香梨不同树形冠层结构、光合特性及产量品质的比较

doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.08.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 比较库尔勒香梨疏散分层形和圆柱形2种树形的冠层结构、光合特性及产量品质的差异，为省力高效密植栽培的香梨园整形修剪提供依据。以6年生香梨树为试材，连续2 a应用CI-340手持式光合作用测量系统、CI-110冠层分析仪和树体调查法对比研究疏散分层形和圆柱形树体枝组组成、各冠层部位的光合特性日变化和冠层结构对果实产量和品质的影响。7年生圆柱形树形主干上直接着生主枝数为37.33个，折算枝量为509 975条/hm²，7年生疏散分层形树体主枝数为5.33个，折算枝量为317 487.5条/hm²。2种树形净光合速率日变化在上层外围、上层内膛、中层外围、中层内膛、下层外围均呈现不对称双峰曲线，在下层内膛呈现单峰曲线；2种树形外围的净光合速率均高于内膛，且不同树形不同冠层部位出现峰值、谷值的时间不同；2种树形除了下层内膛外，其他冠层均有明显的光合“午休”现象，比较2种香梨树形各冠层的净光合速率日均值发现，疏散分层形较高，为6.972 6 μmol（/m²·s）。疏散分层形树体叶面积指数显著低于圆柱形，而直射辐射透过系数显著高于圆柱形。疏散分层形香梨的果实单果质量、果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和单株产量均显著高于圆柱形，可溶性固形物在上层外围、上层内膛、中层外围、中层内膛和下层外围均显著高于圆柱形。相关性分析结果表明，净光合速率与蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈极显著正相关（P <0.01），与胞间CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关（P <0.01），叶面积指数和直射辐射透过系数呈极显著负相关（P <0.01）。7年生香梨疏散分层形在光合利用效率方面优于圆柱形，其直射辐射透过系数高于圆柱形，在品质和单株产量方面也优于圆柱形，每公顷产量则低于圆柱形。

关键词: 香梨, 树形, 冠层结构, 疏散分层形, 圆柱形, 光合特性, 产量, 品质

Abstract: Comparing the differences of canopy structure,photosynthetic characteristics,yield and quality between delayed‑open central leader system and cylindrical shape of Korla fragrant pear will provide a basis for the training and pruning of Korla fragrant pear orchard in labor‑saving and high‑efficient dense planting cultivation. Using the 6‑year‑old fragrant pear tree as the test material，and the experiment wascarried out for two consecutive years. The CI‑340 handheld photosynthesis measurement system，the CI‑110 canopy analyzer and the tree survey method were used to compare the effects of the tree structure,daily processes of photosynthetic parameters of each canopy part and canopy structure on fruit yield and quality between the two tree shapes. The number of branch groups directly attached to the cylindrical shape trunk of the 7‑year‑old tree was 37.33，equivalent to 509 975 branches per hectare. The number of main branches of the 7‑year‑old was 5.33，equivalent to 317 487.5 branches per hectare.The daily changes of the net photosynthetic rate of the two tree shapes showed asymmetric bimodal curve in the upper periphery，upper inner，middle periphery，middle inner，and lower periphery，and a single peak curve in the lower inner. The net photosynthetic rates of outer periphery of the two shapes were both higher than those of inner，and different tree shapes and different canopy azimuths had different peaks and valleys at different time. Except for the lower inner，the other canopies of the two tree shapes had midday depression of photosynthesis. Comparing the daily average value of the net photosynthetic rate of each canopy in the two shapes found that the value of the delayed‑open central leader system was higher of 6.972 6 μmol/（m²•s）. The leaf area index of the delayed‑open central leader system was significantly lower than that of the cylindrical shape，and the transmission coefficient for radiation penetration was significantly higher than cylindrical shape. The single fruit quality，fruit hardness，soluble sugar content and yield per plant of the delayed‑open central leader system fragrant pear were significantly higher than that of the cylindrical shape. The soluble solids in the upper periphery，upper inner，middle periphery，middle inner and lower periphery were significantly higher than the cylindrical shape. The results of correlation analysis showed that the net photosynthetic rate was extremely significantly positively correlated with transpiration rate and stomatal conductance（P<0.01），and was extremely significantly negatively correlated with intercellular CO₂ concentration（P<0.01），leaf area index and transmission coefficient for radiation penetration showed a very significant negative correlation（P<0.01）. 7‑year‑old Korla fragrant pear of delayed‑open central leader system was better than the cylindrical shape in terms of photosynthetic utilization efficiency,its transmission coefficient for radiation penetration was higher than that of the cylindrical shape,and it was also better than the cylindrical shape in terms of quality and yield per plant，but the yield per hectare was lower than that of the cylindrical shape.

Key words: Fragrant pear, Tree shape, Canopy structure, Delayed?open central leader system, Cylindrical shape, Photosynthetic characteristics, Yield, Fruit quality

中图分类号:

S661.2

陈久红, 马建江, 李永丰, 位杰, 王岩, 黄国辉. 香梨不同树形冠层结构、光合特性及产量品质的比较[J]. 河南农业科学, 2021, 50(8): 113-123.

CHEN Jiuhong, MA Jianjiang, LI Yongfeng, WEI Jie, WANG Yan, HUANG Guohui. Comparison of Canopy Structure，Photosynthetic Characteristics，Yield and Quality of Korla Fragrant Pear with Different Tree Shapes[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 50(8): 113-123.

图/表 11

参考文献

［1］陈久红，马建江，李永丰，等.行间生草对‘库尔勒香梨’果园小气候、光合特性及果实品质的影响［J］.北方园艺，2019（22）：49‑59.
CHEN J H，MA J J，LI Y F，et al.Effects of herbage on ecological environment and photosynthetic charateristics fruits quality of‘Korla fragrant pear’［J］.Northern Horticulture，2019（22）：49‑59.
［2］江振斌，廖康，牛莹莹，等.库尔勒香梨3种树形光合特性及荧光参数比较研究［J］.新疆农业科学，2016，53（5）：820‑825.
JIANG Z B，LIAO K，NIU Y Y，et al.Comparison of photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters in three tree shapes of Korla fragrant pear［J］.Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences，2016，53（5）：820‑825.
［3］梅闯，罗淑萍，徐敏，等.库尔勒香梨3种树形光合特性的比较［J］.新疆农业大学学报，2011，34（2）：115‑118.
MEI C，LUO S P，XU M，et al.Comparison of photosynthetic characteristics in different tree shapes of Korla fragrant pear［J］.Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University，2011，34（2）：115‑118.
［4］成小龙，廖康，赵世荣，等.库尔勒香梨两种树形冠层内果实产量与品质差异性分析［J］.新疆农业科学，2013，50（5）：894‑899.
CHENG X L，LIAO K，ZHAO S R，et al.Analysis of the differences of the fruit yield and quality of two varieties of korla fragrant pear under crown canopy［J］.Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences，2013，50（5）：894‑899.
［5］孙桂丽，徐敏，李疆，等.香梨两种树形净光合速率特征及影响因素［J］.生态学报，2013，33（18）：5565‑5573.
SUN G L，XU M，LI J，et al.Study on characteristic rate of two kinds of tree shape and impact factors in Korla
fragrant pear［J］.Acta Ecologica Sinica，2013，33（18）：5565‑5573.
［6］伍涛，张绍铃，吴俊，等.‘丰水’梨棚架与疏散分层冠层结构特点及产量品质的比较［J］.园艺学报，2008（10）：1411‑1418.
WU T，ZHANG S L，WU J，et al.Comparative studies on canopy structure characteristics，yield and fruit quality in horizontal trellis system and delayed‑open central leader system of‘Hosui’ pear tree［J］.Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2008（10）：1411‑1418.
［7］赵明新，张江红，孙文泰，等.不同树形冠层结构对‘早酥’梨产量和品质的影响［J］.果树学报，2016，33（9）：1076‑1083.
ZHAO M X，ZHANG J H，SUN W T，et al.Effects of different tree training systems and canopy structures on yield and fruit quality of‘Zaosu’pear［J］.Journal of Fruit Science，2016，33（9）：1076‑1083.
［8］ WIDMER A，KREBS C.Influence of planting density and tree form on yield and fruit quality of‘Golde Deliciuos’and‘Royal Gala’apples［J］.Acta Hortic，2001，557（30）：235‑241.
［9］ KURODA H，Chiba K.Relationship between fruit quality and planting density in starking delicious apple trees grafted on dwarfing and semi‑dwarfing rootstocks［J］.Horticultural Research，2008，7（4）：559‑570.
［10］杨馥霞.梨省力高效栽培模式树相指标研究［D］.保定：河北农业大学，2013.
YANG F X.Study on the tree‑structure indexes with a saving‑labor and high‑efficent system in pear orchard［D］.Baoding：Hebei Agricultural University，2013.
［11］杨春华.扁穗牛鞭草与混生种互作的生理生态机理研究［D］.雅安：四川农业大学，2004.
YANG C H.Ecophysiological mechanism of interaction between Hemarthria compressa and its mixture species［D］.Yaan：Sichuan Agricultural University，2004.
［12］李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，2000：56‑59.
LI H S.The principle and technology of plant physiology and biochemistry test［M］.Beijing：High Education Press，2000：56‑59.
［13］张水华. 食品分析［M］.北京：中国轻工业出版社，2007：215‑231.
ZHANG S H.Food analysis［M］.Beijing：Chinese Light Industry Publishing Company，2007：215‑231.
［14］范晓明，袁德义，杨斐翔，等.锥栗不同树体结构对光的响应［J］.生态学报，2015，35（22）：7426‑7434.
FANG X M，YUAN D Y，YANG F X，et al.Effects of different tree shapes on light use in Castanea henry［i J］.Acta Ecologica Sinica，2015，35（22）：7426‑7434.
［15］牛茹萱，赵秀梅，王晨冰，等.桃不同树形的冠层特征及对果实产量、品质的影响［J］.果树学报，2019，36（12）：1667‑1674.
NIU R X，ZHAO X M，WANG C B，et al.Effects of canopy charateristics on fruit yield and quality with different training systems in nectarines［J］.Journal of Fruit Science，2019，36（12）：1667‑1674.
［16］ KAITH N，SHARMA U，SHARMA D，et al.Effect of different pruning intensities on growth，yield and leaf nutrients status of starking delicious apple in hilly region of Himachal Pradesh［J］.Journal of Farm Sciences，2011，1（1）：37‑42.
［17］鲁韧强，王小伟，郭宝林，等.桃树倾斜主干偏展形的光照分布与果实产量品质的关系［J］.果树学报，2003，20（6）：509‑511.
LU R Q，WANG X W，GUO B L，et al.Effects of light distribution on yield and fruit quality of ruipan 5 flat peach variety trained in slanting central leader system［J］.Journal of Fruit Science，2003，20（6）：509‑511.
［18］胡艳丽，毛志泉，李晓磊，等.三种苹果砧木不同肥力条件下根冠功能差异［J］.中国农业科学，2011，44（9）：1863‑1870.
HU Y L，MAO Z Q，LI X L，et al.Function differences between root and crown of three apple rootstocks with different fertility levels［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica，2011，44（9）：1863‑1870.
［19］王云贺，韩忠明，韩梅，等.遮荫处理对东北铁线莲生长发育和光合特性的影响［J］.生态学报，2010，30（24）：6762‑6770.
WANG Y H，HANG Z M，HANG M，et al.Effects of shading on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Clematis manshurica Rup［r J］.Acta Ecologica Sinica，2010，30（24）：6762‑6770.
［20］程建峰，姜锟，沈允钢.修枝截干对二球悬铃木叶片光合特性的影响［J］.中国生态农业学报，2009，17（3）：469‑473.
CHEN J F，JIANG K，SHEN Y G.Effect of branch and stem pruning on photosynthetic characteristics of Platanus acerifolia L ［J］.Chinese Journal of Eco‑Agriculture，2009，17（3）：469‑473.
［21］张振英.遮阴和施肥对黄山花楸幼苗生长及生理的影响［D］.南京：南京林业大学，2012.
ZHANG Z Y.Effects of fertilization and shading on the growth of Sorbus amabilis seedlings［D］.Nanjing：Nanjing Forestry University，2012.
［22］张治安，杨福，陈展宇，等.菰叶片净光合速率日变化及其与环境因子的相互关系［J］.中国农业科学，2006，39（3）：502‑509.
ZHANG Z A，YANG F，CHEN Z Y，et al.Relationship between diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate and environmental factors in leaves of Zizania latifolia［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica，2006，39（3）：502‑509.
［23］刘伟伟.‘温185’核桃疏散分层形树形坚果产量和品质格局与冠内光分布的关系［D］.乌鲁木齐：新疆农业大学，2016.
LIU W W.The relationship between nut yield & quality patterns and light distribution inside the crown of delayed‑open central leader system of Juglans regia‘Wen 185’［D］.Urumqi：Xinjiang Agricultural University，2016.
［24］岳玉苓，魏钦平，张继祥，等.黄金梨棚架树体结构相对光照强度与果实品质的关系［J］.园艺学报，2008，35（5）：625‑630.
YUE Y L，WEI Q P，ZHANG J X，et al.Relationship between the distribution of relative light intensity and fruit quality of trellis‑trained‘Hwangkumbae’［J］.Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2008，35（5）：625‑630.
［25］张显川，高照全，舒先迂，等.苹果开心形树冠不同部位光合与蒸腾能力的研究［J］.园艺学报，2005，32（6）：975‑979.
ZHANG X C，GAO Z Q，SHU X Y，et al.The different ability of photosynthesis and transpiration in different canopy positions of apple with open‑center system［J］.Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2005，32（6）：975‑979.
［26］张双利.影响富士苹果着色的因素与增色措施［J］.河北果树，2006（5）：40‑41.
ZHANG S L.Factors affecting the coloring of Fuji apple and measures for color enhancement［J］.Hebei Fruits，2006（5）：40‑41.
［27］成果，陈立业，王军，等.2种整形方式对‘赤霞珠’葡萄光合特性及果实品质的影响［J］.果树学报，2015，32（2）：215‑224.
CHENG G，CHEN L Y，WANG J，et al.Effect of training system on photosynthesis and fruit characteristics of‘Cabernet Sauvignon’［J］.Journal of Fruit Science，2015，32（2）：215‑224.

[1]	樊一凡, 张艳艳, 王艺媚, 李俊周, 杜彦修, 孙红正, 彭廷, 赵全志, 张静. 不同播期温光条件对籼稻产量和品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(2): 17-27.
[2]	杜雪丽, 柯璐瑶, 柳展, 代明珠, 周宇, 李剑兴, 徐玖亮. 叶面喷施镁对紫米产质量、花青素及代谢物含量的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(2): 28-36.
[3]	徐春燕, 张倩, 王雅娴, 王红雨, 盛开, 王宜伦. 商品有机肥对砂质潮土理化性状、冬小麦产量及养分积累的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(2): 56-64.
[4]	杨明达, 张素瑜, 李帅, 郑东方, 杨慎骄, 关小康, 王同朝. 不同播种灌溉方式对夏玉米出苗、干物质积累及转运和产量的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 22-31.
[5]	谢世兴, 蒋超, 赵冰欣, 董晓旭, 栗慧, 卢海博, 赵海超, 刘松涛, 魏东, 黄智鸿. 冀西北寒旱区不同鲜食玉米品种秸秆饲用品质特性研究[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 32-40.
[6]	马仲炼, 龚健福, 马永翠, 田虹, 刘德福, 杨顺强. 外源褪黑素对苦荞生理特性、产量及品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 41-47.
[7]	牟兰, 薛世明, 臧庆吉, 刘彦培, 段佳鑫, 蔡明, 张美艳. 香格里拉高寒区禾豆间作模式及青贮品质研究[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 78-86.
[8]	孔凡丹, 周利军, 郑美玉, 张作合, 杨则已, 吴娟. 秸秆覆盖对黑土区土壤微生物量、酶活性及大豆产量的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 87-95.
[9]	李君霞, 马小倩, 代书桃, 秦娜, 宋迎辉, 朱灿灿, 刘海霞, 金松灿. 谷子品质性状研究进展[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 14-23.
[10]	鲁晓民, 郭书磊, 张新, 魏良明, 张前进, 曹丽茹, 刘海静, 邓亚洲, 张震, 王振华. 不同密度下玉米茎秆抗倒伏相关性状的产量构成分析[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 44-55.
[11]	连延浩, 杜飞波, 薛博, 王志强, 任永哲, 林同保, 李森. 垄作结合一次性施肥对冬小麦氮素利用及经济效益的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 56-65.
[12]	崔承齐, 刘艳阳, 杜振伟, 武轲, 江晓林, 郑永战, 梅鸿献. 基于高密度遗传图谱的芝麻籽粒品质相关性状QTL 定位[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 66-77.
[13]	王晓洁, 黎美霞, 陶蕾, 张波, 何昕孺, 米佳, 戴国礼, 徐文娣. 48 份黑果枸杞种质主要表型和品质性状的遗传多样性研究[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 78-90.
[14]	张四普, 杨锐, 崔巍, 张柯, 尹喜恩, 郭超峰, 解远明, 牛佳佳. 半地下通风库结合冷库贮藏对酥梨品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 164-172.
[15]	徐丽娜, 安治良, 陈士林, 张怀胜, 进茜宁, 王平喜. 种植密度对玉米茎秆强度和穗部性状的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(8): 11-17.