Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2026, 55(4): 0.

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Research Progress on Soil Health Improvement and Mitigation of Continuous Cropping Obstacles through Crop Rotation

LI Fangfei, WANG Chaoping, LI Huibin, ZHANG Xinjun, WANG Guiyan, ZHANG Jianheng

2026, 55(4): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.001

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The long‑term monoculture intensive farming model has led to continuous cropping obstacles，resulting in soil acidification and fertility decline，which have become significant challenges hindering the sustainable development of agriculture. Crop rotation system，as an important agricultural management measure，can effectively improve soil structure，reduce the accumulation of self‑toxic substances，and break the cycle of pathogens，thereby alleviating the negative impacts of continuous cropping obstacles. This paper summarises the primary causes of continuous cropping obstacles and explores the mechanisms through which crop rotation system mitigate these obstacles from various perspectives，including soil properties，nutrient composition，enzyme activity，allelochemicals，crop yield，and quality.Additionally，it provides insights into the current challenges faced by crop rotation system in practical production and their future prospects，aiming to offer references for further research on crop rotation system.

Screening of Candidate Genes Resistant to Maize Head Smut Based on RNA‑seq and WGCNA

ZHANG Xiliang, ZHANG Changhui, SHEN Tao, WANG Hanlei, ZHANG Xiaomei, QIU Hongbo, LI Leixin

2026, 55(4): 10-22. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.002

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Using the resistant inbred line T32 and two susceptible inbred lines HuangC and Jiao 51 as experimental materials，we performed treatments with and without inoculation of Sporisorium reilianum.Samples were collected for high‑throughput sequencing（RNA‑seq） to screen differentially expressed genes（DEGs）. Based on the FPKM expression matrix of all samples，weighted gene co‑expression network analysis（WGCNA） was conducted after data processing to construct a weighted gene co‑expression network and identify modules significantly positively correlated with the disease resistance phenotype. Module‑trait cross hub candidate genes were screened by both module membership and gene significance，and then were intersected with the identified DEGs. The overlapping genes were subjected to KEGG pathway and GO term enrichment analysis. Combined with literature reviews，final disease resistance candidate genes were selected，to provide a theoretical basis for molecular disease resistance breeding.The results showed that high‑quality 154 Gb data were obtained by RNA‑seq，experimental reproducibility was good，and data was reliable. Differential expression analysis of genes revealed 10 563 DEGs（4 822 up‑regulated genes，5 741 down‑regulated genes）in T32 inoculation vs HuangC inoculation group（YTA vs YHA），10 808 DEGs（5 698 up‑regulated genes，5 110 down‑regulated genes）were selected in T32 inoculation vs Jiao 51 inoculation group（YTA vs YJA），and 1 335 DEGs（588up‑regulated genes，747 down‑regulated genes）in T32 inoculation vs T32 non‑inoculation group（YTB vs YTA），respectively.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were significantly enriched in carbon metabolism，biosynthesis of amino acids，phenylpropanoid biosynthesis，and MAPK signaling‑plant pathway and so on. WGCNA showed that two modules（brown and turquoise）were positively correlated with disease resistance，and 2 787 module‑trait cross hub candidate genes were screened.Among these，906 genes were enriched in KEGG pathways，primarily involved in carbon metabolism，biosynthesis of amino acids，cysteine and methionine metabolism. Thirty‑five intersection genes of module‑trait hub candidate genes with DEGs were obtained，16 of which obtained annotations in the NCBI database. KEGG pathway analysis of the above 35 genes showed that eight genes were enriched in pathways like metabolic pathway and plant hormone signal transduction，GO analysis revealed that six genes were enriched in protein dimerization activity，including five genes encoding transcription factors（three MADS，one bZIP and one bHLH ） and one gene encoding auxin‑responsive protein IAA24.Finally，ten disease resistance candidate genes were comprehensively selected，including two directly related to disease resistance［LOC100283065 and LOC100280308（TLP1）］，three genes involved in auxin and flavonoid metabolism［LOC100284018（CHI），LOC100273383 and LOC100280600（IAA24）］，and five genes encoding transcription factors（three MADS，one bZIP and one bHLH）］.

Analysis of High and Stable Yield Performance and Genetic Characteristics of New Wheat Cultivar Yutong 112

MA Xuhui, ZHANG Fuyan, ZHAO Wan, WANG Jiahuan, CHENG Zhongjie, ZHANG Zhongzhou, LI Liulong, DING Jiacun, ZHAO Chi, WANG Hanfeng, CHEN Xiaojie

2026, 55(4): 23-32. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.003

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Based on the wheat yields from the National Huang‑Huai Winter Wheat Southern Region Trial in 2020—2021 and 2021—2022，the high and stable yield potential of wheat cultivar Yutong 112 was comprehensively evaluated using the high‑stability coefficient（HSC） and the GGE biplot model.Inaddition，the genetic characteristics of Yutong 112 were thoroughly elucidated using the wheat 0.1Kfunctional chip，so as to provide a theoretical basis for its production application and parental utilization.The results showed that the average yield of Yutong 112 in 2020—2021 and 2021—2022 was 8 968.91 kg/ha，which was 6.12% higher than that of the control variety Zhoumai 36，and 86% of its test sites showed yield increases.The average HSC was 85.34%.GGE biplot analysis indicated that Yutong 112 exhibited excellent productivity，stability，and wide adaptability，closely approximating an ideal cultivar，and demonstrated high promotion potential in the Huang‑Huai Winter Wheat Region.The molecular marker detection results indicated that Yutong 112 pyramided ten QTLs（QYrsn.nwafu‑1BL，QYrxn.nwafy‑1BL，QYrqin.nwafu‑2AS，QYrqin.nwafu‑2AL，QYrqin. nwafu‑2BL，QYr.nwafu‑3BS，QYrsn.nwafu‑3DL，QYr.nwafu‑4BL，QYrsn.nwafu‑6BS，and QYrqin.nwafu‑6BS）and five genes（Yr30，Yr82，Yr29，Yr75，and Yr78）related with stripe rust resistance，two QTLs related with Fusarium head blight resistance（QFhb.hbaas‑5AL and QFhb.caas‑5AL），three genes related with leaf rust resistance（Lr13，Lr67，and Lr46），one gene related with powdery mildew resistance（Pm12），seven genes related with grain size and grain weight（TaGS2‑B1，TaGS1a，TaSus1‑7B，TaCwi‑A1，TaGS5‑A1，TaGW2‑6A，and AGP‑L‑1B），one QTL related with grain size（QG1‑4A），and four genes related with plant height（RHT‑8，Rht‑D1，Rht24_AP2，and Rht24_FAR）.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Transplanting Density on Source‑Sink Characteristics of Black Rice in Cool Regions of Northeast China

SHI Yuhang, DAI Yaxuan, LI Danping, XING Ye, REN Shaoqi, JIN Shan, LIU Haifeng

2026, 55(4): 33-47. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.004

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To establish high‑yield cultivation technique suitable for black rice in cool regions of Northeast China，a field experiment was conducted using the black rice Yanhei 205 as experimental material.Three nitrogen application rates（N1：100 kg/ha，N2：130 kg/ha，and N3：160 kg/ha）and three transplanting densities（D1：5.1 × 10^⁵ plants/ha，D2：3.4 × 10^⁵ plants/ha，and D3：2.5 × 10^⁵ plants/ha）were designed to determine the optimal combination that coordinated the source‑sink relationship and achieved high yield.The results showed that N3 and D3 treatments improved photosynthetic performance and enhanced source capacity. Tiller number，plant height，chlorophyll a content，chlorophyll b content，and dry weight of aboveground part generally increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate and decrease of transplanting density. D3 treatment had the highest carotenoid content，which was significant higher than D1 treatment，whereas nitrogen application rate had no significant effect on carotenoid content.However，sink capacity of N3 and D3 treatments was lower，and no advantages were observed in dry matter translocation，yield components，or final grain yield. Among treatment combinations，N3D3 treatment exhibited superiority in photosynthetic pigment accumulation and gas exchange，with a maximum net photosynthetic rate of 18.49 μmol/（m^²·s）at the heading stage，which was the highest value among all treatments during the entire growth period，indicating that this combination was optimal for enhancing photosynthetic capacity at the individual‑plant level.N2 and D1 treatments had the highest sink capacity.The number of effective panicles，spikelet number per panicle，and seed setting rate increased initially and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate，reaching maximum values under N2 treatment. Meanwhile，N2 treatment had the highest conversion rate and apparent export rate of matter from leaves and stems，and D1 treatment also had the highest conversion rate and apparent export rate of matter from leaves. Regarding treatment combinations，although N2D3 treatment achieved the highest sink capacity（6 930.74 kg/ha），but did not had the highest grain yield. N2D1 treatment produced the second‑highest sink capacity（6 563.72 kg/ha），and had the greatest grain yield（5 889.98 kg/ha）among all treatments，indicating that it was the most effective strategy for enhancing sink capacity and yield formation in black rice.Principal component analysis revealed that grain yield exhibited the highest loading value（0.76）in PC2，which represented sink‑related traits.In conclusion，the black rice cultivar Yanhei 205 can be characterized as a sink‑limited rice genotype；the recommended nitrogen application rate is 130 kg/ha，and the transplanting density is 5.1 × 10^⁵ plants/ha in cool regions of Northeast China，the source‑sink relationship is well coordinated under this combination，and grain yield can reach 5 889.98 kg/ha.

Effect of Combined Application of Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Cigar Quality in Fujian Tobacco Area

LIN Qing, GUO Yidian, XU Dongsheng, XIE Haibin, LIU Bingyang, DING Songshuang, SHI Xiangdong, ZHANG Kai

2026, 55(4): 48-58. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.005

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To identify optimal technical schemes for the combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer in cigar‑tobacco production in Fujian Province，the cigar tobacco cultivar Haiyan 101 was used as the test material. A two‑factor split‑plot design was employed，with biochar rate as the main‑plot factor at three levels（B1：0 kg/ha；B2：2 250 kg/ha；B3：4 500 kg/ha）and nitrogen rate as the subplot factor at three levels（T1：142.5 kg/ha；T2：172.5 kg/ha；T3：202.5 kg/ha），resulting in nine treatments.Growth traits at maturity and the physical properties，chemical composition，and sensory quality of fermented leaves were determined to systematically evaluate the effects of biochar‑nitrogen interactions on cigar‑tobacco quality and wrapper‑leaf yield.The results showed that increasing biochar rates led to gradual increases in stem girth，internode length，and maximum leaf width，with the increasements of 2.83%—15.08%，4.60%—4.98%，and 6.75%—12.53%，respectively，whereas maximum leaf length decreased slightly by 5.26%—8.17%.Leaf width and thickness increased，while single‑leaf weight and tensile strength decreased. Chlorine and potassium contents increased by 16.20%—32.80% and 10.08%—14.60%，respectively.Total sugar and reducing sugar exhibited an increase‑decrease pattern；compared with B1 and B3，B2 increased total sugar by 101.33% and 33.63% and increased reducing sugar by 263.73% and 65.57%，respectively.With the increase of nitrogen rate，the number of effective leaves，plant height，stem girth，and maximum leaf width increased by 2.82%—8.20%，3.79%—4.82%，5.18%—6.14%，and 6.96%—9.40%，respectively.Leaf weight per unit area first increased and then decreased. Contents of nicotine，chlorine，total nitrogen，and protein increased by 5.74%—16.28%，10.09%—21.21%，6.76%—17.23%，and 14.63%—17.69%，respectively.Comprehensive evaluation based on principal component analysis and economic assessment indicated that B2T2 achieved the highest overall score（0.536），wrapper‑leaf yield（23.46%），and economic benefit（156 600 Yuan/ha）among all treatments.In conclusion，the combined application of 2 250 kg/ha biochar and 172.5 kg/ha nitrogen is favorable for improving cigar‑tobacco leaf quality and increasing wrapper‑leaf yield，and is therefore recommended for wider adoption in cigar‑tobacco‑growing areas of Fujian Province.

Analysis of Biochemical Components and Quality Characteristics of 18 Hybrid Materials from Large‑leaf Tea Plants

DENG Shaochun, TIAN Yiping, LIU Benying, CHEN Chunlin, ZHAO Caimei, ZHOU Yuzhong

2026, 55(4): 59-68. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.006

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In order to screen out the hybrid resources of large‑leaf tea plants with specific biochemical components and excellent quality characteristics，the conventional biochemical components，catechin components，and sensory qualities of baked green tea and broken black tea of 18 large‑leaf tea plant hybrid resources in Yunnan were determined and evaluated.On this basis，the correlation analysis between biochemical components and sensory qualities was conducted.The results showed that the average water extract content of the 18 hybrid resources was 49.78%.The average content of tea polyphenols was 17.37%，the average content of amino acids was 3.48%，the average content of caffeine was 3.98%，and the average ratio of phenol to ammonia was 5.13.The average total amount of catechins was 18.60%，the average gallic acid content was 0.80%，the average epigallocatechin content was2.23%，the average catechin content was 1.22%，the average epicatechin content was 10.19%，and the average epigallocatechin content was 1.19%.The average content of epicatechin gallate was 3.75%.The coefficient of variation of conventional biochemical components and catechin components was 1.43% to 95.08%，with an average coefficient of variation of 22.64%.Among the sensory evaluation results of the 18 baked green tea samples，ZJ01 scored the highest（91.2）and ZJ08 scored the lowest（86.4）.Among the sensory evaluation results of 18 broken black tea samples，ZJ01 scored the highest（91.7）and ZJ15 scored the lowest（87.2）.The correlation analysis between biochemical components and sensory quality showed that the sensory quality of broken black tea was significantly positively correlated with the contents of gallic acid，catechins，epicatechin gallic acid esters and the sensory quality of baked green tea，while the correlation with other catechin components and conventional biochemical components was relatively small.The correlation between the sensory quality of baked green tea and the content of catechin components and conventional biochemical components was relatively small.The content of ester‑type catechins was positively correlated with the sensory quality of baked green tea and broken black tea，while the content of non‑ester‑type catechins was negatively correlated with the sensory quality of baked green tea and broken black tea. In summary，among the 18 hybrid resources of large‑leaf tea plants，18 materials with high water extract（>45%），three materials with high amino acid content（≥4.0%），and one material with high caffeine content（≥5.0%）are screened out. Five are suitable for making green tea （phenol‑ammonia ratio <4.5） and two are suitable for making black tea（phenol‑ammonia ratio>6.5）. ZJ01 material has the dual adaptability of green tea and black tea

Establishment of Aster tataricus L.F.Regeneration System and Study on Vitrification Seedling Control Technology

QIAO Xiaoyu, LIU Shuqi, MENG Yijiang, ZHAO Yulei, WANG Ting, WANG Han, LIU Xiaoqing, GE Shujun

2026, 55(4): 69-78. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.007

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To establish an efficient and stable in vitro regeneration system for Aster tataricus L.F.，leaf and flower bud explants were utilized to evaluate the effects of hormone combinations ［6‑BA（6‑benzylaminopurine），NAA（1‑naphthaleneacetic acid），2，4‑D（2，4‑dichlorophenoxyacetic acid），KT（kinetin）］ and low‑temperature（4 ℃ ） pretreatment on callus induction and adventitious bud differentiation. Furthermore，the regulatory effects of sucrose concentration and moderate dehydration treatment on vitrified plantlets were systematically analyzed.The results showed that the optimal disinfection protocol for Aster tataricus L.F.explants was immersion in 0.1% HgCl_₂ for 8 minutes.Leaf explants could induce callus formation but failed to differentiate into adventitious buds，while flower buds were identified as suitable explants for constructing an efficient regeneration system.Among these，4 mm flower buds at the mid‑flowering stage were optimal for callus induction，and the optimal medium for both callus induction and adventitious bud differentiation was MS+6‑BA 1.5 mg/L.The optimal medium for adventitious bud proliferation was MS+6‑BA 1. 0 mg/L. Compared with ambient temperature culture，low‑temperature pretreatment at 4 ℃ for 7 days significantly enhanced the callus induction rate.Agar，sucrose，PEG‑6000，and dehydration treatments could all improve the status of vitrified plantlets to varying extents，with the best effect achieved by 50 g/L sucrose treatment，and the recovery rate of vitrified seedlings reaching 60.00%.In conclusion，this study clarified the suitable explant（4 mm flower buds at the mid‑flowering stage），optimal explant disinfection protocol（0.1% HgCl_₂ treatment for 8 minutes），and medium formulations for regeneration system establishment（callus induction and adventitious bud differentiation：MS+6‑BA 1.5 mg/L；adventitious bud proliferation：MS+6‑BA 1.0 mg/L），as well as effective regulatory measures（4 ℃ low‑temperature pretreatment for 7 days to promote callus induction，and 50 g/L sucrose to mitigate vitrification）.An efficient and stable in vitro regeneration system for Aster tataricus L.F.was successfully established.

Effects of Different Soil Conditioners on the Quality of Acidified Sandy Ginger Black Soil，and the Growth and Nutrient Absorption of Wheat

ZHANG Yunhong, YANG Yonghui, ZHANG Sensen, ZHANG Zeli, ZHANG Shuiqing, GAO Cuimi, HE Fang, HAN Weifeng, ZHANG Huan, PAN Xiaoying, WANG Bohan

2026, 55(4): 79-89. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.008

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Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of eight different soil conditioners（lime，commercial mineral‑based soil conditioner and self‑developed soil conditioners No.1—6）on the quality of acidified sandy ginger black soil，the growth and nutrient absorption of wheat（Triticum aestivum L.），in order to provide a basis for acidified soil remediation and soil conditioners creation. Using wheat as the test crop，nine treatments were set up：control（no soil conditioner application），lime，commercial mineral‑based soil conditioner，soil conditioners No.1（glauber’s salt+manure），No.2（plant ash+manure），No.3（plant ash+manure+potassium fulvate +microbial inoculum+synergist），No.4（silicon‑rich clay mineral+humic acid organic fertilizer+microbial inoculum），No.5（silicon‑rich clay mineral+biochar+seaweed organic fertilizer），No.6（silicon‑rich clay mineral+biochar+humic acid organic fertilizer）.The differences among different treatments in population dynamics，photosynthetic characteristics，yield and composition factors，nutrient absorption of wheat and soil physicochemical properties after harvest were analyzed. The results showed that，compared with the control without the application of soil conditioners，except for the lime treatment，tiller number at the maturity stage and spike formation rate of wheat under the treatments of other soil conditioners were increased by 5.7%—30.7% and 30.0%—82.7%，respectively.The application of different soil conditioners increased the net photosynthetic rate，yield，and nitrogen accumulation of wheat at the flowering stage by 5.4%—68.6%，19.6%—69.0% and 38.1%—120.7%，respectively，with relatively larger increasing temperature of soil conditioners No.1 and No.4，especially the latter，which also led to a significant increase in phosphorus and potassium accumulation. After wheat harvest，the soil pH value under the treatments of soil conditioners No.4，5，6 were raised by 0.36，0.55，1.15，respectively，and available potassium contents were increased by 14.4%，34.3%，45.4%，but alkalized‑nitrogen content reduced. Soil moisture contents in the soil layer of 0—20 cm and 20—40 cm treated with lime were increased by 45.3% and 36.1%，respectively，and water use efficiency（WUE）of wheat at the flowering stage was raised by 44.8%.Soil conditioner No. 1 significantly reduced the soil moisture content of the 0—40 cm soil layer and WUE of wheat at the regreening stage，but raised soil pH value slightly. In summary，under the conditions of this experiment，the application of soil conditioners No.1，4，5 had relatively good effects on increasing yield and improving soil quality，and they were recommended to use in the improvement of acidified sandy ginger black soil in southern Henan and the creation of new products.

Isolation and Identification of the Main Trichoderma Pathogens in Shiitake Mushrooms and Study on the Antibacterial Effects of Five Plant Essential Oils

LI Mingzhe, MAO Yuqing, YANG Jieqiong, GUO Runxia, DUAN Zhenwei, BAN Litong, WANG Yuanhong, YU Haili

2026, 55(4): 90-99. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.009

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Trichoderma disease is one of the major biological stress factors restricting the development of the shiitake mushroom industry in Northwest China. To clarify the species composition of the pathogenic fungi and explore effective biological control measures，pathogenic Trichoderma strains were isolated from infected shiitake mushroom cultivation bags collected from greenhouses in Wuwei City，Gansu Province，and were identified through morphological observation and molecular analysis. In addition，the control effects of five plant essential oils（Magnolia officinalis，Sophora flavescens，Cnidium monnieri，Glycyrrhiza uralensis，and Coptis chinensis） at different volume fractions（0，0.125‰，0.250‰，0.500‰，and 1.000‰） against the pathogens were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that the main pathogenic Trichoderma species responsible for large‑scale contamination of cultivation bags were Trichoderma anaharzianum and Trichoderma lixii.Among the tested essential oils，Sophora flavescens essential oil exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on both pathogenic fungi.At a volume fraction of 1.000‰，mycelial growth and spore production of both Trichoderma species were completely inhibited，and the spore germination inhibition rates reached 93.73% and 97.17%，respectively.In addition，Magnolia officinalis essential oil also showed strong antifungal activity against both pathogens.At a volume fraction of 1.000‰，it achieved optimal efficacy，with mycelial growth inhibition rates of 94.91% and 94.01%，spore germination inhibition rates of 90.24% and 92.93%，respectively，and complete suppression of spore production.The other three essential oils（Cnidium monnieri，Glycyrrhiza uralensis，and Coptis chinensis）exhibited relatively low inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of the two Trichoderma species，but showed varying degrees of inhibition on spore germination and spore production.In conclusion，Sophora flavescens and Magnolia officinalis essential oils demonstrate the best overall efficacy in inhibiting mycelial growth，spore germination，and spore production of pathogenic Trichoderma，and thus can be considered promising plant‑derived antifungal agents for the green control of Trichoderma disease in shiitake mushroom cultivation.

Effects of Different Treatments on Seed Germination and Physiological Characteristics of Berberis thunbergii‘Atropurpurea’

YANG Jiajia, LIU Zhimin, ZHOU Mingtao, PAN Bingkun, LIU Jian

2026, 55(4): 100-109. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.010

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The Berberis thunbergii‘Atropurpurea’seeds exhibit physiological barrier due to their hard seed coat and prolonged dormancy period，which limits the popularization and application.To clarify the effects of different treatments on seed germination characteristics of this species and screen out the optimal treatment to promote seed germination，this study set up various durations（10，15，20，25，30 min，denoted as A1—A5）of sulfuric acid（H₂SO₄） etching，various durations（15，30，45，60，75 min，denoted as B1—B5） of sodium hydroxide（NaOH） alkali etching and various concentrations（100，150，200，250，300 mg/L，denoted as C1—C5）of gibberellin（GA₃）soaking treatments. Seed coat microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy，while germination parameters，seedling growth indices，physiological indicators，and endogenous hormone levels were measured.The results showed that H₂SO₄ etching and GA₃ soaking significantly enhanced seed germination and seedling growth，whereas NaOH alkali etching significantly inhibited them.H₂SO₄ etching improved water and air permeability of seed coat，and significantly increased soluble protein and abscisic acid（ABA） content in the germ.GA₃ soaking caused almost no mechanical damage to the seed coat，but significantly increased the soluble protein，soluble sugar and GA₃ content in germ by regulating internal physiological metabolism.Although NaOH alkali etching caused no severe seed coat damage，it significantly reduced α‑amylase activity and indole‑3‑acetic acid（IAA）content，while markedly increased ABA levels in germ.The principal component analysis indicated that the comprehensive order of seed germination effect from high to low was C4，C5，C3，C2，C1，A5，A4，A3，A2，A1，CK，B1，B2，B3，B4，B5.Overall，both GA₃ soaking and H₂SO₄ etching treatments could effectively promote the seed germination of Berberis thunbergii‘Atropurpurea’，and soaking in 250 mg/L GA₃ solution for 24 hours exhibited the optimal promoting effect.

Characterization and Expression Analysis of SWI3 Gene Family from Grape

CUI Xiaoyue, LÜ Zhongwei, SHANG Hongquan, MA Kaixin, LOU Yusui, ZHANG Ke, LU Huiran, WU Wenying, FAN Hongjie

2026, 55(4): 110-120. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.011

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The chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF plays an important role in plant growth and development and response to stresses. The characteristics of grape SWI3 gene family were systematically studied by bioinformatics analysis. In this study，four SWI3 gene family members，VvSWI3A，VvSWI3B，VvSWI3C，and VvSWI3D，were identified from Vitis vinifera，which were distributed on three chromosomes of grape.The results of physicochemical properties analysis showed that the four VvSWI3 proteins were acidic hydrophilic proteins with nuclear localization，and α‑helix and random coil accounted for a large proportion（86.59%—94.27%） in the secondary structure. VvSWI3 proteins were divided into four subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis，each of which contained one member.All VvSWI3 proteins contained SWIRM，SANT，and SWIRM_assoc_1 domains.In addition，VvSWI3D also contained a Zinc finger‑ZZ type domain.The four VvSWI3 genes were similar in structure and contained 5—8 introns.The results of collinearity analysis showed that European grapes had experienced five gene replication events related to the VvSWI3 family during evolution. Different numbers of light，hormone，stress，growth，and development response elements existed in the promoters of the VvSWI3 gene family. It was speculated that the VvSWI3 genes might be involved in the regulation of grape growth and development，stress，and hormone response. It was found that VvSWI3 genes mainly expressed in grape leaves，could respond to drought，low temperature，and high temperature stresses，and showed different expression patterns after ABA，SA，MeJA，and ethephon treatment.

Effect of Alternative Polyadenylation of Bovine SPARC Gene on Proliferation and Differentiation of Preadipocytes

ZHOU Wenhao, ZHANG Lichun, ZHAO Wei, ZHAO Meiman, YU Yuanyuan, ZHOU Guoli

2026, 55(4): 121-131. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.012

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To investigate the regulation of alternative polyadenylation（APA） of the bovine secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine（SPARC）gene in the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes，the existence of APA phenomenon of bovine SPARC gene was verified by 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends（3' RACE）. Using dual luciferase reporter gene assay，qPCR，Western blotting and other molecular biology techniques，the differential expression characteristics of SPARC gene 3'untranslated regions（3'UTR）‑APA isoforms were analyzed.The reporter gene vector was set as wild‑type short 3'UTR group（WT‑3'UTRS）， wild‑type long 3'UTR group （WT‑3'UTRL）， mutant long 3'UTR group（Mut‑3'UTRL‑P1），respectively. The protein expression vector was set as wild‑type short 3'UTR fusion group WT‑SPARCS），wild‑type long 3'UTR fusion group（WT‑SPARCL），and mutant long 3'UTR fusion group Mut‑SPARCL‑P1）. Through functional gain and loss test，CCK‑8 proliferation test，oil red O staining and qRT‑PCR technology，SPARC overexpression group（pCMV‑SPARC），empty vector control group（pCMV），SPARC interference group（siSPARC）and negative control group（NC）were set up to systematically explore the effects of SPARC gene and its 3'UTR‑APA isoforms on the proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. The results showed that there were two 3'UTR‑APA isoforms in bovine SPARC gene. Compared with the WT‑3'UTRS group，the luciferase activities of the WT‑3'UTRL and Mut‑3'UTRL‑P1 groups were significantly or extremely significantly decreased.Compared with the WT‑SPARCS group，the mRNA and protein expression levels of the SPARC gene in the WT‑SPARCL and Mut‑SPARCL‑P1 groups were both highly significantly downregulated. Compared with the pCMV group，the mRNA expression levels of proliferation marker genes in the pCMV‑SPARC group were extremely significantly upregulated，which significantly promoted cell proliferation，while the mRNA expression levels of adipogenic marker genes were extremely significantly downregulated，and lipid droplet accumulation was extremely significantly reduced. Compared with the NC group，the mRNA expression level of proliferation marker genes in the siSPARC group showed the opposite trend. Compared with the WT‑SPARCL group，the mRNA expression levels of proliferation marker genes in the WT‑SPARCS group were generally significantly or highly significantly upregulated，and cell proliferation was significantly promoted；meanwhile，the mRNA expression levels of adipogenic marker genes were highly significantly down‑regulated，and lipid droplet accumulation was significantly reduced.In conclusion，the functional differences of the APA regulation mechanism of bovine SPARC gene in the proliferation and differentiation of its preadipocytes were revealed，which not only provided a theoretical reference for analyzing the molecular mechanism of its participation in the post‑transcriptional regulation of bovine fat deposition，but also laid a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of high‑quality beef cattle.

Isolation，Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Duck Derived Shigella flexneri

WANG Pan, SONG Zishang, ZHANG Xiaojie, SHENG Yamin, ZOU Qian, ZHANG Jingwen, DU Jimei, PENG Zhifeng

2026, 55(4): 132-139. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.013

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To explore the pathogenic mechanism and drug resistance characteristics of Shigella flexneri in duck hosts，one suspected pathogenic bacterium strain was isolated from the intestinal tissues of dead ducks submitted for inspection from a duck farm in Henan Province. The typical single colony was selected after inoculation with LB agar plate medium. Gram staining microscopy，16S rRNA gene sequence amplification and sequencing analysis were used to identify the strain.Subsequently，the pathogenicity test was carried out by using the mouse model of intragastric infection，and the intestinal tissue was observed by hematoxylin‑eosin staining.At the same time，the drug sensitivity analysis was carried out by agar diffusion method and microdilution method. The results showed that the strain was gram‑negative short bacilli in morphology，and its 16S rRNA gene sequence was located in the same evolutionary branch as Shigella flexneri with GenBank accession number NR026331.1.The strain was identified as Shigella flexneri and named B25.Moreover，infection with the B25 strain could cause severe lesions in the intestinal tract of mice，which were manifested as complete shedding of intestinal epithelial cells，atrophy and fracture of villus structure，infiltration of inflammatory cells（such as lymphocytes and neutrophils）in mucosal layer and local hemorrhage and necrosis. The median lethal dose was 7.7×10⁵cfu/mL. Drug sensitivity tests indicated that the bacterium was resistant to amoxicillin［minimum inhibitory concentration（MIC）>2 048 μg/mL］，doxycycline（MIC>64 μg/mL），cefoxitin（MIC>80 μg/mL），ceftazidime（MIC>160 μg/mL） and gentamicin（MIC>20 μg/mL），sensitive tomeropenem（MIC<0.04 μg/mL）and fosfomycin（MIC<40 μg/mL），and moderately sensitive to polymyxin（MIC=0.1 μg/mL）.In summary，this study reveals that the duck‑derived Shigella flexneri B25 has multiple drug resistance and strong pathogenicity，which can provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis and the prevention and control strategy formulation of bacterial dysentery in duck farms.

Study on Lightweight Apple Detection Model for Smart Orchards

HU Junfeng, LIU Zilong, LIU Dayang

2026, 55(4): 140-149. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.014

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In the development of automated agricultural harvesting equipment，high‑precision recognition，real‑time response，and lightweight design are core requirements for target detection algorithms.To address these technical challenges，this study innovatively proposed a lightweight apple detection model named YEMB‑FPN（YOLOv10n‑efficient multi‑branch FPN）. The model replaced the last two C2f modules in the backbone network of the original YOLOv10n with the grouped efficient multi‑scale（GEMS） convolution module. In the neck network，a bidirectional feature pyramid framework was adopted，where the original Concat operation was replaced by a weighted bidirectional feature pyramid fusion module（BiFPN_Fusion）. Additionally，a novel cross‑stage multi‑scale fusion block（CS‑MSFB）was designed to substitute all original C2f and C2fCIB modules in the neck network.The model was validated using a self‑constructed apple target detection dataset from orchard environments.Experimental results demonstrated that the YEMB‑FPN model achieved an mAP50 of 98.6%，with a model size of only 4.6 MB.Compared to the baseline YOLOv10n，this represented a 3.3 percentage point improvement in mAP50 and a reduction of 1.2 MB in model size.These findings indicated that the proposed algorithm significantly enhanced apple detection accuracy，while its lightweight design markedly improved compatibility with low‑computational hardware platforms，which provided critical technical support for the embedded deployment of intelligent agricultural equipment.

Identification of Group‑Housed Pigs under the Aggression Situation Based on GBPC‑ResNeXt50

CHEN Chen, QIAN Jinhua, ZHU Weixing, LIU Rui, JIANG Yi

2026, 55(4): 150-159. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.015

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Presently pig aggression recognition is still in the research stage of group level/pairwise level，and the identification of individual pig has become a necessary condition for further realizing individual level aggression recognition. In order to solve the problem of difficult identification caused by body deformation，occlusion，overlapping and other factors under pig aggression situation，an improved deep learning algorithm based on ResNeXt50（Residual networks with next‑50）was proposed to recognize pig identity in aggression situation. 18 000 frames were generated from the labelled 600 1‑second aggressive video episodes as the dataset.Firstly，the GECA（Ghost‑based efficient channel‑coordinate attention）module was embedded in the backbone network ResNeXt50 to enhance feature discriminative ability.Secondly，bidirectional feature pyramid network（BiFPN）was introduced to enhance the fusion capability of multi‑scale features.Then，position attention mechanism（PAM）was cascaded after BiFPN to improve the discrimination of global spatial features generated by pig body deformation，and channel attention mechanism（CAM） was used to optimize feature utilization through channel adaption.Finally，Fovea Head was used to recognize the identity of pigs under aggression situation.The identity of pigs could be recognized by using the proposed algorithm GBPC‑ResNeXt50（GECA‑BiFPN‑PAM‑CAM‑ResNeXt50）with a mean average precision（mAP）of 95.6%，which was 3.8 percentage points higher than that of the benchmark network ResNeXt50.The result indicates that this method can be used to recognize the identity of individual pig under aggression situation.This provides a foundation for promoting the conversion of pig aggression recognition from group/pairwise level to individual level，and also provides a reference for identification of other livestock under aggression situation.

Study on Curing Characteristics and Optimization of Curing Technology for Characteristic Variety Chuanyan 200

HAN Hongxu, LIU Xiaoyan, WANG Songfeng, LI Junju, WANG Aihua, YIN Zhenhua, XIE Liangwen, JIN Shuaijie, WANG Xiaodong, LIU Ling, GU Huizhan

2026, 55(4): 160-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.016

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To clarify the curing characteristics of Chuanyan 200 and accurately match the bulk curing barn technology to improve the quality of flue‑cured tobacco leaves，the main cultivar Zhongchuan 208 in Guangyuan City，Sichuan Province was used as a control to analyze the yellowing，browning，water loss characteristics and their coordination of mature fresh leaves of Chuanyan 200 under dark box condition.Based on its curing characteristics，two baking processes，namely high‑temperature and medium‑humidity yellowing（T1）and medium‑temperature and high‑humidity yellowing（T2），were established during the middle and late yellowing stage to the early color‑fixing stage（dry‑bulb temperature：38—44 ℃）.The local practice of medium‑temperature and medium‑humidity yellowing was used as the control（CK）.The effects of each process on the economic traits，appearance quality，chemical composition content and sensory quality of flue‑cured tobacco leaves were systematically compared.The results showed that under dark box conditions，compared with Zhongchuan 208，the yellowing index of the middle and upper leaves of Chuanyan 200 was significantly decreased by 2.57% and 5.15%，respectively；the browning index of the middle and upper leaves was significantly increased by 41.60% and 9.16%，respectively；and the water loss rate of the middle and upper leaves was significantly increased by 25.00% and 9.68%，respectively，during the 60—120 h of dark box observation（corresponding to the mid‑to‑late yellowing stage and the pre‑color‑fixing stage in the curing process）.The coordination index（K1）of yellowing and water loss in the middle and upper leaves of Chuanyan 200 was 0.82，and the degree of deviation from the ideal value（1）was greater than that of Zhongchuan 208，indicating that the water loss rate was too fast and uncoordinated with the yellowing process.During the color fixing period，the browning and water loss coordination index（K2）of the middle and upper leaves were 1.96 and 2.20，respectively，which were higher than that of Zhongchuan 208，indicating that the browning rate was too fast and the water loss was lagging behind. It was precisely because the performance of these two key coordination indexes was not as good as that of Zhongchuan 208，resulting in relatively inferior overall easy baking and baking resistance properties. Comparative analysis showed that compared with CK，T1 treatment significantly increased the proportion of medium‑premium tobacco leaves and the average price of chuan yan 200，with increases of 26.75% and 38.21% for middle leaves，and 38.03% and 18.56% for upper leaves，respectively. Meanwhile，the proportion of greenish and varuegated tobacco leaves decreased significantly by 31.63% for middle leaves and 36.98% for upper leaves.The starch content of upper leaves under T1 treatment was significantly reduced by 27.67% compared with CK.In terms of appearance quality，T1 treatment showed no significant improvement for middle leaves，whereas the upper leaves under T1 treatment were superior to those under CK treatment in terms of color，structure and chroma.Compared with the CK，in terms of total polyphenol content and sensory evaluation，T1 increased by 41.04% and 1.28% for middle leaves，and 18.31% and 5.65% for upper leaves，respectively.Although the T2 treatment also exhibited better economic traits than the CK treatment，it showed decreases in appearance quality，total polyphenol content and sensory evaluation score. In conclusion，Chuanyan 200 is a tobacco variety characterized by relatively slow yellowing，rapid water loss and browning，and poor coordination between yellowing and water loss，thus presenting a higher curing difficulty than Zhongchuan 208.The application of the high‑temperature and medium‑humidity yellowing curing regimen（T1） could specifically make up for the deficiencies in its curing characteristics，which is conducive to comprehensively improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

Effects of Sugar Osmosis on Quality and Microstructure of Vacuum Freeze‑dried Pear Slices

SONG Yang, ZHANG Kangzhuang, HU Dandan, LIU Zhenzhen, WANG Xiaoxuan, TANG Xuanming

2026, 55(4): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.04.017

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To explore the microscopic mechanism of different small‑molecule sugars in texture formation and their effects on the quality of vacuum‑freeze‑dried pear slices，pear slices were pretreated with glucose，fructose，and sucrose as penetrants，and then the samples were prepared by vacuum freeze‑drying.The physicochemical properties，texture characteristics，microstructure and cell wall chemical constitution of pear slices were systematically analyzed by conventional physical and chemical detection combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‑ray diffraction，with blank group as control（CK）.The results showed that compared with the CK group，small molecule sugar treatments significantly increased the brightness index of the samples，with the largest increase observed in the sucrose group（11.30%）.The total sugar content of the samples increased obviously，and the total sugar content significantly increased by 133.50% after glucose treatment. The total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity significantly decreased by 68.77%—70.35% and 51.12%—51.40%，respectively.Compared with the CK group，sugar osmotic treatment significantly increased the glass transition temperature of the samples，with an increase of 60.05% in the sucrose group.The moisture absorption rate obviously decreased，and the moisture absorption rate of the sucrose group decreased most significantly，with a decrease of 26. 22%. After sugar osmosis，the structure of the samples was more compact，the pore wall was thickened，and the hardness was significantly improved.Sucrose treatment also improved the uniformity of the pore structure，increasing the brittleness of the samples by 70.32%.The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the hydrophilic groups of small molecular sugars could form hydrogen bonds with the components containing O-H in the cell wall of pear slices.The results of X‑ray diffraction showed that the sugar molecules did not change the original crystal form of the samples，but combined with the amorphous polysaccharide of the cell wall through hydrogen bond competition to form a more stable system.In conclusion，different small‑molecule sugars exhibit different effects on the physicochemical properties of freeze‑dried pear slices.Sucrose can effectively improve the commercial quality of vacuum freeze‑dried pear slices，especially in terms of texture characteristics.

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