C2 treatment had the best performance.C2 treatment had the highest plant height,coverage,leaf area,net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,stomatal conductance,SPAD value,fresh grass yield,dry grass yield,crude protein content,soluble sugar content,total digestible nutrient content and relative feeding value，which significantly increased by 79.88%,44.60%,38.87%,61.30%,48.26%,38.51%,45.08%,74.05%,65.16%,70.24%,40.22%,60.90% and 42.83%,respectively,compared with CK(planting density of 4.75 million plants/ha without fertilization).C2 treatment had lower acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents,which significantly reduced by 24.63% and 19.18%,respectively,compared with CK.Additionally,C2 treatment had second‑highest crude fat content and relative forage value,which significantly increased by 104.10% and 37.66%,respectively,compared with CK.Soil physicochemical properties of C2 treatment were improved,organic carbon content was 41.80 g/kg,total nitrogen content was 3.65 g/kg,while electrical conductivity and pH value decreased.The comprehensive evaluation result showed that C2 treatment had the highest membership function value(0.83),followed by C1 treatment,while CK performed the worst.In conclusion,under the combined application of 50% pasture‑specific fertilizer(112.50 kg/ha)+ 50% bio‑organic fertilizer(9 000 kg/ha)and planting density of 5.75 million plants/ha,the oat had the best growth performance,highest forage yield and nutritional quality,and favorable soil physicochemical property,which is suitable for widespread adoption in high‑altitude regions.

Comprehensive Evaluation and Index Screening of Salt‑Alkali Tolerance during the Seedling Stage of Cyperus esculentus

LI Chunxin, ZHAI Yunru, WANG Shufeng, CHEN Xiangong, ZHENG Mei, WANG Meng, ZHANG Ge, WANG Huiwei, YUAN Tianyou

2025, 54(7): 40-54. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.005

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To clarify the salt‑alkali tolerance characteristics of tiger nut（Cyperus esculentus） at the seedling stage and establish precise evaluation indicators and a relevant mathematical model，18 trait indices including germination rate，plant height，root length，root number，plant biomass，plant water content，chlorophyll content，superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity，and soluble protein content were measured for 66 tiger nut germplasm resources under 5 g/kg mixed salt‑alkali stress after 15 days of germination. Comprehensive analytical methods，including correlation analysis，principal component analysis（PCA），membership function，grey relational analysis，and stepwise regression analysis，were employed to assess the stress tolerance performance of different materials and establish an evaluation system.The results showed that the variation in salt‑alkali tolerance coefficients among different traits ranged from 9.79% to 58.57%，with the coefficient for root dry mass exhibiting the greatest variability and that for relative water content demonstrating the smallest variability. PCA transformed the 18 original indicators into six principal components，which cumulatively accounted for 86.783% of the total variance.Based on the comprehensive evaluation D‑value，the 66 germplasm resources were classified into five tolerance levels：extremely strong，strong，moderate，weak，and sensitive. Classification criteria were defined，identifying two germplasm resources with extremely strong tolerance and 12 salt‑sensitive germplasm resources.Cultivars Yu Yousha 2 and Yu Yousha 3 were both classified as strongly salt‑alkali tolerant materials. Using stepwise regression analysis，a mathematical model for evaluating salt‑alkali tolerance at the seedling stage was established.This model demonstrates that by measuring and calculating the salt‑alkali tolerance coefficients of total fresh weight，relative water content，root number，total chlorophyll content，plant height，and SOD activity，the D‑value can be estimated using the regression equation to assess the salt‑alkali tolerance of tiger nut germplasms at the seedling stage.This study provides essential materials，methodological support，and a robust evaluation framework for subsequent research on salt‑alkali stress tolerant mechanisms and breeding of tiger nut varieties.

The Impact of Exogenous Selenium on the Physiological Characteristics of Flax under Drought Stress

WANG Wenxia, LIU Yuqi, XIA Qing, ZHI Hui, DU Jie

2025, 54(7): 55-63. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.006

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To investigate the methods for alleviating drought stress in flax and improving its drought resistance，the cultivar Jinya 10 was selected as the experimental material.At the budding stage，three treatments were designed：normal control（CK），drought stress following a spray of clear water（DS），and drought stress after spraying 50 g/ha Na₂SeO₃（SE）.Foliar applications of water and selenium fertilizer were conducted，and after the drought period，various parameters were measured，including photosynthetic indices，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，H₂O₂ content，malondialdehyde（MDA）level，antioxidant enzyme activities，osmotic adjustment substance content，nitrogen metabolism‑related enzyme activities，yield，and yield components.The results revealed that drought stress at the budding stage significantly impaired plant growth and development，whereas selenium application notably mitigated the detrimental effects of drought on flax.The grain yield under the SE treatment was significantly higher，with an increase of 16. 43% compared to the DS treatment，primarily due to a substantial rise in the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule. Exogenous selenium treatment substantially improved the net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），and transpiration rate（Tr） in flax leaves under drought stress，while also increased chlorophyll content.Additionally，the maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm）and the actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ（ΦPSⅡ）were significantly enhanced. Selenium fertilizer also considerably enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT），nitrate reductase（NR），glutamine synthetase（GS），and glutamate dehydrogenase（GDH）under drought stress，with activity increases ranging from 11.19% to 20.57%.It also significantly reduced the non‑photochemical quenching coefficient（NPQ），H₂O₂，and MDA content. Therefore，foliar application of 50 g/ha selenium fertilizer effectively alleviated the negative effects of drought stress during the budding stage on flax growth and yield by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency，optimizing chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，boosting the activity of antioxidant enzymes and nitrogen metabolism related enzymes，and decreasing reactive oxygen species and MDA levels.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Angelica dahurica Germplasm Resources

XU Lanjie, AN Sufang, YU Yongliang, DONG Wei, LIANG Huizhen, TAN Zhengwei, YANG Qing, YANG Hongqi, WU Xiaohui

2025, 54(7): 64-71. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.007

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To clarify the genetic diversity and population structure characteristics of Angelica dahurica parent materials and improve the utilization efficiency of A.dahurica germplasm resources，28 start codon targeted polymorphism（SCoT）markers were used for PCR amplification of 78 germplasm accessions from 5 A.dahurica populations.Genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed using softwares such as POPGENE 1.32 and GenALEx6.502.The results showed that 28 SCoT markers amplified a total of 192 bands，including 159 polymorphic bands.The average number of amplified bands and polymorphic bands per marker were 7 and 6，respectively.The average values of polymorphic information content（PIC），Shannon’s diversity index（I），and Nei’s gene diversity index（H）for SCoT markers were 0.800，0.350，and 0.240，respectively，indicating relatively high genetic diversity. For the five A.dahurica populations，the average number of alleles per locus（N_a），average effective number of alleles（N_e），average I，and average expected heterozygosity（H_e）were 1.514，1.293，0.265，and 0.174，respectively，with the Yu A.dahurica population showing the highest values.The genetic differentiation coefficient and gene flow among the five populations were 0.135 and 3.195，respectively.94% of the genetic variation originated within populations，and high gene flow reduced genetic differences between populations.Based on genetic similarity coefficients（GS）among populations，the five A.dahurica populations were clustered into three groups at a GS threshold of 0.96：Yu A.dahurica，Hang A.dahurica，and Chuan A.dahurica populations were grouped together.Based on the GS of 78 A.dahurica germplasms，they were clustered into three major categories at a GS value of 0.765.These categories included 73，3，and 2 A.dahurica germplasms respectively. In conclusion，the five A.dahurica populations exhibit low levels of genetic diversity and close genetic relationships among germplasms.Therefore，efforts should be strengthened to create new A.dahurica germplasm resources.

Identification of the bHLH Gene Family in Tricholoma matsutake and Its Expression Analysis under Heavy Metal Stress

LANG Qian, ZHANG Min, WANG Hao, GONG Lei, ZHOU Yu

2025, 54(7): 72-83. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.008

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The bHLH（basic helix‑loop‑helix）transcription factors are widely involved in plant growth，development and stress response. In order to clarify the detailed information of the bHLH family members in Tricholoma matsutake and their response to heavy metal stress，we identified the bHLH family members based on Tricholoma matsutake genome by using bioinformatics methods.The physicochemical properties and structure of the proteins，the conserved domains and the promoter cis‑acting elements of the genes were analyzed，and the expression patterns of the bHLH family members in different developmental stages of Tricholoma matsutake fruit bodies，for different refrigeration durations，and under different heavy metal stresses were also investigated.The results showed that a total of 12 bHLH genes were identified in the Tricholoma matsutake genome，which were evenly distributed on 9 chromosomes.Physicochemical property analyses showed that the number of amino acids，theoretical molecular weight of protein，isoelectric point，and instability coefficient encoded by the bHLH（TmabHLH）genes were in the ranges of 96—878，10.72—96.02 ku，4.72—10.81，and 33.55—89.90，respectively.Subcellular localization analyses showed that all the genes were localized in the nucleus and were mainly hydrophilic and unstable nuclear proteins.In addition，the tertiary structure of TmabHLH protein mainly consisted of α‑helices and irregular convolutions，and the promoter sequences of the TmabHLH genes contained a large number of light‑responsive elements，hormone‑responsive elements，and abiotic stress‑responsive elements，suggesting that they may be involved in the growth and development and stress response of Tricholoma matsutake.Transcriptome analysis showed that most of the TmabHLH genes were abundantly expressed in the early development of Tricholoma matsutake fruit bodies，while most of the TmabHLH genes showed a decreasing trend in expression with prolonged cold storage time.The qRT‑PCR assay revealed that all six TmabHLH genes responded to the four heavy metal stresses and had different expression patterns at different concentrations，e.g.，the genes responded more drastically under arsenic（As）stress than under mercury（Hg），cadmium（Cd）and lead（Pb）stress.In summary，the Tricholoma matsutake bHLH gene family has the function of regulating the response of matsutake to heavy metal stress，which lays an important foundation for further revealing the specific functions of TmabHLHs under heavy metal stress.

Effects of Carbon and Phosphorus Addition on the Characteristics and Construction Process of Microbial Communities in the Yellow Soil of Central Guizhou

QIN Shihua, CONG Chunlei, YAN Ru, LIU Chao, SONG Xiaohui, QIAO Zhiwei

2025, 54(7): 84-97. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.009

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To investigate the effects of external carbon and phosphorus on the characteristics and construction process of soil microbial communities，glucose was used as the exogenous carbon source material，and potassium dihydrogen phosphate was used as the phosphorus source. Four treatments were set up，including control（CK），carbon addition（C），phosphorus addition（P），and carbon phosphorus addition（CP）.Using yellow soil from central Guizhou as the experimental soil，a pot experiment with oilseed rape was conducted to investigate the effects of carbon and phosphorus addition on soil physicochemical properties，microbial community structure，and community assembly.The results showed that the total nitrogen content of the C，P，and CP treatments increased significantly by 7.82%，6.17%，and 6.17%，respectively，compared to the CK treatment，with no significant difference among the three treatments.The content of soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen in C，P and CP treatments increased，but there was no significant difference compared with the control.The soil nitrate nitrogen content in C and P treatments was significantly higher than that in CK and CP treatments.The soil pH value and ammonium nitrogen content in CP treatment were significantly higher than those in other treatments.The oilseed rape yields of the treatments were in the order of CP>C>P>CK.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria decreased，while the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes increased.The addition of carbon and phosphorus promoted the growth of Ascomycota.The addition of carbon and phosphorus had little effect on the α diversity of bacterial and fungal communities.The Mantel test showed that indicators such as soil ammonium nitrogen，organic matter，and available potassium content had a significant impact on bacterial community beta diversity at the P<0.001 level；The indicators of soil ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus content had a significant impact on the β diversity of fungal communities at the P<0.01 level.The order of smoothness of bacterial network connectivity was P>C>CP>CK，while the order of smoothness of fungal network connectivity was C>P>CK>CP.The construction process of bacterial and fungal communities in each treatment was dominated by stochastic processes.The content of ammonium nitrogen was significantly correlated with bacterial and fungal βNTI values at the P<0.001 level，while pH value and soil organic matter were significantly correlated with bacterial βNTI values（P<0.05 or more significan）and fungal βNTI values at the P<0. 001 level. In summary，the addition of carbon and phosphorus has an impact on soil physical and chemical properties（such as ammonium nitrogen），thereby altering microbial community β diversity and community construction processes.

Effects of Water Management Method on Yield and Rice Planthopper Occurrence of Double‑Cropping Rice

LIU Yuwu, ZHUO Le, CHENG Zhouqi, QIU Lin, LI Youzhi, TU Naimei, YI Zhenxie

2025, 54(7): 98-106. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.010

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Hengyang local main varieties（early rice：Xiangzaoxian 45；late rice：Taiyou 553）were used as materials to carry out field experiments，and the effects of different water management methods（W1：flooding irrigation；W2：intermittent irrigation；W3：wet irrigation ）on the yield and rice planthopper occurrence of double‑cropping rice were studied，so as to clarify the water management method that is conducive to the stable yield of rice in central and southern Hunan and can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of rice planthopper，and lay a foundation for the construction of sustainable prevention and control technology system of rice planthopper.The results showed that in 2022，the yield of early rice of W2 treatment was significantly higher than those of W3 and W1 treatments，and the yields of late rice of W2 and W3 treatments were significantly higher than that of W1 treatment. The difference between W2 and W3 treatments was not significant，and the main reason for the difference in yield was the number of effective panicles.In 2023，the yields of early and late rice of W3 treatment were higher than those of W1 and W2 treatments，and the main reason for the difference in yield was seed setting rate.Water management method had a significant effect on the rice planthopper occurrence of early and late rice，especially in the peak period.In general，the order of rice planthopper number was W1>W2>W3，and W3 treatment was significantly lower than W1 and W2 treatments.In 2022，the rice planthopper number of late rice of W3 treatment decreased by 15.4% and 28.6% compared with W2 and W1 treatments，and decreased by 35.2% and 40.6% in whole 2023.The results of correlation analysis showed that rice planthopper number at most growth stages was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the relative humidity at the base，the water content of the leaf sheath，and the peroxidase（POD）activity of the leaf sheath.In summary，wet irrigation can reduce the occurrence of rice planthoppers by reducing the relative humidity at the base of rice population and the water content of leaf sheath，and ensure higher yield of rice，which is an ideal water management method.

Evaluation of Resistance to Southern Corn Rust and Detection of Resistance Genes in New Summer Corn Varieties in Henan Province

WANG Ziming, ZHANG Yuyang, WANG Ziqi, FAN Zhuo, YUAN Hongxia, YANG Xue, LI Honglian, SHI Yan

2025, 54(7): 107-115. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.011

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Southern corn rust resistance of corn varieties participating in regional trials and introduced variety registration trials in Henan Province from 2021 to 2024 was evaluated using a combination of field nurseries and artificial inoculation. Additionally，resistance gene detection was conducted on varieties exhibiting moderate resistance or higher levels in 2023 and 2024，to determine the resistance status of newly bred corn varieties to southern corn rust，and provide a theoretical basis for breeding and promoting resistant corn cultivars.The results showed that 134，121，87，and 119 corn varieties were tested in the Henan regional trials from 2021 to 2024，respectively.Among them，the proportions of varieties showing moderate or higher resistance to southern corn rust were 36.57%，92.57%，57.47%，and 86.55%，respectively.For the introduced variety registration trials，68，82，43，and 14 corn varieties were tested，and the proportions of varieties showing moderate or higher resistance to southern corn rust were 32.35%，95.12%，51.16%，and 71.43%，respectively，demonstrating a generally consistent trend.However，there were notable year‑to‑year variations in the proportion of resistant and susceptible varieties.In years with southern corn rust epidemics，such as 2021 and 2023，the proportion of resistant varieties was relatively lower.In 2023，resistance genes were detected in varieties showing moderate resistance or higher levels.The results showed that 48.61% of these varieties carried the resistance gene RppC，while RppM was not detected in any of the tested varieties.Furthermore，51.39% of the varieties lacked both RppC and RppM.In 2024，detection of RppC，RppM，and RppK genes in varieties showing moderate resistance or higher levels was conducted.The results showed that RppC had the highest detection ratio of 92.92%，followed by RppK and RppM with the detection ratio of 21.24% and 20.35%，respectively.However，three varieties tested were negative for all three resistance genes.In conclusion，a relatively high proportion of corn varieties evaluated in recent years in Henan Province exhibited resistance to southern corn rust，with an overall increasing trend.The resistance gene RppC continues to play a key role in corn production，while RppK and RppM are beginning to be applied in southern corn rust‑resistant breeding.Further exploration and utilization of additional resistance genes are still needed.

Study on the Differences in Growth and Metabolomics of Flavonoids in Tissue Culture Seedlings of Lilium pumilum DC. under Different Light Quality

DENG Yu, HOU Jia, MA Zhengzheng, LI Zhengxiao, LU Songhui

2025, 54(7): 116-125. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.012

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Under the different light qualities，the differences in growth and flavonoid metabolites of L.pumilum DC. tissue cultured seedlings were analyzed.During the proliferation and growth stage of L.pumilum DC.tissue cultured seedlings，five light quality treatments were set up：white light（W），pure red light（R），pure blue light（B），red blue 1∶1 composite light（R1B1），and red blue green 1∶1∶1 composite light（RGB）. We observed and compared the growth differences of each treatment，and detected flavonoids using UHPLC-MS/MS technology. Under W treatment，the proliferation coefficient of L.pumilum DC.was the highest，at 3.31，the overall growth was better，the leaves were more robust，and the cluster seedlings were more vigorous.Compared with white light quality，red light quality contained 5 differential flavonoids（R_W），2 differential flavonoids were screened out in the B_W，29 differential flavonoids were screened out in the R1B1_W，and 22 differential flavonoids were screened out in the RGB_W.The relative content of differential flavonoids was the highest under RGB treatment，and flavonoids with a higher proportion such as kaempferol and rutin were significantly upregulated. KEGG pathway analysis showed that these substances were mainly enriched in flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis pathways and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. What was more important，R1B1 indirectly inhibited the accumulation of kaempferol and downstream substances by regulating the precursor substance naringenin chalcone，while RGB directly positively regulated the accumulation of naringin and downstream flavonoids such as kaempferol.

Effects of New Type of Light Conversion Film Covering on the Growth Quality and Stomatal Characteristics of Greenhouse Cut Rose

FAN Xiaolei, MENG Lingchao, LI Dandan, ZHOU Qiang

2025, 54(7): 126-134. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.013

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Using Rosa hybrida‘Red Meilland’of landscape plants as the test material，this study investigated the effects of green to red light conversion agents（LCA1），purple to red light conversion agents（LCA2），and green purple to red blue compound light conversion agents（LCA3）on the agronomic traits，chlorophyll content，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，photosynthetic parameters，and stomatal characteristics of cut roses.The results showed that the addition of light conversion agent film under cover helped to improve the height，stem diameter，and petal diameter of roses，but had no significant effect on the number of rose branches. Only LCA3 treatment had a significant impact on the flowering period of roses. Compared with the common PO film control（CK）treatment without light conversion agent，the LCA3 treatment increased the content of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，and chlorophyll a+b in roses by 29.5%，54.5%，and 33.6%，respectively，while the content of chlorophyll a/b decreased by 14.9%，with no significant effect on carotenoid content；the maximum photochemical quantum efficiency（Fv/Fm），potential activity（Fv/Fo），actual photochemical quantum efficiency（ΦPSⅡ），effective photochemical quantum efficiency（Fv´/Fm´），photochemical quenching coefficient（qP），and relative electron transfer rate（ETR）of rose leaves increased by 6.9%，55.3%，1.6%，53.6%，11.8%，and 35.2%，respectively.The thickness，stomatal density，length，and width of rose leaves increased by 15.1%，35.8%，15.8%，and 38.3%，respectively. Covering with different light transfer films helped to increase the net photosynthetic rate（Pn），transpiration rate（Tr），stomatal conductance（Gs），water use efficiency（WUE），and stomatal limitation value（Ls）of roses，while reduced intercellular carbon dioxide concentration（Ci）.At the same time，LCA3 treatment had a higher effect on reducing the release of ethylene from roses and increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），and catalase（CAT）compared to LCA2，LCA1，and CK treatments. In summary，LCA3 treatment has the best effect on improving rose photosynthesis，increasing chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，and improving the agronomic traits of roses.

Studies on Economically Important Characteristics and Milk Quality of Improved Holstein Dairy Cows with Norwegian Red Bulls

JIN Shuanlan

2025, 54(7): 135-144. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.014

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To evaluate the important economic traits of the hybrid offspring of Norwegian red bulls and Holstein cows，the breeding indexes such as the number of services，first service conception rate，average birth weight of calves，and average interbirth interval and lactation performance indicators such as average lactation day，305‑day milk yield，and peak day average milk yield，as well as milk safety indicators（total bacterial content，heavy metals ions and drug residues）and nutritional indicators（amino acid composition and fatty acid composition）of the hybrid offspring（F₁ and F₂）of Norwegian red bulls and Holstein cows under the same feeding environment were compared.Their reproductive performance，lactation performance and milk quality characteristics were systematically analyzed.The results showed that compared with Holstein cows，the reproductive performance of F₁ and F₂ was significantly improved.The specific performance was that the number of service was significantly reduced，the first service conception rate was significantly increased，the average birth weight of calves was significantly reduced，and the average interbirth interval was significantly shortened.The lactation performance remained stable，and the specific performance was that the 305‑day milk yield and peak day average milk yield of F₁ and F₂ were not significantly different from those of Holstein cattle.The milk quality was significantly improved，which was manifested in the significant increase of average milk fat rate and average milk protein rate，and the decrease of acidity value.Safety standards were met，with all hygiene indicators complying with national standards.The ratio of essential amino acids/total amino acids（41.71%）and essential amino acids/non‑essential amino acids（71.56%）reached the ideal protein standards required by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（FAO）and the World Health Organization（WHO）.In conclusion，Norwegian red bull hybridization technology can significantly improve the reproductive efficiency and dairy quality of Holstein cows while maintaining lactation performance.After hybridization，it represents excellent comprehensive production performance and has important application value.

Analysis of Cecal Microbiota Diversity of High‑quality Xinghua Chicken and Gudian Chicken

LIANG Shuqi, JIA Shaoyan, LI Ying, XU Wenjie, WU Baozhou, JIA Xinzheng

2025, 54(7): 145-152. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.015

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To explore the characteristics of cecal flora in low‑fat（Xinghua chicken）and high‑fat（Gudian chicken）breeds during the fattening and slaughtering stage，10 healthy Xinghua chickens and 10 Gudian chickens at 126 days of age under the same feeding conditions were selected for slaughter determination and comparative analysis.At the same time，five chickens were randomly selected from them for testing，and their cecal contents were collected for analysis of the microbial community structure through 16S rRNA V3—V4 region sequencing.The results showed that both live weight and slaughter weight of Xinghua chickens were significantly lower than those of Gudian chickens，while abdominal fat weight，slaughtering rate，and abdominal fat rate were extremely significantly lower than those of Gudian chickens.α diversity analysis revealed that the richness of gut microbiota in Gudian chickens was higher than in Xinghua chickens，but the difference was not significant，and the diversity of intestinal flora in Gudian chicken was significantly higher than that in Xinghua chicken at the family level.β diversity analysis showed that there were extremely significant differences in the diversity of microbial communities between the two varieties at the genus and family levels. In the analysis of microbial community structure and differences at the phylum level，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was extemely significantly higher in Gudian chickens than in Xinghua chickens，the relative abundance of Deferribacterota was significantly higher than in Xinghua chickens，and the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota was extremely significantly lower than in Xinghua chickens.In the analysis of microbial community structure and differences at the family level，the abundance of Acidaminococcaceae and Succinivibrionaceae in Gudian chickens was significantly higher than that in Xinghua chickens，while the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae was significantly lower than that in Xinghua chickens.In the analysis of microbial community structure and differences at the genus level，the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium and Anaerobiospirillum in Gudian chickens was significantly higher than that in Xinghua chickens，while the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly lower than that in Xinghua chickens.Through LEfSe differential analysis（LDA>3，P<0.05），8 specific marker bacteria of high‑fat Gudian chicken and 5 specific marker bacteria of low‑fat Xinghua chicken were identified respectively. Among them，the LDA scores of Phascolarctobacterium and Faecalibacterium with high abundance were higher，which may be significantly related to the phenotype of more abdominal fat deposition in high‑fat Gudian chickens and less abdominal fat deposition in low‑fat Xinghua chickens.In summary，microbiome analysis revealed significant differences in the cecal microbiota structure between Xinghua chickens and Gudian chickens，confirming the potential association between characteristic microbiota such as Proteobacteria，Succinivibrionaceae，and Phascolarctobacterium and fat deposition in broiler chickens.This provides a theoretical basis for microbiota improving broiler chicken production performance microbial.

Identification and Expression Analysis of OBP and CSP Genes in the Sex Pheromone‑producing Gland of Domestic and Chinese Wild Silkworms

WANG Qinghai, JIA Yanhua, ZHANG Yu, HUANG Zhenfu

2025, 54(7): 153-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.016

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To explore the mechanism of insect odor recognition and chemoreception，based on the previous transcriptome data，the odorant‑binding protein（OBP）and chemosensory protein（CSP）genes in the sex pheromone‑producing glands（PGs） of domestic silkworm（Bombyx mori） and Chinese wild silkworm（Bombyx mandarina）were screened and identified，and the spatio‑temporal expression patterns of the differentially expressed genes were analyzed. At the same time，the relative concentration changes of sex pheromone components（bombykol and bombykal）in silkworm at different developmental stages were detected by gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS）. The results showed that a total of 13 OBP genes and 10 CSP genes were identified in the PGs of both domestic and wild silkworms. Among them，five OBP genes（OBP11，OBP23，OBP27，OBP41，and OBP42）and four CSP genes（CSP3，CSP12，CSP13，and CSP15）had significant expression differences.The expression levels of these differentially expressed genes in different tissues of domestic silkworm larvae and adults were different.It was worth noting that the OBP11 gene showed the highest expression level in the PGs of domestic and wild silkworms，and was continuously expressed in the PGs of domestic silkworms at different developmental stages.Further analysis showed that the expression level of this gene was significantly increased at 0.001 level at 24 h after eclosion compared with that before eclosion，and significantly decreased at 0.001 level at 6 h after mating.GC‑MS analysis showed that the relative concentration of bombykol remained stable before eclosion，increased significantly at the 0.001 level after 24 h of eclosion，and decreased significantly at the 0.001 level after 3 h of mating. In contrast，the relative concentration of bombykal maintained a stable level during the entire developmental process. In conclusion，the OBP11 gene is highly expressed in the PGs of both domestic and wild silkworms.The expression dynamics of this gene（upregulated after eclosion and downregulated after mating）are highly consistent with the alterations in bombykol content，suggesting that this gene may be involved in the binding and release processes of sex pheromones.

Study on Wheat Spike Automatic Detection Method Based on Improved YOLOv8n

ZANG Hecang, ZHOU Meng, WANG Yahui, PENG Yilong, ZHAO Qing, ZHANG Jie, LI Guoqiang

2025, 54(7): 162-169. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.017

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In wheat breeding，spike number is the key index to evaluate wheat yield.Timely and accurate detection of wheat spike number has important practical significance for early prediction of yield.In actual production，the method of artificial field investigation and statistics of wheat spikes is time‑consuming and laborious. Therefore，this paper proposed an automatic wheat spike detection method based on improved YOLOv8n. Firstly，HGNetV2 was used to improve the network structure to enhance the expression ability of small target wheat spike feature；Secondly，deep separable convolution and pointwise convolution were introduced to improve the computational efficiency and counting performance of the model；Finally，the loss function was improved to optimize the model，accurate determination of wheat ear position and category information was achieved.The test results showed that the accuracy of the improved YOLOv8n in wheat spike detection task was 93.7%，which was 6.5 percentage points higher than that of YOLOv8n.Compared with YOLOv5s and YOLOv8x，the improved YOLOv8n increased by 9.7 percentage point and 0.5 percentage point，which could detect wheat spike images in field complex situations，and had better computer vision processing effect and performance evaluation detection effect.This method can accurately detect the number of small target wheat spikes，and better solve the problem of occlusion and overlapping of wheat spikes.

Extraction of Rape Planting Information in Cultivated Land Fragmentation Region Based on HJ‑2 CCD Imagery

ZHANG Meng, XU Xiang, WANG Zhuang, WANG Jie

2025, 54(7): 170-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.018

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Owing to the diverse landscape pattern of farmland，complex crop planting structure，and scattered as well as irregular plots in the cultivated land fragmentation region，it is prone to have a severe mixed pixel phenomenon when applying medium and low spatial resolution remote sensing imagery，which makes it difficult to obtain high‑precision crop planting information. The popularization and use of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery has improved this situation and increased the accuracy of crop identification in cultivated land fragmentation region，but the research on planting extraction based on high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery for rape is still relatively scarce at present，and the existing identification methods suffer from the problems of large amount of data processing and complicated process. To address this，based on the HJ‑2 CCD imagery with both spatial resolution and spectral band enhancement in Zongyang County，Anhui Province，a rapid and effective rape identification model for fragmented regions of cultivated land was proposed by utilizing the derived spectral feature set constructed by vegetation indices of key phenological stage image of rape blossoming as well as combining the Bagging ensemble strategy and minimum Mahalanobis distance classifier. The results of the study showed that，compared with five other typical rape identification modeling methods，RAW+SVM，RAW+RF，RAW+Bagging‑MMDC，VI+SVM，VI+RF，the proposed model VI+Bagging‑MMDC had the best results in land cover classification and rape extraction，with overall accuracy，Kappa coefficient，user accuracy of rape，and producer accuracy of rape being 94.27%，0.93，98.59% and 97.21%，respectively；Compared with the statistical data，the total area accuracy of the proposed model reached 92.80%，the relative error was 7.20%，and the planting distribution was highly consistent with the actual rape plots，thereby meeting the practical application requirements. The introduction of red‑edge information increased the overall accuracy，Kappa coefficient and user accuracy of rape by 2.40 percentage points，0.03 and 4.94 percentage points，respectively. This study proves that the combined use of key vegetation index of rape blossoming stage，Bagging ensemble strategy，minimum Mahalanobis distance classifier and red‑edge information can effectively improve the extraction accuracy of crops in the cultivated land fragmentation region.

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