有机肥与无机肥配施对马铃薯生长发育及产质量的影响

doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.03.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为提高马铃薯产量，改善马铃薯品质，减少长期施用无机肥的负面作用，采用田间试验，以不施有机肥处理为对照（CK），研究有机肥与无机肥配施［有机氮∶无机氮=2∶8（T1）、有机氮∶无机氮=3∶7（T2）、有机氮∶无机氮=4∶6（T3）］对乌兰察布市马铃薯生长发育和产质量的影响。结果表明，有机肥与无机肥配施提高了马铃薯各农艺性状指标、叶绿素含量、根干质量、产量及品质。其中，T1处理的各农艺性状指标均显著高于CK和T3处理（除主茎数外），与T2处理差异不显著；T2处理的根干质量在各时期均最高；马铃薯产量以T2处理最高，为31 572 kg/hm²，比CK提高了22.08%；淀粉含量以T3处理最高，可溶性蛋白和维生素C含量均以T2处理最高，还原糖含量则以T1处理最高。综上所述，在乌兰察布市马铃薯种植过程中有机氮替代无机氮比例以20%～30%较适宜。

关键词: 马铃薯, 有机肥, 无机肥, 配施, 产量, 品质, 生长发育

Abstract: In order to improve yield and quality of potato and reduce the adverse effects of excessive use of inorganic fertilizer on environment,the field experiment was carried out to study the effects of organic fertilizer combined with inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield and quality.The experiment included the following four treatments: inorganic fertilizer(CK),organic nitrogen ∶inorganic nitrogen=2∶8( T1),organic nitrogen ∶ inorganic nitrogen=3∶7(T2),organic nitrogen ∶ inorganic nitrogen=4∶6(T3).The results showed that organic fertilizer combined with inorganic fertilizer could increase agronomic traits indexes,chlorophyll content,dry root weight,yield and quality of potato.The indexes of agronomic traits of T1 treatment were significantly higher than those of CK and T3 treatment(except for main stems number),and there was no significant difference between T1 and T2 treatments.The dry root weight of T2 treatment was the highest in each period. The yield of T2 treatment was the highest,which was 31 572 kg/ha,increased by 22.08% compared with CK.The starch content of T3 treatment was the highest;contents of soluble protein,vitamin C of T2 treatment were the highest;reducing sugar content of T1 treatment was
the highest.Overall,organic nitrogen replacing 20%—30% of inorganic nitrogen was appropriate.

Key words: Potato, Organic fertilizer, Inorganic fertilizer, Combined application, Yield, Quality, Growth and development

中图分类号:

S532

刘拴成. 有机肥与无机肥配施对马铃薯生长发育及产质量的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2020, 49(3): 32-39.

LIU Shuancheng. Effects of Organic Fertilizer Combined with Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth,Yield and Quality of Potato[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 49(3): 32-39.

参考文献

［1］屈冬玉,谢开云,金黎平,等.中国马铃薯产业发展与食物安全［J］.中国农业科学,2005,38(2):358-362.

QU D Y,XIE K Y,JIN L P,et al.Development of potato industry and food security in China［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2005,38(2):358-362.

［2］关焱,宇万太,李建东.长期施肥对土壤养分库的影响［J］.生态学杂志,2004,23(6):131-137.

GUAN Y,YU W T,LI J D.Effects of longterm fertilization on soil nutrient pool［J］.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(6):131-137.

［3］高怡安,程万莉,张文明,等.有机肥替代部分化肥对甘肃省中部沿黄灌区马铃薯产量、土壤矿质氮水平及氮肥效率的影响［J］.甘肃农业大学学报,2016,51(2):54-60,68.

GAO Y A,CHEN W L,ZHANG W M,et al.Effect of organic fertilizer partially replace chemical fertilizer on yield,Nmin’s level in soil and N fertilizer efficiency of potato in the yellow river irrigation area of the central in Gansu［J］.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2016,51(2):54-60,68.

［4］李培军,蒋卫杰,余宏军.有机肥营养元素释放的研究进展［J］.中国蔬菜,2008,27(6):39-42.

LI P J,JIANG W J,YU H J.Research progress on nutrient release from organic fertilizer［J］.China Vegetables,2008,27(6):3942.

［5］李军营,邓小鹏,杨坤,等.施用有机肥对植烟土壤理化性质的影响［J］.中国土壤与肥料,2012,43(3):12-16,34.

LI J Y,DENG X P,YANG K,et al.Effect of organic fertilizer on soil physiochemical property in tobacco field［J］.Soil and Fertilize Sciences in China,2012,43(3):12-16,34.

［6］孙瑞莲,朱鲁生,赵秉强,等.长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用［J］.应用生态学报,2004,15(10):1907-1910.

SUN R L,ZHU L S,ZHAO B Q,et al.Effects of longterm fertilization on soil microorganism and its role in adjusting and controlling soil fertility［J］.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(10):1907-1910.

［7］黄鸿翔,李书田,李向林,等.我国有机肥的现状与发展前景分析［J］.土壤肥料,2006,37(1):3-8.

HUANG H X,LI S T,LI X L,et al.Analysis on the status of organic fertilizer and its development strategies in China［J］.Soil and Fertilize Sciences,2006,37(1):3-8.

［8］王鸿磊,王红艳,崔丛光.黄瓜专用生物有机肥对设施黄瓜生长及品质的影响［J］.北方园艺,2013,37(1):29-31.

WANG H L,WANG H Y,CUI C G.Effects of special bioorganic fertilizer for cucumber on growth and quality of cucumber in greenhouse［J］.Northern Horticulture,2013,37(1):29-31.

［9］CONACHER J,CONACHER A.Organic farming and the environment,with particular reference to Australia:A review［J］.Biological Agriculture and Horticulture,1998,16:145-171.

［10］周伯瑜,杨子江.论有机肥料在农业生态系统中的地位和作用［J］.生态学杂志,1992,11(3):53-55.

ZHOU B Y,YANG Z J.Role and function of organic fertilizer in agroecosystem［J］.Chinese Journal of Ecology,1992,11(3):5355.

［11］李燕青,林治安,温延臣,等.不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦品质的影响［J］.植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1513-1522.

LI Y Q,LIN Z A,WEN Y C,et al.Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizers with different sources of organic manure on the grain quality of winter wheat［J］.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(6):1513-1522.

［12］谢军,赵亚南,陈轩敬,等.有机肥氮替代化肥氮提高玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率［J］.中国农业科学,2016,49(20):39343943.

XIE J,ZHAO Y N,CHEN X J,et al.Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(20):3934-3943.

［13］孙耿,刘杰,罗尊长,等.化肥配施生物有机肥对冷浸田土壤养分和水稻生长的影响［J］.湖南农业科学,2015,35(10):44-46.

SUN G,LIU J,LUO Z Z,et al.Effects of chemical fertilizers applied with biological organic fertilizer on soil nutrient and rice growth in coldwaterlogged paddy［J］.

Hunan Agricultural Sciences,2015,35(10):44-46.

［14］温延臣,张曰东,袁亮,等.商品有机肥替代化肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响［J］.中国农业科学,2018,51(11):2136-2142.

WEN Y C,ZHANG Y D,YUAN L,et al.Crop yield and soil fertility response to commercial organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(11):2136-2142.

［15］李刚,田伟,杨志慧,等.有机肥施用量对马铃薯品质和土壤环境的影响［J］.浙江农业学报,2014,26(6):1573-1577.

LI G,TIAN W,YANG Z H,et al.Effects of compost application on potato quality and soil environment［J］.Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2014,26(6):1573-1577.

［16］穆俊祥,曹兴明,弓建国,等.有机肥和氮磷钾肥配施对马铃薯产量和品质的影响［J］.石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2009,27(4):428-432.

MU J X,CAO X M,GONG J G,et al.Effect of organic fertilizer,N,P2O5 and K2O combined application on yields and qualities of patatoes［J］.Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science Edition),2009,27(4):428-432.

［17］程万莉,刘星,高怡安,等.有机肥替代部分化肥对马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响［J］.土壤通报,2015,46(6):1459-1465.

CHENG W L,LIU X,GAO Y A,et al.Effects of chemical fertilizer partially replaced with organic fertilizer on functional diversity of microbial community in potato rhizosphere soil［J］.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(6):1459-1465.

［18］郝再彬,苍晶,徐仲,等.植物生理学实验［M］.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2004.

HAO Z B,CANG J,XU Z,et al.Plant physiology experiment［M］.Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology Press,2004.

［19］郭冬生,彭小兰.蒽酮比色法和酶水解法两种淀粉测定方法的比较研究［J］.湖南文理学院学报(自然科学版),2007,19(3):3436.

GUO D S,PENG X L.Comparative study on Antrone chromametry and enzymatic hydrolysis for assay starch method［J］.Journal of Hunan University of Arts and Science(Natural Science Edition),2007,19(3):34-36.

［20］朱海霞,石瑛,张庆娜,等.3，5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）比色法测定马铃薯还原糖含量的研究［J］.中国马铃薯,2005,19(5):266-269.

ZHU H X,SHI Y,ZHANG Q N,et al.Applying 3,5dinitrosalicylicacid(DNS) method to analyzing the content of potato reducing sugar［J］.Chinese Potato,2005,19(5):266-269.

［21］焦洁.考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定苜蓿中可溶性蛋白含量［J］.农业工程技术,2016,36(17):33-34.

JIAO J.Determination of soluble protein content in sputum by coomassie brilliant blue G250 staining［J］.Agricultural Engineering Technology,2016,36(17):33-34.

［22］聂继云.果品及其制品质量安全检测营养品质和功能成分［M］.北京:中国质检出版社,2017:168-170.

NIE J Y.Quality and safety components of fruit and its products for quality and safety testing［M］.Beijing: China Quality Inspection Press,2017:168-170.

［23］董春华,刘强,高菊生,等.不同施肥模式下水稻生育期间杂草群落特征［J］.草业学报,2013,22(3):218226.

DONG C H,LIU Q,GAO J S,et al.Effects of different fertilization models on the characteristics of weed communities during the rice growing seasons［J］.Acta Pataculturae Sinica,2013,22(3):218226.〖ZK)〗

［24］张士荣,王军,张德龙,等.有机肥C/N优化及钾肥运筹对烤烟钾含量及香气品质的影响［J］.华北农学报,2017,32(3):220-228.

ZHANG S R,WANG J,ZHANG D L,et al.The Effect of K application on K content and aroma quality of leaves of fluecured tobacco under the optimization of C/N with organic fertilizer［J］.Acta Agriculturae BorealiSinica,2017,32(3):220-228.

［25］黄小洋,邵劲松,马运涛.施用猪粪有机肥对土壤环境质量的影响［J］.河南农业科学,2017,46(11):60-68.

HUANG X Y,SHAO J S,MA Y T.Effects of the application of pig manure organic fertilizers on soil environment quality［J］.Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2017,46(11):60-68.

［26］孙万纯,张登文.有机肥部分替代水稻基肥中化肥试验［J］.浙江农业科学,2018,59(12):2256-2257.

SUN W C,ZHANG D W.Experimental study on partial replacement of fertilizer in rice based fertilizer by organic fertilizer［J］.Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2018,59(12):2256-2257.

［27］吕凤莲,侯苗苗,张弘弢,等.塿土冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系有机肥替代化肥比例研究［J］.植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(1):22-32.

L F L,HOU M M,ZHANG H T,et al.Replacement ratio of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with manure under the winter wheatsummer maize rotation system in Lou soil［J］.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2018,24(1):22-32.

［28］FROMME P,MELKOZERNOV A,JORDAN P,et al.Structure and function of photosystem I: Interaction with its soluble electron carriers and external antenna systems［J］.FEBS Letters,2003,555(1):40-44.

［29］赵明,蔡葵,赵征宇,等.不同有机肥料中氮素的矿化特性研究［J］.农业环境科学学报,2007,26(S):146-149.

ZHAO M,CAI K,ZHAO Z Y,et al.Characteristics of NO-3N and NH+4N minternalization from different organic fertilizers［J］.Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2007,26(S):146-149.

［30］姜丽丽,李晗,孟佳美,等.施氮水平对马铃薯产量及叶绿素含量影响相关性研究［J］.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2019,31(2):13-19.

JIANG L L,LI H,MENG J M,et al.Relevant study on the effects of nitrogen levels on potato yield and chlorophyll content［J］.Journal of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,2019,31(2):13-19.

［31］李小炜,田丽,白春梅,等.榆林沙区不同有机肥施用量对滴灌玉米拔节期生长及生理性状的影响［J］.湖北农业科学,2018,57(7):44--47.

LI X W,TIAN L,BAI C M,et al.Effects of different organic fertilizer application rates on growth and physiological characteristics of drip irrigated maize at jointing stage in Yulin sandy area［J］.Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2018,57(7):44-47.

［32］贾立华,赵长星,王月福,等.不同质地土壤对花生根系生长、分布和产量的影响［J］.植物生态学报,2013,37(7):684-690.

JIA L H,ZHAO C X,WANG Y F,et al.Effects of different soil textures on the growth and distribution of root system and yield in peanut［J］.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2013,37(7):684-690.

［33］张立成,谢立钧,胡德勇,等.土壤水分调控对超级稻根系特征的影响［J］.灌溉排水学报,2018,37(4):34-38.

ZHANG L C,XIE L J,HU D Y,et al.Response of root traits of superrice to soil moisture regulation［J］.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(7):34-38.

［34］薛峥,张昆,唐海洋,等.营养水平对紫花苜蓿苗期根系生长的影响［J］.草地学报,2015,23(5):951-956.

XUE Z,ZHANG K,TANG H Y,et al.Response of root growth to nutrient level in alfalfa seedling stage［J］.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2015,23(5):951-956.

［35］李艳平,任天宝,李建华,等.烟秆有机肥对烤烟根系发育和矿质元素含量的影响［J］.中国烟草科学,2016,37(6):21-26.

LI Y P,REN T B,LI J H,et al.Effects of combined tobacco stem organic fertilizer on root development and mineral element contents of fluecured tobacco［J］.Chinese Tobacco Science,2016,37(6):21-26.

［36］王艳玲,蒋发辉,徐江兵,等.长期配施有机肥对旱地红壤微团聚体中有机碳含量的影响［J］.土壤通报,2018,49(2):377-384.

WANG Y L,JIANG F H,XU J B,et al.Microaggregate associated organic carbon in red soil as affected by the longterm application of combined organicinorganic fertilizers［J］.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2018,49(2):377-384.

［37］任凤玲,张旭博,孙楠,等.施用有机肥对中国农田土壤微生物量影响的整合分析［J］.中国农业科学,2018,51(1):119-128.

REN F L,ZHANG X B,SUN N,et al.A metaanalysis of manure application impact on soil microbial biomass across China’s croplands［J］.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(1):119-128.

［38］宇万太,姜子绍,马强,等.施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响［J］.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5):10571064.

YU W T,JIANG Z S,MA Q,et al.Effects of application of manure on soil fertility［J］.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(5):1057-1064.

［39］徐文兵,吴峰,邓小华,等.根区施用不同生物有机肥对烤烟根系生长发育的影响［J］.中国烟草科学,2017,38(5):45-49.

XU W B,WU F,DENG X H,et al.Effects of rootzone application of different bioorganic fertilizers on fluecured tobacco roots［J］.Chinese Tobacco Science,2017,38(5):45-49.

［40］侯小畔,安婷婷,周亚男,等.增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响［J］.玉米科学,2018,26(1):127133.

HOU X P,AN T T,ZHOU Y N,et al.Effect of adding organic fertilizer on summer maize production and soil properties［J］.Journal of Maize Sciences,2018,26(1):127-133.

［41］罗佳,陈波浪,向光荣,等.有机肥对盐渍化耕地棉花干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响［J］.中国土壤与肥料,2017,48(2):107-113.

LUO J，CHEN B L,XIANG G R,et al.Effects of organic manure on dry matter accumulation,nutrient absorption and cotton production on salt affected land［J］.Soil and Fertilize Sciences in China,2017,48(2):107-113.

［42］聂俊,史亮亮,邱俊荣,等.有机肥和化肥配施对抛栽水稻群体干物质生产和产量的影响［J］.西南农业学报,2016,29(3):579-583.

NIE J,SHI L L,QIU J R,et al.Effects of organic manure application combined with chemical fertilizers on dry matter production and yield of rice［J］.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2016,29(3):579-583.

［43］穆俊祥,曹兴明,弓建国,等.氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用对马铃薯淀粉含量和产量的影响［J］.土壤,2009,41(5):844-848.

MU J X,CAO X M,GONG J G,et al.Effects of combined application of N,P,K and organic fertilizers on starch content and yield of potatoes［J］.Soils,2009,41(5):844-848.

［44］李增杰.不同生态条件下马铃薯淀粉含量及其品质〖HJ68x〗差异分析［J］.科学技术创新,2019,23(2):143-144.

LI Z J.Analysis of potato starch content and quality difference under different ecological conditions［J］.Scientific and Technological Innovation,2019,23(2):143-144.

［45］王玉萍,周晓洁,卢潇,等.土壤紧实度对马铃薯根系、匍匐茎、产量和品质的影响［J］.中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1590-1596.

WANG Y P,ZHOU X J,LU X,et al.Effect of soil compaction on root,stolon,yield and quality of potato［J］.Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(6):1590-1596.

［46］李勇,吕文河,吕典秋,等.施氮水平对不同淀粉型马铃薯块茎产量和淀粉品质的影响［J］.中国农业大学学报,2019,24(3):2738.

LI Y,L W H,L D Q,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on the tuber yield and starch quality of potato varieties with different starch contents［J］.Journal of China Agricultural University,2019,24(3):27-38.

［47］杨晟,何腾兵,吕树鸣.2种贮藏方式下马铃薯品质指标的变化［J］.河南农业科学,2012,41(6):24-28.

YANG S,HE T B,L S M.Potato quality changes in two storage conditions in Liupanshui area［J］.Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2012,41(6):24-28.

[1]	樊一凡, 张艳艳, 王艺媚, 李俊周, 杜彦修, 孙红正, 彭廷, 赵全志, 张静. 不同播期温光条件对籼稻产量和品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(2): 17-27.
[2]	杜雪丽, 柯璐瑶, 柳展, 代明珠, 周宇, 李剑兴, 徐玖亮. 叶面喷施镁对紫米产质量、花青素及代谢物含量的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(2): 28-36.
[3]	马宇, 王硕立, 赵曦, 侯冰清, 薛子钟, 张扬, 习红昂, 程玉渊, 时向东, 邢雪霞. 保水剂对豫西南半湿润区雪茄烟田耕层土壤理化性质及烟株生长发育的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(2): 46-55.
[4]	徐春燕, 张倩, 王雅娴, 王红雨, 盛开, 王宜伦. 商品有机肥对砂质潮土理化性状、冬小麦产量及养分积累的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(2): 56-64.
[5]	杨明达, 张素瑜, 李帅, 郑东方, 杨慎骄, 关小康, 王同朝. 不同播种灌溉方式对夏玉米出苗、干物质积累及转运和产量的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 22-31.
[6]	谢世兴, 蒋超, 赵冰欣, 董晓旭, 栗慧, 卢海博, 赵海超, 刘松涛, 魏东, 黄智鸿. 冀西北寒旱区不同鲜食玉米品种秸秆饲用品质特性研究[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 32-40.
[7]	马仲炼, 龚健福, 马永翠, 田虹, 刘德福, 杨顺强. 外源褪黑素对苦荞生理特性、产量及品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 41-47.
[8]	牟兰, 薛世明, 臧庆吉, 刘彦培, 段佳鑫, 蔡明, 张美艳. 香格里拉高寒区禾豆间作模式及青贮品质研究[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 78-86.
[9]	孔凡丹, 周利军, 郑美玉, 张作合, 杨则已, 吴娟. 秸秆覆盖对黑土区土壤微生物量、酶活性及大豆产量的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2024, 53(1): 87-95.
[10]	李君霞, 马小倩, 代书桃, 秦娜, 宋迎辉, 朱灿灿, 刘海霞, 金松灿. 谷子品质性状研究进展[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 14-23.
[11]	李敏, 郭雷风, 王瑞利. 无人机遥感在马铃薯田间表型研究中的应用[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 24-32.
[12]	鲁晓民, 郭书磊, 张新, 魏良明, 张前进, 曹丽茹, 刘海静, 邓亚洲, 张震, 王振华. 不同密度下玉米茎秆抗倒伏相关性状的产量构成分析[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 44-55.
[13]	连延浩, 杜飞波, 薛博, 王志强, 任永哲, 林同保, 李森. 垄作结合一次性施肥对冬小麦氮素利用及经济效益的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 56-65.
[14]	崔承齐, 刘艳阳, 杜振伟, 武轲, 江晓林, 郑永战, 梅鸿献. 基于高密度遗传图谱的芝麻籽粒品质相关性状QTL 定位[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 66-77.
[15]	王晓洁, 黎美霞, 陶蕾, 张波, 何昕孺, 米佳, 戴国礼, 徐文娣. 48 份黑果枸杞种质主要表型和品质性状的遗传多样性研究[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(9): 78-90.