Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2025, 54(9): 0.

Asbtract ( )

PDF (39512KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

Analysis of the Current Status and Research Progress on the Resource Utilization of Spent Mushroom Substrate in Edible Fungi Cultivation

ZHANG Chaohui, LIU Yang, ZHANG Guang, WANG Zhenhe, QIU Liyou

2025, 54(9): 1-14. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.001

Asbtract ( )

PDF (5411KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

Edible fungi cultivation is the fifth‑largest planting industry in China and an important pillar for rural revitalization.When the edible fungi industry is developing rapidly，a large amount of spent mushroom substrate（SMS）is generated.A lot of SMS is casually discarded or incinerated，resulting in serious environmental pollution and resource waste.Therefore，the issue of the resource‑based utilization of SMS has received widespread attention.Based on the analysis of the source，physical and chemical properties，and nutritional components of SMS，this paper comprehensively reviews the current situation and research progress of the resource‑based utilization of SMS.This includes SMS being used as energy materials，for the production of bio‑fertilizers，for improving the soil environment，for the extraction of bioactive substances，and for the manufacture of composite materials，etc.It also points out the existing problems in the utilization of SMS.Combining with the development status of the edible fungi industry，this paper looks ahead to the comprehensive utilization of SMS，aiming to increase the utilization rate of SMS and promote the sustainable development of the edible fungi industry.

Research Progress of Porcine Getah Virus

ZHANG Yuyang

2025, 54(9): 15-22. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.002

Asbtract ( )

PDF (1296KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

Getah Virus（GETV） is an emerging insect‑borne pathogen that has caused reproductive disorders in pigs and high mortality in piglets in many countries in recent years，posing a major threat to global animal husbandry and public health. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito bites，which can cause widespread infection in pigs and significantly affect reproductive performance and health.In response to the spread of the epidemic，it is urgent to conduct research on genomic characterization and molecular evolution to guide vaccine design and optimize prevention and control strategies.At the same time，it is necessary to clarify the law of GETV transmission through epidemiological investigation and analyze the pathogenic mechanism in order to provide theoretical support for epidemic prevention and control.In addition，improving the accuracy and timeliness of early diagnosis has become a key link in prevention and control.In view of the critical role of early diagnosis in epidemic prevention and control，based on the latest research results，the pathogenic characteristics，epidemiological characteristics，pathogenic mechanism，diagnostic techniques and prevention and control strategies of GETV were systematically discussed，aiming to provide theoretical support for clinical prevention and control，and provide scientific basis for vaccine development，diagnostic technology innovation and prevention and control policy formulation.

Effects of Exogenous Regulators on Superior and Inferior Grain Filling and Yield of Wheat

ZHANG Suyu, LIU Hongjie, REN Dechao, YANG Mingda, GE Jun, ZHAO Jingling, ZHU Peipei, ZHENG Dongfang

2025, 54(9): 23-33. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.003

Asbtract ( )

PDF (2242KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

In order to investigate the yield‑increasing effect of different exogenous regulators on wheat，the semi‑winter wheat cultivars Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 were used as materials，and different exogenous regulators［distilled water+emulsifier（Tween 80）（CK1，T1），KH2PO4 +emulsifier（Tween 80）（CK2，T2），salicylic acid+ZnSO₄+MnSO₄+chitin+spermidine+6‑BA+emulsifier（Tween 80）（T3），salicylic acid+ZnSO₄+MnSO₄+H₃BO₃+chitin+phthalanilic acid+brassinolide+emulsifier（Tween 80）（T4），salicylic acid+ ZnSO₄+MnSO₄+H₃BO₃+chitin+phthalanilic acid+spermidine+emulsifier（Tween 80）（T5），salicylic acid+ZnSO₄+MnSO₄+H₃BO₃+chitin+brassinolide+6‑BA+emulsifier（Tween 80）（T6）］were sprayed on the leaves at wheat full‑heading stage and mid‑filling stage，and the effects of different exogenous regulators on superior and inferior grain filling and yield of wheat were explored. The results showed that compared with CK1 and CK2，the 1 000‑grain weight of superior and inferior grains of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 obviously improved under T5 and T6 treatments at 37 d after anthesis；the time of reaching the maximum grain filling rate of inferior grains of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 was advanced under T4，T5 and T6 treatments；at 22 d after anthesis，the grain filling rate of superior grains of the two wheat cultivars obviously increased under T4，T5 and T6 treatments.With the advancement of grain filling，the contribution of superior grains to total grain weight per panicle of wheat generally decreased first and then increased.T3—T6 treatments were beneficial to improve the contribution of inferior grains to total grain weight per panicle of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 at 27 d after anthesis compared with CK1，and the contribution of superior grains to total grain weight per panicle of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 at 37 d after anthesis compared with CK1 and CK2. Compared with CK1 and CK2，the activities of ADP‑glucose pyrophosphorylase（AGP） and soluble starch synthase（SSS） in superior grains and SSS and granule‑bound starch synthase（GBSS）in inferior grains of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 of T3—T6 treatments increased at 25 d after anthesis.Compared with CK1 and CK2，T3—T6 treatments were beneficial to improve the grain number per spike，1 000‑grain weight and yield of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207，and the yield increased significantly，T6 treatment was the best，followed by T5 treatment.Under T6 treatment，the yields of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 significantly increased by 14.0% and 9.6% compared with CK1，and 9.7% and 6.1% compared with CK2，respectively. Under T5 treatment，the yields of Zhoumai 36 and Bainong 207 significantly increased by 11.5% and 6.7% compared with CK1，and 7.3% and 3.3% compared with CK2，respectively.In addition，T6 treatment significantly reduced the defective grain number.Overall，application of different exogenous regulators generally can increase the filling rate of both superior and inferior grains，1 000‑grain weight and yield of wheat in different degree，and T6 treatment shows the best effect.

Differences in Physiological and Molecular Responses of Different Saline‑Alkali Tolerant Types of Rice Roots to Saline‑Alkali Stress

GOU Ruili, SHE Yangmengfei, FANG Jingying, TIAN Haotian, MA Guolin, TIAN Lei, LUO Chengke

2025, 54(9): 34-42. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.004

Asbtract ( )

PDF (7686KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

The effects of saline‑alkali mixed stress（saline‑alkali concentration of 100 mmol/L with Na₂SO₄‑NaHCO₃‑NaCl ratio of 1∶2∶1，pH 8.41）on the root growth，physiological characteristics and expression levels of saline‑alkali tolerance related genes of rice seedlings were studied with Ningjing 52 and Chen 2 as materials，and the differences in the response of different types of rice roots to saline‑alkali stress were revealed from the physiological and molecular levels. The results showed that there was no obvious difference in most root morphological indexes，physiological indexes and the expression level of saline‑alkali tolerance related genes between the two types of rice under normal condition.Under saline‑alkali stress，the total root length of Ningjing 52 significantly reduced by 26.40% compared with Chen 2，but the total root surface area and root volume significantly increased by 18.17% and 21.72%，respectively.The root activity，total root absorption area，peroxidase（POD）and catalase（CAT）activities of Ningjing 52 significantly increased by 31.95%，34.49%，16.95% and 41.67%，respectively，compared with Chen 2，while the contents of malondialdehyde（MDA）and hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）significantly reduced by 13.85% and 24.63%，respectively.The expression levels of OsCATC，OsP5CS，OsSOS1 and SKC1 genes in the roots of Ningjing 52 were significantly higher than those of Chen 2 at 1 h under saline‑alkali stress，which were 16.15，1.54，20.34 and 9.73 times that of Chen 2，respectively.The expression levels of OsNIN3 and ALT1 genes were 2.35 and 4.53 times higher than those of Chen 2 at 3 h under saline‑alkali stress，respectively.Correlation analysis showed that the total root length of rice was significantly positively correlated with the total root surface area，and the activities of POD，CAT and free proline content of Ningjing 52 and Chen 2 were significantly positively correlated with the expression levels of OsNIN3 and SKC1 genes.The content of H₂O₂ in the roots of Ningjing 52 was significantly negatively correlated with the expression levels of OsP5CS and OsNIN3 genes，and the total volume，vigor and total absorption area of Chen 2 roots were significantly positively correlated with CAT activity and free proline content，respectively.In conclusion，compared with Chen 2，Ningjing 52 enhances tolerance to saline‑alkali stress by improving root structure，root vigor，antioxidant enzyme activity and expression levels of saline‑alkali tolerance related genes.

Effects of MgCl₂ Stress on Alfalfa Growth and Screening of Salt Tolerance Indexes at Germination and Seedling Stages

WEI Xiaona, ZHANG Chen, QI Leping, SHEN Yingfang

2025, 54(9): 43-52. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.005

Asbtract ( )

PDF (8840KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

Different concentrations（0，40，80，120，160，200 mmol/L）of MgCl₂ solution were set up to study the effects of MgCl₂ stress on the seed germination，seedling growth and physiological indexes of alfalfa.The gray correlation analysis was used to screen the salt tolerance indexes，with the aim of providing a certain theoretical basis for the research on the response mechanism of alfalfa to MgCl₂ stress and the governance of saline‑alkali land. The results showed that with the increase of MgCl₂concentration and treatment time，the inhibition of alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth became more and more severe.When the MgCl₂ concentration was 200 mmol/L，the seeds did not germinate and the salt damage index was 1.0.Among the germination indexes of alfalfa seeds，the fresh weight，germination rate and germination index were more closely related to salt tolerance，with correlation degrees of 0.948，0.927 and 0.927，respectively.Among the seedling growth and physiological indexes，the chlorophyll content，superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity and catalase（CAT） activity were more closely related to salt tolerance，with correlation degrees of 0.941，0.920 and 0.917，respectively. In conclusion，the main salt tolerance indexes of alfalfa are fresh weight，germination rate，germination index and chlorophyll content，SOD activity，CAT activity at germination and seedling stages，respectively.

Functional Analysis of NtWRKY65 Gene in Tobacco under Low Nitrogen Stress

LI Zhaoyang, WANG Ruigang, JIA Zhenyu, ZHANG Yuning, LI Hongchen, XUE Songge, CHEN Haiyang, LI Lihua, ZHANG Xiaoquan

2025, 54(9): 53-60. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.006

Asbtract ( )

PDF (2901KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

In order to investigate the function of tobacco NtWRKY65 gene in response to low nitrogen stress，wild‑type K326（WT）and four transgenic lines with overexpressing NtWRKY65（OE）were used as materials，and the differences in phenotype，root traits，nitrogen metabolism related enzyme activity，nitrogen metabolism and aging related gene expression levels of different materials under low nitrogen stress and normal nitrogen supply conditions were studied by using hydroponic methods.The results showed that compared with WT plants，the main root length and lateral root number of OE plants significantly increased，and the dry matter mass and total nitrogen content significantly increased by 21.83%—45.12% and 94.65%—271.57%，respectively under low nitrogen stress.The growth potential of OE plants was significantly enhanced. Under low nitrogen stress，the activities of key enzymes for nitrogen absorption and assimilation（nitrate reductase，glutamate dehydrogenase），as well as the key enzyme for nitrogen redistribution（glutamine synthetase），and the expression levels of related genes（NtNR，NtGS1‑3，NtGS2，NtGDH1）in OE plants were significantly increased compared to WT plants.The expression levels of mature aging related genes NtMC，NtCP1，NtCP23，and NtCCD in the leaves of OE plants were significantly reduced compared to WT plants under low nitrogen stress.These results preliminarily confirm that overexpression of NtWRKY65 could promote root development in tobacco plants，enhance their ability to absorb，transport，and assimilate nitrogen under low nitrogen stress，inhibit leaf senescence，and positively regulate tobacco tolerance to low nitrogen stress. NtWRKY65 could be used as a candidate gene resource for genetic improvement of tobacco nitrogen use efficiency.

Changes in Physiological Characteristics and Cellular Structures of Tea Plant Leaves during Overwintering at Different Altitudes in Xinyang

ZHANG Lintao, LUO Jinlei, HUANG Shuangjie, CHEN Yi, SUN Mufang, GUO Guiyi

2025, 54(9): 61-71. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.007

Asbtract ( )

PDF (14845KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To clarify the low‑temperature stress response mechanisms of tea plants at different altitudes，we studied the Xinyang group species in the Shihe District of Xinyang City，Henan Province，at altitudes of 100 m and 600 m. We analyzed the photosynthetic characteristics，antioxidant enzyme activities，membrane lipid peroxidation levels，and tissue cell structure changes of tea leaves during the overwintering period. Results showed that during the pre‑winter（T1），mid‑winter（T2），and late‑winter（T3）stages，the net photosynthetic rate of low‑altitude tea plants was 0.6，1.5，and 1.2 times higher than that of high‑altitude tea plants，respectively. Chlorophyll content in low‑altitude plants was 36.91% and 48.19% higher than in high‑altitude plants during T2 and T3.Low‑altitude plants also exhibited more intact chloroplast structures.Throughout the overwintering period，superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity in leaves of tea plants at both altitudes first increased and then decreased，peaking in T2.During T1，T2，and T3，SOD activity in high‑altitude tea leaves was 25.20%，27.05%，and 20.59% higher than in low‑altitude tea leaves，respectively.However，catalase（CAT）activity in high‑altitude tea leaves was 27.27%，29.48%，and 26.64% lower than in low‑altitude leaves. Peroxidase（POD）activity showed a trend similar to that of CAT activity.The malondialdehyde（MDA）content of high‑altitude plants in T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that of low‑altitude plants，increasing by 72.21% and 77.04%，respectively.Structural observations revealed that the mesophyll thickness of high‑altitude tea plants increased significantly in T2 and T3，rising by 10.19% and 10.47% compared to T1.The stomatal opening rate and open area of high‑altitude plants decreased significantly in T2.Compared between the two altitudes，low‑altitude tea leaves had higher cell wall thickness and stomatal density，averaging 36.92% and 22.52% higher than high‑altitude tea leaves，respectively.In conclusion，low‑altitude tea plants adapt to low‑temperature environments by maintaining high photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant capacity，as well as by enhancing cell wall and stomatal structures.In contrast，high‑altitude tea plants optimize water management by increasing mesophyll thickness and adjusting stomatal opening，although this may come at the cost of reduced photosynthetic efficiency.

Identification of the GATA Gene Family in Dendrobium chrysotoxum and its Functional Analysis under Salt Stress

WANG Lin, SHI Yingying, WANG Guang’an

2025, 54(9): 72-83. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.008

Asbtract ( )

PDF (16583KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To screen GATA genes that respond to salt stress in Dendrobium chrysotoxum，GATA gene family in Dendrobium chrysotoxum was identified using bioinformatics analysis.The expression and function of DchGATA genes under salt stress were analyzed by qRT‑PCR and yeast heterologous transformation experiments.The results showed that a total of 20 DchGATA genes were identified from the genome of Dendrobium chrysotoxum，which were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes and could be categorized into four subfamilies（Class Ⅰ，Class Ⅱ，Class Ⅲ，Class Ⅳ）. The physicochemical properties of DchGATA proteins showed that the amino acid residues of DchGATA proteins ranged from 140 to 609，the molecular weight was 15.31—68.23 ku，and the instability index was in the range of 42.01 to 76.67，all of which were hydrophilic and unstable nuclear proteins.The DchGATA genes had different numbers of exons and introns，and members of the same subfamily had similar numbers of exons，and all contained GATA or ZnF‑GATA conserved domains.Moreover，Motif1 and Motif7 were present in the majority of DchGATA family members. Cis‑acting element analysis revealed that a total of 14 types of cis‑acting elements were identified in DchGATA family members，encompassing 368 cis‑regulatory elements associated with light response，hormone regulation response，growth and development，and stress responses.The results of gene expression pattern analysis showed that the DchGATA genes were expressed specifically at different developmental stages，with DchGATA12，DchGATA18，DchGATA16，and DchGATA19 being highly expressed at the uncolored bud stage，while DchGATA1，DchGATA7，and DchGATA12 being highly expressed at the colored full‑fowering stage.Under salt stress，the expression of DchGATA11，DchGATA15，and DchGATA18 increased with stress duration，whereas the expression of DchGATA8 decreased.The yeast transformation experiments further confirmed the important role of DchGATA2、DchGATA18、DchGATA5、DchGATA11、DchGATA15和DchGATA9 in improving salt tolerance.The GATA gene family of Dendrobium chrysotoxum has the function of regulating plant response to saltstress.

Agronomic Traits and Quality Differences of Different Provenances of Corydalis yanhusuo Planted in Henan Province

YAO Huina, LI Junfei, NIU Yingying, FENG Shuang, JIANG Yaling, LI Ke, GAO Weiwei

2025, 54(9): 84-90. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.009

Asbtract ( )

PDF (1283KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

In order to screen out high‑yield，high‑quality，and stable excellent germplasm of Corydalis yanhusuo and promote the sustainable development of the industry，the bulbs of Corydalis yanhusuo from Zhejiang，Anhui，Shaanxi and Henan provinces were planted in the Corydalis yanhusuo planting base in Zhuqu Town，Weishi County，Henan Province.They were continuously planted for two years in the same plot from 2021 to 2023.The agronomic traits such as growth indicators，disease index and yield of Corydalis yanhusuo，as well as the conventional test items in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the content of tetrahydropalmatine were determined.There were no significant differences in plant height and leaf number among the four provenances（P>0.05）.The yield of Zhejiang provenance was significantly higher than that of Anhui and Henan in two consecutive seasons（P<0.05）.The germplasms with lower disease index were Zhejiang and Shaanxi，and the disease index of Shaanxi provenance decreased after continuous planting.The medicinal materials of four Corydalis yanhusuo provenances all met the regulatory standards of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The alcohol soluble extracts and tetrahydropalmatine contents of Zhejiang and Shaanxi germplasm sources were superior to those of Anhui and Henan germplasm sources. In summary，it is believed that the two Corydalis yanhusuo germplasm resources from Zhejiang and Shaanxi are suitable for planting in Weishi area of Henan Province.

Effects of Different Green Manure Varieties and Sowing Times on the Growth，Soil Enzyme Activity，and Microbial Diversity of Chili Pepper in Guizhou

YAO Danjun, LIAO Heng, ZHANG Qin, KUANG Shengjian, LIANG Yanfei, ZHANG Aihua, QIN Song, ZHU Qing

2025, 54(9): 91-102. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.010

Asbtract ( )

PDF (5840KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To investigate the effects of different types of green manure and sowing time on the growth，yield，quality，soil enzyme activity，and microbial diversity of Guizhou chili peppers，the Zhengjiao No.6 chili pepper was used as the material，and 11 treatments were set up，including winter fallow，winter planting of cabbage，and sowing of different green manures（Vicia villosa Rothvar，Vicia sativa L.，Brassica campestris）at different times（late August，mid to late September，mid October）.The growth indicators，nutrient accumulation，yield，quality，soil enzyme activity，microbial diversity，and other indicators of chili peppers were measured.The results showed that the type of green manure and the time of sowing had varying degrees of impact on the yield and nutrient accumulation of green manure. Various green manure planting treatments slowed down the decrease in chlorophyll relative content in the leaves of chili peppers in the later stage of growth，with the most significant effect observed in the sowing treatment of Brassica campestris at the end of August. During the harvesting period of chili peppers（114 days after transplantation），the above ground dry matter mass and nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium accumulation of chili peppers treated with Brassica campestris at the end of August increased by 39.45%，64.46%，45.50%，and 31.95%，respectively，compared to the winter idle treatment.The highest yield of chili pepper was achieved by sowing Vicia sativa L.at the end of August，which increased by 5.56%compared to winter fallow.The sowing treatment of Brassica campestris at the end of August，increased the vitamin C and reducing sugar content of chili peppers by 20.69% and 0.18% respectively compared to the winter idle treatment，while reducing the nitrate content by 10.78%. Planting green manure significantly increased the activities of soil urease，sucrase，and catalase，with soil urease activity increasing by 15.94% to 89.18% compared to cabbage treatment and 10.26% to 79.91% compared to winter fallow treatment.Planting green manure could effectively improve soil microbial diversity，and the Ace，Chao，and Sobs indices of bacterial and fungal communities were most significantly increased by sowing Brassica campestris at the end of August.The correlation analysis between soil enzyme activity，bacterial community diversity，fungal community diversity，and chili growth，yield，and quality indicators showed that green manure affected chili fruit yield and quality by increasing soil microbial community diversity and enzyme activity. In summary，planting green manure in winter and returning it to the field can enhance soil enzyme activity and microbial diversity，promote the growth of Guizhou pepper，improve pepper yield and quality.Among different types of green manure，Brassica campestris has the best effect，and its optimal sowing time is at the end of August.

Remediation Effects of Protaetia brevitarsis Frass on Chromium‑Arsenic Contaminated Soil‑Cherry Radish System

XIA Zhenxiang, MENG Zhongju, WU Xiuhua, YANG Chao, ZHANG Xiujun, LIU Qian, HE Xin, WU Jiatong, ZHANG Yanru

2025, 54(9): 103-111. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.011

Asbtract ( )

PDF (4181KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To systematically evaluate the passivation and remediation efficiency，as well as the improvement of physicochemical properties and plant physiological metabolism of Cr and As contaminated soil in mine tailings ponds by the P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand，a greenhouse pot cultivation method was used. Cherry radish was selected as the test crop，and seven treatment levels were set up［insect feces sand was added at 0%（CK），10%（T1），20%（T2），40%（T3），50%（TN），80%（T4），and 100%（T5）of soil weight］to study its effects on soil physicochemical properties，soil Cr and As content，and soil enzyme activity. At the same time，its effect on photosynthetic indicators，heavy metal content in edible parts，and plant enzyme activity of cherry radish were analyzed.The results showed that with the increase of application rate of P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand，soil pH value，heavy metals Cr and As content showed a decreasing trend，while conductivity，organic matter content，available nitrogen content，available phosphorus content，soil urease activity，invertase activity，and catalase activity significantly increased（P<0. 05）.Cherry radish showed reduced absorption of Cr and As，improved photosynthetic indicators（relative chlorophyll content，leaf nitrogen content），and increased antioxidant enzyme（superoxide dismutase，peroxidase，catalase）activity. The redundancy analysis results showed that soil organic matter content was the core driving factor（with a contribution rate of 83.0%），indicating its central role in soil fertility.In summary，the P.brevitarsis larvae frass sand could enhance the adsorption capacity of soil heavy metals（Cr，As）by regulating soil physical and chemical properties，improving soil fertility and soil enzyme activity，and could effectively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals，alleviating the toxicity to cherry radishes.Among them，adding insect feces sand at 80% of soil weight（T4 treatment）has a better effect on soil remediation and plant safety production.

Effect of the gacS Gene in Pseudomonas chlororaphis on the Biocontrol Efficacy against Wheat Take‑all Disease

WANG Haodong, LU Yifang, YANG Shan, LIU Fengying, WANG Gang

2025, 54(9): 112-118. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.012

Asbtract ( )

PDF (2699KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To investigate the role of the GacS‑encoding gene，a component of the GacS/GacA two‑component system，in the biocontrol of wheat take‑all disease by Pseudomonas chlororaphis zm‑1，a combination of bioinformatics，gene knockout，and gene complementation techniques was used to study the function of the gene gacS.The results showed that the zm‑1 genome contained a gacS gene that was highly homologous to that found in the P.aeruginosa genome.The gacS gene knockout mutant strain ΔgacS exhibited 26.88 percent points reduction in antifungal activity and 52.44 percentage points decrease in biocontrol efficacy against wheat take‑all compared to the wild‑type strain zm‑1，while the complementary strain restored both antifungal activity and biocontrol efficacy.The addition of 1‑hydroxyphenazine，a secondary metabolite of zm‑1 strain，restored the biocontrol efficacy of the ΔgacS mutant strain.However，the addition of 1‑hydroxyphenazine to the wild‑type strain zm‑1 did not result in a synergistic effect.Taken together，these findings indicate that the gacS gene exists in the zm‑1 genome and exerts biocontrol effects against wheat take‑all disease by promoting the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites.

Residues and Dissipation Dynamics of Four Herbicides in Alfalfa

SU Wangcang, NIU Yujia, LONG Yan, YAN Zhaoling, XUE Fei, SUN Lanlan, XU Hongle, WU Renhai

2025, 54(9): 119-126. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.013

Asbtract ( )

PDF (904KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To clarify the residue behavior of imazapic，imazethapyr，carfentrazone‑ethyl，and terbacil in alfalfa（Medicago sativa L.），a quantitative analytical method was established using LC‑MS/MS.Field trials were conducted during the spring and summer of 2023 to characterize the degradation kinetics and final residues of these four herbicides in alfalfa. Results demonstrated that the method achieved limits of detection（LODs）ranging from 0. 01 to 0. 1 mg/kg for imazapic，imazethapyr，carfentrazone‑ethyl，and terbacil in alfalfa. The average recovery rate fell within 83. 8%—113. 2%，with relative standard deviations（RSDs）all below 4.81%.These parameters confirmed the method’s accuracy，precision，and suitability for pesticide residue analysis. The degradation of imazapic，imazethapyr，carfentrazone‑ethyl，and terbacil in alfalfa followed first‑order kinetics，with half‑lives of 1.37—1.62，2.57—2.86，2.09—3.18，and 8.66—9.36 d，respectively. At harvest，residues were detected only in summer trials treated with imazethapyr at 150 g/ha（1.5×recommended high dosage），and terbacil at 432 g/ha（1.5×recommended high dosage）.However，the detected residue levels for both compounds were below the corresponding United States Maximum Residue Limits（US MRLs）.These findings indicate that imazapic，imazethapyr，carfentrazone‑ethyl，and terbacil are readily degradable herbicides in alfalfa.Their application at normal rates is considered safe with respect to the residue levels at harvest.

Genome‑wide Identification and Expression Analysis of TCP Transcription Factor Family in Melon

LI Hailun, GAO Ningning, GUO Yaomiao, SUN Dongling, WANG Yueling, XIE Kuixi, LI Pengfei, DUAN Shixiang, ZHAO Weixing, YANG Sen

2025, 54(9): 127-140. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.014

Asbtract ( )

PDF (15400KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

TCP gene family is a class of transcription factors unique to plants and closely related to different stages of plant growth and development. There are few reports on the TCP gene family in melon.In this study，the members of the TCP gene family in melon were identified through bioinformatics methods，and their physicochemical properties，subcellular localization，phylogenetic evolution，chromosomal location，gene structure，conserved motifs，cis‑elements，miRNAs and gene expression patterns were analyzed.The results revealed that a total of 29 members were identified within the TCP gene family.All these members contained the TCP domain and were unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes.The amino acid numbers of melon TCP transcription factor family proteins ranged from 61 to 600 aa，the molecular weights ranged from 7 115.16 to 65 469.20 u，and the theoretical isoelectric points ranged from 5.62 to 10.06.Subcellular localization prediction analysis revealed that 28 TCP proteins were localized within the nucleus.According to the phylogenetic analysis，the family members could be divided into two subfamilies，Class Ⅰ and Class Ⅱ ，and further subdivided into three subgroups：PCF，CYC/TB1 and CIN.The gene structures of CmTCPs were relatively simple，all members containing 1 or 2 exons，and only a few genes contained introns.All the 29 genes contained motif 1，and the Motifs contained by different subgroups were different.The cis‑element prediction analysis showed that the promoter sequences of the melon TCP gene family were mainly composed of light response，hormone response，growth and development‑related elements.The miRNA prediction analysis obtained 25 miRNAs interacting with 13 CmTCP genes.The analysis of RNA‑Seq data of melon genome database showed that 26 CmTCP genes had both distinct tissue‑specific expression and specific expression in certain tissue parts in melon tissues.The results of qRT‑PCR indicated that the relative expression levels of CmTCP‑CYC/TB1 gene family members in different tissues of melon were significantly different.

Effects of Artemisia argyi Powder on Growth Performance，Nutrient Apparent Digestibility，Antioxidant Function and Fecal Microbial Population in Fattening Pigs

KU Chaofeng, WANG Xianwei, LÜ Lingyan, ZHANG Jiaqing, LIU Yang, SONG Weiyi, ZHANG Junxia

2025, 54(9): 141-148. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.015

Asbtract ( )

PDF (1265KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To investigate the effects of Artemisia argyi powder on production performance，nutrient apparent digestibility，antioxidant function and the number of fecal microorganisms of fattening pigs，48“Changbai×Dabai”binary fattening pigs with body weight of 50.0 kg were randomly divided into 4 groups：the control group was fed with basal diet only；the experimental groups were added with 2%，4% and 6% Artemisia argyi powder，which were recorded as AAP‑1 group，AAP‑2 group and AAP‑3 group，respectively.The feeding experiment was conducted from May to July 2024，and the indexes were measured after the end. The results showed that in terms of groduction performance，the final weight of the AAP‑2 group and the average daily gain of the three experimental groups were significantly improved.The final weight and average daily gain of the AAP‑2 group were 10.26% and 19.10% higher than those of the control group，respectively.At the same time，the feed‑weight ratio of the AAP‑2 group and the diarrhea rate of the three experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the control group，with feed‑weight ratio and diarrhea rate of the AAP‑2 group decreased by 12.03% and 23.83%，respectively.In terms of nutrient apparent digestibility，compared with the control group，the apparent digestibility of calcium，crude protein and crude fat in the three experimental groups was significantly increased.Among them，the AAP‑2 group showed the greatest improvement，with the digestibility of calcium，crude protein，and crude fat increased by 16.82%，10.14%，and 13.48%，respectively，compared to the control group.In terms of antioxidant function，the activities of catalase，glutathione peroxidase，superoxide dismutase，and total antioxidant capacity in the AAP‑2 group were 36.77%，21.13%，20.36%，44.80% higher than those in the control group，respectively.The content of malondialdehyde decreased by 25.70% compared with the control group.In terms of the number of fecal microorganisms，the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the AAP‑2 group increased by 19.61% and 11.85%，respectively，compared with the control group，while the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella decreased by 11.18% and 22.09%，respectively.In summary，the addition of 4% Artemisia argyi powder can improve production performance，increase nutrient apparent digestibility，enhance antioxidant function，and increase the number of beneficial bacteriaand reduce the number of harmful bacteria in feces of fattening pigs.

Monitoring of Direct‑seeded Rice SPAD values Based on UAV Remote Sensing Technology

JIANG Xun, LIU Wei, ZHANG Dahong, YOU Hao, FU Bin, LI Yanli, LU Bilin

2025, 54(9): 149-158. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.016

Asbtract ( )

PDF (11844KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

Accuately obtaining chlorophyll content in direct‑seeded rice is of great significance for innovating unmanned rice direct seedling cultivation management technologies.Field experiments were conducted to identify the optimal monitoring model for the relative chlorophyll content（SPAD value）in leaves of direct‑seeded rice.This study systematically examined the correlations between 13 commonly used multispectral feature indices and SPAD values，followed by a comparative analysis of SPAD estimation results derived from four modeling approaches：Particle swarm optimization‑support vector machine（PSO‑SVM），random forest（RF），radial basis function（RBF）neural network，and least squares support vector machine（LSSVM）.The results showed that the SPAD value of direct‑seeded rice leaves exhibited significant variation with growth progression under different treatments，and the SPAD values at the same growth stage generally followed the trend：N4（N 240 kg/ha）>N3（N 195 kg/ha）>N2（N 150 kg/ha）>N1（N 75 kg/ha）>N0（N 0 kg/ha）.During the three critical growth periods（the tillering，jointing，heading periods）of direct‑seeded rice，the vegetation indices NDVI，RVI，SAVI，CI_green，and GNDVI all showed strong correlations with SPAD values，with the absolute values of correlation coefficients reaching 0.838，0.783，0.838，0.671，and 0.690，respectively. Independent validation using PSO‑SVM，RF，RBF，and LSSVM models yielded determination coefficients（R_cv²）of 0.770，0.771，0.857，and 0.773，respectively.This indicates that the RBF neural network‑based model provides the best predictive performance for monitoring SPAD values in the leaves of direct‑seeded rice.

Quality Analysis of Heated Cigarette Raw Materials in Different Producing Areas Based on Metabonomics

CHEN Zhen, GUAN Qinglin, LIU Huabing, JIANG Jian, LU Xinbo, DONG Shuya, WU Yunjie, WU Jian

2025, 54(9): 159-170. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.017

Asbtract ( )

PDF (2605KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To investigate the relationship between the metabolic products of flue‑cured tobacco leaves from different producing areas and the sensory quality of heated cigarettes，the heated cigarette roasted tobacco samples from eight producing areas in the United States（T1），Zimbabwe（T2），Brazil（T3），Yunnan Province（T4），Sichuan Province（T5），Guizhou Province（T6），Henan Province（T7）and Hunan Province（T8）in China were used as the research objects. The conventional chemical components of tobacco leaves from each producing area were detected，and the characteristics of metabolites were analyzed by metabolomics. The key differential metabolites were screened by least squares discriminant analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis，and their relationship with sensory quality was analyzed.The results showed that there were significant differences in metabolic characteristics of tobacco leaves from different producing areas. Compared with T4，T5 and T8，T1 tobacco leaves showed downregulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and guanine in purine metabolism pathway，and the sensory quality of heated cigarettes was the best. Compared with T4，T5 and T7，5‑hydroxyindole‑3‑acetic acid in tryptophan metabolism pathway was up‑regulated and irritation was the least in T2 tobacco leaves.Compared with T5 and T6，T3 tobacco leaves were up‑regulated in arginine and proline metabolism pathways，such as γ‑aminobutyric acid. The ratio of two sugars was the highest，the ratio of sugar to alkali was the lowest，and the irritation of heated cigarettes was larger. Compared with T6 and T8，L‑aspartic acid was up‑regulated in the alanine，aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway of T4 tobacco leaves，and the sugar‑alkali ratio was the highest.The smoke temperature and aroma scores of heated cigarettes were lower than those of T8. Compared with T6 and T8，2´，4´，6´，3，4‑pentahydroxychalcone and dihydroquercetin were down‑regulated in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of T5 tobacco leaves，and the ratio of potassium to chlorine was high but the harmony was poor. Compared with T1，T2，T4，T5 and T6，many metabolites in β‑alanine metabolism pathway of T7 tobacco leaves were significantly up‑regulated.Compared with T2，T3，T4 and T6，lysine biosynthesis pathway in T7 tobacco leaves was also different.The ratio of potassium to chlorine was low，and the irritation and offensive odor of heated cigarettes were more. Correlation analysis showed that 5‑hydroxyindole‑3‑acetic acid and other compounds were significantly correlated with the sensory quality of heated cigarettes. In summary，T1 tobacco leaves are most suitable for heating cigarettes，followed by T8，and T7 has poor quality.

Effects of Exogenous Selenium Addition on Metal Element Accumulation and Edible Safety of Lentinula edodes

DUAN Ran, GUO Jie, ZHOU Xiaohua, ZHANG Di, MA Ying, WU Xujin, WANG Tieliang

2025, 54(9): 171-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.09.018

Asbtract ( )

PDF (2479KB) ( )

Related Articles | Metrics

To investigate the effects of exogenous selenium on the selenium accumulation characteristics and metal element accumulation in the fruiting bodies of Lentinula edodes，two L.edodes varieties，Xiangyang No.2 and Bihua No.1，were used as experimental subjects. A mass fraction gradient of 0—40 mg/kg of exogenous selenium was applied，and the content of selenium，essential metal elements（zinc，iron，manganese，copper，chromium，and nickel），as well as toxic elements（cadmium，arsenic，lead，and mercury）in the fruiting bodies was determined.Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were employed to elucidate the interactions between these elements. Dietary exposure risks were assessed based on estimated daily intake（EDI）and health risk indices（HRI）.The results showed that there was a significant linear positive correlation between the accumulation of selenium in fruiting bodies and the amount of exogenous selenium addition（R²≥0. 985），and the bio‑concentration factors were all >3.10.When the addition amount was 40 mg/kg，the accumulation of selenium in fruiting bodies reached 147.42 mg/kg（Xiangyang No.2）and 124.22 mg/kg（Bihua No.1），respectively.The basic accumulation level of zinc，iron and manganese in the fruiting body of L. edodes was higher. Exogenous selenium significantly increased the accumulation of copper in the fruiting body of Xiangyang No.2，and significantly reduced the accumulation of manganese in the fruiting body of Bihua No.1.Additionally，the nickel accumulation in Xiangyang No.2 fruiting bodies showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing of selenium addition.When the exogenous selenium addition was ≤2 mg/kg，the accumulation of arsenic and lead in fruiting bodies decreased significantly.When the addition was ≥6 mg/kg，the accumulation of mercury in fruiting bodies decreased with the increase of exogenous selenium addition（decreased by 20.00%—95.00%）.Element interaction analysis showed that selenium was positively correlated with chromium at the 0. 001 level（r=0.78），and negatively correlated with mercury at the 0.001 level（r=-0.73）.Health risk assessment indicated that when the exogenous selenium addition was ≤2 mg/kg，the HRI of selenium in the fruiting bodies was <1，which met the safety threshold.The HRIs of essential metal elements were ≤0.164，and the HRIs of toxic elements were <1.The risk order was arsenic>cadmium>lead≈mercury. In summary，appropriate amount of exogenous selenium（≤2 mg/kg）can not only achieve high‑efficiency selenium biofortification of L.edodes，synergistically regulate the balance of essential metal elements，but also significantly inhibit the accumulation of some toxic elements，thus effectively ensuring the edible safety and nutritional value of selenium‑enriched L.edodes.

Wechat	Official website

Table of Content