Table of Content

Volume 55 Issue 10
2026-10-15
Contents
Special Topic:Monitoring, Early Warning, and Green Control of Tea Plant Diseases and Insect Pests
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment

Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Article List
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CONTENTS

2026, 55(10):  0. 

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Special Topic:Monitoring, Early Warning, and Green Control of Tea Plant Diseases and Insect Pests

Research Progress on Integrated Control of Ectropis grisescens Warren

Liu Di, Jiang Qinjie, Li Huangkaimei, Chen Enhai, Zhong Yong, An Fengxuan, Huang Yuzhou

2026, 55(10):  1-10.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.001

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Ectropis grisescens is a major pest in tea gardens，with wide distribution，rapid reproduction，and severe damage. To promote the green and sustainable development of the tea industry，following the principle of“ prevention first，integrated control”，it has become a trend to establish an integrated pest management（IPM）system centered on ecological regulation. This paper systematically reviews and discusses the latest research advances in four areas of Ectropis grisescens control：agricultural control，chemical control，physical control，and biological control. In terms of agricultural control，it focuses on preventive measures centered on optimizing the tea garden ecosystem and healthy cultivation. In chemical control，it summarizes the screening，application，and resistance management strategies of new，high⁃efficiency，and low⁃risk pesticides. In physical control，it emphasizes the use of Ectropis grisescens’s phototaxis to different wavelengths to develop composite⁃band LED light traps and optimize light intensity and deployment for precise and efficient ecological control. In biological control，it focuses on the optimization and field application of sex pheromone trapping technology，and comprehensively reviews the research and utilization of natural enemy insects，entomopathogenic microorganisms，and botanical pesticides. Based on this，the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technology，integrated application models，and challenges faced. It also looks forward to future research directions such as in⁃depth analysis of resistance mechanisms，development of intelligent monitoring and early warning technologies，and large⁃scale breeding of efficient natural enemies，to provide a systematic theoretical basis and practical reference for the scientific control of Ectropis grisescens and the green
development of China’s tea industry.



Research Progress on the Occurrence and Control of Euproctis pseudoconspersa

Jiang Qinjie, Liu Di, Li Huangkaimei, Chen Enhai, Xu Zhongyu, Sun Qi, Dai Fei, Huang Xiameng

2026, 55(10):  11-21.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.002

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Euproctis pseudoconspersa is an important foliar pest commonly occurring in various tea⁃producing areas in China. This paper systematically reviews the biological characteristics，geographical distribution，and generation occurrence patterns of Euproctis pseudoconspersa，and focuses on the research progress of integrated control techniques for Euproctis pseudoconspersa from four aspects：agricultural control，physical control，biological control，and chemical control. Agricultural control involves creating environmental conditions unfavorable to pest occurrence through measures such as garden clearing，pruning，tillage and soil amendment，and manual removal of leaves with eggs and larvae.Physical control mainly includes light trapping and color board trapping，which are important auxiliary means for green prevention and control in tea gardens. Biological control covers multiple directions such as the protection and utilization of natural enemy insects，the application of pathogenic microorganisms，sex pheromone trapping，and the development of botanical pesticides. Among them，sex pheromones have shown significant effectiveness in pest monitoring and mass trapping. Biological agents such as nuclear polyhedrosis virus，Bacillus thuringiensis，Beauveria bassiana，and matrine have demonstrated good control effects in practical applications. Chemical control，as an emergency supplementary means，should be scientifically applied during the early larval stage，strictly following the rotation of pesticides and safety intervals，and gradually promoting reduction and substitution. Finally，this paper comprehensively analyzes the current problems in the control of Euproctis pseudoconspersa and looks forward to the development direction of integrated control strategies based on ecological regulation，aiming to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the scientific management of Euproctis pseudoconspersa.



Effects of Sublethal Concentration of Indoxacarb on the Development and Reproduction of Scopula subpunctaria

Jia Zhifei, Yang Chunling, Dong Huiru, Guo Shibao, Zhang Fangmei, Qiao Li, Geng Shubao

2026, 55(10):  22-29.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.003

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To elucidate the sublethal effects of indoxacarb on Scopula subpunctaria and their impact on population growth，the laboratory toxicity of 15% indoxacarb suspension concentrate（SC）against the 3rd⁃ and 5th⁃instar larvae was assessed using the leaf⁃dipping method. The sublethal concentrations LC₅，LC₁₅，and LC₂₅ were determined，and the changes in larval development，adult longevity，and reproductive parameters following treatment with these concentrations were observed. The results indicated that indoxacarb was more toxic to 3rd⁃instar larvae than to 5th⁃instar larvae. At 72 h post⁃treatment，the LC₅₀，LC₂₅，and LC₁₅ for 5th⁃instar larvae were 2 704.21，167.26，and 37.57 mg/L，corresponding to 6.71，2.72，and 1. 68 times those for 3rd⁃instar larvae，respectively，whereas the LC₅ for 5th⁃instar larvae was only 74.39% of that for 3rd⁃instar larvae. The 5th⁃instar⁃to⁃pupation period was significantly prolonged by 2.9 d at LC₂₅，whereas sublethal concentrations did not significantly affect pupal duration. Sublethal treatments shortened the adult longevity of both females and males to varying degrees，with the most significant reduction（16.53 d）observed in female adults derived from 5th⁃instar larvae treated with LC₂₅. Only the LC₁₅ treatment of 5th⁃instar larvae significantly extended the pre⁃oviposition period by approximately 2.87 days. All three sublethal concentrations significantly shortened the oviposition period by 5.07—13.07 days across both instar treatments，and in the 5th⁃instar larval treatments，the post⁃oviposition period was significantly reduced by 2.73—4.33 days. All sublethal treatments significantly reduced the fecundity per female. Compared with the control，the fecundity per female under LC₂₅ treatment decreased by 91.31% in the 3rd⁃instar group and 95.73% in the 5th⁃instar group. In summary，sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb can effectively suppress the population growth potential of S.subpunctaria by inhibiting adult longevity and reproductive capacity.Thus，indoxacarb is a suitable agent for green control in tea plantations，and should be applied rationally during the early larval stages with due attention to resistance management.



Effect of Temperature on Fecundity and Longevity of Ectropis grisescens Adults

Geng Shubao, Yang Chunling, Hou Heli, Jung Chuleui, Liu Xiaoguang, Qiao Li, Zhang Fangmei

2026, 55(10):  30-37.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.004

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To clarify the changes in adult longevity and fecundity of Ectropis grisescens under different temperature conditions and elucidate the temperature⁃response mechanism of its reproductive traits，experiments were conducted in artificial climate chambers. Six temperature treatments（16，19，22，25，28 and 31℃）were set with relative humidity of 75% and a photoperiod of 14L∶10D. Parameters including pre⁃oviposition period，oviposition period，post⁃oviposition period，total fecundity per female，daily fecundity per female，and longevity of female and male adults were measured. The results showed that temperature exerted significant effects on female fecundity. The maximum total fecundity per female（512.50 eggs） was observed at 25 ℃，whereas the minimum value（243.22 eggs）occurred at 31℃. The highest average daily fecundity per female reached 62.81 eggs at 28 ℃，and the lowest was 20.41 eggs at
16 ℃. The curves of daily fecundity per female at different adult ages presented a bimodal distribution within 16—28 ℃，while only one oviposition peak was detected at 31 ℃. Significant differences were found in pre⁃oviposition，oviposition and post⁃oviposition periods across temperatures. The pre⁃oviposition period and oviposition period decreased from 3.42 d and 8. 46 d at 16 ℃ to 0.48 d and 3. 61 d at 31 ℃，respectively. The post⁃oviposition period was the longest（3.42 d） at 16 ℃ and the shortest（0.77 d） at 28 ℃. Longevity of both female and male adults decreased significantly with rising temperature from 16 ℃ to 31 ℃，decreased from 15.31 d and 12.15 d at 16 ℃ to 5.52 d and 3.83 d at 31 ℃. At each given temperature，female adults lived significantly longer than males. Survival analysis indicated that female and male adults at 16 ℃ had the longest median survival time with slow population decline. By contrast，the survival curve dropped sharply at 31 ℃，and female survival rate was consistently higher
than that of males. In conclusion，adult longevity of E.grisescens shortened as temperature increased. The
optimal reproductive temperature for female adults was 25—28 ℃. High temperature（31 ℃）restricted population growth by shortening the oviposition period，reducing fecundity and curbing adult longevity.These findings provide a theoretical basis for constructing oviposition models，forecasting population occurrence in Xinyang tea plantations，and developing green control technologies for E.grisescens.



Ultrastructural Observations of Antennal Sensilla of Euproctis pseudoconspersa（ Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae）

Cao Shuai, Yang Chunling, He Shijie, Qiao Li, Zhou Guotao, Guo Shibao, Zhang Fangmei, Geng Shubao

2026, 55(10):  38-47.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.005

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To elucidate the types，morphological characteristics，distribution patterns，and sexual dimorphism of antennal sensilla in Euproctis pseudoconspersa，the ultrastructure of the antennae was systematically examined via scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Concurrently，the sensillar types，morphologies，lengths，and basal diameters were meticulously measured and characterized. The results indicated that the antennae of both male and female adults of E.pseudoconspersa were bipectinate，with each antenna composed of three parts：the scape，pedicel，and flagellum. Female adults possessed 22 pairs of pectinations on the antennae，which outnumbered those of males（19 pairs）；however，the length of the pectinations in females（0.362 mm） was significantly shorter than that in males （0.468 mm）. A total of nine types of sensilla were observed on the antennae of both male and female adults，including
Böhm’s bristles（two subtypes），sensilla squamiformia，sensilla auricillica，sensilla coeloconica，sensilla basiconica，sensilla styloconica，sensilla trichodea（two subtypes），sensilla mammilliformia（two subtypes），and sensilla chaetica（two subtypes）. Among these，sensilla trichodea were the most abundant and widely distributed，and the number of sensilla trichodea subtype Ⅰ on male antennae（2 515.79 per antenna） was significantly greater than that on female antennae（1 825.89 per antenna）. The numbers of sensilla chaetica subtypes Ⅰ and Ⅱ in female adults were greater than those in male adults. The antennal sensilla of male and female adults of E.pseudoconspersa exhibited significant sexual dimorphism. These findings provide a morphological basis for an in⁃depth understanding of the chemical communication mechanisms of this species and for the development of green control technologies based
on behavioral regulation.



Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Pedigree Analysis of Wheat Backbone Parent Yumai 2

Yue Zhenguo, Yue Yunxia , Zhao Weiqiang

2026, 55(10):  48-58.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.006

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Yumai 2（Baofeng 7228）is a representative variety in the Huanghuai wheat region，possessing excellent characteristics，including high yield，stress resistance，wide adaptability，and outstanding combining ability. It has played a significant role in production，and has been a key backbone parent for decades. This study systematically compiled the pedigree information of Yumai 2 and its 887 derivative varieties（lines and intermediate materials）. By constructing pedigree network，the genetic transmission pathway from Yumai 2 to the third⁃generation varieties was revealed，the distribution characteristics of derivative varieties（lines and intermediate materials）across different generations，approval periods，and geographical regions were analyzed，and its genetic contribution was quantitatively assessed using the coefficient of coancestry method，aiming to provide scientific support for the high⁃quality and sustainable development of wheat breeding in the Huanghuai wheat region. The results showed that the derivative family of Yumai 2 exhibited a typical‘ pyramid’ expansion structure，with 36 first⁃generation（directly
derived） varieties（lines and intermediate materials），137 second⁃generation varieties，and 714 third⁃generation（deeply derived）varieties，accounting for 80.5% of the total derivative varieties（lines and intermediate materials）. In terms of temporal distribution，the number of approved（bred）varieties （lines and intermediate materials） increased rapidly from 24 during 1982—2000 to 482 during 2021—2025，with the number approved in the most recent five years alone exceeding the total of the previous 20 years. Zhoumai 16，Aikang 58，Zhoumai 18，and Zhengmai 366 were identified as the second⁃generation super parents，collectively supporting 84. 5% of the third⁃generation varieties. The average genetic contribution rate of Yumai 2 to the second⁃generation varieties reached 26.4%，higher than the theoretical expectation（25.0%） under Mendelian segregation，demonstrating excellent combining ability.The derivative varieties（lines and intermediate materials） were highly concentrated in Henan Province（60.9%），Anhui Province（13.5%），Shaanxi Province（8.3%），and Shandong Province （5.2%），basically covering the core production areas in the Huanghuai wheat region. Among the leading wheat varieties recommended in Henan Province from 2023 to 2025，76.3% contained the pedigree of Yumai 2，indicating that its pedigree still occupied a core position among current mainstream varieties.



Effect of Sprouting Degree on Wheat Quality and Steamed Bread Processing Applicability

Fu Liang, Cao Yingni, Xin Yujie, Zhao Guanghua, Hu Weiguo, Li Yang, Liu Dongmei, Wang Yun, Wang Hongqi, Wang Junyan, Pei Jinhua, Feng Dan, Yin Haiyan, Zheng Jia, Cao Cheng, Liu Jihong

2026, 55(10):  59-70.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.007

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To clarify the effect of pre⁃harvest sprouting on wheat quality and steamed bread processing quality under natural field condition，wheat materials in years suffering severe pre⁃harvest sprouting were used as experimental materials. The samples were classified into four groups based on grain falling number：grain falling number≤100 s （severe sprouting），100—200 s （mild sprouting），200—250 s，and ≥250 s. Variation trends of wheat quality indicators as well as quality types of wheat with different sprouting degrees were analyzed. Meanwhile，based on the flour falling number requirements for different types of flour processing，the materials were classified into four groups with different sprouting degrees：flour falling number<200 s，200—250 s，250—350 s，and ≥350 s. The steamed⁃bread quality of wheat with different sprouting degrees，correlations between steamed⁃bread quality and wheat quality indicators，and threshold values of flour pasting parameters for different flour processing types were investigated. The
results showed that most wheat quality indicators exhibited high coefficients of variation in the year suffering severe pre⁃harvest sprouting. The volume weight，hardness index，protein content，wet gluten content，water absorption and extensibility were the lowest when the grain falling number was<100 s，while stable when the falling number was≥100 s. Dough energy，development time，stability time，resistance and maximum resistance decreased with the increase of sprouting degree，while degree of softening increased.The peak viscosity，trough viscosity，final viscosity，breakdown and setback of flour declined distinctly with the increase of sprouting degree，peak time decreased gradually，while pasting temperature increased slightly.The grain falling number was extremely significantly positively correlated with volumn weight，development time，stability time，energy，resistance，maximum resistance，peak viscosity，trough viscosity，breakdown，final viscosity，setback and peak time，and significantly negatively correlated with pasting temperature. Compared with wheat materials with stability time>10 min and of 7—
10 min，wheat materials with stability time<7 min and <3 min were more susceptible to pre⁃harvest sprouting. The steamed bread taste evaluation results revealed that as sprouting degree increased，all quality scores decreased. Steamed bread made from wheat with flour falling number<200 s exhibited the lowest aspect ratio，elasticity，surface color，surface structure，internal structure，toughness，stickiness，and taste scores，along with the lowest total score. In contrast，the steamed bread made from wheat with flour falling number≥350 s achieved the highest total score，and the scores for wheat with flour falling number between 250 s and 350 s were close to those for wheat with flour falling numbers≥350 s.The score of steamed bread was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the flour falling number，wet gluten content，development time，peak viscosity，trough viscosity，final viscosity，setback and peak time.The average values and ranges of flour pasting indicators for wheat with different
flour falling numbers showed that the trough viscosity，final viscosity，and setback exhibited stepwise changes with different flour falling number ranges.Therefore，these three indicators could also serve as characteristic parameters for estimating wheat sprouting degree in flour processing. Specifically，when the trough viscosity ≤165 cP，final viscosity ≤438 cP，and setback ≤273 cP，the flour was unsuitable for bread，steamed bread and noodle production.

Agricultural Resources and Environment

Development of a Compound Microbial Agent for Degrading Polygonum cuspidatum Residue and Its Effect on Compost Maturity

Li Zhengheng, Xu Yang, Han Man, Gong Dingkang, Li Min, Cai Yu, Chen Yunzhong

2026, 55(10):  71-86.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.008

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To screen for efficient degrading functional microorganisms and construct a compound microbial agent suitable for the resource utilization of Polygonum cuspidatum residues，so as to solve the problems including difficult degradation of Polygonum cuspidatum residues in the natural environment and the resulting environmental pollution and resource waste，compost pile，soil from Polygonum cuspidatum planting fields，decomposed straw，decomposed Polygonum cuspidatum，and the laboratory strain collection were used as the sources for strain screening. Functional microorganisms with high cellulase and protease production were directionally screened by clear⁃zone tests，filter⁃paper
disintegration tests，and residue degradation tests，and the enzyme activities of the strains were determined. The strains were identified by molecular biology techniques，and antagonism tests were conducted to evaluate the compatibility among the strains. Solid microbial agents were prepared from the selected strains by solid⁃state fermentation. The formulation of the microbial agent was optimized by the U₆*（66）uniform design method，and the maturation effect was evaluated based on composting trials，with the maximum composting temperature，duration of the thermophilic phase，seed germination index，and T value（final C/N ratio divided by initial C/N ratio） used as the evaluation indicators to determine the optimal formulation of the compound microbial agent. The strain screening results showed that three fungal strains（X1，X2，and TR） with high cellulase production，capable of efficiently degrading Polygonum cuspidatum residues and ten bacterial strains （D9，D11，D12，F5.1，F5.2，F5.3，F7.3，JD7.1，Z7.1，and BS）with high protease production were obtained. Among them，Trichoderma reesei TR and Bacillus subtilis BS were previously obtained and preserved in the laboratory strain collection.Molecular identification showed that X1 was Aspergillus niger，X2 was Trichoderma longibrachiatum，D9，F7.3，and JD7.1 were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens，D11 was Bacillus velezensis，F5.1，D12，and Z7.1 were Bacillus subtilis，and F5.2 and F5.3 were Priestia megaterium. Based on the enzyme activities and identification results，six superior strains （X1，X2，TR，D9，D11，and F5. 1） with strong functional complementarity and high enzyme activities were selected. The antagonism test results showed no obvious antagonism among the six strains，which could coexist well and meet the compatibility requirements of the compound microbial agent. The composting results showed that the optimal formulation of the compound microbial agent was TR∶X1∶X2∶D9∶D11∶F5. 1=5∶3∶1∶6∶4∶2. This formulation was superior to the other treatment groups in effectively increasing the peak composting temperature，prolonging the thermophilic phase，improving the seed germination index，promoting organic matter degradation，and decreasing the T value of the compost. The organic matter content，total nutrient content，moisture content，pH value，and seed germination index of the mature compost were 41.38%，6.95%，29.95%，8.12，and 93.35%，respectively. In conclusion，multiple efficient degrading strains for Polygonum cuspidatum residues were successfully screened，and a compound microbial agent with good compatibility and excellent degradation performance was constructed，with the optimal formulation of TR∶X1∶X2∶D9∶D11∶F5. 1=5∶3∶1∶6∶4∶2.


Effects of Combined Application of Slow⁃Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Soil Conditioner on Nitrogen Accumulation，Translocation，and Utilization of Wheat

Zhang Minghui, Shi Manli, Wang Zhen

2026, 55(10):  87-100.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.009

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To improve the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in wheat production，a two⁃factor split⁃plot field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 using the ¹⁵N isotope tracing technique. The main factor was nitrogen fertilizer type，including conventional nitrogen fertilizer（X） and slow⁃release nitrogen fertilizer（Y）. The sub⁃factor was soil conditioner type，including no conditioner（A），biochar（B），zeolite（C），and vermiculite （D）. The effects of different nitrogen fertilizers and soil conditioners on wheat yield，nitrogen accumulation and translocation，and nitrogen utilization were analyzed. The results showed that the YB treatment exhibited significantly better performance in yield increase and improvement of nitrogen accumulation，translocation and utilization than all other treatments. Compared with the XA treatment，the wheat yield of YB was increased by 31.29%；the nitrogen accumulation amounts in stem and sheath，rachis and glume，leaves，and grains were increased by 54.54%，52.23%，42.51%，and 19.43%，respectively. This treatment optimized the source proportion of fertilizer nitrogen and soil nitrogen，resulting in a 38. 42% increase in total plant nitrogen accumulation. The uptake of fertilizer nitrogen was
increased by 44.66%，while the residual amount and loss amount of fertilizer nitrogen were decreased by 4.95% and 56.61%，respectively. The nitrogen transport capacity，transport efficiency，transport contribution rate were increased by 26.63%，15.79%，and 19.16%，respectively. The nitrogen use efficiency，nitrogen uptake efficiency，and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer were increased by 27.12%，36.84%，and 26.78%，respectively.Correlation analysis indicated that each index had varying degrees of influence on wheat yield，total nitrogen accumulation，and nitrogen use efficiency.Principal component analysis verified that the combined application of slow⁃release nitrogen fertilizer and biochar was the optimal treatment. In conclusion，the combined application of slow⁃release nitrogen fertilizer and biochar could significantly promote nitrogen uptake，accumulation，translocation and distribution in wheat plants，reduce fertilizer nitrogen loss，and synergistically improve nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and wheat yield. It is the optimal fertilization and soil improvement scheme to balance grain yield increase and efficient nitrogen fertilizer utilization under the experimental conditions.



Agricultural Resources and Environment

Effects of Biochar on Process Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Aerobic Composting of Chicken Manure and Rubberwood Sawdust

Ma Yewen, Lin Qinghuo, Yang Hongzhu, Cheng Caiwang, Liu Hailin, Li Jianhong, Zhang Dekuo, Li Mingrui, Huang Yanyan

2026, 55(10):  101-113.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.010

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To address severe environmental pollution and carbon⁃nitrogen loss caused by emissions of ammonia（NH_₃） and greenhouse gases including nitrous oxide（N_₂O），carbon dioxide（CO_₂） and methane（CH₄） during livestock manure composting，chicken manure and rubberwood sawdust were used as primary raw materials in this study. Three treatments were established：no biochar addition（CK），10% raw biochar addition（T1），and 10% H_₃PO_₄⁃modified biochar addition（T2）. A 35⁃day aerobic composting experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different treatments on the composting process of chicken manure mixed with rubberwood sawdust，gas mitigation performance，and the corresponding microbial communities. The results showed that compared with the CK treatment，T1 and T2 raised the peak temperature of compost piles and prolonged the thermophilic phase by 4—6 days. At the end of composting （35 days after composting），the T2 treatment significantly reduced compost pH value and extremely significantly decreased electrical conductivity（EC） relative to CK. The seed germination index（GI） of all treatments met the maturity criterion（GI≥70%）. The contents of humic substances（HS）and humic acid（HA） increased markedly under T1 and T2 treatments. The increase rates of HS reached 150.58% and 174.43%，while those of HA were 80. 24% and 83. 98%，respectively，with T2 exhibiting the optimal promotion effect. In terms of gas emission reduction，compared with CK，T1 and T2 reduced NH₃ emissions by 18.17% and 47.41%，N₂O emissions by 12.22% and 17.93%，CO₂ emissions by 4.89% and 71.74%，and CH₄ emissions by 4.89% and 15.58%，respectively. The T2 treatment possessed superior comprehensive emission reduction capacity. Obvious shifts were observed in the relative abundance of microbial communities at both phylum and genus levels throughout composting.Bacillus，Corynebacterium，Actinomadura and Thermobacillus were the dominant genera in compost.Among them，Bacillus and Thermobacillus were significantly positively correlated with NH_₃ emission rate，whereas Actinomadura was significantly positively correlated with the emission rates of N_₂O and CH_₄. In conclusion，H3PO4⁃modified biochar（T2 treatment） effectively optimizes the temperature rise characteristics of compost，extends the thermophilic maturity stage，and mitigates NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions，making it the best composting treatment in this experiment.


Horticulture

Screening of Cracking⁃Resistant Watermelon Cultivars（ Lines）Based on the KASP Molecular Marker and Fruit Traits

Gao Ningning, Li Xiaohui, Kang Liyun, Chang Gaozheng, Li Hailun, Wang Huiying, Wang Yan, Zhao Yong, Cheng Jingjing, Zhao Weixing

2026, 55(10):  114-123.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.011

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The cracking resistance of watermelon germplasm resources was identified and evaluated，to provide support for enriching elite cracking⁃resistant breeding materials of watermelon.92 watermelon germplasm accessions were used as test materials，to conduct genotypic analysis by KASP molecular marker linked to cracking⁃resistant traits. And a correlation analysis was further carried out in combination with fruit traits including pericarp hardness，pericarp thickness，fruit shape index，single fruit weight，central soluble solids content and pericarp color. The results showed that 42 watermelon germplasm accessions with cracking⁃resistant genotypes were identified via KASP genotyping. The
genotype was significantly correlated with pericarp hardness，and the pericarp hardness of the cracking⁃resistant genotype（GG） was higher than that of the cracking⁃susceptible genotype（AA）.Through the combined identification of cluster analysis based on pericarp hardness and genotyping，17 germplasm accessions of small⁃fruited watermelon with medium to high pericarp hardness and cracking resistance were screened out，including HY⁃20，HY⁃25 and Siweite No. 2. 25 germplasm accessions of large⁃fruited watermelon with medium to high pericarp hardness and cracking resistance were identified，including A3，W10 and Yubao No. 1. Pericarp hardness and the KASP molecular marker for cracking resistance can be applied to the screening of cracking⁃resistant watermelon germplasm and marker⁃assisted breeding. And the screened cracking⁃resistant germplasm resources can serve as elite parental materials for the breeding of new cracking⁃resistant watermelon varieties.



Screening of Salt⁃Tolerant Chinese Cabbage Materials and Expression Analysis of the BrSOS Gene Family

Zhang Wenjing, Lu Cuiling, Wei Xiaochun, Zhao Yanyan, Su He’nan, Yang Shuangjuan, Wang Zhiyong, Wu Wenjing, Zhang Xiaowei, Yuan Yuxiang

2026, 55(10):  124-132.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.012

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Double haploid（DH） inbred lines of Chinese cabbage with excellent field comprehensive traits were used as experimental materials. Seed germination tests were conducted using four NaCl concentration gradients（0，170，220，300 mmol/L）via the petri dish germination method，and salt⁃tolerant germplasm at the germination stage was screened by calculating germination potential and germination rate. Furthermore，the salt⁃tolerant and salt⁃sensitive materials obtained from the germination⁃stage screening were further subjected to salt stress treatment at the seedling stage with NaCl concentration gradients of 0，25，50，100，and 150 mmol/L. Growth indicators such as root length and fresh weight were measured to analyze their salt tolerance at the seedling stage. On this basis，using the salt⁃tolerant material HN315 and the salt⁃sensitive material HN44 as core research objects，BrSOS family genes were identified based on the Chinese cabbage whole⁃genome database，and the expression patterns of each gene were analyzed after 36 h of treatment with different NaCl concentrations. The results showed that among 18 Chinese cabbage DH materials，4 salt⁃sensitive materials，4 salt⁃tolerant materials，and 10 intermediate materials were identified. Low⁃concentration NaCl stress could promote the growth of Chinese cabbage to a certain extent，and materials that were salt⁃sensitive at the germination stage still exhibited salt sensitivity at the seedling stage. Gene expression analysis showed that after salt stress treatment，BraA04g013320.3.5C was downregulated in the salt⁃sensitive material HN44，while under high⁃salt conditions，BraA06g032880.3.5C and BraA09g006370.3.5C were significantly upregulated.In the salt⁃tolerant material HN315，BraA04g013320.3.5C and BraA02g044060.3.5C were downregulated，whereas the expression levels of BraA06g032880.3.5C and BraA09g006370.3.5C increased continuously with rising NaCl concentrations.In conclusion，this study completed the evaluation of salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage germplasm through screening at the seed germination and seedling stages，found that BrSOS family genes showed significant expression differences between salt⁃tolerant and salt⁃sensitive Chinese cabbage materials，and clarified that this gene family was a key gene family involved in salt stress response and salt tolerance regulation in Chinese cabbage.



Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Dynamic Differences and Variation Patterns of Reproductive Hormones in Saliva and Plasma of Xinjiang Brown Cattle during Early Pregnancy

Wang Wenjing, Wang Sihan, Xu Kexin, Fan Mingrui, Yang Cunming, Yan Xiangmin, Ma Zhen, Chen Lei

2026, 55(10):  133-141.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.013

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In order to explore the changes and differences of reproductive hormones in saliva and plasma of Xinjiang brown cattle in early pregnancy stage from day 0 to day 18，and to provide theoretical basis for the development of non⁃invasive pregnancy diagnosis technology and the analysis of physiological mechanism of early pregnancy maintenance，33 natural estrus Xinjiang brown cattle were selected in the experiment. Saliva and plasma samples were collected simultaneously on days 0，7，14 and 18 after mating. On the 35th day of mating，11 pregnant cattle and 11 non⁃pregnant cattle were screened by B⁃ultrasound. Enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） was used to detect the concentrations of progesterone（P₄），luteinizing hormone（LH），follicle⁃stimulating hormone（FSH） and estrogen（E₂）. The results showed that the LH mass concentration on the 14th day and the FSH concentration on the 18th day in the plasma samples of the pregnant group were significantly lower than those in the non⁃pregnant group，and the FSH concentration on the 18th day in the saliva samples of the pregnant group was significantly higher than that in the non⁃pregnant group. The comparison of hormone concentrations in blood and saliva at the same time point showed that the concentration of E₂ was significantly different between the two types of samples on days 7，14，18，and the concentration difference between body fluids on the 14th day of FSH was extremely significant. There was no significant difference in LH and P₄ concentration. The dynamic time series analysis showed that the change trend of LH mass concentration of the two types of samples was consistent and the concentration difference between the 14th day and 18th day groups was significant. The concentrations of P₄ in plasma and saliva were significantly different between day 0 and day 14，and the concentration of P₄ in plasma was significantly different between day 7 and day 14. After 7 d of pregnancy，the change trend of P4 in blood and saliva tended to be synchronized.In summary，for Xinjiang brown cattle during early pregnancy，saliva can reflect dynamic changes in reproductive hormones and detect differences in pregnancy⁃specific hormones，suggesting that saliva can serve as a non⁃invasive alternative to blood for early pregnancy monitoring.



Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Non⁃destructive Monitoring of Tobacco Quality Components Based on UAV Remote Sensing Features and Machine Learning Algorithm

Hong Weimin, Hu Bin, Zhao Shude, Ma Wanyue, Jie Wenguang, Ye Changyi, Zhang Xin, Li Qing, Jiang Jie

2026, 55(10):  142-153.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.014

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To achieve rapid and non⁃destructive monitoring of chemical quality indicators in tobacco，this study was conducted at the Tangyin Tobacco Station in Fuzhou City，Jiangxi Province，using two tobacco varieties，Yunyan 87 and ZY157，under five nitrogen application levels（0，105.0，127.5，157.5，and 180. 0 kg/ha）. During key growth stages，multispectral and RGB images along with three⁃dimensional point cloud data were acquired using DJI Phantom 4 and Mavic 3T drones. Spectral vegetation indices，color indices，texture features，and three⁃dimensional structural features were extracted from the data.Estimation models for key chemical components such as nicotine，nitrogen，and potassium were constructed using random forest（RF），least absolute shrinkage and selection operator（LASSO），and partial least square regression（PLSR）algorithms. The results indicated that all feature types exhibited strong responsiveness to tobacco quality，with the red⁃edge optimized soil⁃adjusted vegetation index（REOSAVI） showing the higher correlation with nicotine，nitrogen，and potassium contents（|r| ranged from 0.68 to 0.86）. Compared to single⁃feature modeling，multi⁃source feature fusion modeling significantly improved prediction accuracy. For nitrogen content monitoring，the texture feature combination performed best（R²=0. 89），while for nicotine and potassium content prediction，the fusion of all four feature types achieved optimal results，with R² values of 0.88—0.89 and RMSE values of 0.22%—0.31%. Algorithm comparison revealed that RF and LASSO outperformed PLSR in both fitting
and predictive capabilities，with LASSO demonstrating the best performance in multi⁃feature fusion modeling. Spatial distribution maps of quality parameters generated based on the optimal model clearly reflected the spatial variability of tobacco quality under different nitrogen application levels. In conclusion，integrating multi⁃source UAV remote sensing features with machine learning algorithms effectively enhances the estimation accuracy of tobacco chemical quality indicators，providing technical support for tobacco quality monitoring，precision fertilization，and intelligent field management.



Optimization of Ultrasound⁃Assisted Enzymatic Extraction Process and Nutritional Quality Evaluation of Selenium⁃enriched Lentinula edodes Selenium Proteins

Guo Jie, Xue Nana, Zhou Xiaohua, Zhang Di, Wang Tieliang, Wei Liangliang, Sang Jiaqi, Qian Jingjing, Cao Xiu, Ren Lingling, Liu Bingjie, Shang Lijun, Duan Ra, Wu Xujin

2026, 55(10):  154-165.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.015

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To optimize the ultrasound⁃assisted enzymatic extraction process of selenium proteins from selenium⁃enriched Lentinula edodes and systematically evaluate their nutritional quality and antioxidant activity，single⁃factor experiments were carried out using protein extraction rate and total selenium extraction rate as response indicators to determine the parameter range. The Box⁃Behnken response surface methodology was then adopted to establish a regression model for extraction process optimization.Subsequently，the optimized process was applied to four groups of Lentinula edodes raw materials with different total selenium contents（S0：0.3±0. 0 mg/kg；S1：9.8±0.4 mg/kg；S2：20.0±0.9 mg/kg；S3：99. 6±1. 1 mg/kg）. The selenium speciation，amino acid compositions and in vitro antioxidant capacity of selenium protein extracts obtained from different raw materials were compared and analyzed.The results of process optimization showed that the optimal conditions were as follows：alkaline cellulase addition amount of 0.6%（mass ratio），solid⁃liquid ratio of 1∶25（g/mL），pH value of 9.0，enzymolysis temperature of 48 ℃，ultrasonic power of 300 W，and ultrasonic time of 54 min. Under these conditions，the protein extraction rate predicted by the model could reach 50. 02%. Selenium speciation analysis indicated that selenoamino acids accounted for up to 86.6% of the total selenium in the selenium protein extract of S3，with selenocysteine as the predominant existing form. Amino acid nutritional evaluation revealed that the S3 selenium protein extract exhibited superior values in the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids（40.32%），methionine ratio coefficient（0.47） and amino acid ratio coefficient
score（75.28） compared to those of S0. In vitro antioxidant tests verified that the selenium protein extract of S3 exhibited strong scavenging capacities against 1，1⁃diphenyl⁃2⁃picrylhydrazyl（DPPH）radicals and hydroxyl radicals，accompanied by favorable ferric⁃reducing power. In conclusion，selenium proteins from high⁃selenium Lentinula edodes prepared by ultrasound⁃assisted enzymatic extraction possess a proportionally balanced amino acid composition，a high proportion of selenoamino acids and excellent antioxidant activity，and have the potential to serve as a novel fungal⁃derived organic selenium nutritional supplement.


Effect of Glycerol Application on the Pyrolysis and Aroma Release Characteristics of Oriental Tobacco Particles

Zhang Junsong, Zheng Siying, Xie Jiqing, Rao Xianli, Zhu Boyan, Zheng Xiaoyun, Wang Jiaqi, Liang Miao

2026, 55(10):  166-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.10.016

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To explore the effects of glycerol application amount on the pyrolysis and aroma release characteristics of oriental tobacco particles，the oriental tobacco particles with glycerol application amount of 0，10%，15%，20%，25% and 30%（denoted as XLY⁃0，XLY⁃10，XLY⁃15，XLY⁃20，XLY⁃25 and XLY⁃30，respectively） were used as research objects. Combined with thermogravimetric analysis，programmed temperature control platform and gas chromatography⁃mass spectrometry（GC⁃MS）technology，the thermogravimetric process and release characteristics of various aroma components of oriental tobacco particles under different glycerol application conditions were analyzed.The results showed that the application of glycerol could significantly change the thermal weight loss characteristic parameters of oriental tobacco particles，increase the maximum weight loss rate and weight loss rate of
stage Ⅱ，and reduce the maximum weight loss rate and weight loss rate of stage Ⅲ. With the increase of glycerol application amount，the total release amounts of neutral and alkaline aroma components exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease. The maximum values of these two components were obtained in the XLY⁃10 group，reaching 2 182.34 μg/g and 628.25 μg/g，respectively.The total release amount of acidic aroma components peaked in the XLY⁃15 group at 1 431.70 μg/g，among which 3⁃methylpentanoic acid accounted for 36.17% of the acidic aroma components in this group. Cluster analysis showed that XLY⁃10 was classified into one group，XLY⁃15 and XLY⁃20 were clustered into one group，XLY⁃25 and XLY⁃30 were clustered into one group. The change rate of aroma components in each sample was alkaline>neutral>acidic，while differences in change rates existed among groups.Twenty⁃two volatile components with great contribution to sample classification，including dihydroactinidiolide，γ⁃butyrolactone and 2，3⁃dimethylpyridine，were screened out by partial least⁃squares discriminant analysis.In conclusion，glycerol application amount can significantly affect the pyrolysis⁃weight⁃loss behavior and aroma⁃release characteristics of oriental tobacco particles，further promoting the release of key aroma components.This study can provide a reference for improving the sensory quality of heat⁃not⁃burn tobacco cores.