Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2025, 54(6): 0.

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Effects of Different Preceding Crops on Dry Matter Accumulation and Transportation，Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization and Yield of Winter Wheat

WANG Haiyang, JIN Haiyang, SONG Hang, PAN Xiuyan, YAN Yaqian, YANG Xiwen, ZENG Zhaohai, ZANG Huadong, ZHENG Nian, LI Xiangdong, HE Dexian

2025, 54(6): 1-10. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.001

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Five cropping patterns were established，including winter wheat—summer maize，winter wheat—summer peanut，winter wheat—summer soybean，winter wheat—summer maize intercropping with summer peanut，and winter wheat—summer maize intercropping with summer soybean，and the effects of different preceding crops on dry matter accumulation and transportation，nitrogen uptake and utilization，and yield of winter wheat were studied，so as to identify optimal rotation pattern for enhancing wheat yield and provide theoretical support for diversified cropping pattern selection in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai Plain. The results showed that under the summer soybean stubble，winter wheat exhibited the highest dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption at different growth stages overall.At maturity，dry matter accumulation under summer soybean stubble significantly increased by 15.2%，5.0%，13.3% and 8.4% compared with summer maize，summer peanut，summer maize intercropping with summer peanut，and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles，respectively；Nitrogen absorption increased by 11.3%，2.3%，13.6% and 14.5%，respectively.Compared with summer maize，summer peanut，summer maize intercropping with summer peanut，and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles，the pre‐anthesis dry matter transport amount under summer soybean stubble significantly increased by 25.4%，18.6%，37.6% and 16.4%，the pre‐anthesis transport rate increased by 7.0%，9.6%，14.3% and 5.6%，while the contribution rate of pre‐anthesis dry matter transport to grain yield increased by 8.5%，12.8%，23.6% and 7.3%，respectively.The pre‐anthesis nitrogen transport rate，contribution rate of pre‐anthesis nitrogen transport to grain nitrogen，and post‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation were higher.The nitrogen absorption efficiency was the highest，with increases of 11.3%，7.1%，15.2% and 15.9%.The nitrogen utilization efficiency was the highest under summer maize intercropping with soybean stubble，followed by summer soybean stubble，with no significant difference between them but both significantly higher than the other treatments.Under summer soybean stubble，wheat spikes number increased by 20.5%，5.9%，20.0% and 16.0%，while yield significantly increased by 16.0%，11.9%，15.9% and 5.8%，respectively，compared with summer maize，summer peanut，summer maize intercropping with summer peanut，and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles.In conclusion，summer soybean stubble promotes aboveground biomass production and nitrogen absorption of winter wheat，enhances spike number，and increases yield，so the winter wheat—summer soybean pattern was the optimal cropping system.

Physiological Characteristics and Transcriptomic Analysis of Cyperus esculentus L.at Seedling Stage under Salt Stress

LONG Wei, WANG Liang, JIN Yukun, LIU Jiayao, WEI Zunmiao, CHENG Yan, MU Zhongsheng

2025, 54(6): 11-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.002

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By using NaCl solution to simulate salt stress，the effects of 200 mmol/L NaCl on the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD）and catalase（CAT），as well as the contents of soluble protein（SP），proline（Pro）and malondialdehyde（MDA）in the leaves of Cyperus esculentus L.with Jisha No.2 as material，and the differentially expressed genes（DEGs）through transcriptome sequencing were analyzed，GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs were conducted，and real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR（qRT‐PCR）was used to verify the genes in the enrichment pathways，so as to preliminarily understand the salt tolerance mechanism of Cyperus esculentus L..The results showed that with the extension of salt stress time，the activities of SOD，POD and CAT first increased and then decreased，and reached the maximum on the sixth day；The contents of MDA，Pro and SP increased.Transcriptome sequencing was performed with the leaves of Cyperus esculentus L.treated with salt for 6 d，and 869 up‐regulated DEGs and 972 down‐regulated DEGs were detected.For GO enrichment analysis，DEGs were mainly enriched in cellular processes and metabolic processes in biological processes，cellular anatomical entity and intracellular in cellular components，and binding and catalytic activities in molecular functions；For KEGG enrichment analysis，DEGs were mainly enriched in pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction，plant‐pathogen interaction，starch and sucrose metabolism，etc.qRT‐PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of TRINITY_DN10189_c0_g1，TRINITY_DN2983_c0_g1，TRINITY_DN4981_c0_g1，TRINITY_DN1242_c0_g1，TRINITY_DN7378_c0_g1 and TRINITY_DN2888_c0_g1 increased， and the expression levels of TRINITY_DN6117_c0_g1，TRINITY_DN7833_c0_g1，TRINITY_DN8066_c0_g1，and TRINITY_DN8212_c0_g1 decreased，which were similar to the result of RNA‐Seq，verifying the accuracy of the transcriptome result.

Effects of Different Topping Agents and Spraying Time on Agronomic Traits，Yield and Quality of Cotton in Southern Xinjiang Cotton‐Growing Area

WANG Guodong, WANGA Tangang, LI Huiqin, SONG Wei, WANG Yuanrong, WANG Gang

2025, 54(6): 21-29. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.003

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The effects of different topping agents［Tuyouta（flumetralin），Great Wall Brothers（mepiquat chloride）］and spraying time（July 5，July 10，July 15）on agronomic traits，yield and quality of cotton were studied with five main cotton varieties in southern Xinjiang，so as to determine the types and spraying time of topping agents suitable for southern Xinjiang cotton area，and provide theoretical basis for the promotion and application of chemical topping agents in cotton area of southern Xinjiang.The results showed that compared with 1 d after spraying，the plant height of cotton increased by 8.9% and 12.9%，number of fruit branches increased by 27.0% and 22.7%，and number of bolls per plant increased by 2.2 times and 2.8 times，respectively，at 21 d after spraying Tuyouta and Great Wall Brothers on July 5；The plant height of cotton increased by 11.0% and 6.3%，number of fruit branches increased by 8.9% and 12.3%，and number of bolls per plant increased by 3.7 times and 5.4 times，respectively，at 21 d after spraying topping agent on July 10；The plant height of cotton increased by 9.8% and 7.3% respectively，number of fruit branches increased by 12.4% and 22.3% respectively，and number of bolls per plant increased by 2.2 times and 1.4 times respectively，at 21 d after spraying topping agent on July 15.Compared with the treatment spraying Great Wall Brothers，the boll number，lint percentage，seed cotton yield，lint yield，uniformity and breaking strength of the treatment spraying Tuyouta on July 5 increased by 7.0%，2.6%，3.4%，0.40% and 0.7%，respectively；The boll number，seed cotton yield，lint yield，fiber length，uniformity and breaking strength of the treatment spraying Tuyouta on July 10 reduced by 3.11%，10.2%，4.7%，4.0%，0.67% and 3.4%，espectively；The boll number，lint percentage，seed cotton yield，lint yield，fiber length，uniformity and breaking strength of the treatment spraying Tuyouta on July 15 increased by 13.7%，0.4%，9.0%，9.7%，6.8%，0.19%and 4.3%，respectively.By comparing different spraying time，as a whole，it was found that the control effect of spraying topping agens on July 10 on plant height was the best，and the number of bolls per plant，number of bolls，seed cotton yield，lint yield and Micronaire were the highest. The results of cluster analysis showed that spraying Tuyouta was better than spraying Great Wall Brothers，and the best spraying effect was on July 10，followed by July 5.In summary，in the cotton area of southern Xinjiang，spraying topping agents on July 10 can effectively control the plant height of cotton，increase the number of bolls per plant，optimize the spatial structure of cotton，and enhance yield and quality of cotton，especially Tuyouta.

Effects of Combined Application of Boron，Zinc，and Magnesium Fertilizers on Growth，Yield and Quality of Stevia rebaudiana

YANG Chunyin, MA Fengjie, XIE Zhongqing, ZHANG Yaping

2025, 54(6): 30-42. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.004

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Boron，zinc and magnesium fertilizers were selected for compounding，and 16 fertilization treatments were set up to analyze the effects of different treatments on agronomic traits，physiological indexes，glycoside content and yield of Stevia rebaudiana，which would provide scientific basis for spraying medium and micro fertilizers on Stevia rebaudiana leaves in Hexi area.The results showed that T7 treatment（the application amount of boron，zinc and magnesium fertilizers were 7.5，7.5，22.5 kg/ha，respectively）had the highest plant height and the largest number of branches，which were 21.2% and 92.5% higher than those of T16 treatment（control，without boron，zinc and magnesium fertilizers）.In terms of biomass，the stem fresh weight of T4 treatment（the application amount of boron，zinc and magnesium fertilizers were 22.5，7.5 and 7.5 kg/ha，respectively）was the largest，which was 116.4% higher than that of the control.The fresh weight and dry weight of leaves treated with T7 were the highest，
which increased by 139.6% and 125.1%，respectively，compared with the control.In terms of physiological indexes，the total chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity of T8 treatment（the application rates of boron，zinc and magnesium fertilizers were 7.5，7.5 and 7.5 kg/ha，respectively）were the highest，which were 18. 3% and 15.7% higher than those of the control.In terms of glycoside accumulation，the content of rebaudioside A（RA）in T5 treatment（7.5，22.5，22.5 kg/ha of boron，zinc and magnesium fertilizers，respectively）was the highest，which was 26.2% higher than that of the control. The content of stevioside（Stv） in T2 treatment（boron，zinc，magnesium fertilizer application rates were 22.5，22.5，7.5 kg/ha）was the highest，which was 223.2% higher than that of the control. The total glycoside content of T8 treatment was the highest，which increased by 29.6% compared with the control. T7 treatment achieved synergistic high yield of RA（83.13 g/kg）and Stv（34.20 g/kg）.The yield of T7 treatment reached 11 788.5 kg/ha，which was 125.1% higher than that of the control.Correlation analysis showed that RA content was significantly positively correlated with total chlorophyll content and SOD activity. Stv content was significantly negatively correlated with total chlorophyll content
and SOD activity. There was a significant negative correlation between the content of total glycosides and SOD activity. Soluble protein content was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with total chlorophyll content，SOD activity and peroxidase（POD）activity. There was a significant positive correlation between soluble sugar content and POD activity. Analysis of variance showed that zinc fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer had extremely significant effects on RA and Stv contents，boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer had extremely significant effects on plant height，and magnesium fertilizer had extremely significant effects on total chlorophyll content. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the membership function method，it was concluded that the T7 treatment effect was the best，that was，when the application rates of boron，zinc and magnesium fertilizers were 7.5，7.5 and 22.5 kg/ha respectively，it was most conducive to promoting the growth and quality promotion of Stevia rebaudiana.

Identification of WOX Family Members in Salvia miltiorrhiza and Functional Analysis of SmWOX8 Gene under Salt Stress

CHEN Chun, ZHONG Chunbin, LU Lei

2025, 54(6): 43-54. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.005

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This study identified the WOX family genes of Salvia miltiorrhiza（SmWOX）through genomic data，and analyzed their protein physicochemical properties，phylogenetic relationships，structure，gene tissue expression patterns，and response to salt stress.The results showed that 9 SmWOX family proteins had different physicochemical properties such as amino acid sequence length，molecular weight，and isoelectric point，and were all located in the nucleus.The results of systematic evolutionary analysis showed that SmWOX family members were divided into three groups：ancient，intermediate，and WUS，and had direct homologous relationships with some Arabidopsis WOX proteins. Structure analysis revealed the differences among members of different Salvia miltiorrhiza WOX subfamilies，which had different expression patterns in different tissues，suggesting that they may exercise different functions in growth and development. The analysis of cis‐acting elements showed that the SmWOX genes had regulatory effects on stress，hormone response，and growth and development.In addition，there were interactions between SmWOX8 protein and other proteins. Under salt stress，the expression level of SmWOX genes changed significantly，especially SmWOX8，which had the highest expression level under high salt stress，suggesting that it may play an important role in salt stress resistance of Salvia miltiorrhiza.The results of transgenic Arabidopsis experiments confirmed that SmWOX8 could improve salt tolerance of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Effect of Allantoin on Phosphorus Uptake and Transport in Maize under Dry and Wet Alternation of Soil Moisture

ZHANG Jili, ZHANG Tie, LIU Zhenping, WANG Peng, LONG Huaiyu

2025, 54(6): 55-62. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.006

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In order to study the effect of allantoin on the uptake and transport of phosphorus in maize under soil moisture dry and wet alternation，under potted conditions，four treatments were set up which included continuous irrigation control（T1），continuous irrigation+allantoin（T2），soil moisture dry and wet alternation control（T3），and soil moisture dry and wet alternation+allantoin（T4），and the phosphorus uptake，distribution，and transport status of various organs in maize was studied. The results showed that，at the maize mature stage the T4 treatment phosphorus uptake of roots，stems，leaves，and grains was 15.94%，43.73%，21.73%，27.78% higher than T3 treatment，and T2 was 26.83%，12.74%，3.93%，8.97% higher than T1，respectively；the total phosphorus uptake of T4 was 22.18% higher than T3，and T2 was 9.13% higher than T1；the proportion of phosphorus distribution in the root of T2 was significantly increased compared to T1，while T4 increased the proportion of phosphorus distribution in the stem and grain compared to T3；the efficiency of phosphorus dry matter production of T4 was 1.37% lower than T3，and the efficiency of phosphorus seed production of T4 was 0. 46% higher than T3；the phosphorus transport capacity，transport rate，and transport contribution rate of T4 was 83.58%，39.69%，43.93% higher than T3，allantoin could not significantly affect the phosphorus uptake post flowering of corn under two soil moisture conditions，but it significantly reduced the contribution rate of phosphorus uptake post flowering to grains under soil moisture dry wet alternation；T4 significantly increased maize yield by 22.64% and reduced bald tip length by 16.11% compared with T3.Comprehensive analysis suggests that allantoin can significantly enhances the phosphorus uptake and transport capacity of maize under soil moisture dry and wet alteration conditions.

Effects of Slow Release Fertilizer Dosage on the Growth and Nutrient Content of Camellia oleifera Container Seedlings

ZHANG Zhen, ZHOU Lei, CHEN Yongzhong, ZHANG Ying, WANG Rui, MIAO Ziqi, LI Zhigang, LONG Ling, XU Yanming

2025, 54(6): 63-71. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.007

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This research studied the effects of slow release fertilizer dosage on the growth and nutrient content of Camellia oleifera container seedlings，aiming to determine the appropriate slow release fertilizer dosage for cultivating C.oleifera container seedlings.A randomized complete block design with a single factor was adopted in this experiment.Five treatments with different amounts of slow release fertilizer were set up，including 0 g per plant（CK），1.0 g per plant（T1），1.2 g per plant（T2），1.4 g per plant（T3），1.6 g per plant（T4）.The growth and N，P and K contents of C.oleifera container seedlings were measured.The comprehensive quality of C.oleifera container seedlings was evaluated by principal component analysis.The results showed that T3 treatment had the highest seedling height，basal diameter，root dry mass，stem dry mass，leaf dry mass，whole plant biomass，root length，root surface area
and root volume，which were 66.55 cm，7.11 mm，10.49 g per plant，10. 37 g per plant，14.24 g per plant，35.10 g per plant，2 492.78 cm，584.92 cm2，40.96 cm³，and were increased by 23.24%，16.94%，83.71%，121.11%，85.90%，94.35%，23.21%，37.36%，129.47% compared with the CK，respectively. T3 treatment had the highest N，P and K contents in roots，stems and leaves，which were 125.03，12.59，73.74，90.40，12.75，41.95，172.40，15.81，88.60 mg per plant，and were increased by 62.80%，71.29%，59.85%，115.49%，175.38%，170.65%，133.45%，85.56%，129.12% compared with the CK，respectively.There were correlations among different nutrient contents，and between nutrient contents and growth indicators of C.oleifera container seedlings.The principal component analysis indicated that the comprehensive evaluation score of seedling quality was ranked as follows：T3>T4>T2>T1>CK. Overall，a suitable slow release fertilizer dosage could promote the growth and nutrient accumulation of C.oleifera container seedlings，with 1. 4 g per plant being appropriate.

Effects of Root Application of AMF and SL on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Antioxidant System of Lolium perenne under Saline Alkali Stress

ZOU Quan, XING Weiming, WANG Ruoding, ZHOU Wenjun

2025, 54(6): 72-83. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.008

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To investigate the effects of root application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF）and strigolactone（SL） on the growth，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，ion balance，and antioxidant enzyme system of Lolium perenne under salt alkali stress，five concentrations（0，0.2，0.4，0.8，1.6 μmol/L）of SL were applied to the roots of perennial ryegrass under 150 mmol/L salt alkali stress，inoculated with AMF Rhizophorus intrapradices or not vaccinated（CK），to explore the mechanisms by which both alleviate saline alkali stress in L.perenne.The results showed that root application of SL could promote AMF infection in L.perenne.The highest AMF infection rate was 62. 7% at a concentration of 0.4 μmol/L of SL，and the maximum number of vesicles was 22.3.At a root application concentration of 0.4 μmol/L of SL，compared with CK，the total biomass and root shoot ratio of L.perenne treated with AMF increased by 18.7% and 13.2%，respectively，and the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents increased by 21.1% and 13.4%，respectively；The maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），potential activity（Fv/Fo），
and actual photochemical quantum efficiency（Φ_PSⅡ） of PS Ⅱ were increased by 4.7%，8.7%，and 32.9%，respectively，while the non photochemical quenching coefficient（NPQ）decreased by 19.3%.The synergistic effect of AMF and SL could reduce the accumulation of Na⁺ in the upper and root systems of L.perenne，increase K+ content and K⁺/Na⁺to improve plant ion balance. Under the treatment of SL concentration of 0.4 μmol/L，compared with CK，the relative expression levels of PAL and P5CS genes in L.perenne inoculated with AMF increased by 43.4% and 36.0%，PAL and P5CS activities increased by 26.8% and 26.7%，while the relative expression level of PPO gene decreased by 22.9% and PPO activity decreased by 15.6%.In addition，inoculation with AMF increased the soluble protein and proline content of L.perenne，while reduced the rate of superoxide anion production and hydrogen peroxide content.In summary，SL can promote the infection and development of AMF.Among them，the inoculation of AMF combined with root application of SL at a concentration of 0.4 μmol/L improves best the growth status of L.perenne，maintains chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant system，and significantly enhances salt alkali resistance.

Early and Rapid Detection of Tomato Gray Mold Based on LAMP Technology

ZHAO Qian, LI Wen, LI Xiliu, JIA Zhenhua, FENG Xiaojuan, SONG Shuishan

2025, 54(6): 84-91. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.009

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Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the main diseases of tomatoes，which severely affects the yield and quality of tomatoes. In order to achieve the early and rapid detection of tomato gray mold，by using the ACTIN gene of Botrytis cinerea as the target gene，and based on the loop‐mediated isothermal amplification（LAMP）technology，a set of LAMP specific primers was designed and screened，and the reaction system and reaction conditions were optimized to realize the rapid isothermal amplification of Botrytis cinerea.Through agarose gel electrophoresis and SYBR Green Ⅰ visualization analysis，the optimal dosages of Bst Ⅱ DNA polymerase and dNTPs，as well as the optimal ratio of inner and outer primers，were determined to be 0.6 U/μL，1.25 mmol/L，and 2∶1 respectively.The specific detection of Botrytis cinerea could be achieved at 61 ℃ for 40 min，and its sensitivity could reach 100 ag/μL，which was 106 times the sensitivity of ordinary PCR detection. When this method was applied to the detection of tomato diseases，the spores detection limit for Botrytis cinerea could reach 20 spores/mL，and the pathogen could be detected in tomato leaves that had been infected for 4 days without obvious phenotypic symptoms of gray mold，making it applicable for the early，rapid，sensitive and visual detection of tomato gray mold.

Identification of Biocontrol Strain YB‐366 and Its Control Effect against Plant‐Parasitic Nematodes

CHAI Qiuyuan, ZHANG Jie, LI Xiaoqiang, SONG Yajing, XIA Mingcong, SUN Runhong, XU Wen, WU Chao, YANG Lirong

2025, 54(6): 92-99. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.010

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Plant‐parasitic nematodes severely threaten global agricultural production security.To explore superior biocontrol strains against plant‐parasitic nematodes，this study evaluated the biocontrol potential of a nematophagous fungal strain YB‐366 against wheat cyst nematode disease（Heterodera filipjevi）and vegetable root‐knot nematode disease（Meloidogyne incognita）. Firstly，the in vitro determination method was used to assess the lethal effects of YB‐366 fermentation filtrate on second‐stage juveniles of H.filipjevi and M.incognita，as well as its inhibition on egg hatching. Further pot experiments and field trials were conducted to verify the control efficacy of YB‐366 against these two nematode diseases.Morphological characterization and molecular identification were subsequently performed to determine the taxonomic status of strain YB‐366. Results showed that the fermentation filtrate caused corrected mortality rates of 95.6% and 93.5% for H.filipjevi and M.incognita J2 larvae within 48 h，respectively，and significantly inhibited egg hatching with suppression rates of 81.6% and 78.5%.In indoor and field trials，soil treatment with YB‐366 wheat bran‐sand culture reduced cyst number in wheat by 60.5% and 55.2%，respectively，and achieved control efficiencies of 60.7% and 58.9% against vegetable root‐knot nematodes. Additionally，the treatment markedly promoted the growth of wheat and tomato plants.Based on morphological and molecular identification，YB‐366 was classified as Chaetomium megalocarpum.Overall，C.megalocarpum strain YB‐366 demonstrates substantial potential for development and utilization in biocontrol agent research and formulation development，as well as the establishment of green pest management systems for sustainable agriculture.

Isolation and Identification of Antagonistic Endophytic Bacteria against Strawberry Gray Mold and Their Antibacterial Effects

MA Li, GUO Xueliang, YAO Hongyu, LIU Haobin, XING Xiaolong, ZHU Chunhua, QI Hongzhi, LI Xianwei, YU Dongdong, ZHANG Li, LI Chengwei, PEI Dongli, WANG Fang

2025, 54(6): 100-109. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.011

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In order to screen antagonistic strains of strawberry gray mold pathogens and provide strain resources for the biological control of strawberry gray mold，the endophytic bacteria with inhibitory effect on strawberry Botrytis cinerea were isolated and screened from healthy strawberry plants by plate confrontation method，the effect of antagonistic strains on the mycelial growth of the pathogen was observed by light microscope，and the antagonistic bacteria and gray mold pathogen were returned to healthy strawberry fruits at the same time for in vivo inhibition，and their antibacterial effects were evaluated.The analyses of morphological，physiological and biochemical characteristics，and 16S rDNA sequence comparison were performed to identify each antagonistic strain. The results showed that 34 bacterial isolates were isolated and purified from healthy strawberry plants.Among them，five strains with good antagonism performance to strawberry gray mold pathogen were screened through plate confrontation
experiments，namely R09，R11，R14，R16 and R22.Their inhibition rates were 67.56%，70.67%，68.11%，65.22% and 63.33%，respectively. Through morphological observation，it was found that all five strains were bacilli with round and opaque colonies，with sizes ranging from 0.321—0.413 μm，0.379—0.582 μm，0.300—0.700 μm，0.500—1.000 μm，and 0.350—0.390 μm，respectively.Based on the morphological，physiological，biochemical，and molecular biological characteristics of each strain，the five endophytic bacteria were identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus，Bacillus siamensis，Bacillus vallismortis，Bacillus velezensis，Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.It was observed that the mycelial morphology of the pathogen in the confrontation area showed obvious deformities，bends，and swelling.The in vivo inhibition test showed that all five antagonistic bacteria had good inhibitory effects on the pathogen of strawberry gray mold，among which Bacillus siamensis had the best effect，the diameters of
strawberry lesions was 66.17% smaller than those of CK（without antagoninsti bacteria）.This study expanded the strain resources for the biological control of strawberry gray mold and provided a reference for the production of biocontrol agents for strawberry diseases.

Effect of Exogenous Nano‐Silicon on Seed Germination of Pepper under Salt Stress

TIAN Ye, YANG Peihua, YANG Tingqian, LIU Xiaocen, LIU Yiqing, WANG Jiao, HU Haijun, JIANG Xinchen, ZHANG Wanshun, ZHU Yongxing

2025, 54(6): 110-120. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.012

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In order to explore the effects of exogenous nano‐silicon（SiNPs） on the germination，physiological and biochemical indices and related gene expression of pepper seeds under salt stress，the seeds of two varieties of pepper，Jinghua Wuhu Pepper and Jinghua Pepper No. 20，were used as test materials.Four treatments were set up：nano‐silicon treatment（SiNP300/SiNP250），sodium chloride treatment（NaCl），sodium chloride + nano‐silicon treatment（NaCl+SiNP300/NaCl+SiNP250），and distilled water as control（CK）.The germination of pepper seeds under different treatments，the content of active oxygen and the changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were analyzed. The results showed that：Under salt stress，exogenous SiNPs could increase the germination percentage（GP），germination index（GI）and radicle length（RL）of Jinghua Wuhu Pepper and Jinghua Pepper No.20，reduce the degree of lipid membrane peroxidation of pepper radicle under salt stress，and enhance the integrity of pepper
radicle lipid membrane.Exogenous SiNPs reduced the activities of catalase（CAT），superoxide dismutase
（SOD）and peroxidase（POD）in the radicle of seeds of Jinghua Wuhu Pepper and Jinghua Pepper No.20 under salt stress，reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde（MDA），hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）and superoxide anion（O₂·-）in the radicle，and reduced the content of proline（Pro）and soluble protein（SP）.The results of qRT‐PCR analysis showed that exogenous SiNPs increased the relative expression levels of ABA decomposition‐related gene CaCYP707A1 and GA synthesis‐related gene CaGA20ox1 in the radicle of pepper under salt stress. Exogenous SiNPs can significantly alleviate the inhibition of pepper seed germination under salt stress by regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes，reducing the content of ROS，regulating the content of Pro and SP and the expression levels of ABA and GA‐related genes，and improve the germination performance of seeds.

Study on the Induction of Tetraploid in Coriander by Colchicine

LING Na, ZHANG Shaojing, SHAN Siqi, SHI Benlin, PAN Yizhan, MENG Fanrong

2025, 54(6): 121-128. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.013

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Using Australian four season large leaf coriander seeds as experimental materials，different mass fractions of colchicine（0. 1%，0. 2%，0. 4%，0. 6%，0. 8%）and different time periods（2，4，6，8，10 h）were used for mutagenesis treatment to study the effect of colchicine on the induction of tetraploid coriander.The results showed that with the increase of colchicine concentration and the prolongation of treatment time，the germination rate and seedling rate of coriander seeds showed a significant downward trend.Among them，0.4% colchicine treatment for 2 h was the optimal induction condition，with the highest germination rate，seedling rate，and induction rate of 80%，60%，and 18.7%，respectively.The physiological indicators of coriander seedlings significantly improved，with chlorophyll a+b，soluble
protein，and soluble sugar contents of 1.49，9.87，and 17.54 mg/g，respectively，which increased by 88.61%，58.97%，and 53.88% compared to the control.Through cytological identification，it was found that compared with diploid plants，tetraploid plants showed a significant reduction in the number of stomata per unit area of their leaves，an increase in stomata，and a doubling of the chromosome number in root tip cells（4n=44）.In addition，tetraploid coriander plants also exhibited excellent traits such as wide and thick green leaves，thicker and longer purple stems，strong aroma，and larger flowers and

Effects of Different Chemical Fruit Thinning Agents on Thinning and Fruit Quality of Meiba and Pink Lady Apple

NIE Lin, ZHAO Hongliang, CAO Yijing, SUN Ang, LU Hang, LIU Limin

2025, 54(6): 129-134. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.014

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To study the thinning effect and fruit quality of different chemical fruit thinning agents on different apple varieties，five years old Meiba and Pink Lady apple varieties were used as test materials，seven treatments were set up，including 6‐BA 0.1 g/L（T1），6‐BA 0.2 g/L（T2），6‐BA 0.3 g/L（T3），carbaryl 1.5 g/L（T4），carbaryl 2.0 g/L（T5），carbaryl 2.5 g/L（T6），spraying water as a control.The results showed that，compared with control（CK），the treatment of 6‐BA and carbaryl significantly reduced fruit setting rate of flower，fruit setting rate of inflorescence，double fruit setting ratio，increased empty bourse rate，single fruit setting rate and fruit qualities of apple varieties Meiba and Pink Lady.Compared with CK，T3 significantly increased single fruit setting rate by 46.28% and 35.94%，significantly reduced fruit setting rate of flower by 34.63% and 41.50%，significantly increased single fruit weight by 5.22% and 5.16%，significantly increased soluble solids content by 6.75% and 2.16%，and significantly increased soluble sugar content by 9. 06% and 5. 95% of apple varieties Meiba and Pink Lady，but had little effects on fruit hardness. Compared with CK，T6 significantly increased single fruit setting rate by 26.56% and 19.95%，significantly reduced fruit setting rate of flower by 22.48% and 27.19%，significantly increased single fruit weight by 3.70% and 3.18%，significantly increased soluble solids content by 5.40% and 2.82%，significantly increased soluble sugar content by 7.40% and 7.58%，and significantly decreased fruit hardness by 2.88% and 2.52% of apple varieties Meiba and Pink Lady. By comprehensive comparison，the spraying of 6‐BA 0.3 g/L and carbaryl 2.5 g/L were better for thinning fruits，which significantly reduced fruit setting rate of flower，fruit setting rate of inflorescence，and double fruit setting ratio，and significantly increased empty bourse rate，single fruit
setting rate and fruit quality of Meiba and Pink Lady. The spraying of 6‐BA had little effect on the hardness of Meiba and Pink Lady，while the spraying of carbaryl could reduce the hardness.

Genome‐wide Association Study of Body Size and Slaughter Traits in Sansui Duck

WU Gemin, HAN Xue, WU Songcheng, FENG Yulong

2025, 54(6): 135-143. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.015

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To screen out the genetic loci and functional genes affecting the body size and slaughter traits of Sansui ducks，655 160‐day‐old Sansui ducks were taken as the research subjects，and the phenotypic data such as body size（body skew length，neck length）and slaughter traits（pre‐slaughter live weight，carcass weight，evisceration weight and chest and leg muscle rate）were measured.The individual single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）genotypes were obtained by genome‐wide association study（10×depth），quality control analysis was conducted based on PLINK 1.9，mixed linear model association analysis was performed using GEMMA，the KEGG candidate gene function enrichment analysis of the significant association sites was performed by clusterProfiler.The results showed a total of 207，78，64，66，68 and 96 SNP loci significantly associated with body skew length，neck length，pre‐slaughter live weight，carcass weight，evisceration weight and chest and leg muscle rate，and 50，31，32，40，27 and 37 candidate genes
annotated respectively.The results of KEGG enrichment analysis showed that 16，10，12，11，13 and 22 KEGG pathways were enriched for candidate genes related to body skew length，neck length，pre‐slaughter live weight，carcass weight，evisceration weight and chest and leg muscle rate.Neuroactive ligand‐receptor interaction was associated with all six traits，the calcium signaling pathway was associated with body skew length，carcass weight，eviscerated weight，and chest and leg muscle rate，and MAPK signaling pathway was associated with pre‐slaughter live weight，carcass weight，eviscerated weight.LOC119717855，GPR50，GRM7，GABRB2，GABRG2 and LOC101800857 were identified as key candidate genes for body skew length，while GRIK2 and BNIP1 were identified as key candidate genes for neck length.TAF2 and NPK genes were identified as the key candidate genes for pre‐slaughter live weight，carcass weight and evisceration weight traits. SLC8A1 gene was identified as key candidate gene for carcass weight and evisceration weight，HTR2A，QRFPR，NPVF and UTS2R genes were identified as the key candidate genes for chest and leg muscle rate.The above results showed that key signaling pathways such as neuroactive ligand‐receptor interaction and calcium signaling pathway，as well as key candidate genes such as LOC119717855，GPR50，GRIK2 and TAF2，which affected the body size and slaughter traits of Sansui ducks，were screened.

Effect of Brucella BspL Protein on the Expression Level of Inflammatory Factors in Macrophages and Bioinformatics Analysis

LI Zhiqiang, ZHU Fang, WANG Shuli, DING Jinkuo, DAI Yawen, ZHENG Hao, WANG Chengyu, LI Tianle

2025, 54(6): 144-151. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.016

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To explore the regulatory effect of Brucella secreted protein L（BspL）on the inflammatory response of macrophages，based on the BspL gene sequence（BAB1_1533）of Brucella abortus 2308 strain，an expression vector of pET‐32a‐BspL was constructed，and the BspL recombinant protein（rBspL）was expressed and purified. After identification and concentration determination by SDS‐PAGE，rBspL was used to stimulate RAW264.7 macrophages.The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors（IL‐1β and IL‐18）and inflammasomes（NLRP3 and Caspase‐1）were detected by qRT‐PCR，and the protein expression levels of inflammasomes（NLRP3 and Caspase‐1）were analyzed by Western blot.The bioinformatic analysis of BspL was performed using online softwares. The results showed that the pET‐32a‐BspL expression vector was successfully constructed，pET‐32a‐BspL expression product was purified to show a specific band at 36 ku.After stimulating RAW264.7 cells with rBspL，compared with
the control group（DMEM was added），the experimental group（RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 50 μg/mL rBspL）significantly increased the relative mRNA expression levels of NLRP3，Caspase‐1，IL‐1β and IL‐18 and the protein expression levels of inflammasomes NLRP3 and Caspase‐1 were significantly increased.Bioinformatics analysis showed that BspL protein was hydrophilic，with two transmembrane regions，two secretion pathway signal peptides（Sec signal peptides），26 phosphorylation sites and five antigenic epitopes.The secondary structure of BspL protein was dominated by random coil and α‐helix，and there were a few extended chains.In addition，the results of tertiary structure prediction showed that most of the BspL protein structures were random coil and α‐helix，which was consistent with the results of secondary structure prediction.In conclusion，Brucella rBspL expressed by Escherichia coli could induce host cells to release inflammatory factors，which provided references for further study of the function and molecular mechanism of BspL.

Research on Fine Classification of Crops in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Using Time‐series Radar Vegetation Index

LU Jie, XUE Huazhu

2025, 54(6): 152-162. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.017

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Optical imagery commonly used in crop classification is susceptible to interference from clouds and rainfall，which limits the application of remote sensing technology in agricultural monitoring for certain regions. Synthetic aperture radar（SAR）data has the advantage of being less susceptible to weather conditions.To investigate whether SAR images can be used to achieve accurate crop classification，four classifiers，namely convolutional neural network（CNN），extreme gradient boosting（XGBoost），random forest（RF），and support vector machine（SVM），were used to classify crops in the middle reaches of the Heihe River based on Sentinel‐1 backscatter coefficients and the dual polarimetric SAR vegetation index（SVI_DP）.The classification results were compared with those of Sentinel‐2 optical images.The results showed that the overall accuracies of the four classifiers（CNN，XGBoost，RF，SVM）were 81.50%，78.49%，77.92%，and 76.60% when using SAR images containing SVI_DP as training data，and 82.21%，79.23%，77.96%，and 76.34% when using optical images as training data，which were similar in classification accuracy.For complex categories such as alfalfa and others with intricate feature information，using SAR images could achieve higher accuracy.In conclusion，the radar vegetation index can enrich the feature information of SAR images，and SAR images can be applied to crop classification tasks and yield accurate classification results.

Analysis of Aroma Substances of Alcohols，Esters and Ketones in Aerosol of Heated Cigarette Based on Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques

XUE Yun, LIU Qibin, WU Yan, LI Jingxin, HU Ziyun, LU Li, LI Dian, YAN Jun, HUANG Zhonghui, JING Yanqiu

2025, 54(6): 163-174. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.018

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To provide a reference for the optimization of heating cigarettes，the design of cigarette cartridge and the development of new products，the heating cigarette aerosol was taken as the research object，the qualitative analysis was carried out by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry（GC‐MS），and the accurate quantitative detection was realized by gas chromatography‐hydrogen flame ionization（GC‐FID）.The simultaneous determination method of 23 kinds of alcohols，esters and ketones in heating cigarette aerosol was established.By comparing the extraction effects of different ultrasonic extraction parameters（ultrasonic time，extraction solvent dosage，ultrasonic power）on the 23 aromatic substances，the optimal extraction method was determined；meanwhile，the established ultrasonic extraction gas chromatography hydrogen flame ionization（UE‐GC‐FID）method was used to detect the content changes of 23 aromatic substances in the mainstream smoke of heated cigarettes under different heating methods（resistance heating and infrared heating），different flavors［original flavor（OR）and menthol flavor（ME）］and different temperatures（150.00，200.00，250.00，300.00℃）.The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows：ultrasonic time was 30.00 min，extraction solvent dosage was 25.00 mL，ultrasonic power was 500.00 W.The linearity of the method was good in the range of 10.00—240.00 μg/mL（R²≥0. 991 4），and the limit of detection（LOD）and limit of quantitation（LOQ）of 23 aromatic substances were 0.075 5—1.285 8 μg/mL and 0.241 0—4.148 0 μg/mL，respectively.The intra‐day RSD and inter‐day RSD were 0.241 8%—2.128 7% and 1.556 6%—4.812 5%，respectively，and the average spiked recoveries of the three gradients were 94.380 3%—104.645 0%.The content of alcohols was the highest under the conditions of resistance heating，ME taste and 300.00 ℃，which was 16.318 0 μg/cig.The highest content of esters was 12.556 5 μg/cig under the conditions of infrared heating，OR taste and 300.00 ℃.The content of ketones was the highest under the conditions of infrared heating，OR taste and 300.00 ℃，which was 22.712 0 μg/cig.The total content of 23 aromatic substances was the highest under the conditions of infrared heating，OR taste and 300.00 ℃，which was 50.347 6 μg/cig.However，there were significant differences in the optimal release conditions of different components.In conclusion，the method is simple，rapid and can fully meet the needs of accurate quantitative analysis of 23 kinds of alcohols，esters and ketones in heated cigarette smoke.

Effects of Heat Preservation Treatment on Nitrogen Metabolism during Tobacco Curing in Bulk Curing Barn

ZHAI Shunlong, ZHAO Yongwei, CHANG Jianbo, WANG Jian’an, HE Fan, LIU Lingling

2025, 54(6): 175-184. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.019

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To investigate the effects of thermal insulation treatment in bulk curing barns on the degradation of protein and nitrogen metabolism during the tobacco leaf curing process，a cross‐combination of two types of energy source（air‐source heat pumps，biomass combustion） and two heat preservation materials（polyurethane， inorganic plasticized microporous） was used to set up four treatments：polyurethane‐insulated air‐source heat pump curing barn（CK1），polyurethane‐insulated biomass curing barn（CK2），inorganic plasticized microporous‐insulated air‐source heat pump curing barn（T1），and inorganic plasticized microporous‐insulated biomass curing barn（T2）.The protein content，amino acid content， activities of nitrogen metabolism related enzymes（endopeptidase，aminopeptidase，carboxypeptidase）during the roasting process and free amino acid content of post‐baking tobacco were measured to analyze the effects patterns of different heat preseration treatments on nitrogen metabolism during baking.The results showed that at 42℃ during curing，the protein degradation rates of T1 and T2 treatments were 38.59% and 37.26%，respectively，which were 6.99 and 6.39 percentage points higher than CK1 and CK2 treatments，respectively. During the curing period at 40—42℃ ，the amino acid variation amplitude of T1 and T2 treatments were 31.13% and 34.60%，respectively，both higher than those of CK1 and CK2 treatments，and the free amino acid content in cured tobacco significantly increased by 71.14% and 47.47%，among which the content of sweet amino acids increased by 80.61% and 52.00%，and ratio increased by 4.01 and 2.26 percentage points，respectively.The average endopeptidase activities of T1 and T2 treatments during the yellowing period of curing at 38—42℃ were 2.71 U/mL and 2.70 U/mL，the average carboxypeptidase activities were 210.88 U/mL and 204.10 U/mL，and the average aminopeptidase activities were 187.27 U/mL and 186.89 U/mL，all higher than those of CK1 and CK2 treatments.The peak activity of aminopeptidase in T1 treatment and the peak activities of carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase in T2 treatment appeared early at 40℃ ，which was conducive to the sufficient conversion and degradation of nitrogen‐containing substances in tobacco leaves during the yellowing period（38—42℃）.Path analysis results indicated that aminopeptidase played the main role in the conversion and decomposition of nitrogen‐containing substances，followed by carboxypeptidase.Principal component analysis results showed that amino acids such as phenylalanine，glutamic acid，alanine，and tyrosine made significant contributions to the flavor of cured tobacco.The comprehensive scores of flavor amino acids in the cured tobacco of treatments T1 and T2 were higher than those of treatments CK1 and CK2.In conclusion，bulk curing barns with inorganic plasticized microporous heat preservation treatment can optimize the curing environment of tobacco leaves.This optimization is conducive to enhancing the activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism，and promoting protein degradation and amino acid accumulation.As a result，it increases the aroma quantity and improves the aroma quality of cured tobacco.

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