Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Effects of Different Modifiers on NH₃ Volatilization and N₂O Emission in Saline Soils

GAO Panpan, LI Guoyu, LIU Ruowei, WEI Yujing, FENG Haojie, LOU Yanhong, WANG Hui, YANG Quangang, ZHUGE Yuping, PAN Hong

2022, 51(10): 1-8. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.001

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Soil salinization affects nitrogen cycle transformation，restricts nitrogen supply and affects crop yield.Adding amendments is an important means of saline soil improvement.The action principles of three saline soil conditioners，biochar，gypsum，and organic materials，and their effects on NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emission in saline soils were reviewed.The application of conditioners was suggested from the perspective of nitrogen transformation，and the future application study of amendments was prospected in order to provide theoretical reference for high yield and high efficiency utilization of saline soil.

Research Progress in the Function of MicroRNA in the Process of Baculovirus Infection

ZHANG Xiaoxia, SUN Xiaoyan, YANG Yanqing, WANG Qiuyun, LIANG Zhenpu

2022, 51(10): 9-16. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.002

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MicroRNAs（miRNAs）are a class of non‑coding RNAs encoded by endogenous genes，about 22 nt，which are key regulators of gene expression and participate in a series of important biological processes in organisms.Most DNA viruses encode miRNA，including baculovirus. The baculovirus consists of double‑stranded circular DNA，can specifically infect insects of Lepidoptera，Hymenoptera and Diptera，and has been widely used in agricultural pest control and biological research.The biosynthesis and functional mechanism of miRNAs were introduced in the paper，and virus‑ and host‑encoded miRNAs after baculovirus infection of hosts and the functions of miRNAs in the process of baculovirus infection were reviewed，which can provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of baculovirus insecticides.

Analysis of Differentially Expressed Storage Protein Genes between Wheat Cultivars with Different Dough Strength

CHAO Yueen, LI Wenxu, WANG Shasha, YANG Pan, WU Zhengqing

2022, 51(10): 17-24. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.003

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Two wheat cultivars Zhengmai 158 and Zhengmai 119 with same combinations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits（HMW‑GS）but quite different dough strength and protein content（Zhengmai 158 with high dough strength and low protein content，Zhengmai 119 with low dough strength and high protein content） were used as materials.At 14，21 and 28 days after flowering，grain transcriptome sequencing was performed，and differentially expressed grain storage protein（GSP）genes，sulfur and sulfhydryl contents of the flour，cysteine and free sulfhydryl contents in proteins encoded by differentially expressed GSP genes between the two wheat cultivars were analyzed，so as to explore the possible reasons for the difference of flour quality under the same HMW‑GS combination.The results showed that compared with Zhengmai 119，Zhengmai 158 had lower total proteins and higher gluten index and stabilization time；the two cultivars had same combinations of HMW‑GS，and the expression levels of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunit genes were not significantly different between the two cultivars；twenty‑eight GSP genes were significantly differentially expressed between the two cultivars at the three time points，5（3 avenin‑like genes and 2 gliadin genes）of them were significantly up‑regulated in Zhengmai 158，and 23（16 gliadin genes，5 avenin‑like genes and 2 globulin genes）of them were significantly down‑regulated in Zhengmai 158. There was lower sulfur content，higher contents of free sulfhydryl，total sulfhydryl and disulphide bonds in the flour from Zhengmai 158 than thoes from Zhengmai 119，and the contents of predicted cysteine and free sulfhydryl in proteins encoded by up‑regulated expressed GSP genes in Zhengmai 158 were higher.Consequently，combinations of HMW‑GS may not be the main contributor to flour strength，decreasing the expression level of gliadin genes is an effective measure to improve the dough strength，individual gliadin genes and avenin‑like genes may be closely related to dough strength，and high free sulfhydryl content is the molecular basis of high dough strength.

Distribution of Pita and Pib Genes and Their Relationships with Neck Blast Resistance in Ningxia and Imported Rice Germplasm Resources

LI Xiaorong, SU Sirong, ZHANG Yinxia, ZHANG Zhenhai, TIAN Lei, LUO Chengke, LI Peifu

2022, 51(10): 25-35. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.004

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Eighty‑five Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and imported rice germplasm resources were used as experimental materials to identify the resistance to leaf blast and neck blast.The distribution of Pita and Pib genes and their relationships with neck blast resistance were analyzed to clarify the value of these two genes in resistance to neck blast in rice germplasm resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region，so as to provide theoretical basis for breeding new neck blast‑resistant rice varieties through molecular marker‑assisted selection.The results showed that 66 of 85 rice germplasm resources were resistant to leaf blast，with resistance rate of 77.65%，and 40 rice germplasm resources were resistant to neck blast，with resistance rate of 47.06%；56 rice germplasm resources were comprehensively resistant to rice blast，with resistance rate of 65.88%，and the highest level of comprehensive resistance evaluation reached resistance.Among 85 rice germplasm resources，there were 42 rice germplasm resources with Pita⁺/Pib⁺gene combination，the neck blast resistance rate was 40.47%，and the comprehensive rice blast resistance rate was 69.05%；there were 17 rice germplasm resources with Pita⁺/Pib^-gene combination，the neck blast resistance rate was 70.59%，and the comprehensive rice blast resistance rate was 82.35%；there were 17 rice germplasm resources with Pita^-/Pib⁺gene combination，the neck blast resistance rate was 47.06%，and the comprehensive rice blast resistance rate was 52.94%；there were 9 rice germplasm resources with Pita^‑/Pib^‑gene combination，the neck blast resistance rate was 33.33%，and the comprehensive rice blast resistance rate was 44.44%.The order of neck blast resistance of different gene combinations was Pita⁺/Pib^‑>Pita^‑/Pib⁺>Pita⁺/Pib⁺>Pita^‑/Pib^‑，and the order of comprehensive rice blast resistance was Pita⁺/Pib^‑>Pita⁺/Pib⁺>Pita^‑/Pib⁺>Pita^‑/Pib^‑.The correlation analysis results showed that there was no significant correlation between Pib gene and neck blast resistance，while Pita gene had significant correlation with neck blast resistance. Overall，Pita gene can be used in the breeding of rice resistance to neck blast in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region，in the meantime Pita gene can be combined with Pib gene in the breeding of rice blast resistance.

Identification and Genetic Parameters Analysis of Resistance to Southern Leaf Blight of Maize Inbred Lines

ZHANG Zhifang, ZHANG Sujuan, ZHANG Shoulin, ZHANG Huiyu, XU Guoju, JIN Hailei

2022, 51(10): 36-43. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.005

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Eight maize inbred lines and twenty‑eight hybrid combinations matched with the eight inbred lines were as materials，artificial inoculation method was used，and disease incidence and disease index of southern leaf blight，genetic parameters such as combining ability and heritability of disease index were analyzed，so as to provide a theoretical basis for application of maize inbred lines in germplasm improvement and variety breeding. The results showed that the resistance to southern leaf blight of different maize inbred lines was generally significantly different，Xun 313 showed high resistance，Mo17 showed resistance，Xun 50X，Dan 340 and Xun SN12E showed moderate resistance，B73 showed susceptibility，and Lu 9801 and Chang 7‑2 showed high susceptibility. In addition，the combinations matched with Xun 313 as one parent showed better resistance，and the combinations matched with Chang 7‑2 as one parent showed poorer resistance.The general combining ability（GCA）effects of eight inbred lines were largely different，and GCA and specific combining ability（SCA）all showed positive and negative effects；SCA effect values of combinations matched with Xun SN12E as female（male）parent were all negative（positive）；the parent and their combining types had extremely significant effect on the resistance to southern leaf blight of hybrid progeny.The broad‑sense heritability of disease index of southern leaf blight was 89.73%，and the narrow‑sense heritability of disease index of southern leaf blight was 56.61%；the heredity of disease index of southern leaf blight was major in additive effects，while there was certain non‑additive effect，and this trait was influenced little by environmental factors，so it should be selected in earlier generations.

Effect of Leaf‑pinching on Leaf Yield，Nutrient Content，Grain Yield and Economic Benefit of Sesame

LI Feng, GAO Tongmei, WANG Dongyong, TIAN Yuan, SU Xiaoyu, ZHANG Pengyu, YANG Zihao, WEI Shuangling

2022, 51(10): 44-52. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.006

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To determine the best picking time and method of sesame leaves and ensure the maximum economic benefit，white sesame Zhengtaizhi 3 was used as the material to study the effects of picking time and methods on leaf yield，grain yield，plant characters and economic benefit of sesame by setting four picking periods including early flowering stage（T1），15 days of full flowering stage（T2），30 days of full flowering stage（T3）and final flowering stage（T4）.The leaf picking methods were picking one side leaves （D1）and picking all leaves（D2），with the treatment without picking leaves as CK. The results showed that the effects of leaf picking time and method on sesame leaf and grain yields reached a significant level.Compared with CK，the grain yield reduction range was as follows：picking leaves at 15 days of full flowering stage>picking leaves at early flowering stage>picking leaves at 30 days of full flowering stage>picking leaves at the end of flowering stage. Among them，picking all the leaves at 15 days of full flowering period in two years decreased by more than 73%，and picking all the leaves at early flowering stage in two years decreased by 50.80%（2017）and 53.33%（2018），respectively.The yield of sesame leaves showed picking leaves at 15 days in full flowering stage>picking leaves at 30 days in full flowering stage>picking leaves in the final flowering stage>picking leaves in the early flowering stage.The results of quality changes showed that the contents of crude fat，crude fiber，vitamin E，total sugar and total flavonoids in sesame leaves increased at first and then decreased with the postponement of picking leaves，and the highest values were observed at 30 days of full flowering stage，the content of crude protein decreased，and the contents of total ash and selenium increased with the postponement of picking leaves.The economic benefit of picking all sesame leaves at 30 days in full flowering stage was 19.36%（2017）and 34.54%（2018）higher than that of CK，and that of picking one side leaves was 20.29%（2017）and 24.39%（2018）higher than that of CK，and the economic benefit was higher than that of other treatments.Therefore，when the leaves are picked at 30 days in full flowering stage，the quality of sesame leaves is the best and the economic benefit is the highest.

Effects of Exogenous Carbon Addition on Nitrogen Supply Ability of Tobacco Planting Soil and Quality of Tobacco Leaf

LI Qingshan, PENG Yulong, ZHANG Yuqin, ZHANG Benqiang, WAN Jun, WANG Dequan, WANG Gang, WANG Shenqiang

2022, 51(10): 53-60. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.007

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The research aims to clarify the feasibility of controlling nitrogen with carbon for the purpose of improving flue‑cured tobacco leaf quality at the later growth stage.Under field conditions，glucose was used as carbon resource，and three treatments were set including no glucose addition（CK），glucose addition of 11.25 t/ha（T1），and glucose addition of 22.5 t/ha（T2），in which glucose was added at 90 days after seedlings were transplanted. We studied the effects of exogenous carbon addition at the late growth stage of flue‑cured tobacco on soil nitrogen supply capacity，appearance quality，economic properties，main chemical component content and chemical component availability index of middle and upper tobacco leaves.The results showed that the addition of exogenous carbon at the late growth stage of flue‑cured tobacco significantly reduced the mineral nitrogen level of the tobacco‑growing soil.At 3—40 days after adding the carbon resource，soil mineral nitrogen contents of T1，T2 and CK treatments were 13.03—61.25，15.93—23.42 mg/kg and 52.64—92.36 mg/kg，respectively.In addition，compared with CK，glucose addition gave rise to higher appearance quality scores of leaves，which increased by 20.9%—22.5% for middle leaves and 21.4% for upper leaves respectively，lower nicotine content，which decreased by 17.1%—19.5% for middle leaves and 21.6%—25.4% for upper leaves respectively，and higher chemical composition availability index，which increased by 4.7%—6.5% for middle leaves and 28.1%—29.0% for upper leaves respectively.The superior tobacco ratio of upper leaf increased by 35.8%—37.0%，and the average price of middle leaf and upper leaf increased by 1.8—2.8 Yuan/kg and 1.2—1.4 Yuan/kg，respectively.These results suggest that the nitrogen level in the tobacco‑growing soil can be regulated by applying exogenous carbon in the later stage of the growth of flue‑cured tobacco，thereby improving the leaf quality of flue‑cured tobacco.

Study on Ecological Planting Suitable Areas and Key Ecological Factors of Ganoderma lucidum in Guizhou Province

WANG Zhiwei, HU Youqiong, HUANG Anling

2022, 51(10): 61-73. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.008

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To clarify the potential ecological suitable areas of Ganoderma lucidum in Guizhou Province，the key ecological factors and their suitable planting ranges，ecological niche modeling was conducted for G.lucidum using maximum entropy model（MaxEnt）based on the information of 19 sampling points of G.lucidum in Guizhou Province and 95 ecological factors.The key ecological factors and their suitable planting ranges were analyzed using jackknife method，contribution rates of factors and response curves.The results showed that the high suitable areas of G.lucidum in Guizhou Province were mainly located in the northern，northeastern and central to southern regions of Guizhou Province，and concentrated in Huishui County，Longli County，Pingtang County，Guiding County，Yuqing County，Suiyang County，Duyun City，Ziyun County and Meitan County，etc. Percentage of mixed/other trees（Lcov4），mean diurnal temperature range（Bio2），precipitation of February（Prec2），percentage of shrubs（Lcov5），solar radiation value of October（Srad10），percentage of evergreen broadleaf trees（Lcov2），percentage of evergreen/deciduous needleleaf trees（Lcov1）and precipitation of September（Prec9）were the key ecological factors affecting the potential suitable distribution of G.lucidum in Guizhou Province. Cumulative contribution rate of vegetation factors（48.17%）>precipitation factors（21.36%）> temperature factors（15.36%）>solar radiation factors（13.70%）>topography factors（1.41%）. Based on the above results，it is suggested that G.lucidum should be planted in the northern，northeastern and central to southern regions of Guizhou Province.Vegetation factors should be given priority in the planting process，followed by precipitation，temperature，solar radiation and topography factors.The range of Lcov4，Bio2，Prec2，Lcov5，Srad10，Lcov2，Lcov1，Prec9 should be controlled within 30%—55%（optimally 40%），5—8 ℃（optimally7℃），20—60 mm（optimally 30 mm），10%—30%（optimally 15%），9 000—12 000 kJ（/ m²·d）［optimally 10 000 kJ（/ m²·d）］，2%—20%（optimally 2%），1%—15%（optimally 2%），100—140 mm（optimally 120 mm），respectively.

Screening of Safe Maize Varieties of Heavy Metals in Cadmium Arsenic Contaminated Farmland

CHAI Guanqun, ZHOU Lixing, WANG Li, LIU Guihua, QIN Song, CAO Yan, FAN Chengwu

2022, 51(10): 74-85. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.009

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In order to explore the differences in the accumulation ability of Cd and As in the grains of different maize varieties and the effects of variety and environment，and to screen out maize varieties with low accumulation of Cd and As in grains，50 local maize varieties in Qixingguan District，Bijie City were used as materials. The differences in the accumulation of Cd and As in maize grains were studied by field experiment in the Cd and As combined polluted farmland of location T and location Y in Qixingguan District.The results showed that variety，environment and their interaction had significant effects on Cd and As contents in maize grains.The contents of Cd and As in maize grains were significantly different，which were generally Cd>As.The grain As content of 50 maize varieties in location T and location Y was significantly lower than the limit of As in food（0.7 mg/kg，NY 861—2004）and the limit of As in feed（2.0 mg/kg，GB 13078—2017）.The grain Cd content of 50 maize varieties in location T and location Y was significantly lower than the limit of Cd in feed（1.0 mg/kg，GB 13078—2017）.The six varieties （Xinzhongyu 801，Jinduyu No.2，Jinduyu 808，Kangnongyu 109，Tongyu No.3，Yudan No.7）planted in location T and location Y had strong stability，and their Cd contents were higher than the limit of Cd in food（0.05 mg/kg，NY 861—2004）.In addition，the Cd content in Jinxiang 369 was also higher than the limit of Cd in food（0.05 mg/kg，NY 861—2004）. In summary，50 maize varieties could be planted as feed materials in Cd and As combined polluted farmland in the study area，Xinzhongyu 801，Jinduyu No.2，Jinduyu 808，Kangnongyu 109，Tongyu No.3，Yudan No.7，Jinxiang 369 could not be planted as food，while other maize varieties could be planted as food.

Association Analysis of Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community and Rice Yield in Rice‑Crab Farming System

SONG Yu

2022, 51(10): 86-95. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.010

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In order to study the correlation of the structure and function of rhizosphere soil microbial community with rice growth and yield indexes in co‑cropping paddy field，the rice‑crab farming paddy field（HXTCS）with bio‑organic fertilizer and the paddy field only with bio‑organic fertilizer（YJTCS）as a control were set up to determine the root length，plant height，spike length，grain number per spike and 1 000‑grain quality of rice；Macrogenome sequencing technology and Spearman correlation were used to analyze the correlation of rice growth and yield indexes with community structure and function at maturity.The results showed that compared with YJTCS，the grain number per spike and 1 000‑grain quality of rice in the rice‑crab farming paddy field were significantly improved（P<0. 05）.The relative abundances of Proteobacteria，Actinobacteria and Euryarchaeota decreased by 5.71%，16.12%，and 51.01%，respectively，while the relative abundance of Chloroflexi，Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia increased by 23. 35%，41.36% and 50.00%，respectively.The Chao index，Ace index and Shannon index in HXTCS soil were 11.22%，7.54% and 2.00% lower than those in the control group，respectively.The results of PCA analysis showed that the overall microbial community structure was significantly different between the two treatments. Spearman analysis showed that Chloroflexi was significantly negatively correlated with plant height and panicle length，grain number per spike was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with Acidobacteria，Gemmatimonadetes_d_Bacteria，Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Rhizosphere soil microbial COG（clustering of protein neighbors），KEGG（Kyoto Gene and Genome Encyclopedia）and carbohydrate active enzyme functional annotations of the rhizosphere soil microbial community were all related to rice growth and yield indexes to varying degrees.In conclusion，introduction of crab into the bio‑organic fertilizer paddy field is beneficial to the improvement of rice yield indexes，which is related to the changes in the structure and function of rhizosphere soil microbial community.

Effects of Cyantraniliprole on Intestinal Microbial Community and Metabolic Function of Plutella xylostella（Linnaeus）

XIANG Ligang, LI Wenhong, ZHENG Ping, LI Fengliang, WANG Hancheng, YU Zhihe

2022, 51(10): 96-105. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.011

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Cyantraniliprole is a second generation of ryanodine receptors inhibitor insecticide to control Lepidoptera pests.To understand the effects of cyantraniliprole on the intestinal microbial community structure and metabolic function of Plutella xylostella larvae，culture‑dependent method and high‑throughput sequencing were used to investigate the intestinal microbial community structure of P. xylostella fed with 1 mg/L cyantraniliprole soaked leaves.The changes in intestinal microbial community metabolic function of P.xylostella fed with 1 mg/L cyantraniliprole soaked leaves and the changes in intestinal microbial community metabolic function when the intestinal suspension was mixed with 0.1，1，10，100 mg/L cyantraniliprole were investigated using the Biolog‑ECO carbon source metabolic phenotype technology.The results showed that the dominant culturable bacteria in the intestine of P.xylostella were Enterococcus mundtii and Sanguibacter sp.The numbers of intestinal culturable bacteria of P.xylostella fed with 1 mg/L cyantraniliprole soaked leaves and clean leaves（as the control）were 2.4Í106 cfu/g and 4.5Í106 cfu/g，respectively.The results of high‑throughput sequencing showed that the dominant phyla in the intestine of P.xylostella were Firmicutes，Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria，and their relative abundance in treatment/control group was 74.0%/94.0%，8.6%/3.4% and 13.4%/0.8%，respectively.The dominant genera in the intestine of P.xylostella were Enterococcus and Sanguibacter，and their relative abundance in treatment/control group was 74.0%/94.0% and 2.5%/0.5%，respectively.After feeding with 1 mg/L cyantraniliprole soaked leaves，the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Enterococcus in the intestine of P.xylostella decreased significantly，while the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and Sanguibacter increased significantly.Compared to the control group，the diversity，evenness and richness of intestinal bacterial community of P. xylostella were increased，with a significant increase in diversity and richness.The carbon source metabolic capacity of intestinal microorganisms was not significantly affected under 0.1，1 mg/L cyantraniliprole stress and feeding with 1 mg/L cyantraniliprole soaked leaves，while decreased under 10，100 mg/L cyantraniliprole stress.In summary，feeding with 1 mg/L cyantraniliprole soaked leaves can reduce the number of culturable bacteria in the intestine of P.xylostella，and significantly increase the richness and diversity of intestinal microbial community.Under the pressure of high concentration of cyantraniliprole，the intestinal microbial metabolic capacity of P.xylostella decreased.

Screening and Identification of Antagonistic Endophytic Bacteria against Asparagus Stem Blight

SU Zhuowen, LU Caige, CAI Shulin, ZHANG Taotao, DONG Dan, ZHAO Juan, ZHANG Dianpeng

2022, 51(10): 106-113. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.012

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To obtain endophytic antagonists efficiently inhibiting asparagus stem blight （Phomopsis asparagi），52 strains of endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of wild asparagus collected in Miyun District of Beijing and were tested for their bio‑control activity against Phomopsis asparagi using the dual culture method and greenhouse experiments. The results showed that three strains of endophytic bacteria with good inhibitory effects were obtained，and the inhibition rates were 63.70%—85.00%.Among them the strain YS‑G10 displayed the highest antagonistic activity and the inhibition rate against Phomopsis asparagi was up to 85.00%.The strain YS‑G10 could also effectively inhibit asparagus stem blight in the greenhouse experiment and the control effect was 73.44%.Biocontrol‑related character assays showed that the strain was capable of producing protease and cellulase，suggesting that the strain YS‑G10 may control asparagus stem blight by secreting hydrolysis enzymes such as protease and cellulase to destory the cell wall of pathogenic fungi or inhibit the production of pathogenic toxins.By using morphological，physiological，biochemical tests and phylogenetic tree analysis based on 16S rDNA and gyrB sequences，the strain YS‑G10 was identified as Bacillus velezensis.

Codon Usage Bias Analysis of Cultivated and Wild Lettuce Mitochondrial Genomes

ZHANG Yang, SUN Shuguang, LI Qing, WEI Zhen

2022, 51(10): 114-124. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.013

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In order to analyze codon usage bias of mitochondrial（mt）genomes of cultivated and wild lettuces（Lactuca sativa‘Salinas’and Lactuca saligna），this study investigated and compared the impact factors and evolutionary process of codon usage bias of the two lettuce mt coding sequences（CDS）.The results showed that the overall GC contents of L.sativa‘Salinas’and L.saligna mt CDS were 43.43% and 42.54%，respectively.The mt genomes of both species had abundant A/T nucleotide bases.The effective number of codons（ENCs）of both species were from 36.61 to 61.00，indicating that the codon usage bias of the two species were not very strong.The analysis of neutrality plot found that the GC contents of the first，second，and the third bases were conserved.Selective pressure was the main impact factor of the codon usage bias of the two lettuce species. The PR2‑plot analysis showed that the third nucleotide bases of the codons of the two lettuce mt genomes preferred to use pyrimidines.The results of ENC‑plot analysis indicated that the codon usage of cultivated and wild lettuces was mostly affected by selection.The relative synonymous codon usage（RSCU）analysis indicated that L.sativa‘Salinas’and L.saligna had 28 and 29 codons with RSCU higher than 1.All of the codons ended with A and U bases，except for Leu.This study finds the codon usage of L.sativa‘Salinas’and L.saligna mt CDS similar in general，but different in optimal codons.These differences may come from different low expression gene libraries of the two species，or be caused by the effect of selection pressure and human selection of cultivated lettuce breeding on mt genome evolution.

Screening and Expression Analysis of Genes Related to Proliferation and Progesterone Secretion of Luteal Cells in Bovine Ovary

ZHAO Yuanyuan, MENG Jinzhu , WU Chunya, PAN Chunwei

2022, 51(10): 125-133. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.014

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The aim is to screen out the differentially expressed genes between large luteal cells（LLC，with the diameter>30 μm）and small luteal cells（SLC，with the diameter of 12—25 μm），and to obtain the characteristic genes related to proliferation and progesterone secretion of luteal cells.The GSE83524 microarray data were analyzed to screen out the differentially expressed genes using the limma package of R software.GO functional annotation and KEGG signaling pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes were performed by DAVID.The online softwares String and Cytoscape were used to construct and visualize the protein‑protein interaction（PPI）network. The Cyto‑Hubba in Cytoscape was used to screen 10 Hub genes with the highest node degree.The characteristic genes of luteal cell proliferation and progesterone secretion were verified by real‑time PCR on Sinan yellow cattle.The results showed that a total of 226 differentially expressed genes were screened in LLC and SLC of bovine ovary.GO functional annotation results showed that 226 differentially expressed genes were annotated into 3 categories，a total of 39 groups.KEGG analysis showed that 25 pathways were significantly enriched，among which PI3K‑Akt signaling pathway was closely related to luteal cell proliferation and progesterone secretion.PPI network interaction analysis obtained 10 Hub genes with the highest node degree.The results of real‑time PCR showed that the expression trends of VWF，CYP19A1，CYP17A1，PRLR and BMPR2 in LLC and SLC were consistent with the results of GEO chip data.

Effects of Extract from Lonicera japonica Thunb.on the production Performance，Slaughter Characters，Meat Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Broilers

WANG Linyi, XU Bin, WANG Ding, LI Wenjia, LI Shaoyu, DENG Wen

2022, 51(10): 134-141. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.015

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In order to investigate the effects of Lonicera japonica Thunb.extract on production performance，slaughter characters，meat quality and antioxidant capacity of broilers，240 1‑day‑old Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into four groups with six replicates in each group and 10 broilers per replicate. The control group was fed with basic diet，and the other three groups were fed with basic diet added with 200，400，600 mg/kg Lonicera japonica Thunb.extract.The experiment lasted for 42 d.The results showed that compared with the control group，the average daily gain，and meat color redness，total antioxidant capacity（T‑AOC）and glutathione peroxidase（GSH‑Px）activity in the breast muscle of broilers fed with 400 mg/kg Lonicera japonica Thunb.extract were significantly increased by 9.47%，18.21%，23.13% and 25.84%，respectively；the expression levels of GSH‑Px and nuclear factor E2 related factor 2（Nrf2） genes in the breast muscle were significantly increased；the feed conversion ratio，and dripping loss and malondialdehyde（MDA）content of breast muscle were significantly decreased by 5.98%，17.22% and 17.09%，respectively.The average daily gain，and meat color redness，T‑AOC and GSH‑Px activity in the breast muscle of broilers fed with diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg Lonicera japonica Thunb.extract were significantly increased by 11.08%，18.99%，27.21% and 35.88%，respectively；the expression levels of superoxide dismutase（SOD），GSH‑Px and Nrf2 genes in the breast muscle were significantly increased；the feed conversion ratio，and dripping loss，cooking loss，and MDA content of breast muscle were significantly decreased by 7.07%，19.33%，15.33% and 22.70%，respectively.In conclusion，adding Lonicera japonica Thunb.extract to the diet could increase the expression of GSH‑Px gene and its corresponding antioxidant enzyme activity by regulating Nrf2 gene expression in the breast muscle，so as to improve the antioxidant performance and meat quality of broiler breast muscle.

Effects of Delayed Harvest on SPAD and Burnt‑Sweet Mellow‑Sweet Style of Flue‑cured Tobacco Upper Six Leaves in Yongzhou

MENG Zhiyong, ZHOU Yu, YANG Kun, LI Wei, ZONG Shengjie, LIU Fang, MA Haobo, ZHU Yinfeng, ZHU Jingwei, SONG Xiaolong, JIN Zhili, LI Shujun

2022, 51(10): 142-150. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.016

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In order to clarify the suitable harvest maturity of upper tobacco leaves in Yongzhou tobacco‑growing area and highlight the style characteristics of burnt sweetness and mellow sweetness，Yunyan 87 was used as the test material. The realtive content of chlorophyll（SPAD values）of fresh upper six tobacco leaves（They were named B1—B6 from top to bottom based on leaf position）with different delayed harvest time（0，3，6 and 9 days later）were measured by chlorophyll analyzer，and the effects of corresponding maturity on the chemical composition，sensory evaluation quality and availability of flue‑cured tobacco leaves were studied.The results showed that with the delay of upper leaf maturity and harvest time，the mean SPAD of base，middle and tip at the same leaf position and the mean SPAD of each point，leaf position and all sites showed a linear downward trend.During ripening，the SPAD values of B1 and B2 leaves were relatively consistent，and the SPAD values of B3—B6 leaves were relatively consistent. Under delayed harvest for 3 days，the SPAD value of B1 and B2 leaves changed significantly，and the SPAD value of other leaves did not change significantly，which was conducive to appropriately delaying for one‑time harvest and classified baking（upper 2 leaves and lower 4 leaves）. Compared with conventional mature harvest，delaying harvest time increased the content of total sugar，reduced sugar and sugar alkali ratio，and improved the coordination of chemical components.It could weaken the sensory burnt aroma of the upper flue‑cured tobacco leaves，improve the mellow sweet aroma and burnt sweet aroma，improve the aroma quality，increase the sweet return feeling，significantly improve the sensory quality characteristics，and increase the proportion of tobacco leaves in the formula of class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ cigarettes.Among them，after delaying harvest for 3 days，the indexes such as hay aroma，mellow and sweet aroma，aroma quality，aroma amount，impurity degree，fineness and softness of flue gas，taste sweetness and aftertaste of flue‑cured tobacco were outstanding，the degree of style characteristics（2.81 points）had no change，the proportion of use was the highest in the formula of classⅠ cigarettes，and the usability was significantly improved. Continued delay in harvest reduced the prominence of style characteristics of flue‑cured tobacco leaves，and reduced the proportion and availability in the formula of class Ⅰ cigarettes.It can be seen that on the basis of conventional harvesting time，it is more appropriate to delay the harvesting of upper tobacco leaves for 3 days in Yongzhou tobacco‑growing area，which is conducive to highlighting the style of burnt sweetness and mellow sweetness and improving the usability.

Thermogravimetric Characteristics and Kinetic Analysis of Yunnan Flue‑cured Tobacco Materials under Heating

WU Jian, ZHANG Jiabao, ZHOU Guojun, WANG Jun, XU Jian, LIANG Miao, ZHANG Junsong, JIANG Jian

2022, 51(10): 151-160. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.017

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In order to investigate the weight loss behavior of tobacco leaves under low temperature heating and to guide the design of heated cigarette products，the thermogravimetric analysis technology was used to study the thermogravimetric characteristics of Yunnan flue‑cured tobacco leaves under the condition of linear heating and constant temperature baking.The effects of glycerol addition on the thermogravimetric characteristics of tobacco leaves were investigated，and the kinetics analyses at the stages of nonisothermal drying，devolatilization and constant temperature baking were conducted.The results showed that，the drying temperature range and the maximum weight loss temperature of the middle and upper tobacco leaves were higher than those of the lower leaves，and the application of glycerol narrowed the non‑isothermal drying temperature range，and improved the maximum weight loss rate and weight loss rate in the devolatilization stage. The weight loss rate of tobacco leaves in different parts increased by 33.1% on average，which promoted the release of smoke. The non‑isothermal Page drying model could describe the dehydration and drying process of tobacco leaf well，and the activation energy of tobacco leaf drying was increased by glycerol to varying degrees for different parts. The kinetics of devolatilization was in accordance with the first‑order chemical reaction control model，and the activation energy was in the order of upper>middle>lower.Glycerol could increase the activation energ and pre‑exponential factor.The decomposition kinetic during constant temperature baking stage could be described by a two‑dimensional diffusion model.The reaction rate constant increased with the increase of temperature，and the addition of glycerol could further increase the reaction rate constant and the activation energy of baking reaction.The thermal weight loss characteristics and kinetic parameters of Yunnan flue‑cured tobacco leaves are different for different parts.The application of glycerol could increase the weight loss rate of tobacco leaves in the devolatilization stage and constant temperature roasting stage，which is beneficial to the release of smoke.

Green Tobacco Position Identification Method Based on Contour‑Texture Features and LDA

ZHAO Chen, ZHAO Haobin, LU Xiaochong, ZHANG Xiaoyang, BAI Tao, MAO Lan, SONG Zhaopeng, WANG Tao

2022, 51(10): 161-168. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.018

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The objective of this paper was to realize the digital identification of the harvest position of green tobacco leaves，and improve the consistency of the quality of green tobacco leaves harvested.In this paper，tobacco leaves images were taken as the research object，a K‑nearest neighbor algorithm（KNN）recognition method based on contour‑texture characteristics and linear discriminant analysis（LDA）was proposed.Firstly，the pre‑processing operations such as image scaling，grayscale and binarization were performed on the collected green tobacco images，and four contour feature parameters such as narrow length degree，rectangularity were extracted. The gray level co‑occurrence matrix（GLCM） features extracted based on green tobacco images were fused，and the features were reduced by LDA.Finally，the KNN was used to classify green tobacco positions.The recognition accuracy of the extracted contour‑texture features without dimensionality reduction reached more than 0.80 in different classification models，which could reflect the green tobacco leaf position features effectively.The recognition accuracy of the model with LDA dimensionality reduction was the highest compared with that with PCA and without dimensionality reduction.The accuracy，recall rate，F1 score，and precision of the constructed KNN algorithm‑based green tobacco leaf position recognition model all reached 0.99，which can better identify the green tobacco leaf bearing positions.

Design and Application of Three‑dimensional Visualization Simulation System for Crop Production—Take Rehmannia glutinosa as an Example

ZHAO Di, YANG Yang, CHEN Liwei

2022, 51(10): 169-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.10.019

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In order to standardize the cultivation and production activities of Rehmannia glutinosa and improve farmers’production skills，a three‑dimensional visualization simulation system was developed with virtual reality，big data，artificial intelligence and other cutting‑edge technologies.This system consisted of modules including the cultivation‑collection‑processing flow，technical requirements and data analysis，realizing the digitalization and visualization of the life cycle of Rehmannia glutinosa production.By identifying the environmental changes during the phenological period of Rehmannia glutinosa，the system pushed corresponding standardized cultivating guidelines. Through human‑computer interaction，it could guide users to carry out cultivation，field management，harvesting and processing.According to the results of comparative experiments，under the guidance of the system farmers could save fertilizer by 7.36% and water by 23.38%，while increase output by 13.74%，which revealed an obvious effect of cost reduction and yield increase.

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