Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

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Research Progress on Application in Livestock，Poultry and Aquaculture Production of Bacillus subtilis and Its Effect on Intestinal Health of Animals

FENG Lili

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (5): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.001

Abstract （791）

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Bacillus subtilis can form spores，has strong resistance and good stability，and has several advantages compared with conventional probiotics.Bacillus subtilis can be used as a microecological agent in livestock，poultry and aquaculture production，and has positive impact on animal production performance via improvement of digestion and absorption.Bacillus subtilis can improve meat quality，enhance immunity and regulate intestinal health.The biological characteristics of Bacillus subtilis，the application in livestock，poultry and aquaculture production and the impact on intestinal health were reviewed in this paper，so as to provide reference for further development and utilization of Bacillus subtilis microecologics for feeding.

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Research Progress on the Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Respiration

ZHU Leyang, ZHANG Xizhe, TAO Jiang, WANG Xiu, HAN Yanying, YE Yanhui

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (10): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.001

Abstract （783）

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Nitrogen deposition，as a critical ecological factor in the soil ecosystem，significantly affects the structure and function of ecosystems.To systematically elucidate the impact of nitrogen deposition on soil respiration，the effects of nitrogen deposition on soil root respiration，soil microorganism respiration，soil animal respiration and chemical oxidation of soil carbon⁃containing minerals were reviewed，and the specific effects of different nitrogen deposition gradients on soil respiration were analyzed.In order to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent in⁃depth monitoring and research of soil respiration and related life activities，the future research directions in the field of soil respiration were prospected.

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Research Progress in Alleviating Continuous Cropping Obstacles by Allium L.Plants

GUO Jianing, LI Nannan, LI Kun

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (8): 11-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.002

Abstract （837）

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Soil continuous cropping obstacles commonly occur in many plants，such as grain crops，fruit trees，vegetables，Chinese herbal medicines and others，restricting the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.Intercropping，rotation and relay intercropping are important agricultural management measures，and they can regulate the microecological environment of rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping，reducing the harm of continuous cropping.Allium L.plants contain various biologically active components such as organic sulfur compounds，saponins，flavonoids，and other compounds.They are often used as an intercropping，rotation or relay intercropping crop to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.This paper expounded the alleviative effects of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstaces，and the alleviating mechanism of Allium L.plants on continuous cropping obstacles was discussed from photosynthetic characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activity，root exudate characteristics and soil nutrients，enzyme activity and microorganisms quantity and community structure.The components contained in root exudates and plant volatiles of Allium L.plants were analyzed.Finally，the research direction of mechanisms of Allium L.plants alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and the development of active substances were proposed，which laid a theoretical foundation for further application of Allium L.plants in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles.

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Analysis of the Current Status and Research Progress on the Resource Utilization of Spent Mushroom Substrate in Edible Fungi Cultivation

ZHANG Chaohui, LIU Yang, ZHANG Guang, WANG Zhenhe, QIU Liyou

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 1-14. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.001

Abstract （616）

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Edible fungi cultivation is the fifth‑largest planting industry in China and an important pillar for rural revitalization.When the edible fungi industry is developing rapidly，a large amount of spent mushroom substrate（SMS）is generated.A lot of SMS is casually discarded or incinerated，resulting in serious environmental pollution and resource waste.Therefore，the issue of the resource‑based utilization of SMS has received widespread attention.Based on the analysis of the source，physical and chemical properties，and nutritional components of SMS，this paper comprehensively reviews the current situation and research progress of the resource‑based utilization of SMS.This includes SMS being used as energy materials，for the production of bio‑fertilizers，for improving the soil environment，for the extraction of bioactive substances，and for the manufacture of composite materials，etc.It also points out the existing problems in the utilization of SMS.Combining with the development status of the edible fungi industry，this paper looks ahead to the comprehensive utilization of SMS，aiming to increase the utilization rate of SMS and promote the sustainable development of the edible fungi industry.

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Analysis of Yunnan Black Tea Aroma Characteristics Based on HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS and OAV

DING Qihuan, DENG Min, SHI Dekang, SU Jianmei, GU Chonglin, LI Sijin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (4): 167-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.04.017

Abstract （443）

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In order to investigate the aroma characteristics of Yunnan black tea from different production areas in Yunnan,12 tea samples from four production areas,namely,Simao in Puer,Changning in Baoshan,Menghai in Xishuangbanna and Fengqing in Lincang，were selected as materials.The headspace‐solid phase microextraction(HS‐SPME)combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry(GC‐MS)was used to separate and identify the volatile components of Yunnan black tea from different production areas on a DB‐WAX column，and the volatile components of Yunnan black tea were analysed by using aroma activity value(OAV)combined with chemometrics to determine the volatiles composition and aroma characteristics of Yunnan black tea from different production areas.The results showed that a total of 143 volatile substances，mainly alcohols，aldehydes，esters and olefins，were identified in Yunnan black tea from different production areas，and 50 substances(OAV≥1)contributing to the flavor of Yunnan black tea were screened out with the help of OAV，among which linalool and β‐ionone had a prominent position in OAV，and were important for the composition of the flavour of Yunnan black tea from different production areas.By using orthogonal partial least squares‐discriminant analysis(OPLS‐DA),combined with variable importance projection(VIP),43 differential markers were screened(VIP≥1).Based on the results of OAV and OPLS‐DA，12 characteristic differential substances of Yunnan black tea were screened：2‐methyl butyraldehyde， benzaldehyde， heptaldehyde，Z‐hex‐3‐en‐1‐ol，methyl 2‐(methylamino)benzoate，dihydroactinidolide，D‐limonene,(E)‐3，7‐dimethylocta‐1,3,6‐triene，β‐ionone，α -lonone，dihydro‐β‐ionone，and P‐cymene.Z‐hex‐3‐en‐1‐ol contributed prominently to the clear aroma of black tea from Changning production area；dihydroactinidolide and dihydro‐β‐ionone contributed prominently to the floral and fruity aroma of Menghai production area，and heptaldehyde contributed prominently to the fruity aroma of Fengqing production area.Further analysis showed that the Yunnan black tea aroma types of the four production areas were mainly floral and fruity.Combined with the cluster analysis，Changning and Fengqing production areas had floral and sweet aroma，and the fruity aroma was stronger，absence of honey notes；and the differentiated compounds of Simao and Menghai production areas were more diverse，and the composite aroma was obvious，which involved the sweet aroma，honey aroma，grassy aroma，clear aroma and fat aroma.

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Research Progress of Intercropping Promoting Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization

WU Xin, BI Jiayu, GE Yingtong, HE Yangfa, WANG Yuyun

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (12): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.001

Abstract （632）

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The application of phosphate fertilizer and mineral weathering are the main sources of soil phosphorus，but the low utilization rate of phosphorus and the limited ability of crops to absorb and utilize phosphorus lead to the accumulation of soil phosphorus，which limits the growth of crops.Intercropping system can improve soil phosphorus availability.The effects of intercropping on phosphorus utilization rate were summarized.The mechanism of intercropping to improve soil phosphorus availability was reviewed from three aspects：soil microorganisms，crop roots，and changes in endogenous hormones.It is suggested that in the future，we should focus on the in‑situ characterization of plant root morphology，auxin‑related gene expression，soil microorganisms and related functional genes，in order to provide reference for improving phosphorus utilization rate through intercropping.

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Effect of Mepenzolate Compounding with Plant Growth Regulator on Spatiotemporal Distribution of Boll Formation and Endogenous Hormones in Cotton

ZHANG Ning, ZHANG Yongli, LIU Yujie, TU Xiaoju, ZHOU Zhonghua, LIU Aiyu

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (2): 48-57. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.006

Abstract （560）

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Mepenzolate（DPC）compounding with plant growth regulator can effectively increase cotton yield. To clarify its effect on the law of boll formation in cotton，DPC was selected to be compounded with sodium nitroprusside（CSN），brassinolide（BR），sodium naphthylacetate（SNA），and phthalanilic acid（PHA），and a single application of DPC was used as the control. Three sprays were carried out at the budding stage，the pre⁃boll stage and the peak boll stage，and the effects of different compound combinations on the canopy structure，spatiotemporal distribution of boll formation，endogenous hormones，and yield were analyzed.The results showed that compared with the control，the compound treatment increased the leaf area index of cotton at the flowering boll stage，resulting in a significant decrease in the light transmittance of the lower canopy. The compound treatment increased the average growth rate of each reproductive organ and increased the number of flocculent bolls，and the number of cotton bolls increased by 35. 88%—46. 76% compared with the control. The compound treatment had a great effect on the vertical distribution of cotton bolls，the boll proportion in the lower part decreased compared with the control，but it increased the proportion of bolls in the middle and upper parts.The contents of indole acetic acid（IAA）and abscisic acid（ABA）in leaves could be reduced by compound treatment 10 days after the first application，and the gibberellins（GA₃）content of DPC compounding with BR was significantly higher than that of the control at 30 days after application，and the compound treatment could significantly regulate the increase of zeatin riboside（ZR）content. Compared with the control，the boll formation rate of the compound treatment was significantly increased by 9.97%—16.85%，the number of bolls per hectare was significantly increased by 9.20%—17.22%，and the lint yield was significantly increased by 10.33%—22.30%. In conclusion，DPC compound treatment optimizes the spatiotemporal distribution of boll formation by regulating cotton endogenous hormones，which significantly increases the boll rate and thus increases cotton yield.

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Establishment of RT‑RAA‑CRISPR/Cas12a Based Visual Detection Method for Pepper Mild Mottle Virus

ZHAO Zhenxing, FAN Qixuan, WANG Siyuan, DONG Zheng, HU Zhongze, ZHANG Yongjiang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (9): 80-87. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.008

Abstract （555）

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Pepper is an important horticultural crop.Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)threatens pepper and other solanaceous crops’production.In order to improve the prevention and control efficiency of PMMoV,this study designed specific RAA primers based on the conserved sequence of its gene encoding coat protein(CP) to achieve rapid isothermal amplification of PMMoV based on recombinase‑aided amplification(RAA).And crRNA was designed to target the RT‑RAA amplification products based on the CRISPR/Cas12a system.The RT‑RAA‑CRISPR/Cas12a system was optimized,and the results showed that the strongest signal was observed in the total system at a final concentration of 400 nmol/L for reporter gene FQ,and a ratio of 1∶5 for Cas12a∶crRNA at the final concentrations of 200 nmol/L and 1 000 nmol/L.The final RT‑RAA amplification reaction and CRISPR chromogenic reaction each only took 15 min,and the positive signal could be directly observed under portable blue light irradiation equipment.This method could specifically detect PMMoV,and the detection limit of RNA of pepper samples carrying PMMoV could reach 1.34 pg/μL,which was 1 000 and 10 times more sensitive than that of conventional RT‑PCR and real‑time RT‑PCR.The detection results of 30 samples showed that the RT‑RAA‑CRISPR/Cas12a assay established in this study could detect PMMoV in leaves,fruits and soils of infected pepper and tomato plants.The established detection system could be used for rapid and sensitive visual detection of pepper mild mottle virus.

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Early and Rapid Detection of Tomato Gray Mold Based on LAMP Technology

ZHAO Qian, LI Wen, LI Xiliu, JIA Zhenhua, FENG Xiaojuan, SONG Shuishan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (6): 84-91. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.009

Abstract （426）

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Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the main diseases of tomatoes，which severely affects the yield and quality of tomatoes. In order to achieve the early and rapid detection of tomato gray mold，by using the ACTIN gene of Botrytis cinerea as the target gene，and based on the loop‐mediated isothermal amplification（LAMP）technology，a set of LAMP specific primers was designed and screened，and the reaction system and reaction conditions were optimized to realize the rapid isothermal amplification of Botrytis cinerea.Through agarose gel electrophoresis and SYBR Green Ⅰ visualization analysis，the optimal dosages of Bst Ⅱ DNA polymerase and dNTPs，as well as the optimal ratio of inner and outer primers，were determined to be 0.6 U/μL，1.25 mmol/L，and 2∶1 respectively.The specific detection of Botrytis cinerea could be achieved at 61 ℃ for 40 min，and its sensitivity could reach 100 ag/μL，which was 106 times the sensitivity of ordinary PCR detection. When this method was applied to the detection of tomato diseases，the spores detection limit for Botrytis cinerea could reach 20 spores/mL，and the pathogen could be detected in tomato leaves that had been infected for 4 days without obvious phenotypic symptoms of gray mold，making it applicable for the early，rapid，sensitive and visual detection of tomato gray mold.

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Genome‑wide Association Analysis and Candidate Gene Prediction for Rice Drought Tolerance at Seedling Stage

HUANG Shipeng, HE Huqiang, LI Guangzhao, CHEN Chuanxin, ZHONG Tuo, XIE Jianbo, ZHOU Xiangwan, WANG Dan, XIAO Yinghui

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (7): 12-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.002

Abstract （471）

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Taking 355 rice germplasms from RDP‑Ⅱ as materials，taking the yellow leaf rate after re‑watering as the drought tolerance evaluation index，combined with the population genotype data，genome‑wide association analysis（GWAS）was carried out，and the candidate genes related to drought tolerance were analyzed，so as to provide excellent germplasm resources and gene resources for the breeding of drought tolerant rice.The results showed that in RDP‑Ⅱ population，the yellow leaf rate of tropical japonica rice was the lowest，and that of Osbeck rice was the highest；Seventeen SNP loci related to drought tolerance were identified by GWAS，and distributed on chromosomes 1，2，3，6，7，8，11 and 12 of rice.Candidate genes were predicted in the 10 kb region near the peak SNP，and 33 candidate genes related to drought tolerance were screened，mainly including genes encoding protein kinases，transposon proteins，etc.Based on gene function annotation，8 candidate genes were selected for gene expression analysis in drought tolerant germplasm and drought intolerant germplasm，and OsCTFdt and OsPEX1 genes with significant difference in expression level were identified，which positively and negatively regulated the drought tolerance of rice at seedling stage，respectively.OsCTFdt and OsPEX1 genes had 4 haplotypes respectively，and the yellow leaf rate of the dominant haplotype was significantly lower than that of other haplotypes.

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Estimation of Potato SPAD Values Based on Machine Learning and UAV Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

CHEN Yifan, GUO Faxu, FENG Quan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (8): 133-144. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.015

Abstract （530）

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To enable rapid，non‑destructive monitoring of the soil plant analysis development（SPAD）value of field‑grown potatoes，this research employed unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） hyperspectral imaging to construct a quantitative detection model during critical growth phases.UAV hyperspectral imagery captured during the tuber initiation and enlargement stages was processed using mathematical transformations.Characteristic bands correlating with the SPAD value were identified using the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling（CARS），uninformative variable elimination（UVE），and random frog（RF） algorithms. Subsequently，partial least squares regression（PLSR），support vector regression（SVR），and back propagation（BP）neural networks were utilized to formulate models for estimating the potato SPAD values.It was observed that the characteristic bands derived from distinct feature selection algorithms varied slightly，with the CARS algorithm demonstrating efficiency in extracting sensitive spectral features，reducing hyperspectral data dimensions，and enhancing model precision.Compared to models constructed with alternative algorithmic combinations，the 1/R‑CARS‑SVR model displayed superior predictive capabilities，yielding R²values of 0.88 for the training set and 0.84 for the validation set，and consistent root mean square error（RMSE） values of 0.39 for both.The 1/R‑CARS‑SVR model was utilized to perform point‑by‑point SPAD value computations across the study area，and a detailed inversion map was generated.It was found that SPAD value in tuber expansion stage was generally higher than that in tuber formation stage.This map offered a visual representation of potato growth conditions for managerial decision‑making，contributing to the theoretical framework and methodological approach for the surveillance of potato growth dynamics.

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Metabolites Mining and Path Enrichment Analysis of Tigernut Tuber Formation

GUO Xiaoyang, LA Guixiao, XU Xinran, YU Yange, DAI Dandan, LI Yanpeng, WANG Yanhong, GUO Hongxia, YANG Tiegang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (8): 30-43. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.004

Abstract （1240）

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In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography Abstract：In order to dig out the key metabolites in the process of forming tubers by the stolons of tigernut and regulate the stolons to form more tubers，the stolons and new tubers were taken as the research objects，and untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.And then，the differential metabolites related to the formation of tubers were screened by multivariate statistical method，and KEGG metabolic pathways associated with differential metabolites were enriched.The results showed that a total of 1 217 metabolites were detected in unexpanded stolons（PFJ1），expanded stolons（PFJ2）and new tubers（JD1）.According to the conditions of VIP（Variable importance in the projection）>1，P<0.05 and FC（Fold change）>2 or FC<0.5，35 differential metabolites were screened for JD1 vs PFJ1，of which 26 were up‑regulated and nine were down‑regulated；JD1 vs PFJ2 identified 57 differential metabolites，of which 50 were up‑regulated and seven were down‑regulated；PFJ2 vs PFJ1 identified 39 differential metabolites，of which three were up‑regulated and 36 down‑regulated. The metabolites were identified as amino acids and their derivatives，nucleotides and their derivatives，organic oxygen compounds，flavonoids，phenylpropanes，phenols and so on. The relative content analysis of differential metabolites showed that the content of glutathione in JD1 was 14.021 times that in PFJ1 and 29.195 times that in PFJ2.The content of 3‑methy‑L‑histidine in JD1 was 10.463 times that in PFJ1 and 129.931 times that in PFJ2.The content of kaempferol in JD1 was 0.421 times that in PFJ1 and 0.358 times that in PFJ2.KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed metabolites was further conducted，and they were mainly concentrated into KEGG pathways such as aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis，arginine and proline metabolism，alanine，aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism，phenylalanine metabolism，flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.In summary，amino acids and flavonoids were the main metabolites related to the formation of tubers，and the metabolic pathways were mainly concentrated in aminoacyl‑tRNA biosynthesis and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis.

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Phenotypic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of Wheat Dwarf Small⁃Kernel Mutant smk56

ZHANG Fuyan, SUN Congwei, CHEN Xiaojie, WANG Jiahuan, CHENG Zhongjie, ZHAO Wan, MA Xuhui, ZHANG Jianwei, FAN Jialin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (2): 21-29. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.003

Abstract （417）

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A dwarf and small grain mutant smk56（small kernel 56）with stable phenotypic inheritance was obtained from the seeds of wheat variety Zhoumai 22，which was mutagenized by China’s first microgravity science experiment satellite，Shijian⁃10.The phenotype and endosperm starch morphology of smk56 were analyzed and observed.The mutant was hybridized with the wild type Zhoumai 22（WT）to construct an F₂segregating population.The plant height，thousand⁃grain weight and other agronomic traits of F_2：3 families were investigated，and the genetic analysis of the mutant gene was carried out.Then，the bulked segregant analysis sequencing（BSA⁃Seq），exon capture sequencing and linkage analysis were used for preliminary location of the mutant gene.The results showed that compared with WT，smk56 had no significant difference in seedling habits，leaf color，panicle type，heading stage and mature stage；Plant height of smk56 significantly decreased by 14.51%，and thousand⁃grain weight significantly decreased by 21.83%；Additionally，spike length，effective spikelet number，internode length below the spike，grain number per spike，grain length and grain width were all significantly or extremely significantly decreased；The starch granules of smk56 had poor filling degree and a more loosely arrangement structure，with underdeveloped starch bodies in endosperm cells，but there was no significant difference in the arrangement and shape regularity of starch granules between smk56 and WT.Genetic analysis indicated that the smk56 trait was controlled by a single recessive gene，which was preliminarily mapped to a region on the wheat chromosome 6D，spanning from 23.18 cM to 35.54 cM on the genetic map，and closely linked to the marker gwm469，with the flanking molecular markers of cfd1 and cfd132.In summary，the dwarf and small grains of wheat mutant smk56 may be caused by the shortening of stem internodes and the poor development of amyloplasts in grain endosperm cells；The target gene is preliminarily mapped to the wheat chromosome 6D genetic map of 23.18—35.54 cM，with a genetic distance of 12.36 cM，and it is speculated that this region may habor a novel important gene related to the formation of plant height and thousand⁃grain weight in wheat.

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Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Tobacco Bud Extract on Fermentation of Cigar Leaves

DING Jingyi, YU Jun, YANG Chunlei, CHEN Xiong, YAO Lan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 168-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.019

Abstract （736）

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In order to explore the effect of tobacco bud water extract fermentation by yeast on the aroma of cigar tobacco leaves，gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS）technology was applied to analyze the aroma components of cigar tobacco leaves after solid‑state fermentation with flower bud water extract fermented by Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum，Cyberlindnera fabianii，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii.The results showed that a total of 58 volatile substances were detected after fermentation，and the total content of volatile substances after treatment by Torulaspora delbrueckii was the highest（1 470.48 μg/g）.The results of odor activity value（OAV）analysis showed flower aroma> tobacco aroma>fruit aroma>baking aroma. Principal component analysis（PCA）results indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate was 71.1%.Cyberlindnera fabianii was closely related to β‑cyclocitral，geranylacetone，2‑methoxy‑4‑vinylphenol，phenylacetaldehyde，6‑methyl‑5‑hepten‑2‑one，styrene，benzaldehyde，4，7，9‑megastigmatrien‑3‑one a and（+）‑limonene.Zygosaccharomyces bailii was highly correlated with 4‑hydroxy‑β‑damascone，dihydroactinidiolide and phenylethyl alcohol.The results of cluster analysis showed that the aroma of cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of flower buds in the two groups of yeasts，Torulaspora delbrueckii and Pichia pastoris，Hanseniaspora uvarum and Zygosaccharomyces bailii，was similar. In summary，the cigar leaves fermented by the water extract of tobacco bud with the five yeasts have different flavor types，which is of great significance to the development of domestic cigars.

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Effects of Spraying Prohexadione Calcium on Mechanical Harvesting Agronomic Characters，Yield and Quality of Sesame under Different Densities

LÜ Shuli, DING Fang, TIAN Zhuangbo

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (2): 58-65. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.007

Abstract （432）

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In order to explore the effects of spraying prohexadione calcium under different planting densities on the agronomic traits，photosynthetic characteristics，quality and yield of sesame，and to integrate the effective cultivation measures for the mechanical harvesting of sesame through factorial experiments，with Shangzhi 196 as the test material，a two⁃factor split⁃plot experimental design was adopted. Different densities were set as the main plots（D1：180 000 plants/ha；D2：210 000 plants/ha；D3：240 000 plants/ha），and different application amounts of prohexadione calcium were set as the sub⁃plots（CK：0 g/ha，spraying clear water；T1：425 g/ha；T2：500 g/ha），with a total of 9 treatments. The results showed that with the increase of planting density，the stem diameter of sesame showed a gradually decreasing trend，with a decrease range of 2.01%—4.56%.The SPAD value of leaves showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and the D2 treatment was the highest，which was 0.82% and 6.65% higher than those of D1 and D3 treatments respectively. The leaf area index（LAI）and chlorophyll content had similar performance patterns.The average value of the D2 treatment was 4.72% and 5.17% significantly higher than the average values of D1 and D3 treatments respectively. The net photosynthetic rate（Pn）and stomatal conductance（Gs）were significantly decreased，and the intercellular CO₂ concentration increased significantly.The number of capsules per plant and the thousand⁃grain weight decreased obviously，with the reduction ranges being 1.28%—8.45% and 1.39%—5.92% respectively，but there was no significant effect on the quality of sesame. After spraying prohexadione calcium，with the increase of the application amount，the plant height，the height of the first capsule，and the length of the main stem fruit axis of sesame decreased significantly，with the reduction ranges being 7.89%—10.64%，11.91%—14.01%，and 5.29%—9.01% respectively.The photosynthesis was effectively enhanced. Meanwhile，the number of capsules per plant，the thousand⁃grain weight，and the yield were significantly increased，with the increasing ranges being 5.72%—11.14%，2.57%—6.25%，and 3.34%—6.42% respectively.The content of crude fat decreased to some extent，while the contents of linoleic acid and crude protein were effectively increased，with the increasing ranges being 2.25%—6.08% and 3.80%—8.84% respectively. Among all treatments，D1T2 treatment had the highest Pn and 1 000⁃grain weight，followed by D2T2 treatment，with no significant difference between the two treatments，and D2T2 treatment had the highest SPAD value，LAI，pod number per plant and yield，which significantly increased by 7.01% compared with D2CK. Comprehensive analysis shows that when the planting density is 210 000 plants/ha，spraying prohexadione calcium at a rate of 500 g/ha once at the seedling stage and once at the early flowering stage is relatively ideal for optimizing the plant type of sesame，improving the agronomic traits for mechanical harvesting，and enhancing the yield and quality.

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Response of Root Development and Auxin in Tea Plants to Different Nitrogen Forms

HUANG Shuangjie, LI Mengzhen, LUO Jinlei, CHANG Yali, ZHANG Yali, GUO Guiyi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 54-65. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.007

Abstract （582）

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Tea plants（Camellia sinensis）prefer NH₄⁺ as the dominant nitrogen（N）source.Although it has been proven that the use of mixed nitrate（NO₃^-）and ammonium（NH₄⁺）as a N source can improve plant growth，whether genotypic difference in response to mixed nutrition exists in different tea plants remains obscure.Two tea cultivars（Camellia sinensis cv.Xinyang 10 and Zhongcha 108）were grown at three ratios of NH4+/NO₃^-（4∶0，3∶1 and 0∶4）to elucidate how the ratio of NH₄⁺/NO₃^- modulate the architecture of the root system by investigating root growth，N content and auxin content as well as the expression of related genes.Xinyang 10 had the highest root and shoot dry matter and root N content under mixed nutrition（3∶1）And Xinyang 10 had the longer adventitious roots under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH₄⁺，but no difference was observed in growth of lateral root between sole NH4+ andmixed nutrition treatments.IAA content was significantly increased in the roots of Xinyang 10，but significantly decreased in its leaves.Response of Zhongcha 108 to ratios of NH₄⁺/NO₃^- was different from Xinyang 10.Shoot biomass and N content of root and shoot in Zhongcha 108 were significantly reduced under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH₄⁺，while length of adventitious root increased，but not reaching statistical significance. Compared with sole NH₄⁺，mixed nutrition increased length of lateral root but decreased the number and density of lateral roots in Zhongcha 108.And the IAA content in roots of Zhongcha 108 was significantly reduced under mixed nutrition relative to sole NH₄⁺，but not in its leaves.The results of qRT‑PCR showed that auxin synthetic genes CsTSA，CsNIT1，transportation genes CsPIN3a，CsPIN3b and response genes CsARF3，CsIAA27 in roots of Xinyang 10 were significantly up‑regulated under mixed nutrition compared with sole NH₄⁺；however，auxin synthetic genes CsNIT1，CsNIT2，transportation CsABCB4 and response genes CsARF1，CsARF3，CsARF5，CsARF6 in roots of Zhongcha 108 were significantly down‑regulated under mixed nutrition compared with sole NH₄⁺. In conclusion，Xinyang 10 and Zhongcha 108 have genotypic differences when responding to N forms.The former is tolerant to NO₃^- and suitable for growth at the ratio of NH₄⁺/NO₃^-as 3∶1，while the latter is sensitive to NO₃^-and suitable for growth under sole NH₄⁺ nutrition. Under the ratio of NH4+/NO₃^- at 3∶1，auxin transport to roots of Xinyang 10 increases but to those of Zhongcha 108 decreases，which may be one of the physiological mechanisms conferring different response of different tea roots to N forms.

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Sensitivity Analysis and Applicability Evaluation of the AquaCrop Model for Sesame Crop Parameters

LI Mengyao, GUAN Haoyue, ZHANG Jiantao, HUANG Ming, LI Feng, RONG Yasi, LI Youjun, LI Guoqiang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 149-159. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.017

Abstract （1005）

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The objective is to enhance the calibration efficiency of the AquaCrop model for sesame crop parameters and verify the applicability of the model. The initial value and value range of sesame crop parameters were determined based on the experimental data（2022—2023）and related literatures.The EFAST method was used to perform global sensitivity analysis of 53 sesame crop parameters，uncertainty analysis of simulation results and parameters calibration validation. The results showed that 27 parameters were sensitive to the maximum biomass of each treatment，including CDM，CDSE，POFE，RSWT，PSENSP，PSTOSP，RSWB and ECSW with TS_i above 0.3.And 14 parameters were sensitive to grain yield of each treatment，including POHX，RSWT，CDSE，DMCON，PSTO and PSTOSP with TS_i higher than 0.2.The decision coefficient（R²） of simulated and measured canopy coverage and aboveground biomass ranged from 0.875 to 0.954 and 0.951 to 0.970，respectively.Futhermore，the normalized root mean square error（NRMSE） ranged from 11. 5% to 18.1% and 18. 9% to 27.7%，respectively.Meanwhile，the Nash‑Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients（NSE） were 0.873—0.940 and 0.930—0.959，respectively.The relative error between the simulated and measured values of yield was between 0.03 and 0.07.The localized AquaCrop model can better simulate the dynamic development process of sesame，which can be used to optimize sesame management and forecast future production.

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Susceptibility to Tebuconazole and Suitability of Resistant Strains of Magnaporthe oryzae in Hainan Province

WANG Yanxia, ZHAO Yuhan, GU Xinyi, FU Zhongju, SUN Yujia, WU Chenglong, WU Weihuai, ZHANG Yaling

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (9): 88-96. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.009

Abstract （511）

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By detecting the susceptibility of Magnaporthe oryzae to tebuconazole in Hainan Province and studying the fitness of resistance strains,the resistance risk of M.oryzae to tebuconazole was understood,which would provide theoretical reference for the scientific use of fungicides and resistance management.The mycelial growth rate method was used to determine the susceptibility to tebuconazole of 144 strains of M.oryzae collected and isolated from Hainan Province in 2022,and the susceptibility baseline of M.oryzae in Hainan Province to tebuconazole was established based on the susceptibility frequency distribution of the strains.Fifteen susceptible strains with low effective inhibitory mid‑concentration(EC₅₀)measured during the establishment of the susceptibility baseline were selected for resistance domestication under continuous selection pressure，and the domesticated strains were classified into resistance levels,and the genetic stability and suitability of the resistant strains as well as the cross‑resistance to the fungicides pyraclostrobin,flucycloxazole,imidacloprid,fenpyroximate，and aliconazole were determined.The EC₅₀ values of the 144 strains tested ranged from 0.176 9 to 0.998 0 μg/mL.The EC50 value of the least sensitive strain was 5.64 times that of the most sensitive strain.The average EC₅₀ value was(0.476 3±0.174 5)μg/mL.The susceptibility frequencies of the strains were distributed in a continuous single‑peak curve,and the susceptibility baseline to tebuconazole of M.oryzae in Hainan Province was 0.476 3 μg/mL.Through indoor domestication of 15 sensitive strains,a total of two resistant strains were obtained.EC₅₀ values were 1.289 5 μg/mL and 1.868 4 μg/mL respectively,and resistance folds were 5.38 times and 6.65 times respectively,both of which were low resistance level.And after eight consecutive generations of transfer,the two resistant strains always maintained low‑level resistance.The EC₅₀ values of pyraclostrobin,epoxiconazole,prochloraz,difenoconazole,and diniconazole were measured and compared between the strains resistant to tebuconazole and their parental strains.The results showed that there was no cross‑resistance in M.oryzae in Hainan Province between tebuconazole and the above chemicals.Through the in vitro fitness test of the tebuconazole‑resistant strains,it was found that compared with the parental strains,the mycelial growth rate of the two resistant strains was significantly reduced,and the conidia production was reduced to varying degrees.In addition,they were more sensitive to strong acid and alkali environment，and their pathogenicity was greatly reduced.Therefore,the frequency of resistance mutations to tebuconazole in rice blast strains in Hainan Province is low,and the environmental suitability of their resistant strains is significantly reduced,resulting in a low risk of resistance.In addition,there is no cross‑resistance between tebuconazole and commonly used fungicides in Hainan Province,and the development of resistance can be delayed by strategies such as cross‑rotation or mixing with multi‑site‑of‑action protectants in production.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance and Genome‑Wide Association Study of Japonica Rice Germplasms at Seedling Stage

FENG Peiyuan, DONG Yue, JIAO Zilan, CHEN Min, KONG Weiru, RAN Jie, LI Peifu, TIAN Lei

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.001

Abstract （777）

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To investigate the distribution characteristics of Na⁺and K⁺in japonica rice germplasms at seedling stage under salt stress，identify elite salt‑tolerant germplasms and detect ion homeostasis‑related loci，181 japonica rice germplasms were used to determine the salt tolerance score（STS），shoot Na⁺content（SNC），root Na⁺content（RNC），shoot K⁺content（SKC），root K⁺content（RKC），calculate shoot Na⁺/K⁺（SNK），root Na⁺/K⁺（RNK）and comprehensive evaluation value（D），and conduct genome‑wide association study（GWAS）.The results showed that seven indexes STS，SNC，RNC，SKC，RKC，SNK and RNK showed abundant variation，and the variation coefficient ranged from 23.7% to 70.5%.The correlation analysis result showed that，SNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with RNC，SNK and RNK；RNC was extremly significantly positively correlated with SNK and RNK；SKC was significantly positively correlated with RKC and extremly significantly negatively correlated with SNK.Principal component analysis（PCA）results showed that four major components were extracted，with a cumulative contribution rate of 89. 545%. Subsequently，five salt‑tolerant germplasms，including Bertone，Cigalon，Banat2951，Zaonuodao and Shennong 2，were selected by D value，and Jiahe 1，Yueguang，Xingshi，Shanfuliya and Qianchonglang were salt‑sensitive germplasms.The GWAS analysis revealed a total of 16 salt tolerance related InDel loci and 32 allelic variants，with contribution rate of 10.82%—20.57%.Among them，nine InDel loci were significantly associated with RNC，which were located on chromosomes 1，4，6，8，9 and 11；seven InDel loci were significantly associated with RNK，which were located on chromosomes 4，5，6，7，9 and 10，with contribution rate of 11.04%—18.79%.The allele 6IM20. 68Mb‑2 was detected in RNC and RNK，respectively.The InDel locus 9IM20.21Mb，which was significantly associated with RNK，showed three haplotypes.The RNK of Hap1 was significantly lower than that of Hap2 and Hap3，so it was a typical salt‑tolerant haplotype.

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Genetic Diversity Analysis and Fingerprint Construction of Henan Origanum vulgare and Its Related Species Origanum majorana by SRAP Markers

TIAN Huixin, YU Chan, YANG Fan, SU Ya’nan, WANG Xiaodong, ZHOU Yan, LI Hemin, HUANG Yong, LIANG Yan, XIA Zhi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (1): 55-65. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.01.006

Abstract （407）

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This study explored the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Origanum vulgare and its relative species Origanum majorana distributed in different regions of Henan Province，to provide a reference for the protection and development of O. vulgare and O.majorana germplasm resources.Using the sequence‑related amplified polymorphism(SRAP)molecular marker method，7 wild populations of O.vulgare and 1 cultivated population，as well as 1 cultivated population of O.majorana，totaling 77 germplasm resources of 9 populations，were selected for genetic diversity analysis and construction of a DNA fingerprint map. The results indicated that 9 pairs of primers amplified a total of 98 bands，with 94 polymorphic bands，representing a polymorphism rate of 95. 92%；on average，each pair of primers amplified 10. 89 bands. The number of alleles(Na)was 1.959 2，the effective number of alleles(Ne)was 1. 419 5，Nei gene diversity index(H)was 0.263 2，and Shannon’s index(I)was 0.411 9.The UPGMA phylogenetic cluster diagram constructed based on SRAP molecular marker data showed that the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.66 to 0.95.When the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.66，O.vulgare and O.majorana were divided into two separate branches. At a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.75，O.vulgare from different regions were divided into five branches. In summary，SRAP molecular markers can effectively distinguish between O.vulgare and O.majorana，and the genetic diversity of O.vulgare populations in Nanyang，Henan Province，is higher than that in other areas. Five pairs of SRAP primers（Me1/em6、Me1/em11、Me3/em4、Me3/em11、Me5/em3）are selected to construct DNA fingerprint maps for both O.vulgare and O.majorana germplasms.

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Basic Study on Material Metabolism of Flue‑cured Tobacco Related to Maturity Based on Non‑targeted Metabolomics

LIU Tengfei, LI Qiujian, ZHANG Li, SHI Qiuhuan, LI Yuanbo, ZHANG Xue, XU Jiayang, JIA Wei, HAN Dan, XU Zicheng, SHI Jiuchang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (12): 43-53. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.12.005

Abstract （438）

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To clarify the quantitative indicators of fresh tobacco leaf maturity，Zhongyan 100 was used as the experimental material. Mid‑stem leaves with SPAD values of 10—15（S10~15），15—20（S15~20），and 20—25（S20~25） were harvested to explore the metabolomics characteristics，as well as the appearance evaluation，physical properties，chemical composition，aroma content，and sensory quality of their post‑cured leaves.The results showed that the post‑cured leaves of the S15~20 treatment obtained the optimal quality，including better appearance quality，good physical properties，harmonious chemical components，and the highest total amount of neutral aromatic substances，showing high maturity.According to the partial least squares discriminant analysis（PLS‑DA），32 mutual differential metabolites were identified between two comparison groups，including L‑tryptophan，gamma aminobutyric acid，geranic acid，pyrrole‑2‑carboxylic acid，trehalose，kojibiose，nicotinate D‑ribonucleoside，1‑methyladenosine，sphinganine，melibiitol，indole，scopoletin，18‑hydroxycorticosterone，25‑hydroxycholesterol，and kaempferide，et al.These differential metabolites might be key differential metabolites during the maturation process of tobacco.Then，a total of 48 significantly differential metabolites were identified across the two groups，including 11 amino acids，7 steroids，6 organic acids，6 sugars，3 alcohols，3 nucleotides，2 flavonoids，1 vitamin，and 9 other metabolites.These significantly differential metabolites were primarily enriched in pathways such as amino acid biosynthesis，ABC transporters，arachidonic acid metabolism，lysine degradation，biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids，and butanoate metabolism，which might play important regulatory roles during the maturation of tobacco leaves.

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A Maturity Detection Method for Hemerocallis citrina Baroni Based on Improved YOLOv5

SHENG Bin

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (8): 145-153. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.08.016

Abstract （1805）

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To unify identification standards and improve the detection accuracy and real‑time performance of mature Hemerocallis citrina Baroni picking，an improved GCS‑BI YOLOv5 image detection algorithm was proposed.Firstly，the Ghost lightweight neural networks were utilized to streamline the model structure and save computational resources.Secondly，in order to pay attention to the image channel information and position information simultaneously，efficient attention mechanisms，namely convolutional block attention module（CBAM）and squeeze‑and‑excitation（SE），were cross‑introduced to improve the image feature perception ability and model convergence speed.Then，a weighted bi‑directional feature pyramid network（BI FPN）was used to fuse the multi‑scale image information and improve the comprehensive detection performance of the model for different targets.The experimental results showed that compared with the original algorithm，the lightweight metrics such as the model volume，network layers，number of parameters，and floating‑point operation of the improved algorithm were reduced by 62.89%，33.12%，63.01%，68.39%，respectively.The performance metrics such as detection accuracy and recall rate were improved by 7.77，6.28 percentage points，respectively.Real‑time detection performance was improved by 33.81 f/s.It can be seen that the improved algorithm has better comprehensive performance and can meet the requirements of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni maturity detection.

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Effects of Formula Fertilization and Fertilization Methods on Growth and Woodland Soil of Carya illinoensis

LIU Fukui, DU Yangwen, DU Shiping, ZHANG Rongyang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (9): 97-107. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.09.010

Abstract （429）

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The aim is to explore the influence of different formula fertilization and fertilization techniques on leaf mineral nutrients,soil enzyme activity,soil effective nutrient content and fruit quality of Carya illinoensis.Five treatments for different formula fertilization tests,namely OPT(Nutrient experts systematically recommend fertilization),OPT‑N(No nitrogen fertilizer),OPT‑P(No phosphorus fertilizer),OPT‑K(No potassium fertilizer)and CK(No fertilizer),respectively;five treatments were designed for different fertilization techniques,according to time,frequency and proportion and fertilization method. Mineral nutrient,soil enzyme activity,effective nutrient content,oil content and fatty acid content were determined in different periods.Different formula fertilization significantly changed the soil enzyme activity,soil effective nutrient content,plant leaf mineral nutrient content and fruit quality,among which the OPT‑P and OPT‑K treatments had higher soil nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency. Soil phosphatase and urease activities were higher in OPT‑P,sucrase was higher in OPT,and catalase was higher in OPT‑N.The oil content of OPT‑P fruit kernels was significantly increased by 8.23 percentage points over the CK treatment,and there was no significant difference in unsaturated fatty acid content among the treatments.The soil effective N,P,K content and organic matter content with different fertilization techniques were significantly lower than the control treatment,and fertilizing 70% in early March and 30% in early June could improve the leaf nutrient content of N,and K,soil sucrase and catalase activities,the oil rate of fruit kernels was 7.38 percentage points higher than the control.In summary,OPT‑P formula fertilization and twice from the shallow to the deep radial ditch can promote the soil nutrients and increase the oil content of fruit kernels.

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Cytology Research of Spontaneous Doubling of Maize Haploid

ZHANG Lihua, LIU Xiaoman, MA Miaomiao, LI Xingxing, ZHANG Qifan, ZHENG Binrui, LIU Zonghua, SONG Yunyun, LI Haochuan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (10): 21-27. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.003

Abstract （633）

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The diploid RL36 with high spontaneous doubling ability and its haploid H⁃RL36 and the haploid H⁃L119A with low spontaneous doubling ability were used as materials,the pollen viability and anther morphology were observed,the cell ploidy of vegetative and reproductive organs at different development stages were detected,and simultaneously the chromosome behavior during meiosis process was observed,so as to explore the causes of spontaneous doubling of haploid to produce fertile gametes,analyze the underlying cytology mechanisms,and provide theoretical support for biological research related to spontaneous doubling of haploid.The results showed that the high spontaneous doubling haploid H⁃RL36 had round，full and fertile pollen grains and normal anther tissue,while the low spontaneous doubling haploid H⁃L119A had sterile pollens with irregular morphology and wrinkled anther tissue.The ploidy detection results showed that the chromosome number in the leaves of the two haploid materials did not double at different growth stages,and there were diploid cells and a few tetraploid cells in the tassel of H⁃RL36 at trumpet stage,while the H⁃L119A cells did not show diploidization.4,6⁃diamidino⁃2⁃phenylindole(DAPI)staining was used to observe the chromosome segregation behavior of pollen mother cells,it was found that the chromosomes of most cells in H⁃RL36 showed segregation distortion and moved to one pole at anaphase of first meiosis,and then underwent normal second meiosis to produce gametes with normal chromosome number,thus producing fertile pollens.In contrast,the chromosome of H⁃L119A cells eventually degenerated,leading to sterile gametes with abnormal chromosome number.The segregation distortion of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to spontaneous doubling of haploids,and the doubling of haploid germ cells and somatic cells is two independent processes.

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Remediation Effects of Protaetia brevitarsis Frass on Chromium‑Arsenic Contaminated Soil‑Cherry Radish System

XIA Zhenxiang, MENG Zhongju, WU Xiuhua, YANG Chao, ZHANG Xiujun, LIU Qian, HE Xin, WU Jiatong, ZHANG Yanru

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (9): 103-111. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.011

Abstract （397）

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To systematically evaluate the passivation and remediation efficiency，as well as the improvement of physicochemical properties and plant physiological metabolism of Cr and As contaminated soil in mine tailings ponds by the P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand，a greenhouse pot cultivation method was used. Cherry radish was selected as the test crop，and seven treatment levels were set up［insect feces sand was added at 0%（CK），10%（T1），20%（T2），40%（T3），50%（TN），80%（T4），and 100%（T5）of soil weight］to study its effects on soil physicochemical properties，soil Cr and As content，and soil enzyme activity. At the same time，its effect on photosynthetic indicators，heavy metal content in edible parts，and plant enzyme activity of cherry radish were analyzed.The results showed that with the increase of application rate of P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand，soil pH value，heavy metals Cr and As content showed a decreasing trend，while conductivity，organic matter content，available nitrogen content，available phosphorus content，soil urease activity，invertase activity，and catalase activity significantly increased（P<0. 05）.Cherry radish showed reduced absorption of Cr and As，improved photosynthetic indicators（relative chlorophyll content，leaf nitrogen content），and increased antioxidant enzyme（superoxide dismutase，peroxidase，catalase）activity. The redundancy analysis results showed that soil organic matter content was the core driving factor（with a contribution rate of 83.0%），indicating its central role in soil fertility.In summary，the P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand could enhance the adsorption capacity of soil heavy metals（Cr，As）by regulating soil physical and chemical properties，improving soil fertility and soil enzyme activity，and could effectively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals，alleviating the toxicity to cherry radishes.Among them，adding insect feces sand at 80% of soil weight（T4 treatment）has a better effect on soil remediation and plant safety production.

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Evaluation and Analysis of the Main Phenotypic Traits of 86 Peanut Germplasm Resources

YU Mu, HU Yanling, YANG Haitang

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (10): 63-72. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.10.008

Abstract （504）

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In order to study the diversity of peanut germplasm resources and explore the application potential of excellent peanut germplasm resources,the coefficient of variation,Shannon diversity index,correlation analysis,principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify 22 agronomic traits and analyze genetic diversity of 86 peanut germplasm resources.The results showed that the genetic diversity of peanut germplasm resources was rich,with the diversity index of 12 quality traits ranging from 0.15 to 1.08 and the coefficient of variation of 10 quantitative traits ranging from 1.71% to 29.25%,and there was genetic correlation among the phenotypic characters.Using Euclidean distance as genetic distance,86 peanut germplasm resources could be grouped into four groups.Among them group Ⅳ had the characteristics of strong seed dormancy，strong waterlogging resistance,short growth period，high pod yield,and rust resistance,etc.,which could be used as excellent parents of high⁃yield peanut.The cumulative contribution rate of the first eight principal components was 69. 382%.According to the information load in the principal component，growth period,100⁃pod weight,100⁃seed weight,kernel percent,main stem height,length of the 1st lateral branch could be used as the main evaluation index of peanut germplasm resources.The comprehensive score(F value)of peanut germplasm resources ranged from −1.05 to 0.89.Based on the sorting of comprehensive scores,five excellent peanut germplasm resource materials with F value>0.7 were selected,namely 201610,Puhua 82,201710,Fengshun 9616 and Jinonghua 33.

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Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Traits of Wheat Varieties in Henan Province Consortium Experiment

ZHANG Huifang, YAN Zhaoling, LIU Haijiao, DUAN Junzhi, CHEN Haiyan, GUO Yan, WANG Nan, YANG Cuiping, QI Hongzhi

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 35-43. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.005

Abstract （619）

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Consortium experiment is a new measure to broaden the channels of crop variety approval experiment under the current agricultural situation in China.In order to deeply understand the experiment capacity of wheat consortium experiment in Henan Province and master the agronomic traits and quality traits of its varieties，comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted between the consortium experiment varieties and the provincial unified experiment varieties，based on the wheat
varieties approved by Henan Province in the past three years（2021—2023）.The results showed that Henan Province approved a total of 355 wheat varieties from 2021 to 2023，including 187 consortium experiment varieties.The consortium experiment capacity showed an upward trend，and the proportion of varieties increased from 48.3% in 2021 to 61.2% in 2023.The consortium experimental group was single，mainly including winter wheat‑irrigation group. In the winter wheat‑irrigation group，when applicants independently applied for varieties，the proportion of universities and research institutes through consortium experiment channel was higher than that through provincial unified experiment channel，and individual applicants were more inclined to provincial unified experiment channel.Compared with the provincial unified experiment，the difference of agronomic traits of the consortium experiment wheat was larger at the early stage and smaller at the later stage. Among the 7 agronomic traits，5 traits were significantly or extremely significantly different in 2021，and 2 traits were significantly different in 2023.The difference of quality traits was relatively smaller，but also showed the rule of large at the early stage and small at the late stage. Among the 7 quality traits，2 traits were significantly different in 2021，and there was no significant difference in 2023.The variation coefficient and diversity of agronomic and quality traits of the consortium experiment varieties were greater than those of provincial unified experiment varieties. Principal component analysis was used to transform 14 agronomic and quality traits into 7 principal components，which reflected 81.51% of the original information.The evaluation results based on principal component analysis showed that among the top 50 varieties with comprehensive scores，the varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the wheat consortium experiment accounted for a relatively smaller proportion of all varieties.In 2021 and 2023，there were 5 and 14 varieties respectively，accounting for 9.3% and 17.9% of all consortium experiment varieties.The varieties with higher comprehensive scores in the provincial unified experiment accounted for a relatively larger proportion of all varieties，with 4 and 5 in 2021 and 2023，respectively，accounting for 19.0% and 35.7% of all provincial unified experiment varieties.In summary，the capacity of Henan wheat consortium experiment is constantly increasing，and the dispersion of agronomic and quality traits is relatively larger；The gap of comprehensive scores of varieties between the consortium experiment and the provincial unified experiment is narrowing；Relevant departments can adjust and optimize the consortium experimental group according to the market in the future，focus on the issues of consortium experiment channel，and promote the high‑quality development of the consortium experiment.

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Effects of Root Application of AMF and SL on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Antioxidant System of Lolium perenne under Saline Alkali Stress

ZOU Quan, XING Weiming, WANG Ruoding, ZHOU Wenjun

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (6): 72-83. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.008

Abstract （364）

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To investigate the effects of root application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF）and strigolactone（SL） on the growth，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，ion balance，and antioxidant enzyme system of Lolium perenne under salt alkali stress，five concentrations（0，0.2，0.4，0.8，1.6 μmol/L）of SL were applied to the roots of perennial ryegrass under 150 mmol/L salt alkali stress，inoculated with AMF Rhizophorus intrapradices or not vaccinated（CK），to explore the mechanisms by which both alleviate saline alkali stress in L.perenne.The results showed that root application of SL could promote AMF infection in L.perenne.The highest AMF infection rate was 62.7% at a concentration of 0.4 μmol/L of SL，and the maximum number of vesicles was 22.3.At a root application concentration of 0.4 μmol/L of SL，compared with CK，the total biomass and root shoot ratio of L.perenne treated with AMF increased by 18.7% and 13.2%，respectively，and the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents increased by 21.1% and 13.4%，respectively；The maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），potential activity（Fv/Fo），and actual photochemical quantum efficiency（Φ_PSⅡ） of PS Ⅱ were increased by 4.7%，8.7%，and 32.9%，respectively，while the non photochemical quenching coefficient（NPQ）decreased by 19.3%.The synergistic effect of AMF and SL could reduce the accumulation of Na⁺ in the upper and root systems of L.perenne，increase K⁺ content and K⁺/Na⁺to improve plant ion balance. Under the treatment of SL concentration of 0.4 μmol/L，compared with CK，the relative expression levels of PAL and P5CS genes in L.perenne inoculated with AMF increased by 43.4% and 36.0%，PAL and P5CS activities increased by 26.8% and 26.7%，while the relative expression level of PPO gene decreased by 22.9% and PPO activity decreased by 15.6%.In addition，inoculation with AMF increased the soluble protein and proline content of L.perenne，while reduced the rate of superoxide anion production and hydrogen peroxide content.In summary，SL can promote the infection and development of AMF.Among them，the inoculation of AMF combined with root application of SL at a concentration of 0.4 μmol/L improves best the growth status of L.perenne，maintains chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant system，and significantly enhances salt alkali resistance.

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Effects of EMS Mutagenesis on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pomegranate

GAO Xiaofeng, ZHANG Qiuyue, ZHOU Xiaojing, ZUO Weifang, HUANG Rantao, GUO Shuangshuang, YUAN Chaozheng, ZHENG Mingyan

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (8): 133-139. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.013

Abstract （381）

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This study investigated the mutagenesis effect of ethyl mesylate（EMS）on pomegranate seeds，and determined the appropriate mutagenesis dose for germplasm innovation of pomegranate seeds，to explore new techniques and methods for the breeding of new varieties of pomegranate. Pomegranate seeds were treated with EMS solutions of five different mass fractions（0，0.2%，0.4%，0.6%，0.8%），and the germination time，germination potential，germination rate，emergence rate，seedling formation rate，phenotypic variance，phenotypic variation rate and other indicators were measured，and the seedling height，ground diameter，root length，root number and other morphological indicators were measured.Physiological and biochemical indexes such as superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity，peroxidase（POD）activity，catalase（CAT）activity and ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activity were detected in the leaves of seedlings. The results showed that，after EMS treatment，the germination time of seeds was delayed，and the higher the concentration，the more the delay.The germination potential and germination rate of seeds were increased slightly after 0.2% treatment，and the other three treatments were significantly decreased，and the higher the concentration，the more the decrease.The seedling success rate gradually decreased with the increase of EMS mass fraction，reaching a minimum of 11.67% at 0.8%.The variation rate gradually increased with the increase of EMS mass fraction，reaching a maximum of 5.34% at 0.8%.The average plant height and average root length of seedlings were decreased，except for a slight increase after 0.2% treatment.The average ground diameter of seedlings was decreased，and the higher the concentration was，the greater the decrease was.The average root number of seedlings was decreased by the other three treatments except for 0.2% treatment，which had no change，and the higher the concentration was，the greater the decrease was.The activities of SOD，POD，CAT and APX in the leaves of seedlings were increased，and with the increase of the concentration，the increase amplitude showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and gradually increased with the increase of concentration in 0.2%—0.6%，and the increase amplitude decreased significantly at 0.8%.EMS generally showed an inhibitory effect on the germination of pomegranate seeds and the growth of seedlings，and EMS with an appropriate mass fraction could enhance the stress resistance of plants.Considering the seedling formation rate，variation rate，physiological and biochemical indexes，the optimal EMS mutagenesis dose for pomegranate seeds ranges from half lethal dose（LD₅₀）to critical dose（LD₄₀），that is 0.54%—0.63%.

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Genetic Dissection of Dwarf Genes in Varieties（Lines）Derived from Core Wheat Parent Zhou 8425B

LI Xiaode, YANG Yuxin, ZHU Chenjia, LI Yujia, CHEN Shulin, YIN Guihong, DONG Chunhao, WANG Daowen, ZHANG Kunpu

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2024, 53 (7): 21-27. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.07.003

Abstract （670）

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In this study，219 wheat varieties（lines）derived from Zhou 8425B were used as test materials，and the molecular markers of four main dwarf genes［reduced height 1（Rht1），Rht2，Rht8 and Rht24］were used to detect them to determine the distribution，combination type and influence of the dwarf genes on plant height and yield related traits of wheat，so as to lay the foundation for the continuous genetic research of core wheat parent Zhou 8425B and the application of molecular marker‑assisted selection for dwarf genes in wheat.The results showed that the distribution frequencies of dwarf genes Rht1，Rht2，Rht8 and Rht24 were 94.52%，100.00%，42.00% and 97.26% in varieties（lines）derived from Zhou 8425B，respectively.Among the 219 samples，the type of single dwarf gene wasn’t found；instead，various dwarf genes were found to coexist in combination. There were seven combination types for the four dwarf genes，namely Rht1+Rht2，Rht2+Rht8，Rht2+Rht24，Rht1+Rht2+Rht8，Rht1+Rht2+Rht24，Rht2+Rth8+Rth24 and Rth1+Rth2+Rth8+Rth24.The frequency of Rht1+Rht2+Rht24 was the highest with 53.42%，and the frequency of Rht2+Rht8 was the lowest with 0.46%.For single dwarf gene，Rht8 had the strongest culm reduction effect，while Rht1 had the weakest；for dwarf gene combination，Rht1+Rht2 combination had the strongest culm reduction effect，while Rht1+Rht2+Rht8 combination had the weakest. For single dwarf gene，Rht2 genotype had the highest yield，with plant height of 77.38 cm；the yield of Rht8 genotype was the lowest，with plant height of 76.71 cm. For dwarf gene combination，Rht2+Rht8 combination had the highest yield，with plant height of 78.21 cm；the combination of Rht1+Rht2 had the lowest yield，with plant height of 75.85 cm.The results of correlation analysis between yield‑related traits and four dwarf genes showed that，in a certain range，proper increase of plant height was beneficial to the increase of plant biomass，harvest index and yield.Three wheat materials with higher yields were selected，including Zhengmai 103，Cunmai 13 and Zhongyu 1220，with plant heights of 82.79 cm，78.71 cm and 82.50 cm，respectively，and their dwarf gene combination was all Rht1+Rht2+Rht24.

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Fish Community Structure and Ecological Niche of the Major Fish Species in Nanwan Reservoir

LUN Feng, TAN Chenxi, SU Chaoqun, YANG Tiezhu, MA Yuanye, LI Zheng

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (8): 159-166. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.08.016

Abstract （375）

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To understand the fish community structure characteristics and interspecific relationships of major fish species in Nanwan Reservoir，fish resource surveys were conducted in November 2022（autumn） and May 2023（spring）.Community composition，fish diversity，and spatiotemporal niche characteristics［including niche width index（Bi ） and overlap index（Qik）］were analyzed.The results showed that a total of 1 903 fish were captured in the two surveys，belonging to 24 species，22 genera，6 families，and 4 orders. Comprehensive analysis showed that in Nanwan Reservoir Hemiculter leucisculus，Toxabramis swinhonis，and Xenocypris davidi was the dominant species. Based on the PINKAS relative importance index（IRI），a total of 10 major fish species were identified.There were spatio‑temporal variations in fish diversity in the Nanwan Reservoir.The Margalef species richness index in spring（2.78）was slightly higher than that in autumn（2.67），whereas the Shannon‑wiener diversity index，Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index in autumn were significantly higher than in spring，and the fish species diversity was significantly higher in the central reservoir area. Spatio‑temporal niche analysis revealed that Chanodichthys dabryi（1.254），X.davidi（1.073），and Sarcocheilichthys sciistius（1.024）exhibited moderate niche width index，while other species showed low niche width index.Among spatiotemporal niche overlap index，18 species pairs（40% of total pairs）showed high overlap index（Q_ik>0.6），and 11 pairs（24.4%）exhibited low overlap index（Q_ik<0.3）.The highest spatiotemporal overlap occurred between Pseudorasbora parva and Carassius auratus（0.922），while P.parva and T.swinhonis，despite having similar ecological habits，displayed low overlap index（0.249）.In conclusion，the dominant fish species with significant differences in feeding habits and living water layers in the Nanwan Reservoir show a more stable community structure；fish species with similar feeding habits but different living spaces have higher spatial and temporal overlap index.Fish species with similar feeding habits and living water layers may have reduced spatial and temporal overlap index due to niche competition，accompanied by significant population fluctuations.

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Identification and Expression Analysis of OBP and CSP Genes in the Sex Pheromone‑producing Gland of Domestic and Chinese Wild Silkworms

WANG Qinghai, JIA Yanhua, ZHANG Yu, HUANG Zhenfu

Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 2025, 54 (7): 153-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.07.016

Abstract （377）

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To explore the mechanism of insect odor recognition and chemoreception，based on the previous transcriptome data，the odorant‑binding protein（OBP）and chemosensory protein（CSP）genes in the sex pheromone‑producing glands（PGs） of domestic silkworm（Bombyx mori） and Chinese wild silkworm（Bombyx mandarina）were screened and identified，and the spatio‑temporal expression patterns of the differentially expressed genes were analyzed. At the same time，the relative concentration changes of sex pheromone components（bombykol and bombykal）in silkworm at different developmental stages were detected by gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS）. The results showed that a total of 13 OBP genes and 10 CSP genes were identified in the PGs of both domestic and wild silkworms. Among them，five OBP genes（OBP11，OBP23，OBP27，OBP41，and OBP42）and four CSP genes（CSP3，CSP12，CSP13，and CSP15）had significant expression differences.The expression levels of these differentially expressed genes in different tissues of domestic silkworm larvae and adults were different.It was worth noting that the OBP11 gene showed the highest expression level in the PGs of domestic and wild silkworms，and was continuously expressed in the PGs of domestic silkworms at different developmental stages.Further analysis showed that the expression level of this gene was significantly increased at 0.001 level at 24 h after eclosion compared with that before eclosion，and significantly decreased at 0.001 level at 6 h after mating.GC‑MS analysis showed that the relative concentration of bombykol remained stable before eclosion，increased significantly at the 0.001 level after 24 h of eclosion，and decreased significantly at the 0.001 level after 3 h of mating. In contrast，the relative concentration of bombykal maintained a stable level during the entire developmental process. In conclusion，the OBP11 gene is highly expressed in the PGs of both domestic and wild silkworms.The expression dynamics of this gene（upregulated after eclosion and downregulated after mating）are highly consistent with the alterations in bombykol content，suggesting that this gene may be involved in the binding and release processes of sex pheromones.

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