Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

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2026, 55(8): 0.

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Research and Application Status of Crop Straw Feed Utilization Technology Based on Biotransformation

Wang Long, Qian Zhijie, Chen Yongbing, Zhang Haili, Sun Juan, Wang Haisu

2026, 55(8): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.001

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Crop straw feed utilization is an important way to promote the goal of‘ double carbon’ and the green transformation of agriculture. At present，the technical system for the ‘five utilization modes’（fertilization，feedization，fuelization，substratization，materialization） is becoming more and more mature，but the biological conversion still faces the bottleneck of low degradation efficiency，poor process stability，and poor economic benefits. To systematically sort out the practical effects of biotransformation technology in the application of straw feed and to explore the core issues in the process of industrialization，based on the relevant literature at home and abroad，the biotransformation technology
and its regulatory mechanism in the application of straw feed were focused on，and the synergistic effects of three mainstream technologies，microbial fermentation，enzymatic pretreatment，and insect body transformation，were analyzed. On this basis，the main challenges faced in the current large‐scale popularization and application were summarized，and the future development direction was proposed from the two dimensions of technological innovation and policy support in order to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the efficient utilization of crop straw feed and the sustainable development of animal husbandry in China.

Effects of Tillage Method Combined with Organic Material Application on Yield and Quality of Maize in Chernozem

Li Peibo, Fan Wei, Li Xiaolin, Zhang Shuimei, Liu Ximing, Zhao Zhenlin, Zhang Chang, Yan Jinyao, Liang Yao, Liang Yunjiang, Cai Hongguang

2026, 55(8): 10-21. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.002

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A field experiment was conducted from 2024 to 2025 to investigate the effects of tillage methods［no tillage（NT），deep tillage（PT），and rotary tillage（RT）］ combined with organic materials［straw（S），straw plus pig manure （SM），straw plus fulvic acid organic fertilizer（SH），and straw plus microbial organic fertilizer（SW）］on maize plant height，SPAD value，aboveground dry matter accumulation，yield and its components，and grain quality，so as to identify suitable tillage method and organic material for yield stability and quality improvement in the chernozem region.The results showed that，among different tillage methods，PT treatment generally had the highest plant height，aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity，ear number，kernel number per ear，yield，and grain starch content.Compared with NT treatment，the yield of PT treatment increased by 9.4% and 5.0% in 2024 and 2025，respectively. RT treatment had the highest 100‐grain weight，crude protein content，total amino acid content，lysine content，and leucine content. Among different organic materials，yield showed interannual variation，S treatment had the highest yield in 2024，and SH treatment had the highest yield in 2025；SW treatment had the highest aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity；SM treatment had the highest starch content；SH treatment had the highest crude protein，crude fat，and total amino acid contents.Among different treatment combinations，PTSW treatment had the highest yield in 2024，reaching 11 576.2 kg/ha，which was 21.3% higher than that of NTN（no tillage and organic material） treatment；in 2025，PTSH treatment had the highest yield，reaching 14 590.2 kg/ha，which was 21.2% higher than that of NTN treatment；PTSM treatment had the highest starch content of 65.08%，which was 2.1% higher than that of NTN treatment；RTS treatment had the highest crude protein content of 8.71%，which was 16.8% higher than that of NTN treatment；RTSH treatment had the highest total amino acid content of 4.14%，which was 18.7% higher than that of NTN treatment.Yield was significantly positively correlated
with plant height，100‐grain weight，ear number，kernel number per ear，crude protein content，and aboveground dry matter accumulation. Overall，PT treatment can be considered a suitable tillage method for yield stability and quality improvement of maize in the chernozem region，among organic materials，SH treatment shows balanced overall performance，and PTSH treatment can be recommended as a priority combination for yield stability and quality improvement.

Preliminary Mapping of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat Line Tian 05156‐1‐1‐2‐1‐2‐1

Wang Xinrui, Bai Bin, Wang Jinshuo, Gao Pu, Wang Xinhai, Liu Yiran, Wang Hanbing, Li Zaifeng, Dong Haijiao, Zhang Peipei

2026, 55(8): 22-31. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.003

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According to the previous identification result of resistance to leaf rust at seedling stage，the wheat line Tian 05156‐1‐1‐2‐1‐2‐1 currently exhibited resistance to most physiological races of leaf rust in China.To identify the leaf rust resistance genes carried by this line，Tian 05156‐1‐1‐2‐1‐2‐1 was crossed with the susceptible wheat variety Zhengzhou 5389 to obtain F1 and F2 generations.The leaf rust resistance of the parents and their hybrids was evaluated using THSN，five resistant and five susceptible individual plants were sent to a company for 16K SNP chip analysis，single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） loci that exhibited polymorphism between the resistant and susceptible small populations were identified.Based on the chromosomes where the differential SNPs were located，KASP markers were designed，KASP markers and known SSR markers were used to detect the parents and F2 populations，and the genotypes of the population were obtained. The leaf rust resistance genes in Tian 05156‐1‐1‐2‐1‐2‐1 were mapped by combining phenotype and genotype data. Candidate genes within the mapping region were identified based on the Chinese Spring reference genome（IWGSC RefSeq V2.1） sequence.The results showed that Tian 05156‐1‐1‐2‐1‐2‐1 exhibited high resistance ［infection type（IT）=1］，while Zhengzhou 5389 demonstrated high susceptibility（IT=4） at seedling stage. All 10 F1 plants displayed resistance （IT≤2）. Among the 200 F₂ individual plants，146 plants were resistant （IT≤2），and 53 plants were susceptible （IT≥3）.Chi‐square test revealed that the number of resistant and susceptible single plants conformed to 3∶1 segregation ratio （χ^²_3∶1=0.284，p>0.05）. It was inferred that Tian 05156‐1‐1‐2‐1‐2‐1 might contain a dominant major gene conferring resistance to leaf rust，and it was designated as LrGW. By using a 16K SNP liquid‐phase chip to detect resistant and susceptible bulks，281 SNPs located on chromosome 1B showed no recombination events in the bulks，indicating that LrGW was
likely located on chromosome 1B. Thirty‐one KASP markers were developed based on Chinese Spring reference genome and different SNP loci，and five markers showed good polymorphisms between resistant and susceptible parents，including Zbh1B27，Zbh1B28，Zbh1B30，Zbh1B43，and Zbh1B44. In addition，one known SSR Xbarc8 showed good polymorphism between two parents.Xbarc8 and five KASP markers were used to test the F₂ population，and LrGW was mapped to chromosome 1B between Zbh1B28 and Zbh1B30，with the genetic distances of 0.4 cM and 1.1 cM，respectively，corresponding to the physical interval of 285.7—306.2 Mb in the Chinese Spring reference genome.Analysis of annotated genes within the candidate regions revealed that four kinase genes，including TraesCS1B02G164400，TraesCS1B02G167400，TraesCS1B02G167500，and TraesCS1B02G167700，were potential candidates for LrGW.

Cloning，Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis of TaHsc70‑2 Genes in Wheat

Zhang Jun, Wang Haijiang, Zhang Lu, Song Peng, Guo Binbin, Zhou Shuang, Ma Chao

2026, 55(8): 32-41. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.004

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The heat shock protein gene TaHsc70‑2 was cloned from the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring.Subsequently，bioinformatics analysis was performed，and its expression patterns under various hormone treatments ［auxin（IAA），gibberellin（GA₃），zeatin（ZT），and abscisic acid（ABA）］ and stress conditions（drought，salt，high temperature，and low temperature） were analyzed. The results showed that three TaHsc70‑2 genes，namely TaHsc70‑2‑5A，TaHsc70‑2‑5B，and TaHsc70‑2‑5D，were cloned，which encoded proteins of 648，647，and 648 amino acids，respectively. The gene structure，protein tertiary structure，and conserved motif arrangements and positions of these three genes were highly similar to those of Hsc70‑2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brachypodium distachyon.The TaHsc70‐2 protein sequences were highly conserved，and showed close phylogenetic relationships with orthologous proteins from Hordeum vulgare and Brachypodium distachyon. Protein‐protein interaction prediction analysis revealed that TaHsc70‐2 proteins had interaction relationships with proteins containing J‐domain and HATPase_c domain. The promoter regions of TaHsc70‑2 genes contained various cis‐acting elements associated with response to hormone，growth and development，and light signaling. TaHsc70‑2 genes were expressed in different tissues at various developmental stages of wheat，with relatively higher expression levels in roots.The expression of TaHsc70‑2 genes was differential under different hormone treatments，and was upregulated under ZT，high temperature，and drought treatments. It is hypothesized that TaHsc70‑2 genes play an important role in wheat growth，development，and responses to abiotic stress.

Effects of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density Interaction on Rapeseed Flowering Process Based on Visible‐Light Image Features

Ming Ri, Zhong Li, Zeng Zhongwen, Li Yunjuan, Mao Lingli, Mao Fengling, Cheng Fangli, Zhang Zongji, Qin Jing, Yang Guangzhao

2026, 55(8): 42-53. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.005

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Using visible‐light images，this study investigated the effects of nitrogen rate and planting density interaction on rapeseed flowering，and optimized their combination to enhance the economic and ecological value of the flowering period. A two‐factor randomized block field experiment was conducted with five nitrogen gradients（0，90，180，270，360 kg/ha） and four planting density gradients （300 000，525 000，750 000，975 000 plants/ha）. UAV digital images were used to establish the flower pixel area index（FPAI） dynamic equation for flowering process，and nitrogen‐density combinations were optimized with cumulative FPAI during full bloom（M_S2） and input cost as core indicators.Results showed that FPAI was significantly positively correlated with single‐plant flower quantity（R²=0.941 2—0.984 0）.Compared with no‐nitrogen control（N₀），nitrogen treatments （N 90—360 kg/ha） advanced the start of initial bloom（B_x），full bloom（F_x） and peak bloom（T_x） by 2.5，1.9 and 1.0 d，and extended initial bloom
（S₁），full bloom（S₂） and theoretical flowering duration（S₁₊₂） by 0.6，1.5 and 2.1 d，respectively.Planting density had no significant effect on key flowering time points［F_x，T_x，E_x（the start of final bloom）］；increased density shortened S₁ and S₁₊₂ by 1.5 d and 1.0 d on average，but extended S₂ by 0.5 d.At fixed density，key flower quantity indicators all increased first and then decreased with rising nitrogen rate.The average values of theoretical maximum flowering accumulation（A），M_S2 and mean full‐bloom FPAI（MAve） under N 90—360 kg/ha treatments increased by 50.1%，64.7% and 48.1% compared with no nitrogen application treatment. When nitrogen application rate reached 360 kg/ha，increasing planting density would instead reduce flower yield.Cost optimization showed that combinations in optimized zone Ⅰ achieved the lowest input cost for target flower quantity. The optimal combinations were 580 000—780 000 plants/ha with N 157.7—195.9 kg/ha for high flower quantity，M_S2=197.2—203.1，cost 1 201.8—1 515.8 yuan/ha）；479 000—580 000 plants/ha with N 92.0—157.7 kg/ha for medium flower quantity，M_S2=176.5—197.2，cost 801.2—1 201.8 yuan/ha；438 000—479 000 plants/ha with N 55.4—92.0 kg/ha for low flower quantity，M_S2=155.7—176.5，cost 589.1—801.2 yuan/ha. Sub‐optimal combinations outside zone Ⅰ could reduce cost by 2.1%—16.0% via density‐increasing &nitrogen‐reducing or nitrogen‐increasing & density‐reducing strategies. In conclusion，FPAI is an effective indicator for monitoring rapeseed flowering dynamics. Rational nitrogen‐density synergy can increase flower quantity and regulate flowering process，with nitrogen rate playing a dominant role.The optimization zoning provides targeted nitrogen‐density configuration schemes，and offers decision support for cost‐saving and efficiency‐enhancing production of flower‐use rapeseed.

Mechanisms of Brassinolide in Alleviating Drought Stress in Flax Seedlings

Wang Wenxia, Shi Tian, Chang Bokai, Du Jie

2026, 55(8): 54-63. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.006

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To identify effective approaches for alleviating drought stress in flax and improve its drought resistance，the flax cultivar Jinya 10 was used as the experimental material. At the seedling stage，three treatments were established：normal control（CK），drought stress after spraying with water（DS），and drought stress after spraying with 0.1 mg/L brassinolide（BD）. After the drought treatment reduced the relative soil water content to 50%，water physiological traits，antioxidant enzyme activities，antioxidant substances，malondialdehyde（MDA），osmotic adjustment substances，endogenous hormone contents，yield，and yield components were determined under each treatment. The results showed that drought stress at the seedling stage significantly affected the physiology and yield of flax，resulting in a significant reduction of 26.01% in seed yield.Exogenous brassinolide alleviated the adverse effects of drought stress on flax.Seed yield in the BD treatment was 15.59% higher than that in the DS treatment，mainly because of the significant increases in capsules per plant and seeds per capsule.Exogenous brassinolide significantly increased the relative water content and water use efficiency of flax leaves under drought stress.Compared with the DS treatment，the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD），peroxidase（POD），and catalase （CAT） in the BD treatment increased significantly by 9.26%，12.37%，and 9.14%，respectively，whereas MDA content decreased significantly by 17.33%. Exogenous brassinolide also significantly increased the contents of ascorbic acid（AsA），glutathione，soluble sugars，soluble proteins，proline，indole‐3‐acetic acid（IAA），gibberellin （GA），and zeatin （ZA） in flax leaves under drought stress，whereas starch content decreased significantly by 4.73%，thereby further enhancing drought resistance.These results indicate that exogenous brassinolide effectively mitigates the adverse effects of seedling‐stage drought stress on the physiology and yield of flax by increasing leaf relative water content and water use efficiency，enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant substance contents，reducing MDA and starch contents，and regulating the balance of key endogenous hormones.

Effects of Alfalfa and Gramineous Crop Rotation on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Diversity in Saline‐alkali Land

Ma Jinyan, Xu Xing, Liao Zhenwei, Dong Pengbo, Zhang Fengju

2026, 55(8): 64-72. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.007

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To explore the improvement mechanism of soil environment and microbial community in saline‐alkali land by rotation systems of alfalfa（Medicago sativa L.） and salt‐tolerant gramineous crops，four planting patterns were established in the saline‐alkali land of the Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area，including continuous alfalfa cropping（M），alfalfa‐Hunan Jizi rotation（H），alfalfa‐maize rotation（Y），and alfalfa‐sorghum rotation（G）.The effects of different planting patterns on soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community diversity were systematically analyzed. The results showed that compared with continuous alfalfa cropping，all rotation patterns significantly reduced soil total salt content，as well as the contents of Na⁺，Ca²⁺，and Mg²⁺. Among them，the alfalfa‐sorghum rotation exhibited the optimal salt reduction effect，with the soil total salt content decreased by 79.2% compared with continuous alfalfa cropping. Rotation practices markedly increased the contents of soil availabl phosphorus，total phosphorus，and organic matter，and the alfalfa‐maize rotation showed the best improvement effect，with increases of 67.1%，38.3%，and 147.7% respectively relative to continuous alfalfa cropping. In terms of bacterial diversity，rotation patterns significantly improved soil bacterial richness，with a notably higher Chao1 index than that of continuous alfalfa cropping. Other alpha diversity indices were also superior to those of continuous cropping，though the differences were not significant.In terms of species composition，the relative abundances of Proteobacteria，Acidobacteriota and Actinobacteriota in soils with continuous alfalfa monoculture were all higher than those under rotation systems. Principal coordinate analysis（PCoA） further indicated that rotation enhanced the plasticity of soil bacterial community structure with a greater intra‐group dispersion. In conclusion，the rotation of alfalfa with gramineous crops could effectively improve the physicochemical properties of saline‐alkali soil and optimize the structure of soil bacterial community.Specifically，alfalfa‐sorghum rotation and alfalfa‐maize rotation present outstanding comprehensive improvement effects.

Effects of Combined Application of Slow‐Release Fertilizer and Bio‐organic Fertilizer on the Growth，Yield and Quality of Stevia rebaudiana

Lei Yongqi, Tang Heyi, Wang Ge, Wu Yingxia, Xu Xinjuan

2026, 55(8): 73-83. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.008

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To clarify the synergistic improvement mechanism of slow‐release fertilizer combined with bio‐organic fertilizer and explore the green and efficient fertilization mode of Stevia rebaudiana，single slow‐release fertilizer was used as the control（CK），and ordinary organic fertilizer（OF）and bio‐organic fertilizer（BOF）were separately applied on the basis of equal amount of slow‐release fertilizer. The effects of combined application of slow‐release fertilizer and fertilizer on soil physicochemical properties，individual plant nutrient accumulation，photosynthetic physiology，stress resistance characteristics，yield，and steviol glycoside content of Stevia rebaudiana were systematically investigated.The results showed that the application of ordinary organic fertilizer or bio‐organic fertilizer had no significant effect on soil pH value，but significantly reduced soil electrical conductivity（EC）value. Among them，the application of bio‐organic fertilizer had the lowest EC value，which was 9.19% lower than the control.The contents of
soil organic matter，alkali‐hydrolyzable nitrogen，and available phosphorus were the highest when combined with bio‐organic fertilizer，increasing by 21.59%，5.38%，and 21.57% respectively compared to the control. The single plant with the application of bio‐organic fertilizer had the highest nutrient accumulation，with leaf nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium accumulation increasing by 73.21%，84.24%，and 110.87% respectively compared to the control.The application of bio‐organic fertilizer significantly increased leaf chlorophyll a+b content，net photosynthetic rate，protein content，and proline content by 51.02%，8.69%，32.76%，and 47.33%，respectively compared to the control.It significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde in the leaves，which was 12.30% lower than the control. Combined application of bio‐organic fertilizer significantly increased the dry weights of roots，stems，leaves and yield of Stevia rebaudiana，with a 77.48% increase in yield compared to the control. Except dulcoside（DA），the accumulation of leaf glycosides was also highest in the treatment with combined application of bio‐organic fertilizer. The main glycoside components，stevioside（STV）and rebaudioside A（RA），increased by 59.41% and 59.55% respectively compared to the control. The correlation analysis results showed that yield was significantly negatively correlated with soil EC value and total potassium content of roots（TKR），and significantly positively correlated with soil alkaline‐nitrogen（AN）content，leaf phosphorus（TPL）content，potassium（TKL）content，chlorophyll（a，b，a+b）content，net photosynthetic rate（Pn），protein（Pr）content，and proline（Pro）content；all glycoside components were significantly negatively correlated with total potassium content in leaves（TKL）. In summary，the
combination of slow‐release fertilizer and bio‐organic fertilizer can improve soil nutrient status，promote plant photosynthesis and stress resistance，thereby increasing the yield and glycosidic accumulation of Stevia rebaudiana.

Control Effect of Dipping Seedlings with Thiophanate‐Methyl and Fludioxonil on Sweet Potato Black Rot at Harvest and during Storage

Zhang Desheng, Wang Li, Tian Yuting, Wang Yongjiang, Qiao Qi, Zhao Fumei

2026, 55(8): 84-90. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.009

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To explore the feasibility of controlling black rot of sweet potato during the harvest and storage periods by dipping seedlings with fungicides，the inhibitory effects of dipping seedlings with thiophanate‐methyl and fludioxonil on disease occurrence at the base of main stems and storage roots were evaluated under soil or seedlings inoculation conditions. This control efficacy was compared with that of the treatment of dipping both seedlings and storage roots.The results showed that under soil inoculation conditions，the control efficacy on black rot of sweet potato could reach 71.04%—87.57% for base of main stems，and 57.80%—73.84% for storage，by dipping seedlings with 500 g/L thiophanate‐methyl SC at 500，600 mg/L，or with 50% fludioxonil WP at 250，500 mg/L.For the same fungicides and concentrations，there was no significant difference in the control efficacy between the treatments of dipping seedlings alone and dipping both seedlings and storage roots with thiophanate‐methyl or fludioxonil，while increasing the concentration could improve the control efficacy.At 58 days of storage，the control efficacy of dipping seedlings with 500 mg/L thiophanate‐methyl SC was 62.56%—63.47%，and that with 500 mg/L fludioxonil WP was 66.53%—72.57% when seedlings or soil were contaminated.At 102 days after dipping seedlings，thiophanate‐methyl and carbendazim were still detectable in the base of main stem，but not in the storage roots of sweet potato，while fludioxonil was not
detected in either the base of main stems or the storage roots.In summary，dipping seedlings with thiophanate‐methyl and fludioxonil could effectively inhibit the occurrence of black rot of sweet potato during storage period.

The Carboxylesterase Gene BoαE1 Mediated Detoxification Mechanism of Phoxim in Bradysia odoriphaga

Xie Yuan, Zhang Xiaochen, Xiao Hongli, Li Yaofa, Liu Yingchao, Tang Bowen

2026, 55(8): 91-99. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.010

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Bradysia odoriphaga is a major pest of Chinese chive and has developed resistance to the commonly used organophosphorus insecticide phoxim.To elucidate the detoxification mechanism of B.odoriphaga against phoxim，a combination of methods including carboxylesterase‐specific inhibitor synergism assay，quantitative real‐time PCR，RNA interference（RNAi），and in vitro inhibition assay were employed. The results showed that under exposure to the 30% lethal concentration（LC₃₀）of phoxim，carboxylesterase activity in third‐instar larvae increased significantly.The carboxylesterase activities at 12，24，36，and 48 h post‐treatment were 40. 03，32. 91，30. 03，and 27. 98 μmol/（mg·min），representing 2.44‐，1.68‐，1.58‐，and 1.82‐fold increases compared to the blank control. Following
treatment with the specific carboxylesterase inhibitor triphenyl phosphate（TPP），the mortality of the larvae reached 41.67%，which was 8.34 percentage points higher（a relative increase of 25.0%）than the control group not fed with TPP.Under phoxim stress，the expression level of the carboxylesterase gene BoαE1 was significantly up‐regulated. Knockdown of BoαE1 by RNAi resulted in a corrected mortality rate of 56.25%，representing a 30.44 percentage point increase（a relative increase of 117.9%）compared to the control larvae without gene silencing.In vitro inhibition assays further demonstrated that phoxim inhibited the activity of the recombinant BoαE1 protein with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration（IC₅₀）of 4.020×10-4 mg/L. In conclusion，the carboxylesterase gene BoαE1 is involved in
the detoxification metabolism of phoxim in B.odoriphaga and plays a crucial role in the development of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides.

Nano‐ZnO Promotes Adventitious Root Formation of Apple Stock M26

Wan Ran, Zhang Jinming, Liu Jun, Zhang Mengxi, Dong Ao, Wang Xiaojing, Qiao Ming, Shi Jiangli, Zheng Xianbo

2026, 55(8): 100-110. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.011

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles（ZnO NPs）on adventitious root formation in apple rootstock M26，so as to provide a novel strategy for efficient tissue culture‐based rapid propagation of apple seedlings.Using tissue‐cultured seedlings of apple rootstock M26 as the experimental material，different nanomaterial treatment groups（ZnO NPs，TiO_₂ NPs，etc.）and a conventional IBA rooting medium as control group（CK）were established. Through phenotypic observation，physiological and biochemical index measurements，and the related gene expression analysis，the effects of ZnO NPs on adventitious root formation were systematically studied. The results showed that ZnO NPs treatment significantly improved the rooting rate，root length，and root surface area
of M26，while also promoting biomass accumulation in tissue‐cultured seedlings. Additionally，ZnO NPs enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and the uptake of Zn and K.For instance，Zn content increased by approximately 12.4‐fold in shoots and 6.5‐fold in roots，while K content increased by 16.4% and 9.0%，respectively. Furthermore，auxin pathway genes（MdAUX1） were significantly upregulated at 6 d，while transcription factor genes（MdLBD16，MdWOX5）were upregulated to 1.3‐ and 1.8‐fold of the CK level，respectively，whereas the negative regulator MdTCP17 was significantly downregulated during 2—6 d post treatment.ZnO NPs significantly promoted adventitious root formation in apple rootstock M26 by improving nutrient uptake，enhancing photosynthesis，and modulating the expression of key genes.

Integrated Transcriptome‐metabolome Exploration of Lignin Synthesis Pathway during Mango Flower Bud Differentiation

Xiao Mingjuan, Yang Chunmei, Yang Haonan, Zhao Liuchun, Wu Xingen, Hong Mingwei, Yang Rong, Li Xiaoli, Xie Bin, Tian Linkun, Zhou Ling, Peng Lei

2026, 55(8): 111-124. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.012

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Using Guifei mangoes as experimental materials，transcriptome and metabolome analyses were conducted on flower buds at three stages after flower‐removal treatment and non‐flower‐removal treatment.The aim was to explore the changes in the expression levels of key enzyme genes and metabolites in the lignin synthesis pathway during the flower bud differentiation process after the flower‐removal treatment of mangoes，and provide a reference for revealing the molecular regulatory mechanism of lignin biosynthesis in mango flower bud differentiation.The transcriptome sequencing results showed that a total of 47 614 differentially expressed genes were obtained across the three stages.
KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that in the top ten pathways of the three stages，the pathways of plant hormone signal transduction，plant‐pathogen interaction，phenylpropanoid biosynthesis，starch and sucrose metabolism，protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum，plant MAPK signal pathway，and glutathione metabolism pathway were all enriched. The metabolome analysis results showed that 243 differential metabolites were identified across the three stages.Among them，127 differential metabolites were up‐regulated，and 116 were down‐regulated. In the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway，there were 142 differential genes and 8 differential metabolites. After further screening，63 differential genes and 5 differential metabolites related to the lignin synthesis pathway were found，involving 10 types of enzymes and 5 types of metabolites.There were a total of four enzymes and metabolites related to flower bud differentiation，namely phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase（PAL），peroxidase（POD），L‐phenylalanine，and chlorogenic acid. Among them，the expression levels of PAL gene，L‐phenylalanine，and chlorogenic acid were up‐regulated，while the gene expression level of POD was both up‐regulated and down‐regulated. In conclusion，the expression levels of differential genes and metabolites in the lignin synthesis pathway were mainly up‐regulated.

Development of Triplex RT‐RAA Rapid Detection Technique for Important Swine Coronaviruses

Zheng Haotian, Zhang Biao, Cong Jiahao, Ling Xianghui, Yuan Wenju, Huang Huihui, Liu Guanshang, Chen Zhaojiang, Shi Hanxue, Wu Yuxuan, Guo Yitong, Yuan Jin, Wan Bo, Zheng Guanmin, Zhang Gaiping, Zhang Yuhang

2026, 55(8): 125-135. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.013

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To address the challenge of differentiating the major pathogens of viral diarrhea in piglets that cause similar clinical symptoms，including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus（PEDV），transmissible gastroenteritis virus（TGEV），and porcine deltacoronavirus（PDCoV），the highly conserved RdRp genes of these three viruses were used as the target. Specific primers suitable for recombinase‐aided amplification（RAA） were designed and screened，and a triplex RAA assay for the simultaneous detection of PEDV，TGEV，and PDCoV was established.The results showed that after reaction at 37 ℃ for 10 min，specific amplification bands of 137，289，170 bp could be detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.The detection limits for PEDV，TGEV，and PDCoV were 8.9，1.1，7.5 copies/μL，respectively，and no cross‐reactivity was observed with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus（PRRSV），porcine astrovirus（PAstV），or classical swine fever virus（CSFV）.When applied to 93 clinical samples for parallel comparative testing，the overall detection rate was 5.38%.Compared with the results of previously reported singleplex quantitative PCR assays for PEDV，TGEV，and PDCoV，the coincidence rate reached 100%，demonstrating good clinical application reliability. In summary，this method offers an accurate and efficient new detection tool for the rapid field differentiation of porcine enteric coronaviruses.

Extraction of Kiwifruit Orchards in Southern Mountainous Regions Based on Object‐Oriented Classification Methods

Zhao Yining, Tian Zunhua, Wang Yingying, Duan Liangxia, Xie Hongxia, Zhou Qing

2026, 55(8): 136-147. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.014

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To accurately map kiwifruit cultivation zones，Songbai Town，Yongshun County，Hunan Province was selected as the experimental area. Based on the domestically developed GF‐6 sensor，an object‐oriented random forest classification model integrating multi‐temporal and textural features was constructed.The classification performance was systematically evaluated across 12 feature combinations：single‐temporal（July），single‐temporal+textural，and multi‐temporal（May，July，September）+textural.The results showed that the multi‐temporal+texture feature combination classification model performed better in the extraction of kiwifruit orchards，which could achieve high‐precision identification of kiwifruit orchards in the study area.The multi‐temporal feature was the key factor to improve the classification accuracy.Compared with the single‐temporal+texture feature combination（RF2—RF6），after introducing multi‐temporal features（RF7—RF12），the F value increased from 89.35%—91.09% to 91.59%—93.48%，the overall accuracy（OA）increased from 83.65%—87.33% to 91.00%—93.18%，and the Kappa coefficient increased from 0.78—0.80 to 0.86—0.90.Compared with the single‐phase feature（RF1），the single‐phase+texture feature combination showed limited improvement in classification accuracy.The F value was only increased by 1.03 percentage points，and the Kappa coefficient was only 0.80.In the combination of different texture+multi‐temporal features，the wavelet texture（RF9）extracted based on energy statistics performed best.The F value and OA of RF9 reached 93.48% and 93.18%，respectively，which were 1.89 and 2.04 percentage points higher than those of GLCM texture（RF8），and 1.59 and 2.18 percentage points higher than those of multi‐temporal features（RF7）.These indicate that the object‐oriented random forest classification method utilizing multi‐temporal+wavelet texture feature combination is an effective approach for high‐precision extraction of kiwifruit orchards in complex mountainous terrain.

Preparation of Tobacco Flavor Raw Materials from Jujube Fermented by Rhodotorula diobovata and Its Flavor‐Enhancing Effect

Huang Kuo, Gao Xiaoyan, Cui Chengzhe, Li Feng, Xiao Hongying, Li Dong, Ye Changwen, Zang Wanchen, Zhu Chunyang

2026, 55(8): 148-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.015

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To screen and identify aroma‐producing yeasts suitable for jujube fermentation with excellent aroma‐enhancing performance，and to provide strain resources for the development of high‐quality tobacco flavoring materials，the following procedures were carried out.Yeast strains were screened by preliminary olfactory evaluation and cigarette flavoring assessment of fermentation broths，and identified using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry（MALDI‐TOF‐MS）combined with molecular biological methods.Whole‐genome sequencing was performed to analyze genomic sequences and predict gene functions.Response surface methodology was employed to optimize fermentation conditions，gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry（GC‐MS）was applied to analyze changes in aroma components，and the aroma‐enhancing effects were further validated through cigarette flavoring evaluation. The results showed that 17 aroma‐producing yeast strains were obtained by preliminary olfactory screening. Sensory evaluation indicated that strain H61 exhibited the most significant aroma‐enhancing effect and was identified as Rhodotorula diobovata. Its genome sequence length was 23 217 526 bp，with a GC content of 66.6%，and 8 114 coding genes were predicted.A total of 3 103 coding genes were annotated in the KEGG database，among which genes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were relatively abundant in metabolic pathways. The optimum fermentation conditions were obtained by response surface methodology as follows：fermentation time 30 h，inoculum
size 5%，fermentation temperature 29 ℃. GC‐MS analysis showed that the total aroma content of the jujube extract fermented by H61 was increased by 2.35 times compared with the CK1 group（jujube liquid inoculated with an equal volume of sterile water and fermented under the same conditions），and the contents of five aroma substances such as γ‐undecalactone，phenethyl acetate and hydroxyacetone were obviously increased.The sensory evaluation score was 59.1 points，which was significantly increased by 47.75% compared with the CK2 group（jujube extract prepared by fermentation with an equal volume of sterile water under the same conditions）.The eight indicators such as aroma volume，fineness and cleanliness were significantly improved. In conclusion，Rhodotorula diobovata H61 exhibits excellent aroma‐producing characteristics and promising application potential in fermentation，showing good prospects in the development of tobacco flavor ingredients derived from jujube and the improvement of cigarette sensory quality.

Regulatory Mechanism of Carvone on Potato Pre‐elite Seed Sprouting via Reactive Oxygen Species and Energy Metabolism

Li Shouqiang, Ge Xia, Tian Jiachun, Li Mei, Cheng Jianxin, Li Yumei, Zhang Yaqian, Tian Shilong

2026, 55(8): 162-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.016

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To clarify the regulatory effect and mechanism of carvone on the germination of potato seed tubers，two levels of reactive oxygen species and energy metabolism were analyzed with the Atlantic pre‐elite seed as experimental material. The experiment was carried out under dark conditions at room temperature（22±2）℃ and relative humidity of 15%—25%.The pre‐elite seed without treatment were used as the control group（CK），and the treatment with 0.3 mL/kg carvone was used as the experimental group（XQT）.The indicators related to antioxidant and energy metabolism of tuber samples from two groups were determined. Antioxidant enzymes included NADPH oxidase（NOX），catalase（CAT），peroxidase（POD），superoxide dismutase（SOD），glutathione reductase（GR）and ascorbate peroxidase（APX）；the contents of ascorbic acid（AsA），reduced glutathione（GSH） and superoxide anion（O₂^-·）were also measured.Energy metabolism‐related enzymes contained succinate dehydrogenase（SDH），cytochrome C oxidase （CCO），H⁺‐ATPase and Ca²⁺‐ATPase.Meanwhile，the contents of adenosine monophosphate（AMP），adenosine diphosphate（ADP）and adenosine triphosphate（ATP）were determined，and energy charge（EC）was calculated accordingly.The results showed that the regulation of carvone treatment on the sprouting of potato pre‐elite seeds exhibited stage‐specific differences.During the enforced dormancy period of tubers（experimental stage Ⅰ），both XQT group and CK group showed the effect of inhibiting potato sprouting. During the sprouting period of the control tubers（experimental stageⅡ），compared with the CK group，carvone treatment significantly inhibited the activities of NOX，CAT，POD，APX and GR（the declines were 12.12%，51.14%，37.12%，27.40% and 15.33%，respectively），and significantly reduced the contents of AsA，GSH and O₂^-·（the declines were 10.35%，20.15% and 14.63%，respectively）.At the same time，the activities of H⁺‐ATPase，Ca²⁺‐ATPase，SDH and CCO were significantly increased（the increases were 24.60%，60.74%，20.72% and 8.93%，respectively），and the contents of ATP，ADP and AMP were significantly increased（the increases were 7.59%，9.92% and 8.76%，respectively）.At the tuber sprouting stage of XQT（stage Ⅲ），the change trend of each index was opposite to that of stage Ⅱ.Compared with CK group，the activities of NOX，SOD，CAT，POD，APX and GR were significantly increased by 61.04%，13.68%，23.44%，19.92%，14.64% and 7.89%，respectively.The contents of AsA，GSH，O₂^-· and H₂O₂ were significantly increased by 8.38%，28.81%，37.85% and 67.37%，respectively.The activities of H⁺‐ATPase，Ca²⁺‐ATPase，SDH and CCO were significantly decreased by 22.26%，12.87%，14.13% and 9.47%，respectively，and the contents of ATP and ADP were significantly decreased by 8.61% and 13.49%，respectively.In summary，active oxygen species metabolism and energy metabolism in different storage stages interact with each other and jointly regulate the germination of potato pre‐elite seed.

Preparation and Application of Hollow Carbon Microspheres Based on Waste Tobacco Powder

Wang Yanran, Lun Mengke, Song Shihao, Hu Chen, Kang Di, Huang Han, Duan Xiujin, Chen Lijuan

2026, 55(8): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.08.017

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To explore the resource utilization approaches of waste tobacco powder and develop flue gas harm reduction materials，hollow carbon microspheres were prepared from waste tobacco powder via a hydrothermal method at different temperatures（240，280，300 ℃） with different anionic polyacrylamide（APAM） dosages（20，100，200 mg）. The obtained samples were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy，scanning electron microscopy，and thermogravimetric analysis.Then the hollow carbon microspheres were applied to cigarette filters to study their effects on the tar release of cigarette smoke，and the cigarette draw resistance，flavor adsorption capacity and sensory quality were evaluated.The results showed that the yield of hollow carbon microspheres decreased with increasing reaction temperature.Although the types of functional groups of the hollow carbon microspheres prepared under different reaction conditions were essentially consistent，there were differences in surface morphology and
thermal stability.Comprehensive comparison showed that the hollow carbon microspheres fabricated at 280 ℃ with an APAM dosage of 100 mg delivered the best overall physicochemical properties：they possess favorable dispersibility and intact spherical structure，with a peak weight loss temperature reaching 400.45 ℃，demonstrating outstanding thermal stability.The cigarette application test results indicated that the as‐prepared hollow carbon microspheres fabricated at 280 °C with an APAM dosage of 100 mg achieved the optimal comprehensive application performance：they exhibited the most prominent tar adsorption effect with a decline of 39.74%；in terms of smoke draw resistance testing，the static draw resistance and axial mean value of dynamic draw resistance of cigarettes increased after adding the material，and the axial standard deviation of dynamic draw resistance was the best；in terms of sensory evaluation，the material significantly improved the uniformity of menthol release while reducing the transfer rate of menthol in the particulate phase of mainstream smoke，so that the aroma quality of the cigarettes before and after smoking was consistent，and the cigarette aroma was fuller and more complex.In summary，under the optimized conditions of temperature of 280 ℃ and APAM addition of 100 mg，the hollow carbon microspheres prepared by hydrothermal method have abundant functional groups，excellent thermal stability and good adsorption performance. Adding it to the cigarette filter can effectively reduce the content of harmful components in the smoke，thus providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for the high value and multi‐purpose utilization of tobacco waste.

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