Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Research Progress on Effect of High Temperature on Maize at Flowering Stage

WANG Huitao, YUAN Liuzheng, LIU Jiayou, WANG Huiqiang, ZHU Shidie, YUAN Manman, WANG Qiuling

2022, 51(9): 1-9. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.001

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Six typical long⁃grain high⁃quality indica rice varieties（Ezhong 5，Jianzhen 2，Taiyouexiangsimiao，Taoyouxiangzhan，Xiangyaxiangzhan，Yexiangyoulisi）were selected to study the yield and its component and processing，appearance，cooking，nutritional qualities under different nitrogen application rates［105 kg/ha（N1），135 kg/ha（N2），165 kg/ha（N3），195 kg/ha（N4）and 225 kg/ha（N5）］，and the reasonable nitrogen application rate for high yield and quality of rice was explored，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the promotion of high⁃yield cultivation technology of high⁃quality rice. The results showed that the yield of rice increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate，the yields of N2 and N3 were generally higher，and there was no significant difference between them. Ezhong 5，Taiyouexiangsimiao and Taoyouxiangzhan had the highest yield under N3 treatment，which were 7.4，10.3，10.0 t/ha；Jianzhen 2，Xiangyaxiangzhan and Yexiangyoulisi had the highest yield under N2 treatment，which were 9.0，8.3，10.3 t/ha.The main reason for the increase of yield was the increase in the effective panicle number and seed setting rate. The yield order was Taoyouxiangzhan>Taiyouexiangsimiao>Yexiangyoulisi>Jianzhen 2>Xiangyaxiangzhan>Ezhong 5. In terms of quality，except for Yexiangyoulisi，the rice processing quality of the remaining varieties had a consistent response to the nitrogen application rate. N2 and N3 treatments generally had higher brown rice rate，polished rice rat and whole polished rice rate；for chalkiness degree and chalkiness rate，Jianzhen 2，Taiyouexiangsimiao and Xiangyaxiangzhan were the lowest under N3 treatment，Taoyouxiangzhan and Yexiangyoulisi were the lowest under N2 treatment. The order of chalkiness degree and chalkiness rate was Taiyouexiangsimiao>Jianzhen2>Taoyouxiangzhan>Xiangyaxiangzhan and Yexiangyoulisi>Ezhong 5. For the amylose content，Yexiangyoulisi had the lowest value under N2 treatment Xiangyaxiangzhan had the lowest value underN4 treatment，the other four varieties had the lowest value under N3 treatment. In terms of the characteristics of starch RVA spectrum，Ezhong 5 and Taiyouexiangsimiao had the highest breakdown viscosity and lowest setback value under N3 treatment， Jianzhen2， Taoyouxiangzhan and Xiangyaxiangzhan had the highest breakdown viscosity and lowest setback value under N1 treatment，and Yexiangyoulisi had the highest breakdown viscosity and lowest setback value under N2 treatment.In terms of the crude protein content and its components contents of polished rice，Ezhong 5 and Taoyouxiangzhan had lower crude protein content of 4.5%—5.9%，the other four varieties had higher crude protein content of 10.4%—15.4%.The albumin content of most varieties was the highest under N5 treatment；the gliadin content of most varieties was the highest under N4 treatment；the contents of globulin and gluten increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate，and N3 treatment was the highest for most varieties.On the whole，the optimal nitrogen application rate suitable for high⁃quality rice production was 135—165 kg/ha in the Jianghan Plain area.

Effects of Soil Texture and Chlorine Content on Location Chemical Composition of Flue⁃cured Tobacco Leaves

WANG Dongxu, WU Yunjie, ZENG Chao, ZHAO Mingyang, YU Haitao, ZHOU Jun, XUE Zizhong, LIU Liu, YE Xiefeng, ZHANG Jintao

2022, 51(9): 35-45. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.004

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In the tobacco⁃growing area of Henan Province，two main soil textures，sandy loam and clay，were selected to make the chlorine content of 0—20 cm soil for tobacco planting reach 30，45，and 60 mg/kg，respectively.At the same time，a chlorine content of 15 mg/kg treatment was added to the sandy loam.The X2F，C3F and B2F tobacco leaves after curing were divided into 15 locations，and the conventional chemical components of different locations were determined. The location differences of chemical composition and coordination of flue⁃cured tobacco leaves in sandy soil and clay soil in Henan tobacco area were studied under the condition of different chlorine content，to provide a reference for optimizing the planting layout of high⁃chlorine tobacco areas，accurately using tobacco raw materials by industrial enterprises and improving the adaptability of tobacco raw materials.The results showed that the distributions of chlorine and potassium contents in tobacco leaves were consistent among leaf locations，which were all in the order of leaf base>near base>leaf middle>near tip>leaf tip，near main>near middle>near edge.The distribution of nicotine content in leaf locations was opposite to that of chloride and potassium content，and the sugar⁃to⁃alkali ratio between leaf locations showed the order of near main>near middle>near edge.Chlorine application could promote the accumulation of potassium，chlorine and nicotine in tobacco leaves，and reduce the accumulation of reducing sugar and total sugar. The contents of chlorine，potassium and nicotine in different parts of flue⁃cured tobacco and different locations of leaves in sandy loam were generally lower than those in clay，while the reducing sugar content，total sugar content，potassium⁃chloride ratio and sugar⁃alkali ratio of tobacco leaves were higher than those in clay.Under the same soil chlorine content，the accumulation of chlorine in tobacco leaves in sandy loam was lower than that in clay.Therefore，according to the characteristics of high chlorine content and low potassium⁃to⁃chlorine ratio in the leaf base area，the leaf base area and other areas can be treated
separately during the redrying process.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on the Thickness and Availability of Middle and Lower Leaves of Flue⁃cured Tobacco in Southern Hunan

ZONG Shengjie, LI Wei, YANG Kun, LU Zhiwei, YU Jinlong, JIN Zhili, ZHOU Yu, JIANG Xiangwei, MENG Zhiyong, LI Jingjun, MA Haobo, LIU Fang, LI Shujun, XIAO Chunsheng

2022, 51(9): 46-55. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.005

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In order to solve the problem of thin blade of middle and lower leaves in southern Hunan and improve their quality and industrial availability，Yunyan 87 was sprayed with 0.01，0.02 mg/kg brassinolide and 15，30 mg/kg gibberellin（denoted as T1—T4 treatments，respectively）in two tobacco growing areas（Chenzhou and Yongzhou） in southern Hunan，net photosynthetic rate，thickness development，economic benefits，quality and industrial availability of middle and lower leaves were analyzed with spraying water as the control. The results showed that spraying 0.01 mg/kg brassinolide（T1）could significantly increase the net photosynthetic rate and economic benefits of middle and lower leaves of flue⁃cured tobacco both in Chenzhou and Yongzhou tobacco⁃growing areas，significantly improve the thickness development and the flue⁃cured tobacco thickness of middle leaves in Chenzhou，and significantly improve the thickness development of middle and lower leaves，the flue⁃cured tobacco thickness and the shrinkage rate of flue⁃cured thickness of lower leaves in Yongzhou；the proportion of superior tobacco and the average price of flued⁃cured leaves in Chenzhou and Yongzhou tobacco⁃growing areas increased；lower and middle tobacco leaves in Chenzhou had the best mellow sweet smelling，burnt sweet smelling，concentration and feature highlighting degree，and the smoking quality was improved by2.36% and 3.45% compared with CK；lower tobacco leaves in Yongzhou had better hay smelling，mellow sweet smelling and burnt sweet smelling，and all style feature indexes of middle leaves were better than CK，the sensory evaluation quality of lower and middle leaves was increased by 1.83% and 1.30% respectively compared with CK. The net photosynthetic rate of middle leaves in Chenzhou and lower leaves in Yongzhou was significantly higher than that of CK，the indicators of leaf thickness were not significantly different，and the economic benefits were the same as CK，the sensory style characteristics of the lower and middle leaves in Chenzhou were still slightly improved，while the sensory style characteristics of the middle leaves in Yongzhou were slightly decreased，but the overall quality and industrial availability were poor after spraying the double concentration of brassinolide（T2）.15 mg/kg gibberellin（T3）was beneficial to the thickness development of flue⁃cured tobacco leaves.The thickness of flue⁃cured tobacco leaves was better，the baking shrinkage of lower and middle leaf thickness was better than other treatments（CK，T2 and T4）expect for T1.Under different concentrations of gibberellin treatments（T3，T4），the economic benefit and sensory characteristics of flue⁃cured tobacco in southern Hunan were worse than CK and brassinolide treatment，It could be concluded that spraying 0.01 mg/kg brassinolide can improve the thickness of lower and middle leaves，the economic benefit，the sensory style characteristics and sensory quality characteristics，and the industrial availability of flue⁃cured leaves in southern Hunan.

Cloning，Structure and Expression Analysis of Chalcone Synthase Gene from Carthamus tinctorius L.

LU Dandan, TAN Zhengwei, YANG Hongqi, LI Lei, YU Yongliang, XU Lanjie, YANG Qing, LIANG Huizhen

2022, 51(9): 56-67. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.006

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Chalcone synthase（CHS）is the key rate⁃limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoids，which are the main bioactive components of Carthamus tinctorius L..In order to elucidate the synthetic pathway of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius L.，the cDNA sequence and gDNA sequence of CtCHS gene were obtained by RT⁃PCR and PCR using safflower cultivar as material，the gene structure，protein structure，phylogeny were analyzed，and the expression patterns of CtCHS in different tissues，and underdifferent exogenous hormone treatments were detected by qRT⁃PCR. The results showed that the length of CtCHS cDNA was 1 317 bp，and gDNA was 1 815 bp，which consisted of two exons and one intron.The content of AT in intron was significantly higher than that of GC，and was significantly higher than that of AT in exon.In addition，the intron sequence contained cis acting elements similar to enhancers，light and drought stress responsers，which might play a role in enhancing gene transcription and might be induced by light or drought stress.The cDNA sequence of CtCHS gene contained a maximum open reading frame of 1 206 bp，encoding 401 amino acids.The corresponding protein was hydrophilic protein，had no signal peptide sequence and transmembrane structure，and was localized in cytoplasm. The results of phylogenetic analysis of CHS in pharmaceutical plants showed that the CtCHS protein had the closest evolutionary relationship with CHS of Centaurea cyanus，but had a distant evolutionary relationship with CHS of Bletilla striata and Dendrobium candidum.Besides CHS proteins of pharmaceutical plants had obvious species characteristics.The results of qRT⁃PCR showed that the expression of CtCHS was the highest in flowers and the lowest in early fruit balls and young roots.At different stages of flower development，the expression level of CtCHS gene showed the same trend in the two Carthamus tinctorius L.varieties（red and white cultivars），and both had the highest expression level at blooming stage.However，the red cultivars had the lowest expression level at late stage of flower tissue formation，while the white cultivar had the lowest expression level at petal initial extending stage.In addition，the expression of CtCHS gene was significantly different between red and white safflower cultivars in initial stage of flower tissue formation，late stage of flower tissue formation，young stems and young leaves，and the difference in petal basically extending stage was extremely significant，while the difference in other stages and other tissues was not significant.The expression analysis of CtCHS after hormone stress showed that CtCHS could respond to different exogenous hormone treatments，thus affecting its expression.

Effects of Simultaneous Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Uptake and Accumulation of Cd by Pepper in Lime Soil

CHAI Guanqun, LIU Guihua, LUO Muxinjian, WANG Li, QIN Song, FAN Chengwu

2022, 51(9): 68-78. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.007

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In order to explore the effect of combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on the uptake and accumulation of cadmium（Cd）by pepper in calcareous soil，and to provide scientific basis for the development of special carbon based fertilizer for pepper，pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of four amounts of biochar（180，270，360，450 mg/kg，expressed as B₁，B_1.5，B₂，B_2.5）combined with 180 mg/kg nitrogen fertilizer of three forms（amide nitrogen，ammonium nitrogen，nitrate nitrogen，expressed as UN，AN and NN）on pepper fruit yield，rhizosphere soil pH and available Cd content，as well as pepper’s absorption and accumulation of Cd.The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer form had a very significant effect on pH value and available Cd content of rhizosphere soil，the pH value of rhizosphere soil treated with UNB₂was the highest and the available Cd content was the lowest.The dry weight of fruit，leaf，stem and root in NNB_2.5 treatment was the highest，and the dry weight of fruit was 37. 68 g/pot.The fruit dry weight of UNB₂ treatment was 34.65 g/pot，which was not significantly different from that of NNB_2.5treatment.The content of Cd in fruit，stem and leaf of UNB₂treatment was the lowest，and the content of Cd in fruit was 0.032 mg/kg，which was lower than the limit standard（<0.05 mg/kg）in National Food Safety Standard for Contaminants in Foods（GB 2762—2017）.The transfer coefficient of Cd from different parts to fruit was TF_fruit/stem>TF_fruit/leaf>TF_fruit/root.The correlation analysis of Cd content in fruit showed that Cd content in pepper fruit mainly came from the redistribution of shoot vegetative organs （stem and leaf）.The cumulative distribution of Cd in root of pepper was the largest.In conclusion，UNB₂ was preferentially recommended as the formula of special carbon⁃based fertilizer for pepper to achieve the safe production of pepper in calcareous soil with Cd.

Effects of Combined Application of Straw and Organic Fertilizer on Nitrogen Loss and Yield in Greenhouse Vegetable Fields

CAO Xiupeng, HUANG Xingxue, ZHOU Guolin, ZHANG Runhua, XIE Yanlan, SHI Lingfang

2022, 51(9): 79-87. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.008

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Aiming at the unreasonable phenomenon of fertilization and irrigation in the current facility vegetable production，and focusing on solving the problem of agricultural non⁃point source pollution caused by nitrogen loss，the in⁃situ leaching monitoring platform in the field was used to study the effect of different fertilization patterns on the migration of inorganic nitrogen in soil，nitrogen loss in the underground leaching water，vegetable yield，and nitrogen use efficiency. Sandy loam was used as the test soil and cabbage was used as the test vegetable. There were six treatments as follows：No fertilization（CK），conventional chemical fertilizer(CF),optimized fertilization（bio⁃organic fertilizer replaced 30% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen，(OF),combined application of straw and conventional chemical fertilizer（CFS）,combined application of straw and optimized fertilization（OFS），30% reduction in irrigation at the combined level of straw and optimized fertilization（OFSW）.The results showed that nitrate nitrogen（NO₃^-⁃N） was the main form of nitrogen loss in underground leaching water，followed by dissolved organic nitrogen（DON），and the leaching proportions of total dissolved nitrogen（TDN）were 25.578%—62.756% and 18.957%—43.483%，respectively.Compared with the CF treatment，OF，OFS，OFSW significantly reduced the leaching loss of TDN by 24.1%，33.9%，and 47.3%，respectively. However，the leaching loss of DON in underground leaching water was relatively higher，which might become a new threat to groundwater pollution. Compared with the CF treatment，OF，CFS，OFS and OFSW treatments increased cabbage yields by 21.4%，14.1%，38.8% and 27.0% respectively，meanwhile increasing nitrogen partial productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. On the whole，OFSW treatment can more effectively reduce nitrogen leaching under the premise of ensuring vegetable biomass and yield，and coordinate the contradiction between production and environment to some extent，followed by OFS treatment，both of which are recommended fertilization measures for prevention and control of agricultural non⁃point source pollution.

Physiological Responses of Different Black Shank⁃Resistance Flue⁃cured Tobacco Varieties to Trichoderma harzianum

YIN Quanyu, KUANG Zhihao, WANG Jing, REN Tianbao, ZHANG Songtao, JI Xiaoming, LIU Guoshun, MU Yaohui

2022, 51(9): 88-98. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.009

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Under greenhouse potting conditions，three varieties of roasted tobacco，G28，K326 and Jingyehuang，with high resistance，medium resistance and high susceptibility to tobacco black shank respectively，were used as materials to investigate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum on botanical traits，physiological characteristics，tobacco black shank control and defensive enzyme activities of different varieties of roasted tobacco，in order to clarify the interaction effect between Trichoderma harzianum and roasted tobacco varieties and provide theoretical basis for green tobacco production. The results showed that Trichoderma harzianum could effectively promote the growth and biomass accumulation of tobacco plants，and the promotion effect of Trichoderma harzianum inoculation on leaf area of tobacco plants was greater than that on plant height and stem circumference. Compared with CK（clear water treatment），plant height，stem circumference，leaf area，total root length，root volume，and above⁃ground and below⁃ground fresh mass of K326 increased the most after inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum，with increase rate of 54.21%，32.83%，67.42%，43.21%，119.79%，82.12%，and 84.16%，respectively.The chlorophyll content，root vigor and nitrate reductase activity of each tobacco variety increased and then stabilized with time after transplanting，among which K326 was slightly higher than G28 and Jingyehuang，and chlorophyll content，root vigor and nitrate reductase activity of K326 increased by 21.45%，11.81% and 29.83%，respectively，compared with CK at 28 days after transplanting.The control effect of inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum on tobacco black shank in G28，K326 and Jingyehuang reached 84.09%，75.94% and 67.75%，respectively.The activities of defensive enzymes POD（peroxidase），PPO（polyphenol oxidase），PAL（phenylalanine ammonia lyase）and CAT（catalase）in the root system of tobacco plants increased significantly after inoculation，and the
performance of defensive enzyme activity and control effect of each tobacco variety after inoculation was positively correlated with the resistance of tobacco itself，which showed the highly resistant variety G28 >medium resistant variety K326 > highly susceptible variety Jingyehuang. In summary，Trichoderma harzianum promoted plant growth and biomass accumulation by improving the physiological indicators of tobacco plants，and induced the increase of tobacco defensive enzyme activity under the stress of Phytophthora nicotianae to enhance the resistance of tobacco plants to tobacco black shank.

Phosphodiesterase Regulates the Formation of Sclerotia Primordium of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through cAMP⁃PKA Pathway

LÜ Ruihua, CHEN Meng, ZHAO Qian, FENG Zhao, SHI Linna, ZHANG Xirong

2022, 51(9): 99-104. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.010

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To study the role of phosphodiesterase（PDEs）in the formation of sclerotia primordium of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum，and provide a theoretical basis for the development of new fungicides targeting PDEs，different concentrations of atropine，a PDEs inhibitor，were added to the PDA medium to detect its effects on the growth and development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum，and qRT⁃PCR was used to detect the expression of major genes of PDEs and in the cAMP⁃PKA pathway.The results showed that the mycelial growth rate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the formation of sclerotia were affected when the concentration
of atropine was 4 mmol/L. Eight PDEs were retrieved from the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum gene bank，and qRT⁃PCR results showed that PDE1/2 were highly expressed during the formation of sclerotia.After the addition of PDEs inhibitors，the expressions of the upstream genes of PDEs（AC and RAS） in the cAMP⁃PKA pathway were up⁃regulated，but the expressions of PDE1，PDE2 and the downstream factor PKA were all decreased. It can be seen that PDEs play an important role in the formation of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.PDEs inhibitors reduce the expression of downstream factor PKA by inhibiting
the expression of PDE1/2，which further affects the formation of sclerotia primordium.

Changes in Berry Peel Structure and Related Substances of Shine Muscat Grape with Different Berry Russet Levels

LOU Yusui, SHANG Hongquan, FAN Hongjie, LI Zheng, ZHANG Ke, LÜ Zhongwei, ZHANG Xiaofeng, WU Wenying

2022, 51(9): 105-113. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.011

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In order to explore the physiological mechanism of berry russet formation in Shine Muscat grape，eight‐year‐old Shine Muscat grapevines were used as experimental materials to study the changes of berry peel structure，cell membrane permeability，cell wall and berry russet substance content，and related enzyme activities at different berry russet levels after softening stage. Results showed that berry russet occured in the intercellular space and cell wall first，and the cell structure became obvious. Then it spreaded into the cell gradually. Meanwhile，the browning range and cell space increased，and the peel surface was uneven.It penetrated into the whole cell when berry russet was severe. With the increase of berry russet level，the permeability of cell membrane increased gradually.The cell membrane permeability of berry russet levels 3 and 4 increased significantly，which reached above 77%.Meanwhile，the contents of cellulose，hemicellulose and protopectin decreased gradually，and the contents of lignin and total phenol increased gradually. And the contents of lignin and total phenol at berry russet levels 1，2，3 and 4 increased significantly，which reached 161. 3 mg/g and 1.29 mg/g or above，respectively.Furthermore，the activities of cellulase and acid phosphatase increased first and then decreased with the increase of berry russet level.The activities of alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase decreased first and then increased.The activity of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase increased gradually.The polyphenol oxidase activity decreased gradually.In conclusion，the formation of berry russet in Shine Muscat grape is a process of the degradation of cell wall structure and the accumulation of lignin and other berry russet substances.The phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase is the key enzyme to regulate the formation of berry russet of Shine Muscat grape.

Physiological Response and Tolerance Evaluation of Eight Ornamental Grasses to Copper and Zinc Composite Stress

XU Zhimin, ZHOU Ying, YANG Penghui, XIONG Zhiqin, WU Yifei, JIANG Junjun, DING Guochang

2022, 51(9): 114-123. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.012

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The adaptability of eight ornamental grasses to copper‐zinc composite stress was explored，then the advantages and disadvantages were ranked in order to provide theoretical reference for the introduction of ornamental grasses in heavy metal‐contaminated areas.The potted control method was used to set up five concentration gradients to measure the growth and antioxidant enzyme activity indexes of the tested ornamental grasses，and then the Pearson correlation analysis and membership function method were used for comprehensive evaluation.The results showed that the degree of stress injury of eight ornamental grasses increased with the increase of treatment concentration.The effects of different concentration treatments on the plant height and root length of the tested ornamental grasses were different. Except for individual varieties，the plant height and root length decreased as the treatment concentration increased. With the increase of stress concentration，the malondialdehyde content of eight ornamental grasses increased gradually，while the activities of catalase（CAT）and superoxide dismutase （SOD）increased first and then decreased.Except Miscanthus sinensis‘Gracillimus’and Cymbopogon citratus，the peroxidase activity of other six ornamental grasses showed a gradual upward trend.The Pearson correlation analysis showed that except CAT and SOD，the concentration of copper and zinc was significantly correlated with other indicators，and there were only a few correlations between growth and antioxidant enzyme activity indicators，while there were significant correlations among growth indexes or antioxidant enzyme activity indicators.Through comprehensive evaluation and analysis by membership function method，the tolerance was in the order of Eragrostis nutans>Pennisetum setaceum>Cymbopogon citratus>Muhlenbergia capillaris>Eragrostis elliotii>Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’>Pennisetum alopecuroides cv.‘Little Bunny’>Pennisetum setaceum‘Rubrum’

Expression Profile of Porcine SREBP‑1c Gene and Its Effect on Lipid Deposition in Intramuscular Adipocytes

LU Qingxia, WANG Ouyang, ZHANG Bin, WANG Jing, CHEN Junfeng, MA Qiang, ZHANG Jiaqing, REN Qiaoling, XING Baosong, CAO Hai

2022, 51(9): 124-132. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.013

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To investigate the effect of sterol regulatory element binding protein⁃1c（SREBP‑1c）gene on lipid deposition in pigs，the longest dorsal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue at different fattening periods were collected from Huainan pigs in this study，and the expression trends of SREBP‑1c were analysed using real⁃time fluorescence quantitative PCR（RT⁃qPCR）；SREBP‑1cinterference assays were performed in pig primary intramuscular adipocytes，and the expression levels of SREBP‑1c interacting genes and lipid deposition⁃related genes were detected using RT⁃qPCR，and the changes of lipid deposition were detected by oil red O staining.The results showed that the expression levels of SREBP‑1c in the longest dorsal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were consistently extremely significantly up⁃regulated（P<0. 01）and significantly up⁃regulated（P<0. 05）repectively，indicating that SREBP‑1c played a stronger regulatory role in lipid deposition in the longest dorsal muscle.In porcine primary intramuscular adipocytes，after interfering with SREBP‑1c expression，the SREBP‑1c interacting genes PPARγ and C/EBPα and lipogenesis⁃related genes FAS，FABP4 and CIDEC were extremely significantly downregulated（P<0. 01），and oil red O staining showed that lipid deposition was obviously reduced.These results suggested that SREBP‑1c could affect lipid deposition in intramuscular adipocytes by regulating the expression of genes related to lipid deposition.

Principal Component and Path Analysis of Body Size and Slaughter Performance of Different Days of Shiqi Pigeon

MU Chunyu, ZHANG Rui, TANG Qingping, BU Zhu, CHANG Lingling, FU Shengyong, XIA Aiping, YANG Mingjun

2022, 51(9): 133-140. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.014

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In order to study the body appearance characteristics of different days of Shiqi pigeon and explore the correlation between body size and slaughter performance，sixty adults and sixty 28⁃day⁃old squabs（half male and female） of Shiqi pigeon were selected to measure body size and slaughter performance，and principal component analysis and path analysis were conducted.The results showed that the body weight of 28⁃day⁃old squabs was significantly different from that of adult male and female pigeons.Except shank length and shank circumference，there were significant differences in other indexes.From the proportional data，shank length，shank circumference，slaughter rate and leg muscle rate had little change from squab to adult.The decrease of abdominal fat weight and abdominal fat percentage was most significant，but the increase in pectoral muscle weight was most significant.The body size of 28⁃day⁃old squabs and adult pigeons was correlated with slaughter traits in different degrees.The results of principal component analysis showed that the first five principal components（cumulative contribution rates of 88.597% and 87.900%）were selected for adult pigeons and 28⁃day⁃old squabs respectively.Among adult pigeons，body weight，chest depth，abdominal fat weight，shank circumference and shank length contributed the most to the principal components. Among 28⁃day⁃old squabs，body weight，chest width，abdominal fat weight，shank circumference and shank length contributed the most to the principal components.Therefore，five indexes of body weight，chest depth，chest width，shank circumference and shank length must be included in body shape selection of 28⁃day⁃old squabs and adult pigeons.The results of path analysis showed that both chest width and keel length were important indicators affecting slaughter performance in adult and 28⁃day⁃old Shiqi pigeon.

Relationships between Total Phosphorus Contents of Leaf and Stem of Different Crops and Hyperspectral Vegetation Indexes

XU Jiatong, CHEN Shutao, ZHANG Miaomiao, XIA Ke, WANG Hui

2022, 51(9): 141-150. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.015

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Field experiments were performed from November 2020 to October 2021 to investigate the relationships between total phosphorus contents of leaf and stem of different crops and different hyperspectral vegetation indexes. The total phosphorus contents of leaf and stem of six crops，winter wheat，rape，broad bean，soybean，maize，and sweet potato，were measured at different growing stages.The hyperspectral canopy reflectances in different crop fields were determined and were used to calculate six hyperspectral vegetation indexes of normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI），difference vegetation index（DVI），ratio index（RVI），enhanced vegetation index（EVI），photochemical reflectance index（PRI），and red edge chlorophyll index（RECI）.The Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships between total phosphorus contents of leaf and stem of different crops and hyperspectral vegetation indexes. Multiple nonlinear regression analyses were used to establish models to simulate the seasonal variations in total phosphorus contents of leaf and stem. The results showed that the total phosphorus content of the leaf of winter wheat，rape，broad bean，and soybean decreased with the crop growth.The higher total phosphorus content of the leaf of maize and sweet potato occurred during the mid⁃growing period. The seasonal patterns in the total phosphorus content of the stem of six crops were similar to those of the leaf. The seasonal mean total phosphorus content of the leaf of six crops was higher than that of the stem.The higher NDVI，DVI，RVI，EVI，PRI，and RECI values of six crops occurred during the mid⁃growing period. The correlation coefficients between the total phosphorus contents of the leaf and stem of six crops and different hyperspectral vegetation indexes were different. The hyperspectral vegetation indexes which were significantly correlated with the total phosphorus contents of the leaf and stem were also different for the six crops. The models based on the six hyperspectral vegetation indexes（NDVI，DVI，RVI，EVI，PRI，and RECI）simulated 33.9%（R²=0.339）—75.2%（R²=0.752）of the variation in the total phosphorus content of the leaf of six crops. The regression line that explained the relationship between the observed and modelled values was very close to the 1∶1 line，with R2 of 0.657.The models based on the five hyperspectral vegetation indexes（NDVI，RVI，EVI，PRI，and RECI）simulated 23.4%（R²=0.234）—60.0%（R²=0.600）of the variation in the total phosphorus content of the stem of six crops.The regression line that explained the relationship between the observed and modelled values was close to the 1∶1 line，with R² of 0.524. The total phosphorus contents of the leaf and stem of six crops could be reflected by different vegetation indexes.The multiple regression models based on various vegetation indexes could well simulate the seasonal variations in the total phosphorus content of the leaf of winter wheat，rape，broad bean，soybean，maize，and sweet potato and the total phosphorus content of the stem of winter wheat，rape，maize，and sweet potato.

Research on the Classification Method of Watermelon Seed Vigor Level Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology

YANG Bo, DUAN Minglei, YANG Tong

2022, 51(9): 151-158. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.016

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In order to explore the discrimination methods of different vigor levels of fruit seeds，hyperspectral mapping models based on partial least⁃squares discriminant analysis（PLS⁃DA）and extreme learning machine（ELM） were developed for vigor discrimination of watermelon seeds. Firstly，the spectral information was extracted to build a spectral qualitative analysis model of watermelon seed vigor class，and the results showed that the UVE characteristic variables screening method combined with the PLS⁃DA modeling method obtained better results，with a correct classification rate of 100.00% and a correlation coefficient of 0.86. Next，the image PC1 weighting coefficients were selected，the feature images with wavelength points of 685，790，826，836，855 nm were extracted，the average gray value was calculated，and the qualitative analysis model of seed viability level based on image features was established.The results showed that the false discrimination rate of PLS⁃DA was 6.67% and the correlation coefficient was 0.85，which was better than the false discrimination rate of ELM detection model（10.00%）and the correlation coefficient（0.83）.Both hyperspectral spectrum and image information could better distinguish seed vigor classes，but the discriminative model built by spectral information was better than the discriminative model built by image features.

Fermentation Condition Optimization of Bacillus thuringiensis SY⁃1 Producing Amylase Used for Improving Tobacco Quality

ZHAN Lei, WANG Han, GUAN Luohao, ZHANG Mengmeng, LIANG Junyang, ZHANG Xiaorui, FU Bo, WANG Yusheng

2022, 51(9): 159-170. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.017

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The aim of this study was to improve the amylase activity of Bacillus thuringiensis SY⁃1 and increase the starch degradation efficiency through bioenzyme fermentation in tobacco.The enzyme producing medium and fermentation conditions of SY⁃1 strain were optimized by single factor and response surface experiments，using amylase activity as an index. The results showed that the optimal medium and fermentation conditions for the amylase activity of SY⁃1 strain were as follows：15.69 g/Lsoluble starch+corn starch（m_soluble _starch∶m_{corn starch}=1∶1），16.87 g/L peptone+yeast（m_peptone∶m_yeast=1∶1），5.91 g/L CaCl₂，temperature of 36.83℃ and rotation speed of 189.71 r/min. The amylase activity of SY⁃1 strain after optimization reached 223.45 U/mL，which increased by 92.55% compared with that before optimization.By using the obtained crude enzyme solution，the degradation rate of starch in tobacco reached 40.68%，which increased by 23.80 percentage points compared to before.In addition，the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar increased by 5.91% and 7.84%，and the contents of total nitrogen and nicotine decreased by 4.23% and 2.84%，respectively.The difference of the contents of two sugars was decreased and the ratio of sugar to nicotine was increased，which was beneficial to improving the taste quality of tobacco.

Optimization of Mixed Microbial Solid⁃State Fermentation and Analysis of Volatile Aroma Components in Low⁃Grade Tobacco Leaves

LI Meng, WANG Xudong, LUO Zhaobiao, SONG Jiabao, QU Peng, HOU Ningning, GUO Linqing, RAO Zhi, MA Lin

2022, 51(9): 171-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.018

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In order to explore the best conditions of mixed microbial solid⁃state fermentation of low⁃grade tobacco leaves，this study investigated the effects of single and mixed microbial fermentation on volatile aroma components of tobacco leaves.Two flavour⁃producing yeast strains（YJX，MG）were used as test strains.The optimal fermentation conditions of tobacco leaves were determined by single factor experiment and orthogonal optimization experiment with the content of volatile aroma components as evaluation indicator.The volatile aroma components of tobacco leaves without microbial fermentation and fermented tobacco leaves were analyzed by simultaneous distillation extraction and gas chromatography⁃mass spectrometry（GC/MS）.The improvement of the quality of the low⁃grade tobacco leaves after fermentation under the optimum fermentation conditions was studied. The results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions were fermentation temperature of 30℃，mixed microbial ratio（YJX∶MG）of 2∶1，inoculation amount of 25% and fermentation time of 24 h.The primary and secondary factors affecting the content of aroma substances in the fermentation process were mixed microbial ratio>inoculation amount>fermentation temperature. GC/MS analysis showed that 95 volatile aroma components were detected，including 12 alcohols，21 carbonyls，8 acids，15 esters and lactones，23 hydrocarbons，10 heterocycles and 6 phenols.The content of volatile aroma components in tobacco leaves fermented by mixed microbes was significantly higher than that of tobacco leaves fermented by single microbe and without microbes.Mixed fermentation could increase the volatile aroma components of tobacco leaves，improve the aroma quality and quantity，and significantly improve the quality of tobacco leaves.

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