Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2026, 55(2): 0.

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Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Combined with Different Types of Fertilizers on Yield and Nitrogen Use of Winter Wheat

TAO Hua, DING Jingli, REN Zhijie, HE Ailing, LIU Gaoyuan, DU Jun

2026, 55(2): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.001

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Based on a 3‑year field experiment，this study reduced nitrogen application by 20% compared with the conventional nitrogen application rate，combined with the application of slow/controlled‑release fertilizer and humic acid fertilizer. Five treatments were designed，including no application of nitrogen fertilizer（T1），conventional nitrogen application rate（T2），reducing nitrogen by 20%（T3），reducing nitrogen by 20% combined with slow/controlled‑release fertilizer（T4），and reducing nitrogen by 20% combined with humic acid fertilizer（T5）. The effects of different treatments on dry weight，nitrogen content and accumulation of aboveground part，grain yield，nitrogen use efficiency，and soil nutrient content were studied，so as to clarify the synergistic effects and suitable application conditions of these fertilizers under nitrogen reduction，and provide a scientific basis for enhancing soil fertility and ensuring sustainable development in yellow‑cinnamon soil farmland.The results showed that，compared with T1
treatment，in 3 a T2—T5 treatments generally significantly increased dry weight，nitrogen content and accumulation of aboveground part，grain yield of winter wheat，and soil nutrient content at mature stage.Compared with T2 treatment，in 3 a T3 treatment showed no significant difference in dry weight，nitrogen content and accumulation of aboveground part，and grain yield of winter wheat at mature stage；T4 treatment increased dry weight of aboveground part，grain nitrogen content，nitrogen accumulation of aboveground part，and grain yield at mature stage，however，there was no significant difference；T5 treatment significantly increased dry weight of aboveground part，grain nitrogen content，nitrogen accumulation of aboveground part，and grain yield at mature stage by 7.90%—12.78%，4.38%—7.67%，14.59%—22.33%，and 5.78%—8.73% respectively.Compared with T2 treatment，T3 treatment had no significant difference in nitrogen use efficiency；nitrogen use efficiency，agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer，and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased by 37.10%—43.19%，23.39%—29.97%，and 24.77%—26.41% under T4 treatment，and 75.88%—93.25%，60.49%—71.80%，and 32.19%—35.88% under T5 treatment，respectively.Regarding soil nutrients，in 3 a T3 and T4 treatments showed no significant difference in soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents compared with T2 treatment，while T5 treatment increased soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents by 5.32%—9.90% and 1.80%—5.52%，respectively.There were significant positive correlations between yield，nitrogen use efficiency and straw nitrogen content，aboveground nitrogen accumulation，and effective spike number at mature stage.In conclusion，the comprehensive performance order of different treatments is T5>T4>T2>T3>T1；compared with
conventional nitrogen application rate，nitrogen reduction combined with slow/controlled‑release fertilizer significantly enhances nitrogen use efficiency；reducing nitrogen by 20% combined with humic acid fertilizer significantly increases dry weight and nitrogen accumulation of aboveground part of winter wheat，promotes nitrogen use，and improves grain yield.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Regional Trials of Rice in Henan Province Based on AMMI Model and GGE Biplot

YANG Yang, LI Yadong, FU Jing, ZHOU Chengjie, GUO Junhong, LIU Haijing

2026, 55(2): 12-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.002

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To effectively evaluate the regional trials of rice in Henan Province and identify new rice varieties with high yield，stable yield，and strong adaptability as well as suitable trial sites，the AMMI model and GGE biplot were used to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the yield productivity，yield stability，and adaptability of the tested rice varieties participating in the 2022—2023 Henan Provincial Regional Rice Trials（13 varieties in 2022 and 14 varieties in 2023）in 10 trial sites. Additionally，the discriminative ability and representativeness of different trial sites were compared to screen out ideal varieties and trial sites. The results demonstrated that rice yield was significantly influenced by genotype（G），environment（E），and their interaction（G×E）.The AMMI model explained 79.87% and 87.38% of
the G×E interaction effect in two years.AMMI model analysis revealed that among the 2022 tested varieties，Yuandao 26，Zhengdao 25，and Yudao 27 exhibited better yield performance and stability；while in 2023，Bianjing 5，Yudao 27，and Zhengdao 27 showed better yield performance and stability.Yuanyang site in Xinxiang City，Tongbai site in Nanyang City，and Xiangfu site in Kaifegn City had better discriminative ability in 2022，and Xiangfu site in Kaifegn City，Fanxian site in Puyang City，Shihe site in Xinyang City，and Yuanyang site in Xinxiang City demonstrated better discriminative ability in 2023.GGE biplot analysis revealed that the varieties with better yield productivity and stability in 2022 and 2023 were Yuandao 26，Zhengdao 25，Yudao 27 and Bianjing 5，Zhengdao 27，Yudao 28，respectively.The varieties with the widest adaptability were Xinfeng 26 and Puzajing 1，while the trial sites with better discriminative ability and representativeness were Xiangfu site in Kaifegn City，Jinshui site in Zhengzhou City，and Yuanyang site in Xinxiang City. In conclusion，the rice varieties with better yield performance and stability are Yuandao 26，Zhengdao 25，Yudao 27，Bianjing 5，and Zhengdao 27；the trial sites with stronger discriminative ability and representativeness are Xiangfu site in Kaifegn City and Yuanyang site in Xinxiang City.

Preliminary Study on Molecular Mechanism of ZmMKK3 in Response to High Temperature Stress

LIU Huafeng, YE Feiyu, ZHANG Dongling, TIAN Yanyu, WANG Guorui, MA Chenchen, LU Zihan, ZHANG Xin, CAO Liru, LI Huiqun

2026, 55(2): 21-28. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.003

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Previously， the specifically differentially expressed gene ZmMKK3 responding to high‑temperature stress in heat‑tolerant maize cultivar Zhengdan 819 was identified from transcriptome data of Zhengdan 819 and its parental lines before and after high temperature stress. Building on this，bioinformatics methods were employed to predict the structural domains，conserved motifs，and secondary structure of ZmMKK3 protein. Maize protoplasts were extracted to determine the subcellular localization of ZmMKK3 protein. The effects of 100 μmol/L abscisic acid（ABA）on heat tolerance，proline content，antioxidant enzyme activity of maize seedlings，and the expression patterns of ZmMKK3 and ZmSNRK2.3 genes were analyzed under high temperature（42 ℃）. Interacting proteins of ZmMKK3 were predicted，and the molecular mechanism of ZmMKK3 in response to high temperature stress was preliminarily
explored，so as to provide genetic resources for breeding heat‑tolerant maize varieties.The results showed that ZmMKK3 didn’t have transmembrane domain.The secondary structure of ZmMKK3 protein primarily consisted of α‑helices（36.01%），β‑sheets（10.69%），and disordered regions（53.30%）.ZmMKK3 was primarily localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Under high temperature，ABA application enhanced chlorophyll content，relative water content，proline content，and antioxidant enzymeactivity［superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT）］in maize seedling leaves，thereby improving plant heat tolerance.ZmMKK3 gene was induced by both high temperature and ABA，its expression was stronger with ABA application under high temperature，and the expression pattern of ZmSnRK2.3 gene in the ABA signaling pathway aligned with that of ZmMKK3，indicating that ZmMKK3 induced by ABA participated in the response to high temperature stress.ZmMKK3 interacted with PP2C9
（protein phosphatase 9）in the ABA signaling pathway and B4FZ26（a WD40‑repeat domain protein）
associated with miRNA biogenesis，and the interaction coefficients were 0.534 and 0.518，respectively.Collectively，these findings suggest that ZmMKK3 likely responds to maize high temperature stress through the ABA‑MPK signaling pathway.

Effects of Plasma Activated Water on Oat Seed Germination and Seedling Growth

WU Furong, BAO Jin, LÜ Xiaogui

2026, 55(2): 29-36. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.004

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Using distilled water without plasma treatment as the control（CK），atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma at 2 and 3 kV was used to activate distilled water for 5，10，and 15 min，resulting in six types of plasma‑activated water（PAW）. These types of PAW were then used to irrigate oat seeds to investigate the effects of PAW on oat seed germination and seedling growth. A comprehensive evaluation of different PAW treatments was conducted using the membership function method and principal component analysis，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of PAW in enhancing the growth potential of oat seeds. The results showed that the NO₂⁻ content of F（PAW produced by 3 kV atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma treatment for 15 min） treatment was the highest. Compared with CK，all PAW treatments generally improved the germination vigor，germination rate，germination index，and vigor index of oat seeds，with E（PAW produced by 3 kV atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma treatment for 10 min）showing the greatest increase. E and F treatments also improved seedling plant height，root
length，number of rootlets，fresh weight，dry weight，and contents of chlorophyll，carotenoid，and soluble
protein，with E treatment being more effective. Comprehensive evaluation indicated that E treatment had the best promoting effect on oat seed germination and seedling growth，followed by F treatment.In conclusion，PAW produced by 3 kV atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma treatment for 10 min has the best promoting effect on oat seed germination and seedling growth.

Effects of Sugar Derivatives Combined with Sugar Alcohol Chelated Potassium Fertilizer on Oil‑related Quality of Flue‑cured Tobacco

LIU Yu, MA Shiyuan, LIANG Yifan, ZHANG Shiyi, LI Chenggang, CHANG Dong, LI Junying, XU Yueqi, JI Xiaoming

2026, 55(2): 37-47. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.005

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To investigate the effects of sugar derivatives application combined with potassium fertilizer on oil‑related indicators in upper tobacco leaves，Zhongyan 100 was used as the experimental material in a field trial. Spraying clear water served as the control（CK），with five additional treatments set as follows：spraying chitosan oligosaccharide（1. 2 g/L，T1），glucosamine hydrochloride（1. 5 g/L，T2），sugar alcohol chelated potassium fertilizer（600‑fold dilution，T3），chitosan oligosaccharide（1. 2 g/L）+ sugar alcohol chelated potassium fertilizer（600‑fold dilution）（T4），glucosamine hydrochloride（1. 5 g/L） + sugar alcohol chelated potassium fertilizer（600‑fold dilution）（T5）. Spraying was conducted every 10 days after topping，totaling three applications. Samples were collected to measure photosynthetic characteristics，oil‑related indicators，conventional chemical components，aroma compounds，and economic traits of the upper leaves of flue‑cured tobacco after application. Results indicated that co‑application of sugar derivatives with sugar alcohol chelated potassium fertilizer promoted photosynthesis and carbon‑nitrogen metabolism in upper tobacco leaves，with T4 treatment yielding the best effects. Compared to CK，photosynthetic rate and the activities of nitrate reductase，glutamine synthetase，sucrose synthase，and sucrase were significantly increased by 25.62%，28.01%，13.14%，24.44%，and 10.57%，respectively.Regarding oil content，the combined application of sugar alcohol chelated potassium fertilizer significantly increased the density，length，and secretion levels of glandular trichomes in the upper leaves of flue‑cured tobacco，with the T4 treatment showing the most pronounced effect. The content of α‑cembratriene‑diol and β‑cembratriene‑diol increased by 18. 93% and 41. 08%，respectively，compared to CK.Pyruvate and petroleum ether extract contents increased by 19. 60% and 30. 85%，respectively，compared to CK. In terms of conventional chemical composition，the treatment with sugar derivatives combined with sugar alcohol chelated potassium fertilizer resulted in higher levels of reducing sugars and total sugars and potassium in tobacco upper leaves. Specifically，the T4 treatment showed 21.38% increase in potassium content compared to CK.The total neutral aroma compounds in the upper leaves of flue‑cured tobacco treated with T4 and T5 increased by 26.88% and 19.78%，respectively，compared to CK.In terms of economic traits，the T4 treatment yielded the highest upper leaf production and value，reaching 1 105.41 kg/ha and 33 309.59 Yuan/ha respectively.These figures represented significant increases of 7.24% and 21.03% compared to CK.The proportion of premium‑grade tobacco rose to
49.27%，with an average price 12.85% higher than that of CK.In summary，the application of sugar derivatives in combination with sugar alcohol chelated potassium fertilizer promotes the growth and development of upper tobacco leaves，regulates carbon and nitrogen metabolism，balances the chemical composition of tobacco leaves，and increases the oil content and neutral aromatic compounds content in upper leaves.Among these，the combination of chitosan oligosaccharide with sugar alcohol chelated potassium fertilizer yields superior results.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Quality of Corydalis yanhusuo W.T.Wang

XU Xiangxin, ZHANG Qingxia, LIU Yibing, HU Feiran, WANG Yuhan, FAN Guochun, DENG Min, QI Junsheng

2026, 55(2): 48-58. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.006

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To screen suitable plant growth regulators for green cultivation of Corydalis yanhusuo W.T.Wang，this study conducted a pot experiment and set up five plant growth regulator treatments：chlormequat 60 mg/L（T1），Bijiu 100 mg/L（T2），uniconazole 50 mg/L（T3），paclobutrazol 150 mg/L（T4），and auxin 30 mg/L（T5）. An equal amount of water was used as a control instead of plant growth regulators（CK）to determine the effects of different treatments on the growth，development，yield，and quality of Corydalis yanhusuo W.T.Wang. The results showed that T4 treatment significantly increased the content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves，with chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，and total chlorophyll content increasing by 30.64%，67.92%，and 37.08%，respectively，compared to CK. In terms of soluble substance content，T3 and T5 treatments significantly increased soluble sugar content by 62.87% and 34.54%，respectively；T5 treatment significantly increased the soluble protein content by 8.04%.In
terms of antioxidant enzyme activity，T2 treatment significantly increased catalase（CAT） activity by 93.16% compared to CK treatment；T3 and T4 treatments significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity，increasing by 51.24% and 56.94% respectively compared to CK；the peroxidase（POD）activity of T1 treatment increased by 32.68% compared to CK；T1，T2，and T4 treatments all significantly reduced malondialdehyde（MDA） content，indicating their positive role in alleviating membrane lipid peroxidation damage. In terms of yield，T5 treatment performed the best，with fresh weight per plant and yield increase rate reaching 18.583 4 g and 392.17%，respectively. In terms of alkaloids，treatments with various plant growth regulators significantly increased the content of berberine，with an increase of 361.46% to 803.94% compared to CK；T5 treatment had the highest content of berberine hydrochloride，which increased by 105.01% compared to CK；T4 treatment had the highest
total alkaloid content which increased by 56. 04% compared to CK. T4 treatment also significantly increased the total nucleoside content，with a 79.00% increase compared to CK.The correlation analysis results indicated that the fresh and dry weight of tubers were positively correlated with various alkaloids at different significant levels. The residual detection results showed that，except for a slight excess of uniconazole，the residual levels of all other regulators met the national standards.In conclusion，T5 treatment had the best effect on increasing yield，while T4 treatment showed outstanding performance in improving photosynthetic pigments，total alkaloids，and nucleoside content.

Regulation of Seed Germination and Seedling Physiological Metabolism of Eucommia ulmoides under Salt Stress by Soaking with β‑Aminobutyric Acid

MA Qiyang, HUANG Xuelian

2026, 55(2): 59-69. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.007

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To alleviate the negative effects of salt stress on the germination and growth of Eucommia ulmoides seeds，salt free treatment was used as the control（CK）to investigate the effects of soaking E.ulmoides seeds in different concentrations of β‑aminobutyric acid（BABA）（5，10，20，40，80，160 mmol/L，denoted as BA₁，BA₂，BA₃，BA₄，BA₅，BA₆）under 100 mmol/L salt stress（SS）on seed germination and seedling growth，gas exchange parameters，key enzymes and antioxidants in the ascorbic acid（AsA）‑glutathione（GSH）cycle，and hormone metabolism.The results showed that under salt stress，the germination，seedling growth，and physiological processes of E.ulmoides seeds were inhibited，and the AsA‑GSH cycle and hormone metabolism balance were disrupted. Different concentrations of BABA treatment could alleviate the inhibition of salt stress on E.ulmoides seed germination and enhance the salt resistance of seedlings.Compared with SS treatment，SS+BA₂treatment increased the germination rate，germination vigor，germination index，and vitality index of E.ulmoides seeds by 74.1%，85.6%，87.9%，and 84.3%，respectively.The height，leaf area，and fresh weight（aboveground and root systems） of seedlings showed varying degrees of increase.Among the various concentrations of BABA treatment，SS+BA2 treatment had the best effect on improving the content of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，total chlorophyll，and carotenoids in seedlings，increasing by 49.3%，112.5%，64.2%，and 54.8% respectively compared to SS treatment. The net photosynthetic rate（Pn），transpiration rate（Tr），and stomatal conductance（Gs） in gas exchange parameters increased by 51.8%，88.9%，and 44.7% respectively，while the intercellular CO₂ concentration（Ci）decreased by 46.5%. Under salt stress，the soaking with different concentrations of BABA increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase（APX），glutathione reductase（GR），monodehydroascorbate reductase（MDHAR），dehydroascorbate reductase（DHAR），and the contents of AsA and GSH in E. ulmoides seedlings. Compared with SS treatment，SS+BA₂ treatment increased the activities of APX，GR，MDHAR，DHAR，and the contents of AsA and GSH by 142.7%，126.0%，167.2%，169.4%，103.8%，and 132.3%，respectively； the content of indole‑3‑acetic acid（IAA）reached its maximum value of 39.2 ng/g in SS+BA₂ treatment，and the content of gibberellin（GA₃）and zeaxanthin nucleoside（ZR）also showed an increasing trend.In conclusion，treating E.ulmoides seeds with 10 mmol/L β‑aminobutyric acid showed the most significant effect in
alleviating the negative effects of salt stress.

Effects of Combined Application of Peanut Cake and Vermicompost on Yield，Quality and Soil Properties of Flue‑Cured Tobacco

CHENG Peijun, XU Min , LI Liang, SUO Yanyan, HAO Haohao, ZHANG Xiang, TANG Peipei, WANG Xun, GUO Chuanbin, XU Xiaojing, XU Fengdan, WU Junlin, CHEN Zhongshang, MIAO Sen2

2026, 55(2): 70-79. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.008

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In order to explore the effects of peanut cake and vermicompost combined application on the yield，quality and soil characteristics of flue‑cured tobacco，and to clarify the suitable fertilization mode for improving tobacco field soil and enhancing flue‑cured tobacco yield and quality，a field experiment was conducted with 12 treatments，including 4 levels of peanut cake（0，300，600，900 kg/ha，numbered P₀，P₃₀₀，P₆₀₀，P₉₀₀）and 3 levels of vermicompost（0，500，1 000 kg/ha，numbered V₀，V₅₀₀，V₁₀₀₀）.Soil microbial quantity，enzyme activity，and nutrient content，as well as economic traits，chemical components，and appearance quality of flue‑cured tobacco were measured at the end of the curing period.The results showed that under the same amount of vermicompost，the amount of bacteria，fungi and actinomycetes in soil，the activities of invertase，urease，protease and acid phosphatase，and the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus and available potassium in soil increased significantly with the application of peanut cake in the range of 0—900 kg/ha.Compared to no application
of peanut cake，the application of peanut cake resulted in average significant increases of 26.0%，32.8%，and 24.7% for soil microorganisms，32.2%，75.8%，50.6%，and 69.2% for soil enzyme activities，and 17.6%，13.1%，and 19.1% for soil nutrient contents，respectively.Under the same dosage of peanut cake，the amount of bacteria，fungi and actinomycetes in soil，as well as the activities of invertase，urease，protease and acid phosphatase in soil，and the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus and available potassium in soil also showed an increasing trend with the increase in vermicompost. Compared to no application of vermicompost，the application of vermicompost resulted in average significant increases of 14.9%，10.3%，and 16.9% for soil microorganisms，7.1%，14.1%，36.0%，and 39.5% for soil enzyme activities，and 7.6%，6.4%，and 6.2% for soil nutrient contents，respectively. Both peanut cake and vermicompost could improve the chemical components and appearance quality of flue‑cured tobacco and increase its yield，but the application effect was influenced by the amount of vermicompost applied. Under the condition of no vermicompost application（V₀），the
average yield of flue‑cured tobacco with peanut cake application increased by 15.8% compared to no peanut cake application；under the condition of applying vermicompost（V₅₀₀，V₁₀₀₀），the average yield increase of flue‑cured tobacco with peanut cake application was 22.2% compared to no peanut cake application. In summary，the application of both peanut cake and vermicompost can increase soil microbial population，enzyme activity，and nutrient content，improve the chemical composition and appearance quality of flue‑cured tobacco，and enhance tobacco yield.The best effect is achieved by the combination of 1 000 kg/ha vermicompost and 600 kg/ha peanut cake.

Establishment and Application of RT‑LAMP Rapid Detection Method for Rehmannia Torradovirus Virus

LU Shuhao, WEN Yi, GAO Suxia, LI Xuemeng, YANG Jin, LI Shaojian, LI Xiang, XU Guohao, QI Hongzhi, WANG Fei, QIN Yanhong

2026, 55(2): 80-88. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.009

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Rehmannia torradovirus virus（ReTV）is a new virus first reported on Rehmannia glutinosa，which seriously endangers the growth of R.glutinosa in the field. In this study，four sets of specific primers were designed with ReTV coat protein gene as the target gene，and the RT‑LAMP detection technology of ReTV was established. Primer screening and RT‑LAMP product identification were performed using electrophoresis detection and visualization methods（with SYBR Green Ⅰ reagent）.At the same time，the RT‑LAMP reaction conditions were optimized by a single variable method.The ReTV recombinant plasmid was used as a template for specific detection and sensitivity comparison，and the field rehmannia samples were detected.The results showed that the optimal reaction condition for the established ReTV RT‑LAMP detection method was 65° C for 60 min.The specific detection results showed that only ReTV was positive as the template，and there was no cross reaction with other viruses on R.glutinosa. The sensitivity of RT‑LAMP was 100 times higher than that of conventional RT‑PCR.RT‑LAMP could detect 3.39×100 copies/μL.RT‑LAMP method had a 100% positive detection rate，and RT‑PCR method had a 93.75% positive detection rate，indicating that the accuracy of RT‑LAMP was better than that of RT‑PCR method. The RT‑LAMP detection technology established in this study provides a rapid，specific and simple method for the accurate detection of ReTV.

Reduction and Synergistic Effect of Seven Adjuvants on the Control of Rice False Smut by Tebuconazole

LI Xinyi, WANG Zuoqian, GUO Chenchen, XU Ting, CHANG Xiangqian, CAI Xuan, YANG Xiaolin, ZHANG Shu, LÜ Liang, DENG Qingchao

2026, 55(2): 89-97. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.010

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To investigate the synergistic enhancement effect of different adjuvants on the control of rice false smut by tebuconazole，seven novel adjuvants were selected including Nanosilica（NMG），Mairun（MR），Keousen（KOS），Maifei（MF），Benniu（BN），Jijian（JJ），and Chaoniu（CN）.Firstly，the improvement in spreading performance of reduced tebuconazole by the addition of adjuvants was quantitatively analyzed using the contact angle measurement method. Subsequently，greenhouse pot experiments with artificial inoculation and fungicide spraying，as well as field trials under natural conditions，were conducted.A comprehensive evaluation of the synergistic control effect of reduced tebuconazole with adjuvants was performed.The results showed that after 50% reduction of tebuconazole
combined with each adjuvant，the contact angle of the solution on rice leaves significantly decreased，and
the spreading performance was markedly improved.Under conditions of artificial inoculation with rice false smut，adding the seven adjuvants to 50% reduced tebuconazole increased the disease inhibition by 18.0% to 71.3% compared with the single 50% reduced tebuconazole treatment.Among them，the CN combination treatment exhibited the best inhibition effect，with a inhibition rate of 85.5%.Field control results indicated that 30% reduced tebuconazole combined with CN achieved the highest control efficacy against rice false smut，reaching 87.1%，which showed a significant increase of 48.6% compared with the 30% reduced tebuconazole alone and was comparable to the standard tebuconazole dose alone（86.6%）.In addition，the control efficacy of 30% reduced tebuconazole combined with MF，JJ，MR，or BN showed no significant difference compared with the standard tebuconazole dose alone.These results indicate that the addition of novel adjuvants can achieve enhanced control efficacy with reduced fungicide dosage against rice false smut，and the nanoscale CN adjuvant shows particularly pronounced synergistic effects，providing a basis for environmentally friendly disease management in rice.

Effects of Kidney Bean Resistant and Susceptible Varieties on Growth and Development and Metabolic Enzymes of Aphis craccivora Koch.

ZHU Yuxuan, QIU Yangyang, ZHANG Zhixuan, LI Baoying, LI Qiang, JIN Yongling, WANG Liyan

2026, 55(2): 98-105. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.011

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In order to explore the effects of kidney bean resistant and susceptible varieties on the growth and development of Aphis craccivora，the activities of digestive enzymes（lipase，protease，α‑amylase）and detoxification enzymes（glutathione‑S‑transferase，carboxylesterase，acetylcholinesterase）in the body of A.craccivora fed on kidney bean resistant and susceptible varieties were determined，and the life table of A.craccivora population continuously reproducing for three generations on kidney bean resistant and susceptible varieties was constructed.The results showed that the activities of three digestive enzymes，carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase in A.craccivora after feeding on susceptible kidney bean varieties were significantly higher than those of A. craccivora after feeding on resistant varieties，but the activity of glutathione‑S‑transferase in A.craccivora after feeding on resistant varieties was significantly higher than that on susceptible varieties，and the increase was 12.9%.The survival rate of F₂ and F₃ generations of A.craccivora parasitized on aphid‑resistant varieties decreased compared with F₁ generation，and the number of A.craccivora gradually decreased，while those on the susceptible varieties were the opposite.The net value‑added rate（R0）of the F₃ generation on the susceptible variety was 28.60，while that on the resistant variety was only 11.13，and there was a significant difference.In conclusion，after feeding on the insect‑resistant kidney bean variety，the activities of digestive enzymes，carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase in the bodies of A.craccivora decreased，while the activity of glutathione‑S‑transferase increased，and the survival rate of their offspring and the number of aphids produced decreased.However，the opposite was true when they fed on the susceptible kidney bean varieties.

Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analysis of Differences between the Parent and F₁ Hybrid of Flammulina velutipes

ZHANG Xuesong, FAN Xiaoyu, LIU Wanxian, RUAN Siyu, FAN Junmin, WANG Yanhong, XU Jiayi

2026, 55(2): 106-116. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.012

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To investigate the metabolic properties and gene expression regulation of the parental and hybrid versions of Flammulina velutipes，the variety FY5 and the hybrid generation F₁ of its cross with the wild type as materials were used for transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. The results showed that a total of 128 differential metabolites were identified，and those with large differences included organic acids，amino acids，ketones，unsaturated fatty acids and polysaccharides. Eighty‑seven of them were significantly up‑regulated and 41 were significantly down‑regulated in the hybrids. A total of 3 329 significantly differentially expressed genes，2 389 up‑regulated differentially expressed genes and 940 down‑regulated differentially expressed genes were detected. The joint analysis showed that the significantly differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites mainly existed in eight metabolic
pathways，including glutathione metabolism and arginine synthesis.

Allelopathic Effect of Trifolium repens L.Extracts on Cynodon dactylon（L.）Pers.

HAN Yulan, LI Yixin, YANG Chunye, WAN Shuyun, MU Lan

2026, 55(2): 117-125. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.013

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To explore the allelopathic effects of Trifolium repens，and clarify its mechanism and pathway of action on Cynodon dactylon，different parts of Trifolium repens（stem and leaf，root）were used to make up of four concentrations（0，30，60，120 g/L）of their extracts. The indoor bioassay method was used to study the changes in seed germination（germination rate，germination potential，germination index，vitality index）and seedling growth（seedling height，root length，dry and fresh weight）of Cynodon dactylon under different treatments. GC‑MS analysis was conducted on the extracts from different parts to analyze their chemical composition and differences. The results showed that treatment with 30 g/L stem and leaf extract promoted the germination and seedling growth of Cynodon dactylon seeds，while treatment with 120 g/L had an inhibitory effect.Among them，the inhibitory effects on seed germination potential，vitality index，and seedling root length were more significant（p<0.05），with inhibition rates of 85%，81%，and 95%.The root extract treatment also showed a trend of low concentration promotion and high concentration inhibition.The comprehensive effect analysis showed that the allelopathic effect of stem and leaf extract（21.84%）on Cynodon dactylon was stronger than that of root extract（13.92%）.Chemical composition analysis was conducted on the extraction solutions of three parts，revealing a total of six different components.Among them，4‑chlorobutyryl chloride，3，4‑dimethylpyridine，2，4‑dimethylpyridine，and 3‑ethylpyridine were only detected in the leaf extraction solution，while methyl mercaptoacetate and 1，1‑difluoro‑1‑isocyanate were only detected in the stem extraction solution.In conclusion，the release of alkaloids through leaves of Trifolium repens may the main reason that affect the seed germination and growth of Cynodon dactylon.

Research on Biological Characteristics of Glaesserella parasuis Serotype 5 cpxAR Two‑Component Gene Deletion Strain

XU Yindi, WANG Zhifang, CAI Xuwang, XU Xiaojuan, ZHANG Lixian, JIAO Wenqiang, ZHU Wenhao, LI Haili, YOU Yi, ZHANG Jiaqing, LEI Ya’nan

2026, 55(2): 126-135. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.014

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To investigate the pathogenic mechanism of the cpxAR two‑component gene in Glaesserella parasuis and screen for the deletion‑attenuated strain of Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5，the cpxAR double gene deletion strain（ΔcpxAR） of Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5 clinical isolate（GPS5） was constructed，and the growth characteristics，biofilm formation ability，environmental stress resistance and pathogenicity to guinea pigs were systematically analyzed.The results showed that after cpxAR gene deletion，there was no significant difference in colony morphology and growth rate between ΔcpxAR and its parent strain GPS5，but the biofilm formation ability was significantly weakened，the resistance to osmotic pressure，heat shock，oxidative stress and alkalinity was significantly reduced，and the virulence to guinea pigs was also significantly reduced. In conclusion，the cpxAR gene has no obvious regulatory effect on the growth of GPS5，but it has an important regulatory effect on its biofilm formation，environmental stress resistance and virulence.It lays a foundation for further exploration of the biological functions of the cpxAR two‑component system in Glaesserella parasuis and screening of attenuated strains of Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5.

Effect of Resveratrol on Reproductive Performance，Lactation Performance of Sows，and Antioxidant Capacity and Immunity of Piglets

LÜ Lingyan, SHI Yun, YAO Ling, LIU Zheng, HU Chuanhuo, YUAN Peng, ZHANG Jiaqing

2026, 55(2): 136-143. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.015

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To explore the effects of resveratrol on reproductive performance，lactation performance of sows and immunity of piglets，48 healthy sows with the same parity in the late pregnancy stage were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups（12 sows per group）. The experimental period lasted from 7 days before delivery to 21 days after delivery. The control group was fed a basal diet，while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 100，200，and 300 mg/kg resveratrol（Resv‑1，Resv‑2，and Resv‑3 groups），respectively. The results showed that in terms of reproductive performance，compared with the control group，Resv‑2 and Resv‑3 significantly increased the number of live births by 12.67% and 12.31%，respectively，the number of healthy piglets by 14.57% and 13.53%，respectively，the litter birth weight by 14.31% and 11.88%，respectively，and decreased the number of
stillbirths by 49.70% and 51.52%，respectively.In terms of lactation performance，compared with the control group，the milk fat rate of Resv‑2 and Resv‑3 groups was significantly increased by 5.91% and 6.12%，espectively，the milk protein rate was significantly increased by 18.61% and 18.30%，respectively，and the non‑fat solid content was significantly increased by 15.09% and 15.30%，respectively.Urea nitrogen content was significantly decreased 31. 51% and 31. 19%，respectively.For immunoglobulin content，compared with the control group，the IgG content of Resv‑2 and Resv‑3 groups was significantly increased by 10.14% and 8.74% in sows，and significantly increased by 25.03% and 24.22% in piglets，respectively. In terms of antioxidant capacity，compared with the control group，the glutathione peroxidase activity of piglets in Resv‑2 and Resv‑3 groups increased significantly by 25.80% and 22.67%，respectively，the superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly by 23.40% and 21.47%，espectively，the total antioxidant capacity increased significantly by 41.05% and 43.16%，respectively，and the malondialdehyde content decreased significantly by 24.70% and 23.36%，respectively. In terms of inflammatory factors，compared with the control group，the serum IL‑1β levels of piglets in Resv‑2 and Resv‑3 groups were significantly reduced by 13.96% and 15.08%，respectively.The IL‑6 was significantly reduced by 20.52% and 19.71%，respectively.The TNF‑α was significantly reduced by 16.31% and 20.31%，respectively，and the IL‑10 content was significantly increased by 35.22% and 35.52%，respectively.In conclusion，dietary supplementation of resveratrol for late pregnancy and lactation sows can improve their reproductive and lactation performance，enhance the antioxidant capacity and immunity of piglets，among which the supplementation levels of 200 mg/kg and
300 mg/kg exhibit relatively significant effects.

A Pig Cough Sound Recognition Method Based on CNN‑BiLSTM

FU Xiaopeng, ZHOU Xin, WANG Xingbo, XU Xing, WU Yue, XIE Ronghui, SHAN Ying, YE Chunlin, ZHOU Weidong

2026, 55(2): 144-155. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.016

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Respiratory diseases are one of the common and frequently‑occurring diseases in large‑scale pig farms.Timely and accurate detection of typical clinical symptoms of coughing in pigs is crucial for early warning and prevention. This study taked the sounds of coughing，squealing，and snoring of mid‑pregnancy sows as the research object and proposed a pig cough sound recognition model based on the fusion of convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short‑term memory network（CNN‑BiLSTM）. The pig sounds data was preprocessed through methods such as fourth‑order Butterworth band‑pass filtering for noise reduction，first‑order high‑pass filtering for pre‑emphasis，and
short‑time energy endpoint detection.The Mel frequency cepstral coefficients（MFCC）feature parameters of the preprocessed sound data were extracted using methods such as framing，windowing，and fast Fourier transform，and the model recognition performance was evaluated.The results showed that the fourth‑order Butterworth band‑pass filter for noise reduction could significantly reduce the background noise of pig coughing，squealing，and snoring sounds，without distorting the waveform and retaining the main energy of the pig sound signal. The first‑order high‑pass filter for pre‑emphasis could significantly enhance the energy in the high‑frequency region，weaken the energy in the low‑frequency region，and narrow the frequency range. Endpoint detection could quickly mark the effective speech segments of the pig sounds and reduce the interference of irrelevant information to the recognition model.The MFCC feature parameters extracted from the preprocessed sound data could well reflect the acoustic characteristics of the pig sounds，and the MFCC coefficients could be used as feature inputs for model recognition.The established deep neural network model of CNN‑BiLSTM fusion had good convergence.The confusion matrix showed that the correct recognition rates of pig coughing，squealing，and snoring sounds were 83.67%，85.19%，and 81.58% respectively，and it had good generalization ability.The five‑fold cross‑validation showed that the average accuracy rate was 84.03%（82.79%—85.31%）.The accuracy rate of the CNN‑BiLSTM model on the test set was 83.93%，which was superior to the Transformer，CNN，LSTM，and BiLSTM models.Therefore，the CNN‑BiLSTM model proposed in this study has good performance in recognizing pig coughing sounds and can provide a new method for the early detection of respiratory diseases in pigs.

Optimization of Fermentation and Application of Amylase‑producing Bacillus velezensis A8‑1

WU Shuangshuang, ZHANG Zekun, YE Changwen, YAN Jianying, WANG Qingyue, SUN Zhikang, LI Liqun, HAO Jie, LIU Dandan

2026, 55(2): 156-170. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.017

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The amylase‑producing strain Bacillus velezensis A8‑1 preserved in the early stage of the experiment was used as the test strain，and its metabolic capacity and sensitivity to different carbon sources and chemical substances were analyzed by Biolog technology.The enzyme production process was optimized through single‑factor experiments，Placket‑Burman experiments and Box‑Behnken experiments.The amplification effect of the process was verified by fermentation in a 1 000 L tank，and the change characteristics of chemical composition and sensory quality of tobacco leaves after the application of amylase produced by this amylase‑producing strain in tobacco leaf fermentation were explored.The results indicated that among the 70 different carbon sources，Bacillus velezensis A8‑1 had metabolic capacity for 65 of them and was intolerant to most of the bacteriostatic agents.The optimal
shaking flask fermentation conditions after fermentation optimization were as follows：corn flour 20 g/L，soybean cake flour 80 g/L，K₂HPO₄ 1 g/L，fermentation time 36 h，temperature 37 ℃ ，pH value 7，inoculation amount 3%，and liquid loading volume 50 mL. Under these conditions，the enzyme activity could reach up to 133.3 U/mL at most.In a 1 000 L fermenter，the enzyme activity was 161.0 U/mL.After applying this amylase to the fermentation of tobacco leaves，the starch content of the tobacco leaves decreased by 15.4%，while the contents of reducing sugar and total sugar increased by 5.6% and 8.5% respectively.The contents of polyphenolic compounds，amino acids and Amadori compounds all increased to varying degrees，indicating that it had certain improvement effects on the chemical composition of tobacco leaves. The sensory evaluation results showed that the fermented tobacco leaves
improved to varying degrees in terms of comfort，smoke characteristics and aroma style，with the total sensory evaluation score increasing by 0.64 points.In conclusion，the industrial fermentation production of the amylase‑producing strain Bacillus velezensis A8‑1 is feasible，and the application of the produced amylase in tobacco leaf fermentation can effectively improve the quality of tobacco leaves and has good practical application prospects and promotion value.

Effect of Different Stem‑included Harvesting and Curing Methods on Cell Activity and Quality of Upper Tobacco Leaves

LI Songyan, ZHANG Yulin, ZHAO Yongwei, WANG Lifang, ZHANG Mingjin, WANG Jian’an

2026, 55(2): 171-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.02.018

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To optimize the stem‑included harvesting and curing method of upper tobacco leaves and enhance its usability，three treatments were set up：Upper 6 tobacco leaves with stems（partial stem retention，CK），upper 3 and lower 3 tobacco leaves with stems（segmented stem retention，T1）and single leaves with 2—3 cm stems（single‑leaf stem retention，T2）.By measuring malondialdehyde（MDA）content and antioxidant enzyme［superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT），peroxidase（POD），and polyphenol oxidase（PPO）］activities，along with flue‑cured conventional chemical composition，appearance quality and sensory quality，the effects of different stem‑included treatments on cell activity and quality of tobacco leaves were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the MDA content of the three treatments reached the peak at 144 h，and the MDA content of T1 and T2 treatments was 13.54% and 3.81% lower than that of CK treatment，respectively. During 24—36 h，the SOD activity of each treatment decreased the most，which was 18. 18% in CK treatment，14.64% in T1 group and 20.50% in T2 treatment，respectively.The peak values of CAT and POD activities in T1 treatment increased most significantly，which were 13.46% and 32.66% higher than those in CK treatment，respectively，while those in T2 treatment were 4.91% and 12.19%，respectively. The decrease rate of PPO activity was T1>T2>CK. Comprehensive evaluation of the quality of flue‑cured tobacco leaves showed that the coordination of chemical composition and sensory quality in T1 and T2 treatments were better than CK treatment，and the total scores of appearance quality were 6.35% and 1.47% higher than CK treatment，respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficient between MDA content and key enzyme activity in T2 and CK treatments was lower. Principal component analysis further showed that routine chemical components of T1 treatment had the highest score.In summary，T1 could effectively maintain the stability of enzyme activity，reduce MDA content，maintain the coordination of chemical composition，improve the color of flue‑cured tobacco leaves，and thus comprehensively improve the quality of tobacco leaves.

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