Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2025, 54(5): 0.

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Research Progress on Application in Livestock，Poultry and Aquaculture Production of Bacillus subtilis and Its Effect on Intestinal Health of Animals

FENG Lili

2025, 54(5): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.001

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Bacillus subtilis can form spores，has strong resistance and good stability，and has several advantages compared with conventional probiotics.Bacillus subtilis can be used as a microecological agent in livestock，poultry and aquaculture production，and has positive impact on animal production performance via improvement of digestion and absorption.Bacillus subtilis can improve meat quality，enhance immunity and regulate intestinal health.The biological characteristics of Bacillus subtilis，the application in livestock，poultry and aquaculture production and the impact on intestinal health were reviewed in this paper，so as to provide reference for further development and utilization of Bacillus subtilis microecologics for feeding.

Effects of Different Application Depth and Application Amount of Water Retaining Agent on Photosynthetic Characteristics，Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize

LI Hua, CHEN Liang, DU Leichao, LIU Bin, ZHANG Shengyin, ZHANG Jinghui

2025, 54(5): 10-22. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.002

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In order to screen the suitable application depth and application amount of water retaining agent for maize cultivation，with maize as material and the treatment without water retaining agent as control（CK），the effects of water retaining agent application depth［20 cm（D1）and 10 cm（D2）］and application amount［150 kg/ha（T1），210 kg/ha（T2），270 kg/ha（T3）and 330 kg/ha（T4）］on maize growth，photosynthetic characteristics，yield and water use efficiency were studied.The results showed that，for different water retaining agent application depth treatments，the plant height，leaf SPAD value，net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），transpiration rate（Tr），ear length，ear diameter，row number per ear，grain number per row，1 000‐grain weight，yield，water use efficiency（WUE）and irrigation water use efficiency（IWUE） of D2 treatment were significantly higher than those of D1 treatment and CK，among which yield，WUE and IWUE increased by 31. 64%，31.20% and 31.58% compared with CK，respectively. Under D1 condition，the plant height，stem diameter，leaf length，leaf width，number of leaves，SPAD value，Pn，Gs，Tr，yield，WUE and IWUE all increased with the increase of application amount of water retaining agent，T4 treatment was the highest，and Ci gradually decreased；Under D2 condition，the plant height，stem diameter，leaf length，leaf width，number of leaves，SPAD value，Pn，Gs，Tr，yield，WUE and IWUE all increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of application amount of water retaining agent，T3 treatment was the highest，and Ci decreased firstly and then increased. For different treatment combinations，D2T3 treatment had the highest Pn，Gs，Tr，yield，WUE，IWUE and the lowest Ci，among which yield，WUE and IWUE significantly increased by 42.37%，41.88% and 42.46% compared with CK，followed by D2T4 treatment. By comprehensive consideration，the suitable application depth of water retaining agent for maize was 10 cm，and the suitable application amount was 270 kg/ha.

Composition Analysis of Vernalization and Photoperiod Genes in Varieties（lines）Derived from Core Wheat Parent Zhou 8425B

LI Xiaode, BAI Xintong, WU Enzhao, LÜ Chunlei, CHEN Shulin, YIN Guihong, WANG Daowen, ZHANG Kunpu

2025, 54(5): 23-30. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.003

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The distribution，combination types of photoperiod and vernalization genes in 219 materials［core wheat parent Zhou 8425B and its derived varieties（lines）］were detected using functional markers of vernalization genes（Vrn‑A1，Vrn‑B1 and Vrn‑D1） and photoperiod genes（Ppd‑A1，Ppd‑B1 and Ppd‑D1），and their effects on yield‐related traits were studied. The results indicated that the distribution frequencies of dominant vernalization genes of Vrn‑A1，Vrn‑B1 and Vrn‑D1 were 0，1.37% and 25.11% in 219 materials，respectively.There were three types of vernalization gene combinations in 219 materials，including vrn‑A1+vrn‑B1+vrn‑D1，vrn‑A1+vrn‑B1+Vrn‑D1 and vrn‑A1+Vrn‑B1+vrn‑D1，among which vrn‑A1+vrn‑B1+vrn‑D1 had the highest distribution frequency of 73.52%，and vrn‑A1+Vrn‑B1+vrn‑D1 had the lowest distribution frequency of 1.37%，indicating that most of the 219 materials were winter wheat.All varieties（lines）contained the photoperiod insensitive genes Ppd‑A1a，Ppd‑B1a and Ppd‑D1a.The vrn‑A1+vrn‑B1+vrn‑D1 combination had the highest yield，1 000‐grain weight and the shortest plant height；The vrn‑A1+Vrn‑B1+vrn‑D1 combination had the lowest yield，1 000‐grain weight and the tallest plant height；The vrn‑A1+vrn‑B1+Vrn‑D1 combination was middle.This indicates that the recessive vernalization gene combination has the highest yield，1 000‐grain weight and the shortest plant height；When the vernalization gene combination contains a dominant allele，the plant height increases，and the 1 000‐grain weight and yield decrease.

Effects of Water Regulation during Panicle Initiation Stage on Photosynthetic Characters and Yield of Rice under Straw Returning

BAI Chenghan, JI Linshuang, WANG Siwen, LIU Liang, MA Wei, LIU Xiaoliang, YANG Yongzhi, SUN Yi’nan, GUO Wanqing, LIN Zhe, HOU Linhan, PIAO Jin, HOU Ligang

2025, 54(5): 31-40. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.004

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The treatment without straw returning（A1）and treatment with straw returning（A2）were set up，and the effects of water regulation［mild water control（WP1，Ψsoil=0 kPa），moderate water control（WP2，Ψsoil=-15 kPa），medium‐to‐severe water control（WP3，Ψsoil=-30 kPa），severe water control（WP4，Ψsoil=-45 kPa），conventional flooding（CK）］during panicle initiation stage on photosynthetic characters［leaf SPAD value，net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs）and transpiration rate（Tr）］，antioxidant properties［superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity，catalase（CAT）activity and malondialdehyde（MDA）content］，yield and its components（number of spikes per hole，thousand‐grain weight，number of primary branches，number of grains from primary branches，number of secondary branches and number of grains from secondary branches）were studied，so as to provide a theoretical basis for water management during panicle initiation stage under straw returning condition.The results showed that，the SPAD value，Gs and Tr of A2 treatment were higher than those of A1 treatment under WP1 condition，and the MDA content was lower than that of A1 treatment. The 1 000‐grain weight，number of grains from primary branches，number of secondary branches，number of grains from secondary branches and yield of A2 treatment were higher than those of A1 treatment under WP1 and WP2 conditions. Under A1 condition，the SPAD value，Pn，Gs，Tr，CAT activity，SOD activity，yield and its components generally decreased with the decrease of soil water potential；Under A2 condition，the SPAD value，Pn，Gs，Tr，SOD activity，number of panicles per hole，1 000‐grain weight，number of secondary branches，the number of grains from secondary branches and yield of WP1 treatment were the highest，and the overall order was WP1>WP2>CK>WP3>WP4. The photosynthetic capacity，antioxidant capacity，yield and its components of A2WP1 treatment were generally the highest，followed by A1CK，A2WP2 treatments. In summary，when the soil water potential was 0 kPa and -15 kPa，returning straw can enhance the photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant capacity of rice leaves，effectively alleviate the adverse effects of water stress on rice leaves，and increase the yield by increasing thousand‐grain weight，number of secondary branches and number of grains from secondary branches，and the A2WP1 treatment is the best.

Effects of Melatonin on Growth，Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Solanum tuberosum L.under Drought Stress

FAN Zhiyuan, WEI Hui, HE Yuheng, GU Chengzhi, LI Jinchao, FENG Chunjing, LIU Suhui

2025, 54(5): 41-48. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.005

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The 10% PEG6000 solution was employed to simulate drought stress，and the effects of melatonin concentrations［0（CK），50（W1），100（W2），150（W3），200（W4）μmol/L］on the growth，photosynthetic characteristics and yield of potato（Solanum tuberosum L.）were studied under drought stress，so as to provide theoretical guidance for cultivation of potato under drought stress.The results showed that different concentrations of melatonin could promote the growth and development of potato under drought stress，and then increase the yield. With the increase of melatonin concentration，growth and development，photosynthetic characteristics and yield of potato increased first and then decreased，and W2 treatment was the highest. Compared with CK，the plant height，stem diameter，leaf thickness and root length of W2 treatment increased by 24.79%，13.89%，61.11% and 29.95% at 17 d after spraying，respectively；Dry weight and fresh weight of root，dry and fresh weight of aboveground part increased by
36.95%，23.32%，156.52% and 42.05%，respectively；SPAD value，net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），intercellular CO₂ concentration（Ci）and transpiration rate（Tr）increased by 63.60%，41.34%，30.45%，44.73% and 114.56%，respectively；Yield per plant and tuber number per plant increased by 71.04% and 150.00%，respectively.In conclusion，melatonin can promote the growth and development，increase the yield of potato under drought stress，and 100 μmol/L melatonin has the best effect.

Effects of Exogenous Spraying of Methyl Jasmonate on Maturation and Cured Quality of Late‐maturing Upper Tobacco Leaves

WANG Tingting, ZHAO Yuanyuan, XIA Yulan, WANG Dexun, LI Juan, SUN Junwei, SHI Hongzhi

2025, 54(5): 49-58. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.006

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To investigate the effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate（MeJA）application on maturation and quality improvement in delayed‐maturity upper leaves of flue‐cured tobacco，a field experiment was conducted using the Yunyan 300 cultivar.Four MeJA concentrations（1，5，10，15 mmol/L）were foliar‐applied for three consecutive days during the late growth stage of upper leaves.Morphological changes in the tobacco leaves were recorded，and the SPAD values of fresh leaves were measured.Additionally，the contents of conventional chemical components（starch，protein，nicotine，and water‐soluble sugars）in fresh leaves were determined.After curing，the contents of conventional chemical components，physical properties，appearance quality，sensory quality，and neutral aroma
components of the cured leaves were also determined and evaluated.The results showed that the leaves treated with 10 mmol/L and 15 mmol/L MeJA solution exhibited significant chlorophyll degradation and yellowing after 24 hours of the final application，with SPAD values decreasing by 13. 75% and 15.33%，respectively. Compared to the control group（0 mmol/L MeJA solution，CK），exogenous applications of 5，10，15 mmol/L MeJA solution significantly reduced the contents of starch，soluble protein，reducing sugar，and total sugar in fresh leaves，while nicotine content increased significantly.Among these treatments，the 10 mmol/L MeJA solution resulted in the highest nicotine content，which increased by 48.34% compared to CK.After curing，the reducing sugar and total sugar contents in leaves treated with
10 mmol/L MeJA increased by 47.37% and 13.06%，respectively，compared to CK，indicating a more balanced chemical composition. Exogenous applications of different concentrations of MeJA solution also improved the sensory and aromatic quality of cured leaves，with an increase in neutral aromatic compounds. Notably，the content of solanone increased the most，with a 90.90% increase in leaves treated with 10 mmol/L MeJA compared to CK.In summary，exogenous MeJA solution can effectively promote the maturation and yellowing of flue‐cured tobacco，as well as enhance its quality.Continuous foliar applications of 10 mmol/L MeJA solution for three days result in significant chlorosis and yellowing in fresh leaves，with the quality of cured leaves being significantly enhanced.

Screening of Cd‐tolerant Fungi with High Cd Removal Ability and Their Effects on Wheat Growth and Cd Accumulation

LI Shihang, GAO Wei, LI Yangyang, SUN Shilong, BAN Jiahao, NIE Zhaojun, GENG Yuehua, WANG Min, ZHAO Peng

2025, 54(5): 59-67. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.007

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This study screened native fungi with high cadmium tolerance and removal performance from soil and plants contaminated with heavy metals in wheat fields，and produced solid fermentation remediation agents. Then it conducted wheat safety testing in healthy soil and investigated the effects of remediation agents on wheat growth and cadmium absorption under in‐situ heavy metal pollution conditions.The results showed that four functional fungi（M6，M10，M7，M3）with tolerance of up to 600 μmol/L Cd²⁺concentration and high cadmium removal rate in liquid culture medium containing 50 mg/L Cd²⁺were isolated and screened，with removal rates of 99.7%，79.3%，64.1%，and 62.8%，respectively.They were identified as Fusarium sp.，Trichoderma harzianum，Alternaria sp. ，and Chaetomium sp..In wheat safety testing，only M6 was found to inhibit the emergence rate and biomass of wheat. Under in‐situ heavy metal contaminated soil，the addition of M3，M7，and M10 significantly increased the fresh weight （22.0%—43.7%）and dry weight（15.7%—64.4%）of wheat，meanwhile significantly reducing the accumulation of Cd in the wheat root（37.2%—53.4%）.Among them，M7 treatment had the best effect.In summary，Chaetomium sp.M7 could promote the growth of wheat seedlings under cadmium stress and reduce cadmium accumulation，which could be used for soil heavy metal pollution control.

The Growth of Four Fiber Crops in the Soils of Lead‐zinc Mining Area and Their Enrichment Effects on Heavy Metals

XU Zhiyong, CHEN Funing, ZHAO Quyun, HUANG Peng, YAO Jinglin, HU Wei

2025, 54(5): 68-77. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.008

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In order to determine the possibility of fiber crops to repair lead‐zinc contaminated soil，a pot experiment was conducted to study the growth characteristics of cotton，velvetleaf，jute and flax in polluted soil of lead‐zinc mining area，and their potential to repair polluted soil in lead‐zinc mining area was analyzed. The results showed that except flax，cotton，velvetleaf and jute could all grow in polluted soil of lead‐zinc mining area，and the physiological and biochemical indexes including chlorophyll level，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters（Fv/Fm、Ф_PSⅡ ） were damaged for cotton and velvetleaf，and photosynthetic parameters（AN，Gs）were damaged for cotton，velvetleaf and jute growing in polluted soil of lead‐zinc mining area. The decrease of AN in cotton and velvetleaf growing in polluted soil of lead‐zinc mining area was mainly caused by non‐stomatal factors，while that in jute was caused by stomatal factors.In addition，the aboveground biomass of cotton and velvetleaf growing in polluted soil of lead‐zinc mining area decreased significantly by 38.5% and 63.9%，respectively，and the underground biomass of velvetleaf growing in polluted soil of lead‐zinc mining area decreased significantly by 29.4%，while these of jute had no change，and the tolerance to lead and zinc was ranked as jute，cotton and velvetleaf.The enrichment coefficients of lead and zinc in jute were equal to cotton and significantly higher than that of velvetleaf.The transport coefficients of lead and zinc of cotton，velvetleaf and jute were all greater than 1，but the transport coefficient of jute was larger than those of cotton and velvetleaf. It can be seen that jute is a dominant crop that can be grown on lead‐zinc heavy metal polluted soil.Therefore，according to the analyses of growth conditions，photosynthetic parameters，fluorescence parameters and heavy metal enrichment ability，the cotton，velvetleaf and jute can all grow in lead‐zinc polluted soil，and jute is more suitable for the remediation of heavy metal polluted soil dominated by lead and zinc.

Effects of Different Adjuvants on Weed Control Efficiency of Herbicides，Growth and Economic Traits of Tobacco

LI Xipeng, KONG Jinling, HONG Hu, FU Yunpeng1, YAO Pengwei, FU Quanshan, HOU Zhenwu, FU Bo, LIU Youjie, WANG Jing

2025, 54(5): 78-86. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.009

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In order to clarify the synergistic effects of different adjuvants on herbicides to control weeds，three adjuvants of vegetable oil，organic silicon and inorganic salt were selected and compounded with soybean post‐emergence herbicides（250 g/L fomesafen + 20% quizalofop‐P‐ethyl）with the dosage reduced by 20%，30% and 40%，respectively，and the experiment was carried out in the tobacco field of Jiaohe City，Jilin Province. The results showed that the performance of the three adjuvants in the synergistic reduction of herbicides was vegetable oil adjuvant>silicone adjuvant>inorganic salt adjuvant.The best control effect on weeds in tobacco field was obtained by the combination of plant oil adjuvant and herbicide reduction of 20%.The fresh weight control effects on gramineous weeds，broad‐leaved weeds and total grass were the highest，reaching 97.14%，93.93% and 95.00%，espectively，which were significantly higher than those of conventional herbicide treatment（CK1），with increases of 15.57，10.42 and 12.49 percentage points，respectively.At 45 days after transplanting，the plant height，leaf length
and leaf width of tobacco plants treated with 20% herbicide reduction combined with vegetable oil adjuvant and silicone adjuvant were significantly higher than those of artificial weeding treatment（CK2）and water treatment（CK3）.The incidence of phytotoxicity in tobacco plants decreased by 1.83—3.37 percentage points after 20%—30% reduction of herbicide combined with vegetable oil adjuvant，and the photosynthetic efficiency of lower leaves was improved.Among the treatments，the yield，average price and output value of the treatment with 20% herbicide reduction and vegetable oil adjuvant were the highest，and the output value increased by 3.82%，18.53% and 16.41% respectively compared with CK1，CK2 and CK3.Therefore，through the reasonable selection and ratio of adjuvants，the output value of tobacco can be ensured while the herbicide is reduced，which is of far‐reaching significance for reducing the environmental load of chemical pesticides and maintaining ecological balance.

Effects of Yellow Light Treatments on Feeding Behavior of Empoasca onukii Matsuda

QIAO Li, ZHANG Tianhai, ZHOU Guotao, GUO Shibao, GENGShubao, WU Yuqing

2025, 54(5): 87-94. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.010

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The occurrence of Empoasca onukii Matsuda seriously threatens the yield and quality of tea.In order to reduce the residues of chemical pesticides，a new method for the control of tea geometrids needs to explore.The electrical penetration graph（EPG） was used to monitor the changes in the feeding behavior of E.onukii，after being exposed to five different intensities of yellow light（8，120，160，200，240 lx）and natural light（150—200 lx，control）for different periods of time（2，4，6 h）.The results showed that the feeding waveform of E.onukii was mainly composed of seven waveforms：NP，A，S，C，E，F and R.Under different light intensities and irradiation time of yellow light，the duration of NP wave was the highest，followed by E wave.With the increase of the intensity of yellow light and the extension of the irradiation time，the occurrence of NP，E，A and R waves increased. Under the treatment of irradiation for 4 h and 6 h，the duration ration of NP，F and R waves was significantly higher than that the control. When the light intensity was constant，with the extension of the light time，the duration of NP wave was prolonged，and the duration of E wave was shortened. It can be seen that the application of yellow light in tea gardens can disrupt the normal feeding behavior of E.onukii，effectively reducing its harm in tea gardens.

Trapping Efficacy of Different Sticky Boards and Food Attractant Supplementation on Frankliniella occidentalis

SONG Penghui, YU Jincheng, YANG Ruihua, LI Yuze, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Kun, WU Xinjuan, ZHOU Shuang, LI Guiwei, WANG Mingjie, JIAO Kuibao

2025, 54(5): 95-102. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.011

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To develop and apply novel sticky traps for advancing the green ecological control of Frankliniella occidentalis infestations，we conducted experiments to investigate the trapping efficacy of different sticky boards［varying in different colors（yellow，blue，white and pink），hanging height，deployment method，and density］on Frankliniella occidentalis on strawberry crops. Based on optimal trapping performance，sticky boards were selected and supplemented with pollen，nectar，and sucrose to compare attractant effects. Pink sticky boards demonstrated superior trapping capacity（1 487 individuals/board），followed by white sticky boards（971 individuals/board），both outperforming yellow and blue sticky boards. H2 treatment（The trap lower edge was 0.2 m above strawberry canopy）achieved the highest capture（1 663 individuals/board）.The trapping efficiency ranked as L1（vertical）>L3（45^°angle）>L2（horizontal）>L4（vertical cylindrical）>L5（horizontal cylindrical）.40 sticky boards hung per
667 m² was the most effective.Over time，adding nectar proved to be the most effective in trapping Frankliniella occidentalis on strawberries，with jujube nectar（2 058 individuals per board at 10 days）outperforming citrus nectar（1 918 individuals per board at 10 days）.In conclusion，the trapping effect of 40 pink sticky boards with jujube nectar hung vertically per 667 m² and the lower edge of the color boards 0.2 m from the top of strawberry plants on Frankliniella occidentalis on strawberry was the best.

Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Biological Fertilizer and Foliar Fertilizer on the Quality of Facility Nectarines and Soil Fertility

TUOLIHANAYI Nuerlan, ZHAO Yunwen, SUN Junli, ZHAO Baolong, WANG Chao,

2025, 54(5): 103-112. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.012

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To clarify the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with biofertilizers and foliar fertilizers applications on nectarine fruit quality in greenhouse cultivation，this study employed 3‐year‐old Zhongnong Jinhui nectarines under six treatments：CK（300 kg/ha conventional compound fertilizer with irrigation），T1（80% conventional fertilizer at 240 kg/ha），T2（T1+150 kg/ha fish protein biofertilizer），T3（T1+7. 5 kg/ha Trichoderma harzianum and 7. 5 kg/ha Bacillus subtilis），T4（T1+1 000 times diluted algal‐derived biostimulant for foliar spray），T5（T1+600 times diluted KH2PO4 for foliar spray）.The experiment investigated impacts on photosynthetic characteristics，fruit quality parameters，and soil fertility.Results demonstrated that reduced chemical fertilization combined with biofertilizers and fertilizers enhanced chlorophyll biosynthesis.The optimal chlorophyll accumulation occurred with algal biostimulant application（T4）.T3 treatment exhibited the most significant photosynthetic enhancement，showing 14.83% higher net photosynthetic rate than CK. Superior fruit quality and soil improvement were achieved in T3，demonstrating 27.59% increased single fruit weight，along with 14.11% and 56.85% elevations in soluble sugars and vitamin C respectively. Soil parameters showed 12.54% and 14.81% increases in organic matter and total nitrogen compared to CK.In conclusion，reducing chemical fertilizers in combination with biofertilizers or foliar fertilizers can enhance photosynthetic characteristics，fruit quality traits，and soil fertility of greenhouse‐cultivated nectarines to varying degrees.Among the treatments，80% conventional fertilization combined with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis application optimally improves both nectarine fruit quality and soil fertility in protected cultivation systems.

Effects of Different Light Intensities on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthetic Physiology of Four Basil Plants

YANG Wen, ZHANG Jing, HE Weikai, ZHOU Xu

2025, 54(5): 113-123. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.013

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By using four types of basil plants，including large leaved basil，purple basil，clove basil，and lemon basil，the effects of different light intensities on leaf chlorophyll content，photosynthetic characteristics，chlorophyll fluorescence parameters，and antioxidant systems were studied by setting 100% full light（L100），85% light（L85），70% light（L70），55% light（L55），and 40% light（L40）.The results showed that with the decrease of light intensity，the plant height and biomass of the four basil plants showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，reaching their maximum under L85 treatment；The content of chlorophyll a+b showed：large leaf basil>lemon basil>clove basil>purple basil，while chlorophyll a/b showed the opposite trend. As the light intensity decreased，the initial fluorescence（Fo）and maximum fluorescence（Fm）of the four basils showed an increasing trend，while the maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm）and potential activity（Fv/Fo）of PS Ⅱ showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend. The maximum net photosynthetic rate（Pm）of the four types of basil also showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，with larger increases in large leaf basil and lemon
basil，both reaching their maximum values at L85，with an increase of 31.3% and 54.3% compared to L100.The apparent quantum efficiency（AQY）of four types of basil varied from 0.027 to 0.085 μmol/（m²·s）. The light compensation point（LCP）of large leaf basil and lemon basil was maximum at L100，while purple basil and clove basil were maximum at L85.The light saturation point（LSP）of all four types of basil was maximum at L85 and minimum at L40.Compared to L100，the LSP of the four types of basil increased by 41.9%，12.8%，26.1%，and 7.0% at L85，respectively. Four types of basil plants could enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT）in the antioxidant system，as well as the content of antioxidants such as total phenols，flavonoids，and vitamin C to adapt to the light environment. However，full light and extreme weak light environments could inhibit the growth and development of the four types of basil plants. In this experiment，85% light was more favorable for the growth of basil plants.

The Application Effect of Immobilized Mushroom Strains of Pleurotus eryngii in Cultivation Production

ZHOU Tingting, JIANG Ran, ZHU Haoran, MA Guizhen

2025, 54(5): 124-129. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.014

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The preliminary research indicated that immobilized strains could still maintain high biological activity after storage at 20 ℃ and 4 ℃ for 30 days.In order to verify the application effect of immobilized strains in production practice，immobilized strains of different storage time were inoculated into Pleurotus eryngii cultivation bags，with fresh liquid strains as the control.The growth rate of Pleurotus eryngii mycelium，the time of mycelium filling bag，the contamination rate of cultivation bag，the total yield per cultivation bag at different storage periods were measured，and the biological efficiency and commodity rate were calculated.Nutrients such as ash，protein and fat were analyzed.The results indicated that the fruiting body morphology，cap diameter，stem diameter，and stem length of the cultivation bags inoculated with immobilized strains stored for 30 days at 20℃ and 4℃ showed no significant differences compared to the control.With the increase of storage time，the filling time of mycelium slowly increased，and the growth rate of mycelium gradually slowed down.The contamination rate of the bag was less affected by storage time and temperature.The total yield per cultivation bag was higher than 561.00 g/bag，the biological efficiency was higher than 122.00%，and the commodity rate exceeded 82.00%，meeting the production requirements. In addition，there were no significant differences in ash，protein，fat and other nutrients in the fruit body of Pleurotus eryngii.Therefore，the immobilized strains stored for 30 days can be used in the cultivation and production of Pleurotus eryngii，providing a feasible technical solution to the storage and transportation challenges of Pleurotus eryngii strains.

Histological Differences in Reproductive Organs and Expression Level Differences of AR and INHA Genes in Male Tibetan Sheep at Different Altitudes

ZHOU Na, GAO Rong, WANG Xinrong

2025, 54(5): 130-141. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.015

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To explore the adaptability of Tibetan sheep to high altitude and low oxygen environment，two groups of adult male Tibetan sheep at high altitude（3 500 m）and low altitude（2 200 m）were studied as research objects，paraffin sections，H.E.staining，RT‐qPCR，and Western blot were used to compare the histomorphological differences in testicle，epididymis（caput epididymis，corpus epididymis，cauda epididymis），deferens，and the tissue expression level of androgen receptors（AR）and inhibin α（INHA）genes in the reproductive organs of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes.The results showed that compared with low altitude，the seminiferous tubules diameter，seminiferous epithelium thickness，sperm cells diameter，the cross‐sectional area of seminiferous tubules and the number of sertoli cells in the testicle of Tibetan sheep at high altitude were significantly decreased，while the spermatogonia epithelium thickness and primary spermatocytes diameter were significantly increased.The internal and external diameters of
the epididymal lumen were significantly decreased and the cilia were generally shorter，while the lumen diameter of the deferens increased significantly and the smooth muscle thickness was thinner.Tibetan sheep could promote spermatogenesis and maturation by enhancing the transcriptional regulation of AR gene in corpus epididymis and cauda epididymis and the expression of AR protein in testicle，corpus epididymis，cauda epididymis and deferens in high altitude environment.Compared with Tibetan sheep at low altitude，the expression of INHA gene in caput epididymis，cauda epididymis，and deferens of Tibetan sheep at high altitude was significantly decreased，and the expression of INHA protein in testicle tissue was significantly decreased，while that in epididymis tail was significantly increased.This difference might affect the development of spermatogenic epithelium and help to adapt to high cold and low oxygen environment by regulating the secretion of follicle‐stimulating hormone（FSH）and the process of spermatogenesis. In conclusion，in the high altitude low oxygen environment，the histomorphological changes of testicle，epididymal and deferens of Tibetan sheep may be the protective response to adapt toigh altitude low oxygen environment；at the same time，Tibetan sheep at high altitude directly or indirectly affect spermatogenesis and maturation by regulating the expression of AR and INHA genes and proteins in reproductive organs.

Treatment Effect of Antimicrobial Peptide LL‐1 on E.coli Infection in Vivo

ZHOU Lingling, WANG Yuhang, SA Junmeng, MA Xiaoning, ZHANG Yuanchen, LIAN Kaiqi, CAO Jinling

2025, 54(5): 142-148. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.016

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The aims are to evaluate the therapeutic effect of antimicrobial peptide LL‐1 on E.coli infected mice in vivo and lay a foundation for its clinical application.Firstly，the mice model of E.coli infection was established and the optimal infection dose was determined.Mice infected with E.coli were then treated with the antimicrobial peptide LL‐1 and enrofloxacin.The effect of the treatment in vivo was evaluated according to the survival rate of mice，blood routine parameter，organ index，E.coli bacterial load，etc.And the histological changes of mice organs were detected to analyze the influence of antimicrobial peptide LL‐1 on mice.The results showed that the optimal infection concentration for establishing a mouse model of E.coli infection was 108 cfu/mL.The survival rate of the mice in the
positive control group（POS group）was 30%，while the treatment group mice with 80 mg/kg LL‐1（PEPJ group）reached 100%.Compared with the POS group，the liver index of the PEPJ group was extremely significantly increased，and the spleen index was significantly decreased，and the amount of E.coli in the spleen and lung were significantly decreased；Among the main parameters of blood routine in mice，the intermediate cell count of PEPJ group was significantly reduced；HE staining showed that LL‐1 significantly alleviated multi‐organ（liver，spleen，kidney，lung）lesions，inflammatory cell infiltration，and intestinal villus shedding induced by E.coli infection.And the overall therapeutic effect of 80 mg/kg LL‐1 on mice infected with E.coli was better than that of the treatment group with 200 mg/kg enrofloxacin.In conclusion，the antimicrobial peptide LL‐1 has a good effect against E.coli in mice，which lays a foundation for further study of the role and clinical application of the antimicrobial peptide in the future.

Research on Precise Management Zoning at Field Scale in Typical Black Soil Water Erosion Areas

MA Yuxin, LI Chenxi, MA Shinai, WANG Yiang, LIU Huanjun, BAO Shuai

2025, 54(5): 149-158. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.017

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In order to achieve precise management zoning of black soil water erosion areas，the field blocks of Heshan Farm in Heihe City，Heilongjiang Province（typical black soil water erosion areas）were taken as the research object. Precise management zoning was carried out based on their water erosion degree.Sentinel‐2 bare soil images and digital elevation model（DEM）data from different periods were combined，and object‐oriented segmentation methods were used to accurately manage the field blocks.Then，normalized vegetation index（NDVI）was extracted from multi‐year crop growth period images to evaluate the zoning results under different input quantities.Soil characteristics with different degrees of water erosion were explored based on optimal partitioning results，and the impact of different degrees of water erosion on cultivated land was clarified.The results showed that the more severe the water erosion inside the field，the higher the spectral reflectance，and the spectral reflectance of severe water erosion was significantly higher than that of mild water erosion；The optimal input for precise management zoning of soil water erosion was May remote sensing images and DEM data（with a ratio of interval coefficient of variation to intra area coefficient of variation of 2.11），and the addition of April and October remote sensing images reduced accuracy during zoning；Based on precise management zoning results and soil structure stability index（St），it was found that the higher the degree of water erosion，the lower the content of soil organic matter and available nitrogen.The above shows that choosing the appropriate input volume is the key to improve the accuracy of field‐scale precision management zoning of soil water erosion in the black soil area.

Quality Evaluation of Cigar Wrapper Based on Combined Subjective and Objective Weighting Method

ZHANG Youjie, XUE Ye, WANG Yihui, XU Jilei, QIU Jingfan, SHI Xiangdong, LIU Pengfei

2025, 54(5): 159-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.018

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In order to construct a comprehensive evaluation method for cigar wrapper quality，40 domestic and foreign samples of cigar wrapper were selected as the research subjects，appearance quality，physical properties，chemical composition and sensory quality of cigar wrapper were taken as the evaluation indexs.The quality of cigar wrapper was evaluated by the combination of objective weighting method（CRITIC weight method，coefficient of variation method，standard deviation method） and subjective weighting method（analytic hierarchy process）.The results showed that in the weighting method，the weight of appearance quality was 47.56%，the weight of physical characteristics was 20.31%，the weight of chemical composition was 10.75%，and the weight of sensory quality was 21.38%.The consistency and compatibility between the combined objective weighting method and the three single objective weighting methods were better，and the processing process was simpler.The indexs with higher weights in the combination of subjective and objective weighting methods were equilibrium moisture content （4.89%）and tensile strength（4.54%），while the indexs with lower weights were potassium content（0.53%）and reducing sugar/total sugar（0.58%）.In the comprehensive score of cigar wrapper，the highest score was for the Primero E1（M‐Sumatra）sample from Dominica（0.79）and the lowest scores were for the HH1/MM1 from Indonesia and the WRB/CA/PFS‐S sample from Brazilian（both 0.67）；the cigar wrappers from Dominica had the highest comprehensive score（0.75），while those from Fujian Province in China had the lowest score（0.70）.

Stability of Guaiacol‐β‐D‐Glucoside and Its Application in Cigarettes Flavoring

ZHANG Gaihong, XU Hang, DU Shuai, XU Yueying, SHI Dongdong, XUE Jingjing, WANG Mengyao, MAO Duobin

2025, 54(5): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.05.019

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To investigate the availability of guaiacol‐β‐D‐glucoside in cigarette flavoring，a comparative study was conducted on the light stability，thermal stability，thermal cracking behavior and cigarette flavoring application effects of guaiacol and guaiacol‐β‐D‐glucoside. The results showed that the light stability and thermal stability of guaiacol‐β‐D‐glucoside were significantly higher than those of guaiacol；The main thermal decomposition product of guaiacol‐β‐D‐glucoside at different temperatures was guaiacol；Guaiacol‐β‐D‐glucoside in cigarettes had different flavoring effects with different flavoring methods，and the release of guaiacol in mainstream smoke of cigarettes with cut tobacco flavoring method was higher than that of cigarette paper flavoring. Under the tobacco flavoring method，whether it was traditional cigarettes or heated cigarettes，the release amount of guaiacol in the particulate phase of mainstream cigarette smoke with guaiacol‐β‐D‐glucoside addition（traditional cigarettes：16.13 μg/cig；heated cigarettes：6.61 μg/cig）were lower than that of guaiacol addition（traditional cigarette：38.97 μg/cig；heated cigarette：21.47 μg/cig）.However，the uniformity and stability of guaiacol‐β‐D‐glucoside added cigarettes were better than those of guaiacol.Therefore，guaiacol‐β‐D‐glucoside is a stable and uniformly released flavoring precursor，which has certain advantages when used in traditional cigarettes and heated cigarettes.

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