Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2026, 55(9): 0.

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Research Progress of Mineral Modified Biochar in Soil Carbon Sequestration Application

Ye Jiangnan, Chen Min, Sun Yuan, Yang Jiali, Wang Wenshuo, Han Zhengdong, Lu Shengyong

2026, 55(9): 1-7. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.001

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The preparation methods of mineral modified biochar were reviewed，and the influence and mechanism of mineral modification on the stability of biochar were summarized.At the same time，taking the soil carbon sequestration process mediated by mineral modified biochar as the main line，the effect and mechanism of mineral modified biochar in soil carbon sequestration application were discussed，and the key scientific problems to be further explored in the application of mineral modified biochar in soil carbon sequestration were prospected，in order to provide reference for the development of efficient and lasting carbon sequestration biochar materials.

Advances in Biochar Production Process and Its Effects on Soil Properties

Jin Long, Haider Sultan, Jiang Qiaohan, Zhang Yunbo

2026, 55(9): 8-25. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.002

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Biochar exhibits multidimensional effects of soil conditioning，nutrient retention，and quality enhancement in soil improvement.This article systematically reviewed the regulatory laws of raw material types，pyrolysis temperature，heating rate，and residence time on the physicochemical properties of biochar and their impact mechanisms on soil properties.Existing studies had shown that raw materials determined the fundamental properties of biochar，with woody biochar having the highest yield and optimal pore structure，which was beneficial for water and fertilizer retention；livestock manure biochar was rich in nutrients and was a high‑quality slow‑release fertilizer carrier.The pyrolysis temperature was the core driving force for regulating the physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Low temperature pyrolysis was beneficial for retaining acidic functional groups，medium temperature pyrolysis could
increase the specific surface area and cation exchange capacity of biochar，and high temperature pyrolysis could enhance the long‑term stability and alkaline neutralization effect of carbon.Meanwhile，slow heating mode and extended residence time could effectively promote the formation of micropores inside biochar.At the level of soil improvement，the compatibility between the preparation process and the physical and chemical properties of soil directly determined the effectiveness of biochar improvement.Among them，biochar prepared by slow heating at medium temperature had the most significant effect on reducing soil bulk density. Compared with manure based biochar，wood and shell biochar had a better effect on increasing the effective water content of sandy soil.Biochar regulated soil biological properties by providing microbial habitat and nutrient supply for soil microorganisms，and its impact on enzyme activity exhibited a feedback mechanism that varied depending on the enzyme. In the future，the focus should be on the construction of big data prediction models for process‑characteristics‑function，analysis of the long‑term evolution of soil‑crop systems and their micro ecological mechanisms，as well as the creation of customized biochar based new products for specific scenarios.

Effects of Rice Husk Biochar and Corn Straw Biochar on Growth，Quality and Soil Nutrients of Huai Chrysanthemum

Fu Shenglan, Gu Caihua, Zhang Yanlin, Sun Wanhui, Xin Longfei

2026, 55(9): 26-34. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.003

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To investigate the effects of rice husk biochar and corn straw biochar on the growth，quality，and soil nutrients of Huai chrysanthemum，three levels of rice husk biochar（150，300，450 kg/ha，numbered D1，D2，D3 in sequence）and three levels of corn straw biochar（300，450，600 kg/ha，numbered Y1，Y2，Y3 in sequence） were set up，with no application of rice husk biochar and corn straw biochar as a control（CK）. A total of seven treatments were conducted to study the effects of the two biochars on the agronomic traits，photosynthetic parameters，yield，medicinal components，soil available nutrients，and key enzyme activities of Huai chrysanthemum. The results showed that compared with CK，the application of two types of biochar significantly improved the plant height，maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），stomatal conductance（Gs），transpiration rate（Tr），and total yield of Huai
chrysanthemum. Among them，D3 and Y3 treatments showed a higher increase in plant height，with an increase of 21.2% and 22.5% respectively compared to CK；the stem thickness of Y2 treatment was the largest，increasing by 13.49% compared to CK；the optimal number of branches was in D2，with an increase of 56.23%；Y3 showed the highest increase in net photosynthetic rate（Pn），Gs，and Tr compared to CK，with increases of 116.91%，307.21%，and 210.76%，respectively.The yield performance was better in D2，Y2，and Y3 treatments，with significant increases of 57.39%，53.19%，and 59.13% compared to CK，respectively. In terms of quality，the total flavonoids of all biochar treatments were significantly increased by 18.05%—55.86% compared to CK.There was no significant difference in chlorogenic acid and 3，5‑O‑dicaffeoylquinic acid between rice husk biochar group and CK，while the content of hesperidin was significantly reduced by 17.42%—23.87%.The chlorogenic acid and 3，5‑O‑dicaffeoylquinic acid treated with corn straw biochar increased by 9.27%—22.06% and 18.78%—28.45% respectively compared to CK. The content of hesperidin significantly increased with increasing application rate，with Y3 treatment showing a significant increase of 16.87% compared to CK.In terms of soil indicators，both types of biochar can significantly increase the content of soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，as well as urease and sucrase activities overall.Among them，the content of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus，and available potassium in soil treated with D3 and Y3 increased by 5.05%，9.06%，6.67% and 4.28%，6.68%，7.44% respectively compared to CK；the urease activity significantly increased by 228.41% and 321.59% compared to CK，respectively.The peak of sucrase activity appeared in D2 and Y2 treatments，
which increased by 46.71% and 58.48% respectively compared to CK. In summary，D2，Y2，and Y3 treatments showed the pretty overall performance.The recommended amount of biochar for field cultivation of Huai chrysanthemum is 300 kg/ha of rice husk biochar or 450—600 kg/ha of corn straw biochar.

Effects of Phosphorus Reduction Combined with Humic Acid and Biochar Application on Phosphorus Supply in Red Soil and Phosphorus Utilization by Maize

Liu Zhijun, Bao Dejue, Zhou Shiyong, Zhang Chenglong, Wu Dandan, Pu Zixian, Yin Lixiao, Zhou Feng

2026, 55(9): 35-47. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.004

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To investigate the effects of humic acid and biochar addition on soil phosphorus supply and maize phosphorus uptake and utilization in red soil farmland under phosphorus reduction conditions，a randomized complete block design was adopted. Under 40% phosphorus reduction（P₂，P₂O₅ 90 kg/ha），four treatments were set up with different levels of humic acid（H₁，10 000 kg/ha；H₂，5 000 kg/ha）and biochar（B₁，10 000 kg/ha；B₂，5 000 kg/ha），using the local conventional phosphorus application rate（CK，P₂O₅ 150 kg/ha） as the control.The effects of humic acid and biochar addition under phosphorus reduction on the physicochemical properties of red soil，maize phosphorus uptake，and yield were studied.The results showed that，compared with the CK treatment，the addition of humic acid and biochar could，to varying degrees，reduce soil bulk density in the 0—30 cm plough layer，increase soil total porosity and capillary water holding capacity，raise red soil pH and cation exchange capacity（CEC），improve the physicochemical properties of the plough layer soil，increase soil organic matter content，and significantly affect the activities of acid phosphatase（ACP）and alkaline phosphatase（ALP）.Among them，both P₂H₁and P₂B₁ treatments increased soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents. Compared with CK，at the trumpet stage，total phosphorus content in P2H1 and P2B1 treatments increased significantly by 35.35% and 35.40%，respectively，and available phosphorus content increased by 13.92% and 35.69%，respectively；at the dough stage，total phosphorus content in P₂H₁ and P2B1 treatments increased by 6.38% and 48.94%，respectively，with the P₂B₁ treatment showing a significant difference compared with CK.Compared with CK，at the dough stage，root and stem biomass and root‑to‑shoot ratio of P₂H₁ and P₂B₁ treatments increased significantly by 24.61%，3.81%，24.65% and 16.65%，12.39%，9.75%，respectively；maize yield increased by 8.46% and 12.03%，respectively；and leaf phosphorus uptake increased significantly by 22.14% and 37.57%，respectively.Correlation analysis of maize yield and phosphorus uptake with biomass and soil factors revealed that alkaline phosphatase activity and organic matter content were extremely significantly positively correlated with total phosphorus and available phosphorus content；soil total porosity was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorus content and extremely significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus content；CEC and soil capillary water holding rate were significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus content；yield was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorus content and positively correlated with available phosphorus content； phosphorus uptake was positively correlated with total phosphorus content.Comprehensively，humic acid and biochar improve the phosphorus supply capacity of red soil by regulating soil physicochemical properties and phosphatase activities，ultimately promoting efficient phosphorus uptake and utilization by maize. Under 40% phosphorus reduction，the application of 10 000 kg/ha biochar can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of red soil，promote phosphorus supply and maize phosphorus uptake，and ensure maize growth，development and yield formation.

Effects of Biochar Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Development，Dry Matter Accumulation Characteristics and Yield Benefit of Ryegrass under Saline‑Alkali Stress

Li Yan, Li Xiaozhen, Zhang Xiaoli

2026, 55(9): 48-57. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.005

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To investigate the effects of biochar combined with organic fertilizer on the growth and development，physiological characteristics，dry matter accumulation，yield，and yield benefits of ryegrass under saline‑alkali stress，and to determine the appropriate amounts of biochar and organic fertilizer，a field randomized block experiment was conducted using ryegrass as the material，with five treatments［control（CK）：no biochar，organic fertilizer，and nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer）；T1：nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer（15：15：15） 500.3 kg/ha（conventional fertilizer dosage）；T2：1 000.5 kg/ha biochar+2 001.0 kg/ha organic fertilizer；T3：1 500.8 kg/ha biochar+4 002.0 kg/ha organic fertilizer；T4：2 001.0 kg/ha biochar+6 003.0 kg/ha organic fertilizer］，and the regulatory effects of different dosages of biochar combined with organic fertilizer on the growth，development，and physiological characteristics of ryegrass under saline‑alkali stress were analyzed.The results showed that the combination of biochar and organic fertilizer could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of salt alkali stress on the growth，development，physiological characteristics，and yield of ryegrass. Compared with the control group，T3 treatment significantly increased the plant height，root length，and leaf area of ryegrass by 65.6%，157.6%，and 37.1%，respectively. The chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，total chlorophyll，and carotenoid contents were significantly increased by 111.1%，34.1%，93.6%，and 65.3%，respectively. The net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，intercellular CO₂concentration，and transpiration rate were significantly increased by 200.5%，71.4%，31.1%，and 58.4%，respectively.The activities of superoxide dismutase，peroxidase，and catalase were significantly increased by 90.1%，21.4%，and 85.9%，respectively，and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was significantly reduced by 47.5%. The fresh grass yield and dry yield were both the highest，with dry yield reaching 4 262.1 kg/ha and benefit increment reaching 5 332.7 yuan/ha.In summary，T3 treatment（1 500.8 kg/ha biochar+4 002.0 kg/ha organic fertilizer）can effectively alleviate the inhibition of salt‑alkali stress on the growth and development of ryegrass，enhance its photosynthetic performance，balance antioxidant enzyme activity，promote biomass accumulation and yield increase，thereby improving the economic benefits of ryegrass planting.

Effects of Biochar Combined with Cake Fertilizer on Growth and Aroma Components of Flue‑Cured Tobacco

Cheng Peijun, Li Weiguan, Li Liang, Chang Dong, He Xiaobing, Zhang Xiang, Xu Yueqi, Qiu Lingjun, Suo Yanyan, Si Xianzong, Zhang Heng, Zhang Qian, Xu Fengdan, Li Qian, Yan Meng

2026, 55(9): 58-67. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.006

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To investigate the effects of addition of biochar and cake fertilizer on flue‑cured tobacco growth and aroma components in cured tobacco leaves，and to identify an optimal fertilization regime for high yield and superior quality of flue‑cured tobacco，five treatments were established：chemical fertilizer alone（CK），chemical fertilizer+biochar（T1），chemical fertilizer plus biochar+rapeseed cake（T2），chemical fertilizer+biochar+sesame cake （T3），and chemical fertilizer plus biochar+soybean cake（T4）. Agronomic traits，photosynthetic parameters，antioxidant enzyme activities of tobacco plants，as well as chemical components and aroma components of cured tobacco leaves were measured. The results showed that compared with CK，adding biochar（T1 treatment） improved tobacco growth at the vigorous growth stage：plant height，maximum leaf width and leaf number increased by 15.5%，5.4% and 6.5%，respectively；net photosynthetic rate（Pn）rose by 8.2%；the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT）and ascorbate peroxidase（APX） were enhanced by 8.7%，15.3% and 15.5%. Tobacco yield increased by 8.7%，and the total content of aroma components in middle leaves was elevated by 24.6%. Relative to
adding biochar，adding biochar and cake fertilization significantly increased plant height （7.0%—20.0%），maximum leaf length（7.4%—12.5%），maximum leaf width（5.8%—13.2%），leaf number（12.0%—23.1%），Pn（3.3%—7.8%），SOD activity（10.6%—13.9%），CAT activity（20.3%—37.8%） and APX activity （10.7%—26.4%）at the vigorous growth stage. Tobacco yield was boosted by 6.8%—10.2%，and the chemical composition of flue‑cured tobacco leaves was optimized simultaneously. Compared with adding biochar treatment，addition of biochar and cake fertilizaer significantly raised browning reaction products，carotenoid degradation products，cembrane degradation
products and total aroma components by 8.9%—20.9%，17.4%—33.4%，31.8%—54.1% and 6.4%—32.3%，respectively.The addition of biochar and cake fertilizer had a significant effect on chlorophyll degradation products and total aroma components，and the overall application effects of rapeseed cake，sesame cake，and soybean cake increased in sequence.Comprehensive analysis showed that the addition of biochar and cake fertilizer was more effective than the application of adding biochar.Among them，the addition of biochar and soybean cake had the best overall effect.

Effects of Biochar on Microbial Community Structure and Cadmium Availability in Cadmium‑Contaminated Soil

Jiang Ya, Wang Li, Luo Lina, Liu Guihua, Chai Guanqun, Wei Xiaoliao, Qin Song, Fan Chengwu

2026, 55(9): 68-78. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.007

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A pot experiment was conducted with cadmium（Cd）‑contaminated cultivated soil as the test substrate to explore the effects of biochar at different application rates on soil microbial community structure and Cd availability. Four treatments were established：no biochar application（control，CK），biochar application at 2 g/kg （B1），4 g/kg （B2），and 8 g/kg（B3）.Soil physicochemical properties，available Cd concentration，soil enzyme activities，microbial biomass，and soil microbial community composition were determined. The results showed that soil pH value under B3 treatment increased by 0.25 compared with CK；the contents of soil organic matter，available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 35.90%，28.67% and 14.29%，respectively，while the concentration of soil available Cd decreased by 6.82%. Microbial biomass carbon under B1 and B2 treatments increased by 9.90% and 15.54% relative to CK，and microbial biomass nitrogen under B1，B2 and B3 treatments increased by 46.08%，21.77% and 62.05%，respectively.Compared with CK，soil catalase activity under B2 and B3 treatments increased by 19. 33% and 20. 72%，while soil acid phosphatase activity decreased by 43.25% and 42.25%. The dominant bacterial phyla in all treatments were Pseudomonadota，Bacillota，Bacteroidota and Acidobacteriota. Treatments B2 and B3 increased the relative abundances of Pseudomonadota and Acidobacteriota and reduced the relative abundance of Cyanobacteriota. The dominant fungal phyla across all treatments were Ascomycota and Unclassified_k_Fungi. Treatment B2 elevated the relative abundance of Ascomycota，and all biochar treatments reduced the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota. Soil catalase activity was positively correlated with the relative abundances of Pseudomonadota and Acidobacteriota，acting as a key factor affecting the bacterial community. Soil urease activity exhibited a significant negative correlation with the relative abundance of Rozellomycota，which was the key factor regulating the fungal community. In conclusion，biochar application could raise soil pH value and the contents of organic matter，available phosphorus and available potassium，enhance the activities of soil catalase，increase MBN，reshape the microbial community structure of Cd‑contaminated soil，improve the relative abundances of bacterial Pseudomonadota，Acidobacteriota and fungal Ascomycota，and reduce soil available Cd concentration；the optimal biochar application rate was 8 g/kg.

Effects of Straw Incorporation，Tillage and Planting Patterns on Root and Stem Dynamics，Yield，and Economic Benefits of Wheat in Lime Concretion Black Soil

Cheng Hongjian, Yu Mengjiao, Yan Yaqian, Luo Qingqing, Huang Yuan, Wang Jiarui, Song Hang, Fang Baoting, Jin Haiyang, Li Xiangdong

2026, 55(9): 79-89. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.008

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To identify the suitable farming pattern for high‑yield and high‑efficiency wheat production in lime concretion black soil，a two‑year field experiment was conducted to study wheat root and tiller dynamics，aboveground dry matter accumulation and translocation，yield，and economic benefits under eight treatment combinations of straw incorporation（straw incorporation and straw removed），tillage method（rotary tillage and plowing），and planting method（equal‑row spacing and wide‑narrow row spacing）.The results showed that compared with the treatment with straw incorporation，two passes of rotary tillage and equal‑row spacing（T1），the treatment with straw incorporation，one pass of plowing plus power harrowing and equal‑row spacing（T3）significantly increased secondary root numbers at wintering and jointing stages in two years，with increases of 19.98%—48.71% and 40.98%—44.08%，respectively；the treatment with straw incorporation，one pass of plowing plus power harrowing and wide‑narrow row spacing（T7）only significantly increased secondary root numbers at jointing and flowering stages in the second year. Compared with T1 treatment，T3 treatment and the treatment with straw removed，one pass of plowing plus power harrowing and equal‑row spacing（T4）significantly increased basic seedling number，maximum tiller number，and aboveground dry matter accumulation at flowering and mature stages，while T7 treatment significantly increased the maximum tiller number in two years；T3 treatment significantly increased dry matter transport amount before anthesis，dry matter transport rate before anthesis，contribution rate of dry matter transport to grain yield before anthesis，grain number per ear，and yield in two years，with yield increase of 8.38%—11.65%，while the treatment with straw removed，two passes of rotary tillage and equal‑row spacing（T2）and T4 treatment only significantly increased dry atter accumulation after anthesis and yield in the second year.The net income and
output‑input ratio of T3 treatment were the highest，increased by 1 420.86—2 801.55 yuan/ha and 0.12—0.26 compared with T1 treatment in two years，respectively；T2 and T4 treatments only increased the net income of 680.34—964.12 yuan/ha and 420.36—1 246.23 yuan/ha，compared with T1 treatment in two years，respectively.In summary，the pattern with straw incorporation，one pass of plowing plus power harrowing and equal‑row spacing can increase wheat root and tiller number，promote dry matter accumulation and transport before anthesis，and improve yield and economic benefit，being a farming pattern for high‑yield and high‑efficiency wheat production in lime concretion black soil.

Survey and Diversity Analysis of Crop Germplasm Resources in Henan Province

Li Jingjing, Zhu Jiabao, Qin Ziyu, Ma Jinxia, Zhang Luisheng, Yang Wenbo, Zhang Xiangfen, Chen Mei, Wang Lifeng, Liu Guizhen, Li Huiyong

2026, 55(9): 90-102. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.009

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To understand the specific situation of crop germplasm resources in Henan Province，in the third national census and collection action of crop germplasm resources，Henan Province conducted a comprehensive survey of crop germplasm resources in 128 agricultural counties（cities，districts）across the province（referred to as census counties），and carried out a systematic investigation and rescue collection of crop germplasm resources in 38 agricultural counties（cities，districts） with rich germplasm resources（referred to as survey counties）from 2020 to 2023.By organizing the collected germplasm sample information，the quantity，type，distribution，and diversity of the germplasm were analyzed.The results showed that in the third national census and collection action of crop germplasm resources，Henan Province collected a total of 7 565 crop germplasm resources.By germplasm type，local varieties，wild resources，bred varieties，and foreign‑introduced varieties accounted for 77.08%，20.15%，2.63%，and
0.15%，respectively；by crop type，vegetable crop，grain crop，fruit tree crop，economic crop，and forage
and green manure crop accounted for 36.54%，31.73%，20.28%，9.07%，and 2.38%，respectively.The collected germplasm belonged to 55 families，176 genera，and 290 species，covering a total of 241 crops，the top six in terms of the quantity of germplasm were Fabaceae，Poaceae，Cucurbitaceae，Rosaceae，Liliaceae，and Brassicaceae. There were significant difference in the types of crops collected in the 18 prefecture‑level cities，Anyang，Hebi，Xinxiang，Xuchang，Sanmenxia，and Jiyuan City primarily focused on grain crops，among which Sanmenxia City collected the highest number of grain crops，a total of 270；Luoyang City emphasized both food and fruit tree crops； the other prefecture‑level cities were dominated by vegetable crops，Nanyang collected the largest number of vegetable crops，a total of 288.The quantity of crop germplasm collected in Henan Province generally decreased with the increase of altitude，mainly distributed in areas below 100 meters.A total of 24 families crops were distributed at all six altitude
gradients，the top five in terms of germplasm quantity included Fabaceae，Poaceae，and Rosaceae at all six altitude gradients. The quantity of Cucurbitaceae germplasm was most affected by altitude.Correlation analysis showed that at the six altitude gradients，there were highly significant positive correlations between each pair of Shannon‑Wiener diversity index，Brillouin richness index，Simpson dominance index，and Pielou evenness index of crop germplasm resources.

Genome‑Wide Identification of Acetyl‑CoA Carboxylase Gene Family in Cyperus esculentus and Functional Characterization of CeACCase2

Li Chunxin, Wang Meng, Zhang Xiabing, Zhu Yajing, Liu Xinyi, Zhai Yunru, Chen Chen, Guan Chaonan, Wang Shufeng, Song Wanxian, Wang Huiwei

2026, 55(9): 103-115. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.010

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Cyperus esculentus L. is an emerging oil crop and one of the few known crops capable of synthesizing large amount of oil in underground tubers. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying tuber oil biosynthesis is of great significance for molecular breeding of C.esculentus.Acetyl‑CoA carboxylase（ACCase），a key rate‑limiting enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of fatty acid biosynthesis，plays an important role in oil synthesis. In this study，using the cultivar Yuyousha No.2 as the experimental material，members of C.esculentus ACCase gene family（CeACCases） were identified based on genomic data. Their physicochemical properties，subcellular localization，phylogenetic relationships，conserved motifs，and promoter cis‑acting elements were systematically analyzed using bioinformatics methods.The expression patterns of each member in different tissues were examined by qRT‑PCR.The key gene CeACCase2 was cloned，and its subcellular localization and heterologous overexpression functional verification in Arabidopsis thaliana were performed.The results showed that a total of 13 CeACCases members were identified from C.esculentus.Their encoded proteins were mainly localized in chloroplasts，with significant differences in physicochemical properties. Phylogenetic and conserved motif analyses divided the family members into five subfamilies，among which the homomeric members possessed the most complete conserved motifs.The promoter regions were enriched with oil synthesis‑related cis‑acting elements. qRT‑PCR analysis revealed that CeACCases members exhibited relatively high expression levels in tubers.Subcellular localization results indicated that the CeACCase2 protein was mainly localized in chloroplasts. Overexpression of CeACCase2 in Arabidopsis significantly increased seed oil content by 13.1 percentage ponits compared with the wild type. In conclusion，this study confirms that CeACCase2 plays a key role in oil biosynthesis，providing theoretical support for elucidating the genetic basis of the tuber oil biosynthesis pathway in C.esculentus.

Effects of Application of Carbon Fertilizer and Microbial Agent on Ripening Tolerance and Quality of Upper Tobacco Leaves in Mountainous Tobacco‑Planting Areas

Gao Zhihao, Wang Haoqi, Zou Xiangxiang, Wan Yue, Tian Minghui, Deng Xiaohua, Zhou Chuangjin, Chen Shuwei, Wu Ming, Yang Lei, Zhong Guang, Yi Pengfei, Yan Weijie, Yang Lili

2026, 55(9): 116-125. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.011

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To improve the usability of upper tobacco leaves，a field experiment was conducted in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture，Hunan Province，using flue‑cured tobacco cultivar Yunyan 87 as the test material. Based on conventional fertilization（CK），three treatments were established：additional application of carbon fertilizer（60 kg/ha carbon‑enriched organic water‑soluble fertilizer，T1），combined application of carbon fertilizer and 30 kg/ha Tanmu microbial inoculant（T2），and combined application of carbon fertilizer and 30 kg/ha anti‑continuous cropping agent （T3）. The study investigated the effects of these treatments on the growth，ripening tolerance，economic traits，appearance quality，physical characteristics，chemical composition，and sensory quality of the top six leaves after topping.The results showed that the upper tobacco leaves continued to grow and accumulate dry matter after topping. The leaf length，leaf width，and dry weight increased with the descending leaf position（from top to bottom），whereas their overall acceleration rates as well as the leaf SPAD values exhibited a gradually declining trend. Compared with CK，the T1，T2，and T3 treatments significantly enhanced the length，width，and dry weight of the upper leaves. Specifically，the treatments increased the ripening resistance index of upper leaves by 21.44%，27.44%，and 48.95%；leaf yield by 4.43%，20.21%，and 15.08%；output value by 9.60%，21.22%，and 22.40%；appearance quality index（AQI） by 1.74%，6.03%，and 12.03%；chemical component usability index（CCUI）by 3.80%，1.86%，and 4.28%；smoking quality index（SQI）by 8.24%，6.27%，and 8.91%；and comprehensive quality index（CQI） by 6.05%，3.15%，and 6.15%，respectively. Among them，the T3 treatment demonstrated the most outstanding comprehensive performance in terms of appearance quality，physical properties，chemical composition，and sensory quality，remarkably optimizing the ripening resistance index，yield，output value，and overall leaf quality.
In conclusion，under the ecological conditions of the low‑altitude mountainous tobacco‑planting areas in Western Hunan，the combined application of carbon‑enriched organic water‑soluble fertilizer at 60 kg/ha and anti‑continuous cropping agent at 30 kg/ha is an effective strategy to promote the usability of upper tobacco leaves.

Biocontrol Efficacy against Wheat Crown Rot and Whole‑Genome Analysis of Bacillus velezensis ZM01

Guo Dongya, Guo Jun, Liu Xiaolei

2026, 55(9): 126-136. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.012

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To explore efficient biocontrol Bacillus resources against wheat crown rot，this study systematically evaluated the antagonistic activity，growth‑promoting and biocontrol functions，pot control efficacy，and genomic characteristics of strain ZM01.The plate confrontation assay showed that ZM01 exhibited an inhibition rate of 68.90% against Fusarium pseudograminearum，the causal agent of wheat crown rot. Functional assays demonstrated that the strain could produce amylase，protease，cellulase，β‑1，3‑glucanase，indole‑3‑acetic acid（IAA），siderophore，and possessed phosphate‑solubilizing ability，indicating both disease prevention and growth‑promoting potential. Pot experiment results revealed that seed soaking with ZM01 significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of wheat seedlings caused by the pathogen，with root length，shoot height，and fresh mass restored to near control levels.It reduced the disease incidence from 90.31% to 29.85% and the disease index from 2. 59 to 0. 56，with the control efficacy reaching 78. 38%. Whole‑genome sequencing showed that ZM01 harbored a circular chromosome of 4 011 152 bp with a GC content of 46.47%，encoding 4 054 predicted genes.Average nucleotide identity（ANI）analysis identified the strain as Bacillus velezensis.A total of 14 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were predicted in the genome，among which 8 clusters showed high similarity to known antimicrobial substance gene clusters，including fengycin，bacillaene，bacilysin，and macrolactin H.In conclusion，B.velezensis ZM01 demonstrates excellent control efficacy against wheat crown rot and growth‑promoting effects on wheat，and possesses good potential for development as a
biocontrol agent，providing strain resources and a theoretical basis for the green management of wheat crown rot.

Effects of Biogas Slurry Ratio under Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Tomato Growth，Yield，and Quality

Wang Chunxia, Du Yongping, Hou Xiongfei, Jin Mingzhi, Mao Yue, Yang Yun, Zheng Jian

2026, 55(9): 137-147. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.013

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To investigate the effects of biogas slurry ratio under deficit irrigation on tomato growth，yield and quality，this study conducted a greenhouse tomato planting experiment from October 2024 to April 2025. Conventional drip irrigation practices employed by farmers served as the control（CK），while nine deficit irrigation and biogas slurry ratio treatments（T1—T9）were established under indirect subsurface drip irrigation.At different growth stages，tomato of each treatment was applied with different proportions of biogas slurry，specifically，T1（1∶4 for the growth period），T2（1∶4 for seedling stage，1∶6 for flowering and fruiting stage，1∶8 for fruit maturing，the same below），T3（1∶4，1∶8，1∶6），T4（1∶6 for the whole growth period），T5（ 1∶6，1∶4，1∶8），T6（ 1∶6，1∶8，1∶4），T7（1∶8 for the whole growth period），T8（ 1∶8，1∶4，1∶6），T9 （1∶8，1∶6，1∶4）. The physiological，ecological，yield，and quality indicators of tomatoes under different treatments were measured to explore their response patterns，and the TOPSIS method was employed to evaluate and analyze the comprehensive benefits of tomato cultivation. The results indicated that at the end of the growth period，T7 treatment exhibited the highest plant height and stem diameter，measuring 1.83 m and 18.70 mm，respectively；T1 treatment showed the lowest plant height，while T9 treatment exhibited the lowest stem diameter.The T3 treatment achieved the largest leaf area，and T4
treatment demonstrated the most favorable leaf chlorophyll content. Across the seedling stage，flowering‑fruiting stage，and ripening stage，T4，T6，and T1 treatments showed the highest total dry matter accumulation，respectively. T4 treatment yielded the highest tomato production（4.15 kg/plant），followed by T5 treatment（3.61 kg/plant）.T2 and T5 treatments achieved the highest soluble sugar content，while T6 treatment exhibited the highest titratable acidity and lycopene contents. The T4 treatment had the highest soluble solids，vitamin C，and soluble protein contents. The comprehensive benefit evaluation results showed that T4 was the optimal treatment in the experiment.

Establishment of Visual Detection Method for Porcine Parvovirus Using LAMP‑CRISPR/Cas12a without Nucleic Acid Extraction

Li Congcong, Zhang Lele, Xu Qiuliang

2026, 55(9): 148-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.014

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To improve the clinical prevention and control ability of porcine parvovirus（PPV），the conserved NS1 gene of PPV was selected as the target sequence to design specific primers for loop‑mediated isothermal amplification （LAMP） and the corresponding single guide RNA（sgRNA）.A visual on‑site rapid detection system integrating LAMP and CRISPR/Cas12a cleavage reaction was established，and 26 clinical porcine serum samples were used for detection. The results showed that the system did not require nucleic acid extraction and purification，and the pig serum sample could be directly used as an amplification template after boiling pretreatment for 5 min.The sgRNA2 with the best recognition efficiency was obtained by optimizing the reaction conditions.The LAMP amplification parameters were determined to be incubation at 64 °C for 35 min，and the appropriate reaction time for LbCas12a digestion was 10—15 min. The positive fluorescence signal of the system can be visually interpreted by the naked eye under natural light，blue light and ultraviolet light.The specificity verification results showed that the method only produced positive signals for PPV，and the minimum detection limit was 1.183×10^‑2 copies/μL.The detection sensitivity was all 5 orders of magnitude higher
than those of qPCR and PCR‑CRISPR/Cas12a. The test results of 26 clinical pig serum samples confirmed that the results of LAMP‑CRISPR/Cas12a and PCR‑CRISPR/Cas12a were consistent，and a total of 12 positive samples were detected. In summary，the established nucleic acid extraction‑free LAMP‑CRISPR/Cas12a detection system has the characteristics of high sensitivity，high specificity，simple operation，suitability for on‑site detection，and short reaction time，which can provide simple and reliable technical support for rapid clinical screening of PPV in large‑scale pig farms.

Screening of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula against Riemerella anatipestifer and Study on Its Antibacterial Mechanism Based on Network Pharmacology

Qiao Qingmei, Zhang Yao, Cheng Maogao

2026, 55(9): 162-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.015

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To screen the traditional Chinese medicine formula with strong antibacterial effect on Riemerella anatipestifer（RA）and explore its antibacterial mechanism，the Oxford cup method was used to determine the diameter of antibacterial circle of 55 traditional Chinese medicines against RA，and the minimum inhibitory concentration（MIC）and minimum bactericidal concentration（MBC）of highly sensitive and above traditional Chinese medicines were determined. Three traditional Chinese medicines with the best inhibitory and killing effect were selected，and L₉（ 3³）orthogonal test design was carried out with 1×MIC，5×MIC and 10×MIC as three levels.The traditional Chinese medicine formula with the best antibacterial effect was screened out，and the network pharmacology method was used to explore the antibacterial mechanism of the formula. The results showed that among the 55 tested traditional Chinese medicines，four induced extremely sensitive and highly sensitive responses in the RA model，respectively.The best inhibitory effect was from Coptidis Rhizoma，Sappan Lignum and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus.MIC of Coptidis Rhizoma was 15.63 mg/mL，MBC was 31.25 mg/mL.The MIC and MBC of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus and Sappan Lignum were both 31.25 mg/mL and 62.50 mg/mL，respectively.The results of orthogonal test showed that when Rhizoma Coptidis was 78.15 mg/mL，Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus was 312.5 mg/mL and Sappan Lignum was 312.5 mg/mL，the diameter of inhibition zone was 20.05 mm，which had the best antibacterial effect on RA and reached the extremely sensitive level. The results of network pharmacology showed that there were 13，12 and 18 chemical components related to antibacterial effect of Coptidis Rhizoma，Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus and Sappan Lignum，respectively，and the corresponding targets of chemical components of each Chinese medicine were 146，327 and 154，respectively. A total of 1 431 targets related to antibacterial effect were obtained by database retrieval，and there were 22 common intersection targets of three traditional Chinese medicines and antibacterial effect.The key proteins included RAC‑α serine/threonine protein kinase，focal adhesion kinase 1，epidermal growth factor receptor，etc.GO enrichment analysis showed that antibacterial‑related genes of the Coptidis Rhizoma‑Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus‑Sappan Lignum
combination were enriched in three categories：biological process（BP），cellular component（CC）and molecular function（MF）.The BP terms were mainly related to PI3K/AKT signaling pathway regulation，protein autophosphorylation，and positive regulation of cell migration；the MF terms mainly centered on protein kinase activity，kinase activity and protein tyrosine kinase activity. KEGG enrichment analysis identified multiple key pathways including VEGF，Rap1，HIF‑1 signaling pathway and adherens junction pathway.These results indicated that the combination exerted antibacterial，anti‑inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects via synergistic regulation of multiple signaling pathways.In summary，the screened compound formula consisting of Coptidis Rhizoma，Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus and Sappan Lignum exerts potent antibacterial activity against RA.This study preliminarily elucidates the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of the three herbs.The findings are of great significance for reducing antibiotic
consumption and lowering the risk of bacterial drug resistance，and also provide a green alternative strategy for the prevention and treatment of Riemerella anatipestifer.

Identification of Cropland Parcels and Evaluation of Cropland Fragmentation Degree in Hilly Areas Based on Deep Learning

Xu Haolun, Han Shengbin, Zhang Jianyong, Li Yalong, Gao Yi, Cheng Weidong

2026, 55(9): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.016

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To address low efficiency in cropland extraction and fragmentation evaluation in such hilly areas，this study took Shidong Town，Anju District，Suining City，Sichuan Province—a typical hilly region—as the test area，and adopted the U‑Net+SE model using Gaofen‑2 imagery for cropland patch identification and boundary extraction，respectively. Then，the fragmentation evaluation system was created and implemented from the dimension of parcel area，shape and spatial distribution.Results showed that patch identification achieved higher accuracy［overall accuracy（OA）：92.23%；precision：0.80］ than boundary extraction（OA：90.77%；precision：0.77）.Fragmentation assessment presented higher performance using the result of cropland boundary mapping compared with visual interpretation as the reference，which displayed lower difference for the comprehensive index（11.76%），as well as the subindex of area（ 8.51%） and shape（ 13.51%），which was superior to the results derived from cropland patch extraction.

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