Abstract: Biochar exhibits multidimensional effects of soil conditioning，nutrient retention，and quality enhancement in soil improvement.This article systematically reviewed the regulatory laws of raw material types，pyrolysis temperature，heating rate，and residence time on the physicochemical properties of biochar and their impact mechanisms on soil properties.Existing studies had shown that raw materials determined the fundamental properties of biochar，with woody biochar having the highest yield and optimal pore structure，which was beneficial for water and fertilizer retention；livestock manure biochar was rich in nutrients and was a high‑quality slow‑release fertilizer carrier.The pyrolysis temperature was the core driving force for regulating the physicochemical characteristics of biochar.Low temperature pyrolysis was beneficial for retaining acidic functional groups，medium temperature pyrolysis could increase the specific surface area and cation exchange capacity of biochar，and high temperature pyrolysis could enhance the long‑term stability and alkaline neutralization effect of carbon.Meanwhile，slow heating mode and extended residence time could effectively promote the formation of micropores inside biochar.At the level of soil improvement，the compatibility between the preparation process and the physical and chemical properties of soil directly determined the effectiveness of biochar improvement.Among them，biochar prepared by slow heating at medium temperature had the most significant effect on reducing soil bulk density. Compared with manure based biochar，wood and shell biochar had a better effect on increasing the effective water content of sandy soil.Biochar regulated soil biological properties by providing microbial habitat and nutrient supply for soil microorganisms，and its impact on enzyme activity exhibited a feedback mechanism that varied depending on the enzyme. In the future，the focus should be on the construction of big data prediction models for process‑characteristics‑function，analysis of the long‑term evolution of soil‑crop systems and their micro ecological mechanisms，as well as the creation of customized biochar based new products for specific scenarios.

Key words: Biochar, Soil, Preparation process, Improvement effect, Microorganism, Enzyme

摘要： 生物炭在土壤改良中展现出改土、保肥与提质多维效应。本文系统梳理原料类型、热解温度、加热速率和停留时间对生物炭理化特性的调控规律及其对土壤性质的影响机制。现有研究表明，原料决定生物炭的基础属性，木本生物炭产率最高、孔隙结构最优，利于保水保肥；畜禽粪肥生物炭养分丰富，是优质的缓释肥载体。热解温度是调控生物炭理化特征的核心驱动力，低温热解利于保留酸性官能团，中温热解可以增加生物炭的比表面积和阳离子交换量，高温热解可以增强碳的长效稳定性和碱性中和效应；同时，慢速加热模式和延长停留时间，可有效促进生物炭内部微孔形成。在土壤改良层面，制备工艺与土壤本底理化性质的适配性，直接决定生物炭的改良成效。其中，经中温慢速加热制备的生物炭对土壤容重的降低效果最明显；相较于粪肥基生物炭，木质和壳类生物炭对砂质土有效水含量的提升效果更佳。生物炭通过为土壤微生物提供栖息地和营养供给，调控土壤生物学性质，其对酶活性的影响呈现酶特异性的反馈机制。未来应重点聚焦工艺-特性-功能大数据预测模型构建、土壤-作物系统长期演变与微生态机制解析，以及场景化定制化生物炭基新产品的创制。

关键词: 生物炭, 土壤, 制备工艺, 改良效应, 微生物, 酶