Table of Content

Volume 55 Issue 7
2026-07-15
Contents
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Plant Protection
Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

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2026, 55(7):  0. 

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Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Comprehensive Evaluation of Drought Tolerance and Physiological Regulatory Mechanism of Wheat Seedlings

Liu Yuhang, Shi Yuhan, Yang Yiting, Li Xueting, Jiang Mengxin, Li Jiayi, Li Junhua, Sang Shifei, Feng Liuchun, Wang Li

2026, 55(7):  1-10.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.001

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With 120 wheat germplasms as materials，PEG6000 solution was used to simulate drought stress at seedling stage.Plant height，root length，fresh weight of shoot，dry weight of shoot，fresh weight of root，dry weight of root，root⁃shoot ratio and SPAD value were determined，and their drought tolerance coefficients were calculated.Principal component analysis（PCA）was performed based on their drought tolerance coefficients，cluster analysis was conducted using the comprehensive drought tolerance value（D），and comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance of wheat germplasms was carried out.Highly drought⁃tolerant and drought⁃sensitive germplasms were selected to determine H₂O₂，malondialdehyde（MDA），proline（Pro），soluble sugar（SS）contents and catalase（CAT）activity，so as to analyze the physiological regulatory mechanism of drought tolerance.The pre⁃experiment confirmed that 25% was the optimal PEG6000 concentration，all phenotypic traits showed extremely significant difference compared with the control under this concentration. Drought stress obviously decreased fresh weight of shoot，dry weight of shoot，and SPAD value，but increased root length and root⁃shoot ratio.The correlations among phenotypic traits changed obviously under drought stress compared with those under normal water condition. Under drought stress，the correlation between root length and dry weight of shoot disappeared，SPAD value was significantly positively correlated with plant height and fresh weight.Genotype，drought and their interaction had extremely significant effects on all eight phenotypic traits.PCA showed that the first four principal components accounted for 86.67% of the total variation.The drought tolerance coefficients of all traits were extremely significantly positively correlated with D value，among which the correlation coefficients between drought tolerance coefficients of fresh weight of shoot，dry weight of shoot，fresh weight of root，dry weight of root and D value were higher， which were core indexes for drought tolerance identification. Cluster analysis based on D value showed that the wheat germplasms were divided into five groups，and 15 highly drought⁃tolerant germplasms were screened out，including Xinong 109，Luohan 22，Shannong 116，Xinmai 26，Yu’an X208，Bainong 207，Luyuan 502，Bainong 4199，Xinmai 60，Xinong 519，Wenmai 801，Saidemai 8，Yunong 186，Xinong 20，and Fengdecun 20.Compared with highly drought⁃sensitive germplasms， highly drought⁃tolerant germplasms had significantly lower H₂O₂ and MDA contents，and significantly higher CAT activity，Pro and SS contents，and CAT activity，Pro and SS contents were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with D value，indicating that highly drought⁃tolerant germplasms alleviate drought damage by enhancing CAT activity，accumulating Pro and SS，and reducing H_₂O_₂ and MDA accumulation.


Comprehensive Evaluation of Lodging Resistance of 78 Maize Inbred Lines and Screening of Core Indexes

Li Fangjie, Shi Dakun, Wei Xiaoyi, Wei Feng, Liu Junheng, Mei Yongxian

2026, 55(7):  11-19.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.002

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To screen out maize germplasm resources with excellent resistance to lodging，78 maize inbred lines were used as the experimental materials. The stem puncture strength，stem crushing strength，and length，short axis diameter，long axis diameter，dry weight，cross⁃sectional area，dry weight per volume of the aboveground 3rd to 5th internodes were measured continuously for two years from 2024 to 2025.Comprehensive evaluation of lodging resistance of maize inbred lines was conducted using correlation analysis，principal component analysis，membership function analysis，cluster analysis，and multiple linear regression analysis，and core indexes were selected.The results showed that the 20 traits differed significantly or extremely significantly among different maize inbred lines in two years；the average variation coefficients of the 20 traits ranged from 13.53% to 29.51%，indicating that the genetic variation of the traits was rich and had good selection potential. The stem puncture strength and stem crushing strength were extremely significantly positively correlated with short axis diameter，long axis diameter，dry weight，and cross⁃sectional area of the aboveground 3rd to 5th internodes.Based on principal component analysis，20 indexes were converted into 5 principal components，with cumulative contribution rate of 92.124%； the top five inbred lines bosed on the comprehensive evaluation value of lodging resistance were XinLP269，Z33⁃1，H7875S，H7235，and Xin 4095.Cluster analysis divided 78 maize inbreds into three categories，category Ⅰ belonged to the lodging⁃resistant type，including 13 inbred lines，namely Xin 5951，XinLP269，H7235，H7875A，Dan 360，H7898，Xin 4095，Liao 5263，Liao 5262，Qi 319，H7875S，698⁃3，and Z33⁃1；category Ⅱ belonged to the intermediate type，including 57 inbred lines；category Ⅲ belonged to the lodging⁃prone type，including eight inbred lines. A prediction model for lodging resistance was established through stepwise regression analysis（R^²=0.996 0，p<0.01），and nine traits，including stem puncture strength，stem crushing strength，length of the aboveground 5th internode，short axis diameter of the aboveground 4th internode，long axis diameter of the aboveground 4th to 5th internodes，and dry weight of the aboveground 3rd to 5th internodes，were selected as the core indexes for identifying maize lodging resistance.



Response of Starch⁃Sucrose Metabolism in Rice Seedling Roots to Elevated CO_₂ and Cadmium Stress

Liu Aihua, Feng Ziyuan, Wen Caixia, Liu Wenyong, Ma Qi, Fu Liyuan, Xiang Xingjie, Wang Lanlan

2026, 55(7):  20-30.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.003

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In order to explore the regulatory mechanism of starch⁃sucrose metabolism in rice seedling roots under elevated CO₂（EC），cadmium（Cd） stress，and their combined stress，four treatments were set up，including ambient CO₂ control（AC，400 μmol/mol CO₂ + 0 μmol/L CdCl₂），single Cd stress（Cd，400 μmol/mol CO₂ + 150 μmol/L CdCl₂），single elevated CO₂（EC，800 μmol/mol CO₂ + 0 μmol/L CdCl₂），and combined EC and Cd stress（EC+Cd，800 μmol/mol CO₂ + 150 μmol/L CdCl₂）. The contents of starch and sucrose as well as the activities of key metabolic enzymes in rice seedling roots were studied.Differentially expressed long non⁃coding RNAs（DE⁃lncRNAs）of different comparison groups were screened，and their potential cis⁃regulatory target genes were predicted.The cis⁃target genes were further intersected with key enzyme⁃encoding genes involved in the starch⁃sucrose metabolic pathway to analyze the regulatory patterns. The results showed that compared with the AC treatment，Cd treatment reduced the root starch content，significantly increased the sucrose content，significantly improved the activities of invertase（INV），β⁃glucosidase（β⁃Glu），sucrose synthase（SUS），sucrose phosphate synthase（SPS），α⁃amylase（α⁃AMY） and isoamylase（ISA），and significantly inhibited the activities of hexokinase（HXK）and β⁃amylase（β⁃AMY），thereby promoting starch degradation and sucrose accumulation；EC treatment decreased the starch content，increased the sucrose content，but both changes were not significant，significantly decreased the activities of INV and β⁃Glu，and significantly increased the activities of HXK，SUS and α⁃AMY；EC+Cd treatment significantly decreased the starch content and activities of HXK and β⁃AMY，and significantly increased the sucrose content and activities of INV，β⁃Glu，SUS，α⁃AMY and ISA.Compared with Cd treatment，EC+Cd treatment decreased the contents of starch and sucrose，but the difference was not significant，significantly increased the activities of INV，β⁃Glu and β⁃AMY，and significantly suppressed the activities of SUS，SPS and ISA.Analysis of DE⁃lncRNAs and their cis⁃target genes indicated that，compared with AC treatment，under Cd treatment，MSTRG.18576.11 was upregulated，and positively regulated its target gene INV（Os04g0535600），thereby increasing INV activity； MSTRG. 4063.2 and its target gene Os01g094010 were synchronously downregulated，leading to a reduction in HXK activity； MSTRG.28469.1 and MSTRG.18188.1 were downregulated，and positively regulated their target genes Os08g0509400 and Os04g0474500，respectively，thereby improving β⁃Glu activity； MSTRG. 12325. 1 and MSTRG. 26969.1 were upregulated，and negatively regulated their respective target genes Os02g0712600 and Os08g012400，thereby increasing α⁃AMY activity. Under EC treatment，MSTRG.18576.11 and its target gene were synchronously downregulated to reduce INV activity； MSTRG. 4063.2 was downregulated，and negatively regulated its target gene，resulting in increase of HXK activity； MSTRG. 18188. 1 and MSTRG. 28469.1 were synchronously downregulated along with their target genes，which reduced β⁃Glu activity；MSTRG. 12325.1 was upregulated，negatively regulating its target gene，while MSTRG.26969.1 was upregulated，positively regulating its target gene，the positive regulatory effect of MSTRG. 26969. 1 was dominant，and ultimately increased α⁃AMY activity. Under EC+Cd treatment，MSTRG. 18576. 11 and its target gene were synchronously upregulated to elevate INV activity； MSTRG. 4063.2 and its target gene were synchronously downregulated to decrease HXK activity；MSTRG. 28469.1 and MSTRG.18188.1 were synchronously downregulated along with their target genes，which increased β⁃Glu activity；MSTRG. 12325.1 was upregulated，negatively regulating its target gene，MSTRG. 26969.1 was upregulated，positively regulating its target gene，and the positive regulatory effect of MSTRG. 26969.1 played a dominant role，thereby increasing α⁃AMY activity. Compared with Cd treatment，under EC+Cd treatment，MSTRG.18576.11 was upregulated，and positively regulated its target gene，further increasing INV activity；MSTRG. 4063.2 was downregulated，and negatively regulated its target gene，leading to elevated HXK activity；MSTRG. 28469.1 was upregulated，and positively regulated its target gene to promote the increase of β⁃Glu activity；MSTRG. 18188.1 showed no significant expression change，but still modulated β⁃Glu activity via its target gene；MSTRG. 12325.1 and MSTRG. 26969.1 regulated their target genes through negative and positive modulation，respectively，thereby maintaining the stability of α⁃AMY activity.



Genome⁃wide Association Study of Chlorophyll Content in Soybean Leaves

Liang Zhaoyang, Ma Yufei, Li Chun, Wang Shiwei, Wang Jinshe, Wang Ran, Lu Weiguo

2026, 55(7):  31-41.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.004

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Chlorophyll is a key pigment involved in photosynthesis and influences plant photosynthetic efficiency and yield. However，the genetic basis underlying chlorophyll biosynthesis and regulation remains poorly understood. To dissect the genetic basis of chlorophyll content in soybean leaves，we used 563 accessions of a soybean natural population and evaluated their chlorophyll content at the flowering stage across three locations［Xinxiang City（Yuanyang County），Luohe City，and Xinyang City in Henan Province］.Based on genotype data from the GenoBaits Soybean 10K Panel，STRUCTURE analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed significant subpopulation strucure（K=5）.In the subsequent genome⁃wide association study，four analytical models were constructed to identify significant single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）loci.As a result，MLM，BLINK，MLMM and FarmCPU identified 15,9,5 and 4 significant loci，respectively.Among these，Gm04623 on chromosome 2 showed the strongest effect and was stably detected in all four models，explaining 9.77%—13.81% of the phenotypic variation.Through functional annotation and expression profile analysis of genes within the 300 kb region flanking Gm04623，we inferred that Glyma. 02g305400 was involved in regulating chlorophyll content in soybean leaves.This gene encoded a chlorophyll a/b binding protein that formed a complex with chlorophyll to capture light energy for photosynthesis. Haplotype analysis of the linkage block harboring this gene identified four haplotypes，among which H001 showed the highest chlorophyll content and significant differences from the others. This study detected major associated loci Gm04623 and the key candidate gene Glyma.02g305400 controlling chlorophyll content in soybean leaves，enriching the genetic understanding of this trait. The superior haplotype H001 with high chlorophyll content was also identified，providing genetic resources and theoretical support for molecular breeding of soybeans with high photosynthetic efficiency.



Effects of Sowing Date and Chemical Topping Date on Population Structure，Photosynthetic Characteristics，and Yield Formation of Summer⁃Sown Short⁃Season Cotton

Su Hao, Yang Qingfei, Pei Shun, Liu Aiyu, Xie Zhangshu

2026, 55(7):  42-51.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.005

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To elucidate the synergistic regulatory mechanisms of sowing dates and chemical topping dates on the optimization of plant population structure，enhancement of photosynthetic efficiency，and yield formation in summer⁃sown short⁃season cotton，and to establish a simplified and efficient cultivation model suitable for the Yangtze River Basin，a two⁃site，one⁃year field experiment was conducted in 2024 in Hekou Town，Linli County，and Huanggai Town，Linxiang City，Hunan Province. Using the early⁃maturing cotton variety Xiangnongzao No.1 as the test material，a two⁃factor randomized block design was employed，with three sowing dates［May 25（S1），May 30（S2），June 4（S3）］and four chemical topping dates［June 25（T1），July 2（T2），July 9（T3），July 16（T4）］.Key indicators，including population structure，photosynthetic characteristics，and yield formation，were systematically measured.The results indicated that sowing date，chemical topping date，and their interaction significantly affected population structure，photosynthetic characteristics，and yield formation.Among these，the treatment combining sowing on June 4 with topping on July 9（S3T3） exhibited the best overall performance：the leaf area index was maintained between 2.45 and 2.60，with dry matter accumulation per plant increasing by 17.5%（Huanggai Town） and 22.8%（Hekou Town） compared to the S1T1 treatment，photosynthetically active radiation（PAR）in the canopy increasing by 44.5%（Huanggai Town）and 27.9%（Hekou Town），and net photosynthetic rate increasing by 64.4%（Huanggai Town）and 75.1%（Hekou Town）；regarding yield components，S3T3 treatment resulted in a synergistic increase in both the number of bolls and boll weight compared to all other treatments，thereby achieving the optimal seed cotton yields in both Huanggai Town（6 962.93 kg/ha）and Hekou Town（7 083.79 kg/ha）.Correlation analysis further validated these results：seed cotton yield showed the strongest correlation with the number of bolls per plant（Huanggai Town：r=0.98；Hekou Town：r=1.00），followed by boll weight（Huanggai Town：r=0.93；Hekou Town：r=0.94）. In summary，appropriately delayed sowing（June 4）combined with timely chemical topping（July 9）can optimize plant population structure，improve photosynthetic performance，and balance source⁃sink relationships，thereby achieving high yields and efficiency in summer⁃sown short⁃season cotton. This represents a suitable simplified cultivation model for cotton⁃growing areas in the Yangtze River Basin.

Effect of Foliar Spraying of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on SeedGermination，Seedling Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Alfalfa under Drought Stress

Du Yifei, Liu Wandong, Wang Xiaotong, Li Shuxia

2026, 55(7):  52-62.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.006

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In order to clarify the promoting effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles（ ZnO NPs ）on seed germination and seedling growth of alfalfa under drought stress，Zhongmu No. 1 was used as the test material，and 10% PEG6000 solution was used to simulate drought stress. The effects of foliar spraying of different concentrations（ 0，5，10，20，50，100，200 mg/L） of ZnO NPs on seed germination and seedling growth were studied. The optimal concentration of ZnO NPs was used for seedling spraying test，and the effect of spraying ZnO NPs on the growth and physiological characteristics of alfalfa seedlings under drought stress was studied. The results showed that drought stress inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of alfalfa. Spraying ZnO NPs could promote the germination of alfalfa seeds under drought stress，the effect of 50 mg/L ZnO NPs was the best，and the germination rate，germination potential，germination index，vigor index，root length and fresh weight of seeds significantly increased by 73.91%，128.57%，108.25%，203.06%，45.54% and 60.81%，respectively，compared with drought stress treatment. Spraying ZnO NPs could alleviate the inhibition of drought stress on the growth of alfalfa seedlings，and 20 mg/L ZnO NPs had the best effect. Spraying 20 mg/L ZnO NPs on alfalfa seedlings showed that compared with drought stress treatment，the plant height，stem diameter，leaf area and aboveground fresh weight of seedlings treated with 20 mg/L ZnO NPs under drought stress significantly increased by 9.48%，30.53%，5.98% and 43.78%，respectively；the contents of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，total chlorophyll and carotenoid significantly increased by 21.14%，21.71%，23.66% and 24.00%，respectively；the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde（MDA）content decreased by 9.17%（p≥0.05） and 26. 22%（p<0.05），respectively；the contents of hydrogen peroxide（H_₂O_₂）and superoxide anion（O2·-）significantly decreased by 14. 38% and 14.11%，respectively；the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT），and ascorbic peroxidase（APX）significantly increased by 16.77%，8.12%，8.90%，and 23.70%，respectively；the proline content significantly increased by 13. 08%，while the soluble sugar content significantly decreased by 16.48%. In summary，ZnO NPs can effectively enhance plant tolerance to drought stress by improving the photosynthesis，antioxidant capacity，and osmotic regulation of alfalfa.


Genetic Diversity Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Yield and Quality in Germplasm Resources of Ganoderma lucidum

Yan Shufeng, Zhao Xia, Liu Haifang, Zhang Lujie, Wang Huifeng, Yang Yulong, Liu Dian, Shi Xinlong, Liang Huizhen, Feng Chaoxu, Qi Hongzhi, Han Chunye, Yang Junpeng

2026, 55(7):  63-69.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.007

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Abstract：To systematically evaluate the genetic diversity，agronomic traits，and quality characteristics of five Ganoderma lucidum strains（strain 2，3，4，5，and 6），and to investigate the effects of log⁃based and substrate⁃based cultivation on the growth and active component accumulation of Ganoderma lucidum，this study conducted genetic diversity analysis based on ITS1/ITS4 primer amplification and the Needleman⁃Wunsch algorithm，determined the agronomic traits and contents of triterpenoids，sterols，and polysaccharides of fruiting bodies，and compared the differences between log⁃based and substrate⁃based cultivation.The results showed that the genetic identity among different Ganoderma lucidum strains ranged from 92.92% to 98.89%.Among them，strain 4 exhibited significant genetic divergence from other strains（92.92%—93.69%），and phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was located on an independent branch. Quality analysis revealed that the contents of triterpenoids and sterols（0.72%—1.07%）and polysaccharides（1.40%—1.47%） in all strains significantly exceeded the standards stipulated in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China（2020 edition）（0.5% and 0.9%，respectively）.Notably，strain 6 exhibited the highest content of triterpenoids and sterols，while strains 2，5，and 6 showed the most prominent polysaccharide content. In terms of agronomic traits，strain 4 had advantages in pileus size，whereas strain 6 was relatively smaller； there was no significant difference in dry weight per fruiting body among strains（15.61—17.56 g）. Regarding different cultivation modes，the dry weight per fruiting body of log⁃cultivated strain 3（103.33 g） was significantly higher than that of substrate⁃based cultivation（15.61 g），and log⁃cultivated strain 3 produced fruiting bodies with significantly superior morphology and higher total active component content per fruiting body compared to substrate⁃based cultivation，although the latter resulted in a higher content of active components. In summary，strain 4 exhibited significant genetic divergence and formed an independent branch；strain 6 had the highest content of triterpenoids and sterols，while strains 2，5，and 6 had the highest polysaccharide content；og⁃based cultivation increased the total yield of active components per fruiting body，whereas substrate⁃based cultivation contributed to higher contents of active components.


Effects of Red and Blue LED Light Cycles on thePhysiological⁃biochemistry and Nutrient Content of Dendrobium officinale Test⁃Tube Seedlings

Zheng Lifang, Wang Jiangning, Meng Xinya, Fu Qiunuan, Wang Yuxin, Lu Jiajing

2026, 55(7):  70-81.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.008

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To investigate the effects of different LED red（R）and blue（B）light cycles on the growth and development，photosynthesis，and nutrient accumulation of Dendrobium officinale tissue culture seedlings，tissue culture seedlings of D.officinale were used as experimental material.Based on the previously screened optimal LED red and blue combination light（R∶B=5∶5），five different light cycle treatments were set up［ white light control group（CK），treatment group A（3 h/d），treatment group B（6 h/d），treatment group C（9 h/d） and treatment group D（12 h/d）］.After 120 days of illumination，growth parameters（plant height，number of leaves，leaf length，stem diameter，fresh weight，dry weight），antioxidant parameters［superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity，malondialdehyde（MDA）content，ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activity，peroxidase（POD） activity，catalase（CAT）activity］，photosynthetic pigment parameters（chlorophyll a content，chlorophyll b content，chlorophyll a+b content，chlorophyll a/b，and carotenoid content），chlorophyll fluorescence parameters［PSⅡ maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），PSⅡ potential activity（Fv/Fo），actual quantum efficiency（Φ_PSⅡ），electron transport rate（ETR Ⅱ），photochemical quenching coefficient（qP），non⁃photochemical quenching coefficient（qN）］ and nutrient content（amino acids，alkaloids，polysaccharides，flavonoids） were determined.The results showed that the plant height，stem diameter，fresh weight and dry weight of the seedlings reached the peak in treatment D，while the leaf length and number of leaves reached the peak in treatment C. APX，CAT and POD activities peaked in treatment B，SOD activity peaked in treatment C，and the MDA content was the lowest in treatment C. Overall，the nutrient content，photosynthetic pigment indicators and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the seedlings were the best in treatment B.There were significant or extremely significant correlations between growth indicators，antioxidant indicators，nutrient indicators and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigment indicators.The principal component analysis results showed that the comprehensive performance of Dendrobium officinale in treatment B was the best in terms of growth indicators，antioxidant indicators，photosynthetic indicators and nutrient accumulation，with a comprehensive score of 3.35.In conclusion，when the red and blue light ratio is 5∶5，LED light exposure for 6 h has the best promoting effect on the growth and development and nutrient accumulation of Dendrobium officinale.


Agricultural Resources and Environment

Effects of Trehalose on the Physicochemical Properties of Soil and Flue⁃cured Tobacco Leaf Quality under Tobacco Continuous Cropping

Wang Binjie, Zhang Yuehua, Yang Xue, Wang Dong, Zhang Mingjin, Ma Junkuan, Yan Min, Mao Min, Li Yanqiang, Zhang Liang, Luo Dongsheng, Zhu Guozhi, Qian Yu, Jing Yanqiu

2026, 55(7):  82-94.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.009

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To clarify the effects of trehalose on soil vitality and flue⁃cured tobacco quality，and to address issues such as soil degradation and decreased flue⁃cured tobacco quality caused by long⁃term continuous cropping，using Yunyan 87 as the experimental material，experiments were conducted in long⁃term continuous cropping plots of flue⁃cured tobacco.We set three concentrations of trehalose（79.40，154.64，393.67 mg/L） and three application frequencies（once every 10，15 and 20 days），root irrigation was started 10 days after transplantation and was applied for 3 times in total，soil physicochemical properties，enzyme activity，microbial quantity and diversity，as well as flue⁃cured tobacco chemical composition，aroma causing substances，and disease index were measured at key growth stages of flue⁃cured tobacco.The results showed that the application of 393.67 mg/L trehalose every 15 days significantly improved soil nutrient content，enzyme activity，microbial diversity，and quantity. Among them，the organic matter content increased by 14.54% compared to the control（CK，equal amount of clean water applied every 15 days），soil enzyme activity increased by 15.07%—61.09% compared to CK，and soil microbialrichness index increased by 16.49% compared to CK.The application of 393.67 mg/L trehalose every 10 days had a better effect on the prevention and control of black shank disease，and the application every 15 days had a better effect on the prevention and control of bacterial wilt disease，with disease indices reduced by 6. 82% and 5.76% respectively compared to CK.The application of 393.67 mg/L trehalose every 15 days significantly increased the total sugar and potassium content of middle and upper flue⁃cured tobacco leaves，and promoted the accumulation of aromatic substances in flue⁃cured tobacco leaves.The total amount of aromatic substances in middle and upper flue⁃cured tobacco leaves increased by 30.81% and 31.11% respectively compared to CK.In summary，applying 393.67 mg/L trehalose for root irrigation every 15 days after transplanting flue⁃cured tobacco can significantly increase soil nutrient content and enzyme activity，promote chemical composition coordination and aroma substance accumulation in flue⁃cured tobacco leaves，effectively alleviate the accumulation of soil borne diseases in continuous cropping flue⁃cured tobacco fields，and comprehensively improve flue⁃cured tobacco leaf quality.


Plant Protection

Screening of Leuconostoc suionicum Strain HJ⁃L and Its Antifungal Mechanism against Leaf Mold of Zanthoxylum

Tian Fengming, Chen Qiang, Li Donglan, Song Fan, Wang Guobin, Ye Wenbin, Shi Zhiguo

2026, 55(7):  95-106.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.010

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To screen for lactic acid bacteria with antagonistic activity against Alternaria alternata，the causal agent of leaf mold in Zanthoxylum，and to investigate the antifungal mechanism，lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the milky white exudate naturally secreted by healthy Zanthoxylum trees in the Longnan City of Gansu Province.With A.alternata as the indicator pathogen，antagonistic strains were screened.The effective strain was identified by morphological observation and molecular phylogenetic analysis，and its antifungal activity，metabolites，and biological characteristics were systematically evaluated.The results showed that the antagonistic strain HJ⁃L exhibited an inhibition rate of 83.2% against A.alternata.Strain HJ⁃L was identified as Leuconostoc suionicum.The ethyl acetate extract of its fermentation broth showed a minimum inhibitory concentration（MIC） of 10.00 mg/mL and a minimum fungicidal concentration（MFC） of 10.00 mg/mL against the pathogen，and induced abnormal mycelial morphology.Strain HJ⁃L also exhibited broad⁃spectrum antifungal activity against five other plant pathogenic fungi，namely Fusarium solani，F.oxysporum，F.proliferatum,F.circinatum，and Colletotrichum fioriniae，with inhibition rates ranging from 62.5% to 88.7%.Metabolomic analysis revealed seven potential antifungal compounds derived from the fermentation extract of strain HJ⁃L，including nicotinic acid，3⁃indolepropionic acid，citric acid，linoleic acid，methylparaben，benzoic acid，and palmitoleic acid，covering organic acids，phenolic acids，and unsaturated fatty acids. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that these compounds were primarily involved in the tricarboxylic acid（TCA）cycle，fatty acid biosynthesis，biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids，phenylalanine metabolism，nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism，and tryptophan metabolism，providing a potential molecular basis for the antifungal activity of strain HJ⁃L. Therefore，the antagonistic strain HJ⁃L has the potential to be developed as a biological control agent against Zanthoxylum leaf mold and serves as a promising microbial resource for the biocontrol of this disease.

 

Study on the Antennal Sensilla of the Higher Termites Macrotermes barneyi and Odontotermes dimorphus

Wang Bo, Guo Xiaojie, Li Shiwei, Du Yunliang, Li Zhenya, Yin Xinming, Su Lijuan, He Fangchan

2026, 55(7):  107-116.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.011

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As social insects，termites depend on olfactory perception to mediate intraspecific information communication，and antennal sensilla serve as crucial structures for detecting chemical cues.Investigating the morphological diversity and functional adaptation of antennal sensilla is fundamental to unraveling chemical communication mechanisms in termites. In this study，scanning electron microscopy（SEM） was employed to characterize the morphological features and spatial distribution patterns of antennal sensilla in Macrotermes barneyi and Odontotermes dimorphus.The results indicated that wing⁃budded reproductives possessed the longest antennae，whereas nymphs had the shortest antennae in both species. The antennal lengths of soldiers in M.barneyi were significantly greater than soldiers in O.dimorphus.From the scape to flagellum，the length and width of each antennomere initially decreased，then increased and subsequently plateaued. In total，11 sensillum types were identified across the two termite species，consisting of three subtypes of sensilla chaetica，two subtypes of sensilla trichodea，sensilla basiconica，Böhm’s bristles，sensilla globularia，sensilla spinosa，sensilla campaniformia，and sensilla bacilliformia.Clear variations in sensillum abundance were detected in the two termites species.Sensilla trichodea were the most numerous，followed by sensilla chaetica，while sensilla campaniformia were the rarest. In terms of distribution，sensilla chaetica Ⅰ，Ⅱ，sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica were predominantly distributed on the flagellomeres，with their quantities increasing toward the apical segments.By contrast，sensilla chaetica Ⅲ，Böhm’s bristles and sensilla campaniformia were largely confined to the scape and pedicel.Significant interspecific and inter⁃caste divergences were observed in the quantity and composition of antennal sensilla.Through interspecific comparisons among workers，O.dimorphus exhibited higher absolute and relative abundance of sensilla chaetica Ⅱ，while M.barneyi possessed more sensilla trichodea Ⅰ and sensilla basiconica；among soldiers，O.dimorphus had a higher proportion of sensilla trichodea Ⅰ，and M.barneyi was characterized by greater proportions of sensilla chaetica Ⅱ and sensilla basiconica.Intraspecific comparisons revealed that workers of O.dimorphus had significantly more sensilla chaetica Ⅰ and Ⅱ but fewer sensilla trichodea than soldiers.For M.barneyi，workers possessed more sensilla chaetica Ⅰ and sensilla trichodea Ⅰ，yet fewer sensilla chaetica Ⅱ and sensilla basiconica compared with soldiers.Overall，the present study describes the morphological structure，spatial distribution，as well as interspecific and inter⁃caste differences of antennal sensilla in the two termite species，providing solid morphological evidence for identifying pheromone receptor regions and exploring the olfactory communication network of termites.


Horticulture

Effects of Adding Cordyceps militaris Spent Mushroom Substrate on Mycelial Growth and Fruiting Body Yield of Pleurotus ostreatus

Yang Yue, Zhao Chengke, Sun Wenjiao, Xu Fangxu, Song Junting, Guo Yuan, Song Shuang, Liu Yuanyuan, Lu Caige, Zhang Dianpeng, Liu Yu

2026, 55(7):  117-125.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.012

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To investigate the effects of spent mushroom substrate（SMS） of Cordyceps militaris on the growth，development，and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus，three SMS extraction treatments were designed：①extraction at 22 ℃ for 8 h；② extraction at 55 ℃ for 1 h followed by continuous extraction at 22 ℃ for 7 h；③ extraction at 80 ℃ for 1 h followed by continuous extraction at 22 ℃ for 7 h.The extracts were added to PDA medium at volume ratios of 50%，70%，and 90%，with an equal volume of sterile distilled water as the control.The mycelial growth rate was determined after static culture of Pleurotus ostreatus at 25 ℃.In addition，cultivation experiments were conducted：SMS was directly incorporated into the substrate at mass ratios of 10% and 20%，while the extracts were added to the cultivation substrate at volume ratios of 5% and 10%.After inoculation with P.ostreatus strain 4195，the mycelial full⁃bag time，fruiting body yield，agronomic traits，and nutritional components were measured.The results showed that extracts from 22 ℃ and 55 ℃ treatments，as well as the 50% addition rate of the 80 ℃ extract，significantly promoted mycelial growth of P. ostreatus. The highest mycelial growth rate was observed in the 50% addition rate of the 55 ℃ extract treatment，whereas the 70% and 90% addition rates of the 80 ℃ extract significantly inhibited mycelial growth. The mycelial full⁃bag time in all treatment groups was 1 day earlier than that of the control，and the 10% extract addition group had the highest biological efficiency（72.59%）.The fruiting bodies from the 20% SMS direct addition treatment had the highest crude polysaccharide and amino acid contents，which were 1.51×10^⁻²，2.42×10^⁻² g/g，respectively. UPLC⁃MS/MS analysis revealed that the contents of humic acid and fulvic acid in C.militaris SMS were 1.111，13.515 mg/g，respectively，both of which had promoting effects on mycelial growth.In conclusion，both the addition of C.militaris SMS extracts and direct SMS incorporation can effectively promote mycelial growth，shorten the growth cycle，increase yield，and improve fruiting body quality of P.ostreatus，which is mainly related to active substances such as humic acid and fulvic acid in the SMS.



Identification and Cultivation of A Wild Strain of Pholiota adiposa

Xu Yanyan, Lang Jiahe, Yao Taimei, Xin Longzuo

2026, 55(7):  126-132.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.013

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Morphological observation and molecular biological identification were conducted on a wild strain of Pholiota spp.Additionally，the optimal temperature and pH value for its growth were screened，its ligninase activity was measured，artificial cultivation and domestication were carried out，and its nutritional components were analyzed.The results indicated that this wild Pholiota strain was identified as Pholiota adiposa.Its optimal growth temperature was 27 ℃，and the optimal growth pH value was 5.0.It exhibited strong ligninase activity. The strain could fully colonize the cultivation bag within 45 days.Primordia appeared 6 days after opening the bag，and it could produce 5 flushes of fruiting bodies.Through artificial cultivation，fruiting bodies were successfully obtained.The protein content in the fruiting bodies of P.adiposa could reach 300.0 g/kg，with high and relatively comprehensive amino acid content.The crude fiber content was 78.0 g/kg，and the selenium content was 0.150 mg/kg.The wild P.adiposa obtained has excellent cultivation characteristics and rich nutritional components. It can be used as a new high⁃quality germplasm resource of edible and medicinal fungi.


Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Polymorphism of PHKG1 Gene and Its Effects on Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Xuanhe Pig

Zhu Yixuan, Wang Xiaoyi, Wu Ya, Zhang Ping, Zhang Kezhong, Huang Zhaojun, Guan Heping, Li Mingli, Lu Shaoxiong

2026, 55(7):  133-142.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.014

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 To explore the effects of phosphorylase kinase γ 1（PHKG1） gene polymorphism on carcass and meat quality traits of Xuanhe pig，a total of 110 Xuanhe pigs were used as experimental materials.Sanger sequencing was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）loci of the PHKG1 gene.The least squares model was employed to analyze the effects of each locus and haplotype combination on carcass and meat quality traits. The results showed that five synonymous SNP loci of the PHKG1 gene were detected in Xuanhe pig. These loci were located in exon 3（rs319153825 and rs32868594） and exon 10（rs322352666，rs341765073，and rs709202338） regions，all of which were consistent with Hardy⁃Weinberg equilibrium. These loci were dominated by the AG（0.563 6），CC（0.836 4），TT（0.590 9），CC（0.836 4），and CC（0.836 4） genotypes，and the A（0.536 4），C（0.918 2），T（0.790 9），C（0.918 2），and C（0.918 2） alleles. The rs319153825 and rs322352666 loci exhibited moderate polymorphism［polymorphic information content（PIC）：0.373 7 and 0.276 0］ and relatively high genetic diversity［heterozygosity（H）：0.497 4 and 0.330 7）. The rs328686594，rs341765073，and rs709202338 loci exhibited low polymorphism（PIC=0.139 0） and low genetic diversity（H=0.150 2）.The association analysis results showed that the rs319153825 locus was significantly associated with ham percentage and dressing percentage.The rs322352666 locus was extremely significantly associated with cooked percentage.The rs328686594，rs341765073，and rs709202338 loci were significantly associated with dressing percentage and intramuscular fat content.The ACTCC/ACTCC haplotype combination was significantly or extremely significantly associated with carcass straight length，loin eye area，dressing percentage，lean meat percentage，meat color score，marbling score，cooked percentage，and intramuscular fat content. Individuals with the ACTCC haplotype had the higher carcass and meat quality indicators，and exhibited significant synergistic effects.In summary，the polymorphism of PHKG1 gene has a significant regulatory effect on carcass and meat quality traits of Xuanhe pig，and can serve as a key candidate gene and molecular genetic marker，providing theoretical basis for molecular marker⁃assisted breeding and genetic improvement of Xuanhe pig.


Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Potential Distribution Prediction and Suitability Assessment of Cotton in Xinjiang Driven by Multi⁃source Environmental Factors

Gao Huichuan, He Zhen, Sun Yusheng, Li Yuping, Liu Yuanjie

2026, 55(7):  143-156.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.015

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As a key economic crop in China，cotton plays a vital role in the agricultural economy of Xinjiang. Against the background of intensifying climate change，the precise assessment of suitable cotton planting areas is critical for optimizing agricultural layouts. Based on the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS technology，this study integrated 1 402 cotton occurrence records and 47 environmental factors to construct a prediction model for the potential distribution of cotton in Xinjiang.The results indicated that slope（55.7%），≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature（25.8%），and water vapor pressure（10.0%） had a cumulative contribution rate of 91. 5% in the screening of dominant environmental factors. In addition，annual mean temperature showed the highest permutation importance value（39.6%），and together these factors constituted the core constraint system affecting the spatial distribution of cotton.Model validation showed that the average AUC value of the training set reached 0. 918，indicating that the MaxEnt model had high reliability in predicting the potential distribution of cotton in Xinjiang. Environmental response curves further revealed that cotton suitability significantly declined with increasing slope，while gentle terrain conditions with a slope of less than 2° and sufficient heat accumulation，with ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature ranging from 1 600 ℃·d to 3 200 ℃·d were necessary prerequisites for cotton growth and development. In terms of spatial zoning characteristics，the total potential suitable area for cotton in Xinjiang was 509 737 km^²，accounting for 30.61% of the total land area of Xinjiang. High⁃，moderate⁃，and low⁃suitability zones accounted for 20.43%，18.52%，and 61.05% of the total suitable area，respectively. High⁃suitability zones were concentrated at the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains，the Ili River Valley，and the northern marginal oases of the Tarim Basin，while low⁃suitability zones were mainly located at oasis margins and other secondary habitats. This study clarifies the spatial suitability pattern and dominant factors of cotton in Xinjiang，providing a scientific basis for the optimization of local agricultural planting structures and the rational allocation of land and water resources.


Monitoring of Direct⁃seeded Rice Nitrogen Content Based on UAV Multispectral Images

Wang Ming, Jiang Xun, Gao Longfei, Shi Shengqiao, Li Yanli, Lu Bilin

2026, 55(7):  157-166.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.016

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In order to quickly and accurately estimate the nitrogen content in leaves of direct⁃seeded rice，taking Huanghuazhan，Chunliangyouchang 70 and Liangyou 185 as objects，the DJI Phantom 4 drone was used to obtain the canopy multispectral images of the four periods，tillering stage，jointing stage，booting stage and heading stage of direct⁃seeded rice. Five vegetation indices with high correlation with leaf nitrogen content were selected respectively，and four algorithms，support vector machine（SVM），random forest（RF），back propagation neural network（BPNN） and partial least squares regression（PLSR） were used to build an estimation model of rice leaf nitrogen content and verify the accuracy.The results showed that there were differences in the correlation between vegetation index and leaf nitrogen content（CNC） of rice plants at different growth stages.The correlation between enhance vegetation index（EVI） and leaf nitrogen content at tillering stage was higher. The correlation coefficient was 0.858.The correlation coefficient between ratio vegetation index（RVI） and leaf nitrogen content was higher at jointing stage（0.938），the correlation coefficient between RVI and leaf nitrogen content was higher at booting stage （0.793），the NDVI and SAVI indices at the heading stage showed a higher correlation with leaf nitrogen content，with a correlation coefficient of 0.782.The accuracy of the models at tillering stage and jointing stage was higher，while the accuracy of the models at booting stage and heading stage was lower，and the inversion effect was poor.The prediction model of rice leaf nitrogen content based on the RF algorithm performed relatively better，and the R_c² was 0.922，RMSE_c was 0.101%，R_cv² was 0.658，and RMSE_cv was 0.205% at tillering stage.At jointing stage，R_c² was 0.980，RMSE_c was 0.061%，R_cv² was 0.913，and RMSE_cv was 0.124%.The results showed that the leaf nitrogen content monitoring model based on RF had high prediction accuracy and could predict the leaf nitrogen content of direct⁃seeded rice.



Screening of Aroma⁃Enhancing Strains for Low⁃Grade Tobacco Leaves，Optimization of Fermentation Process and Characterization of Volatile Metabolites

Fu Jincun, Wei Zimeng, Zong Dongyue, Wang Fushen, Qu Lili, Li Jiaxin, Fang Yaning, Liu Yuanshang, Xu Chunping

2026, 55(7):  167-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.07.017

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To screen a strain of aroma⁃enhancing bacteria that can be used for low⁃grade tobacco leaves，strains were isolated from tobacco leaves，Damask roses，Oolong tea leaves，and Osmanthus fragrans，and re⁃screened by sensory scores. After single factor optimization of fermentation conditions，headspace solid⁃phase microextraction⁃gas chromatography⁃mass spectrometry（HS⁃SPME⁃GC⁃MS） and multivariate statistical methods were further used to analyze the changes of volatile metabolites and significant differential metabolic pathways when the strain was applied to the liquid fermentation of low⁃grade tobacco leaves. The results showed that 119 strains were isolated from tobacco leaves，Damask roses，tea leaves，and Osmanthus fragrans，of which 9 strains produced obvious aroma. Among them，MG⁃1（the first strain isolated from the Damask rose sample collected in Dali City，Yunnan Province） achieved the highest total sensory score for cigarette sensory evaluation（54.00 points），which was 8.30% higher than that of the control group without bacterial inoculation（49.86 points）. It was identified as Enterobacter asburiae by molecular analysis. The optimal liquid fermentation conditions of the strain were determined as follows：inoculation amount 3%，fermentation time 12 h，liquid volume 100 mL，shaking speed 180 r/min. A total of 1 583 volatile metabolites were identified by HS⁃SPME⁃GC⁃MS. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that 197 of them were differential metabolites（132 up⁃regulated and 65 down⁃regulated），with an up⁃regulation ratio of 67. 0%. The differential metabolites with variable importance in projection（VIP） values in the top 40 and fold change（FC）≥2 or FC≤0. 5 were further screened. After fermentation，the contents of aroma components such as 6⁃methyl⁃5⁃hepten⁃2⁃ol（citrus aroma），myrcene（citrus aroma），dimethyl succinate（fruit aroma），phenylacetaldehyde（almond aroma），phenylethyl alcohol（rose aroma） and safranal（spicy and floral aroma） were significantly up⁃regulated，while the contents of irritant substances such as allyl isothiocyanate were significantly down⁃regulated. Further KEGG pathway analysis showed that the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in six pathways：phenylalanine metabolism，biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites，microbial metabolism in diverse environments，degradation of aromatic compounds，metabolic pathway and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.Among them，biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were significantly up⁃regulated，while metabolic pathway，degradation of aromatic compounds and microbial metabolism in diverse environments were significantly down⁃regulated.In summary，the liquid fermentation of Enterobacter asburiae MG⁃1 can effectively improve the aroma quality of the extract of low⁃grade tobacco leaves，and has a clear potential for aroma enhancement，which provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of the quality and efficiency of low⁃grade tobacco leaves.