Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS

2025, 54(11): 0.

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This review systematically summarizes the progress of domestic and international research on the effects of farmland salinization on soil organic carbon（SOC）. It focuses on analyzing the effects of salt types and spatial heterogeneity on aggregate structure and organic matter protection，the regulatory mechanisms of microbial diversity and key functional genes on soil organic carbon transformation，and the roles of bio‑organic amendment，physicochemical regulation，and integrated tillage management in enhancing SOC stability. Based on these insights，clarifying salt types and advocating the collaborative application of multi‑omics，regional and cross‑scale approaches are proposed to provide theoretical and practical support for enhancing the carbon sink function of salinized farmland and achieving sustainable governance.

Effect of Different Organic Materials on Nutritional Quality of Winter Wheat Grain under Regulated Deficit Irrigation

LI Ruiying, CAO Hui, WANG Ling, GAO Yang, LI Penghui, LIU Zhandong

2025, 54(11): 8-17. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.002

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Using Zhoumai 22 as the experimental material，a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different organic materials［straw（S），chicken manure（M），mushroom residue（MR）and biochar（B）］on the contents of total starch，amylose，amylopectin，total protein，glutenin，prolamin，albumin，globulin，phosphorus（P），potassium（K），calcium（Ca），iron（Fe）and zinc（Zn）of winter wheat grain under different irrigation regimes［full irrigation（FI，45 mm per irrigation）and deficit irrigation（DI，33.75 mm per irrigation）］，so as to provide theoretical and technical support for water‑saving and high‑quality winter wheat production. The results showed that，compared with full irrigation，under deficit irrigation condition，biochar treatment exhibited the best improvement effect on total starch content，amylopectin content，glutenin content and Fe content，with increases of 19.49%，23.55%，22.41% and 98.09%，respectively；mushroom residue treatment had the best enhancement effect on prolamin content，albumin content and globulin content，with increases of 17.20%，9.67% and 24.37%，respectively；chicken manure treatment had the best enhancement effect on total protein content，Zn content and Ca content，with increases of 5.80%，31.06% and 28.71%，respectively. Under deficit irrigation condition，compared with straw treatment，biochar treatment had the best enhancement effect on total starch content，amylopectin content and prolamin content，with increases of 15.83%，21.30% and 25.00%，respectively；mushroom residue treatment had the best enhancement effect on globulin content，with an increase of 30.20%；chicken manure treatment had the best enhancement effect on total protein content，glutenin content，albumin content and Fe content，with increases of 5.63%，10.39%，18.11% and 72.90%，respectively. Under full irrigation condition，compared with straw treatment，biochar treatment had the best enhancement effect on prolamin content；chicken manure treatment had the best enhancement effect on total starch content，amylopectin content，total protein content，glutenin content，albumin content，globulin content and Fe content. Overall，under deficit irrigation condition，biochar and chicken manure have better effect，which can effectively modulate the biosynthesis and accumulation of starch，proteins and Fe in wheat grains，thereby substantially improving grain nutritional quality.

Evolution of Quality Traits of Wheat Varieties and Difference among Different Regions in China from 2021 to 2024

ZHANG Fan, DONG Junhong, HOU Junhong, LIU Guotao, YANG Chunling

2025, 54(11): 18-29. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.003

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In order to verify the evolution of wheat quality traits and the differences between different regions in recent years，660 national authorized wheat varieties from 11 regions were used to analyze seven quality traits（volumn weight，grain protein content，wet gluten content，stability time，water absorption rate，maximum tensile resistance and extension area）from 2021 to 2024.The results showed that the average volumn weight of wheat kernels was 808 g/L，protein content was 14.1%，wet gluten content was 31.6%，stability time was 6.2 min，water absorption rate was 59.5%，maximum tensile resistance was 383 EU，and extension area was 82 cm² of 660 national authorized wheat varieties from 11 regions in 2021—2024. The protein content，wet gluten content，water absorption rate and maximum tensile resistance of majority varieties reached the standard of strong gluten wheat，and the main constraining index was stability time. On the whole，the medium gluten wheat varieties were main，and the weak gluten wheat varieties number were the least. Among years，the proportion of medium‑strong gluten varieties generally increased firstly and then stabilized，the proportion of weak gluten wheat decreased，while the proportion of strong gluten wheat showed no obvious pattern；volumn weight，stability time，maximum tensile resistance and extension area generally increased firstly and then decreased，but protein content，wet gluten content and water absorption rate generally decreased. Among 11 regions，strong gluten wheat varieties were mainly distributed in the southern irrigated group（G3）and northern irrigated group（G4）of Huang‑Huai winter wheat area，and weak gluten wheat varieties were only distributed in the upper reach（G1）and the middle and lower reach（G2）of Yangtze River Valley. Among regions，the average protein content was the minimum（12.2%）in G1 region，and was the maximum（14.9%）in the northeastern spring wheat region（G8）and salt‑tolerant winter wheat group in Southern Xinjiang（G11）. The distribution of wet gluten content among 11 regions was consistent with that of protein content. The stability time varied greatly among 11 regions.The average stability time was the highest（7.2 min）in the northwest spring wheat region（G9），and was the lowest（2.4 min）in G1 region. There was no major difference in average water absorption rate among 11 regions. The maximum tensile resistance and tensile area were the smallest in G1 region，followed by G2 region. Correlation analysis showed that except for the correlation between water absorption rate and extension area，there was significant or extremely significant positive correlation among other indexes. The 11 regions were divided into three groups. The group 3 included G3，G4，G5，G7，G9，G10 and G11. The quality traits of the group 3 were better，and most of the quality indexes reached the standard of strong gluten or medium‑strong gluten wheat. Overall，the wheat varieties are mainly medium gluten type in China from 2021 to 2024，followed by middle‑strong gluten and strong gluten types，the weak gluten wheat varieties are extremely rare；the stability time between varieties varies greatly，and there is a large room for improvement，so it is suggested that this trait should be given particular attention in the future breeding process.

Screening and Breeding Utilization of Red‑Grain Wheat Germplasm Resistant to Pre‑harvest Sprouting

FU Mengsi, ZUO Zhixuan, XU Pei, YUE Ling, HU Xigui, HU Tiezhu, LI Gan, RU Zhengang, ZHAO Laibin

2025, 54(11): 30-39. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.004

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In order to screen new germplasm with resistance to pre‑harvest sprouting（PHS），discover new genes with resistance to PHS，and evaluate the breeding utilization of red‑grain wheat with resistance to PHS in the Huanghuai wheat‑growing region，field germination percentages of 98 winter wheat varieties（lines）in Huanghuai wheat‑growing region，33 wheat varieties（lines）in southwest wheat region，and 310 hybrid F1 generations with the southwestern wheat materials as the first‑generation hybrid parents and materials from the Huanghuai wheat region as the backcross parents were analyzed. Five materials were randomly selected for indoor germination percentage verification，and genes related to PHS resistance were detected in 12 materials（4 red‑grain materials with resistance to PHS and 8 white‑grain materials with susceptibleness to PHS）.The results showed that the field germination percentages of 98 wheat varieties（lines）in Huanghuai wheat‑growing region and 33 wheat varieties（lines）in southwest wheat region were grouped into four categories. Twenty‑five materials with germination percentage ranging from 0 to 11% constituted the class Ⅳ，which were resistant to PHS，and most of them were red‑grain materials（68%）. The indoor germination percentage results showed the same trend with the germination percentage result in field.Among the 195 F₁ materials with red‑grain material as the first parents，114 F₁ materials with germination percentage of 0—16% were clustered in class Ⅳ（resistant to PHS），accounting for 93%，which was much higher than that of the offspring with white‑grain material as the first parents（7%），indicating that red‑grain material contributed most of the PHS resistance of the hybrid offspring，and using red‑grain material could significantly improve the PHS resistance. Among the 195 F1 materials，111 F1 materials were white‑grain materials，and 33 were resistant to PHS，indicating that the grain color and PHS resistance could be regulated. Breeding practice proved that red‑grain germplasm could be used to breed new white‑grain material with resistance to PHS. TaVp‑1B and TaSdr‑B1 genes were not detected in white‑grain and red‑grain materials，and all materials had the same Tamyb10‑A，Tamyb10‑B，Dorm‑1 and TaVp‑1A genotypes，indicating that these genes may not be the source of resistance to PHS in red‑grain materials. The red‑grain material 21B2 contained the allele of PM19a with resistance to PHS，and the red‑grain materials Chinese Spring，21B2 and 21B42 with resistance to PHS had Tamyb10‑D gene，indicating that genes PM19a and TaMyb10‑D may promote the resistance of red‑grain germplasm. At the same time，a red‑grain germplasm with resistance to PHS without TaMyb10‑D gene was screened，and white‑grain materials with resistance to PHS were obtained from the hybrids，indicating that it could be used as germplasm with resistance to PHS for breeding in Huanghuai wheat‑growing region.

Effects of Different Selenium Application Methods on Physiological Characteristics，Yield and Quality of Flax

WANG Wenxia, XIE Anqi, XIA Qing, ZHI Hui, DU Jie

2025, 54(11): 40-49. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.005

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To explore the optimal selenium application method for flax，Tongya 16（TY16）and Jinya 10（JY10）were used as test materials.Seven treatments were set up：a control（CK，seeds not coated with Na₂SeO₃ and no foliar selenium sprayed during the growing period），seed coating with selenium［coating 100 g seeds with 0.1 g，0.3 g，and 0.5 g Na₂SeO₃］and foliar selenium applications（10，50，and 90 g/ha Na₂SeO₃）. The effects of different selenium application methods on agronomic traits，photosynthetic physiology，yield，and quality of flax were measured.The results showed that foliar spraying of selenium was overall superior to seed coating in promoting flax yield formation，improving physiological functions，and enhancing seed quality. Among them，foliar spraying with 50 g/ha Na₂SeO₃ had the best yield‑increasing effect，raising yield by 9.64%—9.91% compared to CK，and surpassing the best seed coating treatment（100 g seeds coated with 0.3 g Na₂SeO₃）by 1.59%—1.64%.This yield increase mainly stemmed from increases in the number of fruits per plant and seeds per fruit. This treatment also maximized leaf net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），and superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity，while significantly reduced malondialdehyde（MDA）content. In terms of selenium enrichment efficiency，foliar spraying was also remarkably effective；at 90 g/ha，the selenium content in seeds of both varieties was 18.40—25.05 times higher than in CK，whereas the highest enrichment multiple for seed coating was 14.33—22.50 times. Quality analysis showed that foliar spraying with 50 g/haNa2SeO3 significantly enhanced the contents of linoleic acid and linolenic acid compared to seed coating treatments. Considering both yield and quality effects，foliar application of 50 g/haNa₂SeO₃ is an optimal agronomic measure for achieving safe and efficient biofortification of flax.

Prediction of the Potential Suitable Areas of Cynanchum chinense R.Br.under Different Climates Based on the MaxEnt Model

SUN Yan, WANG Hang, NIU Lüyuan, YUAN Zhiliang, SHAO Yizhen, LEI Xiaowei, TIAN Xiangyu

2025, 54(11): 50-61. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.006

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To identify the dominant environmental factors affecting the distribution of Cynanchum chinense R.Br.and their ecological thresholds，and to quantify its potential suitable areas at different periods，the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS spatial analysis technology were utilized. By integrating information on 301 distribution sites of Cynanchum chinense R.Br.in China and bioclimatic data，predictive analysis was conducted on its potential suitable areas during two past periods［the Last Glacial Maximum（about 22 000 years ago）and the Mid‑Holocene（about 6 000 years ago）］，the current period（1970—2000），and three future periods［2030s（2021—2040），2050s（2041—2060），and 2070s （2061—2080）］. The results indicated that the area under the curve（AUC）values of the MaxEnt model for each period were all above 0.9，indicating reliable prediction results.The distribution of Cynanchum chinense R.Br.was primarily influenced by annual average temperature，temperature seasonality coefficient，precipitation seasonality coefficient，and precipitation in the wettest month. Under current period，the total suitable area for Cynanchum chinense R.Br.reached 193. 376 75×10^⁴ km^²，with a high‑suitability area of 69. 015 63×10^⁴ km^².Compared to the current period，the suitable area of Cynanchum chinense R.Br.expanded significantly during the Last Glacial Maximum and the Mid‑Holocene. Among the three future periods，the suitable habitat area of Cynanchum chinense R.Br.was the largest in 2070s under the SSP370（regional competitive path） climate change scenario and the smallest in 2030s under the SSP126（sustainable path）climate change scenario，but both were larger than the current period suitable habitat area. In conclusion，Cynanchum chinense R.Br.showed an expansion trend in the two past periods，and the three future periods under different climate scenarios，reflecting the phased impact of climate change，especially temperature change caused by the carbon cycle，on species distribution.

Effects of Combined Application of Carbon‑Based Fertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer under Winter Wheat‑Summer Maize Rotation

GENG Sainan, LI Lantao, YANG Qirui, ZHOU Qi, REN Tianbao, WANG Yilun

2025, 54(11): 62-69. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.007

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To study the promoting effect of carbon‑based fertilizer application on the growth，development，and yield formation of winter wheat‑summer maize，a field experiment was conducted with five treatments：local conventional fertilization with 20% nitrogen reduction（CK），conventional fertilization with 20% nitrogen reduction+375 kg/ha of carbon‑based fertilizer（T1），conventional fertilization with 20% nitrogen reduction+750 kg/ha of carbon‑based fertilizer（T2），conventional fertilization with 20% nitrogen reduction+1 125 kg/ha of carbon‑based fertilizer（T3），and local conventional fertilization（100% chemical nitrogen fertilizer，T4）. The study aimed to explore the impact of reducing chemical fertilizer application and combining with carbon‑based fertilizer on the yield and quality formation of winter wheat in the current season，as well as its carryover effects on the yield and nutrient accumulation of the subsequent summer maize. The results showed that compared with CK，the yield of winter wheat treated with T3 was the highest，which was significantly increased by 16. 25% compared with CK.T2 treatment was the second，which significantly increased by 15. 13% compared with CK. There was no significant difference in yield between T3 and T2 treatments，and the yield difference was not significant compared with T4 treatment. The grain protein content，wet gluten content，gluten index，dry weight above ground，nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of T3 treatment were the largest and significantly higher than those of CK，and the nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation were significantly higher than that of T4 treatment.T2 treatment followed T3 treatment，but the difference between the two did not reach a significant level.Compared to CK，the soil organic matter，total nitrogen，available phosphorus，and available potassium contents were significantly increased in the treatment of conventional fertilization with 20% reduction in nitrogen combined with carbon‑based fertilizer. Among them，the organic matter，available phosphorus，and available potassium contents in T3 and T2 treatments increased to a significant level，and the available phosphorus content in T3 treatment was significantly higher than that in T4 treatment.Compared to CK，the yield and nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium accumulation of summer maize after conventional fertilization with 20% reduction in nitrogen combined with carbon‑based fertilizer were also significantly increased，and the yields of T3 and T2 treatments were superior to that of T4 treatment. In summary，conventional fertilization with 20% nitrogen reduction combined with 750—1 125 kg/ha of carbon‑based fertilizer could enhance soil fertility，and increase the nutrient accumulation of winter wheat，thereby benefiting the increase in winter wheat yield and quality improvement，and also promoting the increase in the yield of the following summer corn crop. It is a suitable fertilization model for the winter wheat‑summer maize rotation system under the conditions of this experiment.

Effects of Biochar Combined with Mineral Amendments on Soil Carbon‑Nitrogen Regulation and Tobacco Leaf Quality

ZHAO Wenjun, YIN Mei, LIU Kui, WANG Zhengxu, FU Libo, XU Zihe, WAN Xiang, WANG Zhiyuan, CHEN Jianfeng, CHEN Hua

2025, 54(11): 70-78. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.008

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With flue‑cured tobacco as the research object，different biochar materials（rice husk biochar and corn straw biochar）were combined with different mineral amendments（bentonite and sepiolite）to explore the effects of different biochar and soil mineral amendment combinations on the growth of flue‑cured tobacco，soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics，and the yield and quality of tobacco leaves. A field experiment was conducted，with a total of seven treatments：the control treatment（CK，no biochar and amendment）；rice husk biochar alone（R）；rice husk biochar+bentonite（R1）；rice husk biochar+sepiolite（R2）；corn straw biochar alone（C）；corn straw biochar+bentonite（C1）；and corn straw biochar+sepiolite（C2）. The results indicated that R1 treatment significantly increased the content of total nitrogen and alkali‑soluble nitrogen. Specifically，the total nitrogen content during the harvesting stage increased by 19.10% compared to CK，and the decrease in total nitrogen（11.50%）was notably lower than that of CK（21.70%）. R1 treatment significantly enhanced the quality of soil carbon pool，with organic carbon，dissolved organic carbon，and microbial biomass carbon contents increased by 21.60%，22.30%，and 39.00% respectively compared to CK，and the carbon‑to‑nitrogen ratio increased from 8.10 to 11.34.The dry weight of the root system in R1 treatment increased by 26. 90% and 23. 80% during the vigorous growth period and the harvesting stage，respectively，compared to CK. In terms of economic traits and tobacco leaf quality，the yield of flue‑cured tobacco in R1 treatment reached 2 709.69 kg/ha，with an increase of 6.55% compared to CK；the proportion of high‑quality tobacco increased to 58.12%，and the average price and output value increased by 11.04% and 18.45% respectively compared to CK.The analysis of chemical components in tobacco leaves showed that R1 treatment optimized key indicators such as nicotine（3.27%），total sugar（31.40%），and petroleum ether extract（8.63%），among which the content of petroleum ether extract increased by 21.90% compared to CK. In contrast，the effect of the corn straw biochar treatment group was generally inferior to that of the rice husk biochar treatment group，indicating that the characteristics of biochar raw materials were the key influencing factor.In summary，the combination treatment of rice husk biochar and bentonite（R1）exhibited the best comprehensive effect. This treatment could effectively improve the carbon and nitrogen environment of rhizosphere soil，enhance nutrient retention capacity，and significantly enhance the yield and quality of flue‑cured tobacco.

Evaluation of the Disease Prevention and Growth‑promoting Effects of Bacillus velezensis Bv1‑4 on Three Medicinal Plants and Its Whole Genome Analysis

WANG Fei, LI Xuemeng, YANG Jin, GUO Zhichen, SONG Luyang, QIN Yanhong, WEN Yi, GAO Suxia, LU Shuhao, LIU Qi, QI Hongzhi, LI Shaojian

2025, 54(11): 79-90. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.009

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To evaluate the biocontrol and growth‑promoting effects of Bacillus velezensis Bv1‑4 on three medicinal plants（Dioscorea opposite Thunb.，Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.，Achyranthes bidentata Blume.）and elucidate its mechanisms，the antagonistic effects against different pathogens were assessed through plate confrontation assays and fermentation filtrate antibacterial tests，and the control efficacy was validated through indoor pot trials. Whole‑genome sequencing of strain Bv1‑4 was conducted using third‑generation sequencing technology，and genomic characteristics were analyzed to identify functional genes and assess secondary metabolite biosynthesis potential，thereby further elucidating its antagonistic mechanisms.The results showed that antibacterial rates of isolate Bv1‑4 against Fusarium solani F.oxysporum and F.proliferatum were 67.12%，54.20% and 67.97%，respectively.Both fermented filtrate and sterilized fermented filtrate inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination.In pot experiments，the biocontrol efficacy of isolate Bv1‑4（45.39%—62.31%）was comparable to that of the 500‑fold dilution of 10% difenoconazole water‑dispersible granule. And sole inoculation with isolate Bv1‑4 significantly increased root fresh weight of D.opposite，R.glutinosa，A.bidentata by 19.30%，36.66%，and 75.36%，respectively.Whole genome sequencing revealed that the genome of isolate Bv1‑4 was circular with a length of 4 075 292 bp and the G+C content of 46.35%，and had 4 030 protein‑coding genes.antiSMASH analysis predicted 14 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in the genome of isolate Bv1‑4，including seven with complete（100%）similarity to clusters encoding amyloliquecidin GF610，macrolactin H，bacillaene，fengycin，difficidin，bacillibactin，and bacilysin.In conclusion，B.velezensis Bv1‑4 demonstrates excellent biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium diseases in medicinal plants，along with significant plant growth‑promoting traits. These findings highlight its potential for development as a specialized microbial agent for traditional Chinese medicinal crops.

Isolation and Identification of Chaetomium globosum from Wheat Roots and Its Biocontrol Effect on Take‑All Disease

FENG Chaohong, XU Fei, ZHANG Jiaojiao, LI Lijuan, HAN Zihang, LIU Lulu, ZHAO Guojian

2025, 54(11): 91-101. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.010

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To develop green control strategies for wheat take‑all，Chaetomium globosum was isolated from the roots of healthy wheat plants in different regions of Henan Province and identified through morphological and molecular methods. This study aimed to investigate the antagonistic capability of the root‑endophytic C.globosum against the take‑all pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis and to elucidate its underlying metabolic regulatory mechanisms.The results showed that a total of 27 strains of C.globosum were isolated and identified from the wheat roots. Through plate antagonism assays and seedling experiments，15 strains with significant growth‑promoting and disease‑preventing effects were screened.These strains exhibited inhibition rates of 33.7% to 65.1% against the pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis GaNS‑90 in plate assays，with control efficacies ranging from 30.4% to 64.6% at the seedling stage. Considering the production of perithecia，strain M12XP1‑2‑3 was identified as the optimal strain.Transcriptome analysis indicated that C.globosum M12XP1‑2‑3 exerted its antagonistic effects through multiple pathways，including resource competition，metabolic reprogramming，and antibiotic pressure，by regulating the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism，lipid metabolism，and drug resistance in G. graminis. The fermentation broth of M12XP1‑2‑3 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen（inhibition rate of 89.4%）and provided a control efficacy of 39.8% against wheat take‑all at the seedling stage. Furthermore，it alleviated the host’s excessive defense response by downregulating peroxidase（POD）and polyphenol oxidase（PPO）activities and reducing the accumulation of osmotic substances，thereby promoting the recovery of wheat growth. In summary，C.globosum M12XP1‑2‑3 can control wheat take‑all through the synergistic effects of the antagonistic mechanisms via metabolites and the regulation of host defense responses，providing a new strategy for the green control of this disease.

Effects of Starvation on Longevity，Fecundity and Predation Capacity of Orius sauteri

ZHAO Jun, WU Yanhui, TIAN Xiaoyuan, HE Lei, LI Jue, BAI Jingke, LI Shujun, LI Chengjun

2025, 54(11): 102-108. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.011

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In order to clarify the starvation tolerance of Orius sauteri and its fecundity and predation capacity under different extents of starvation，this study simulated a starvation stress environment indoors.The survival rate and lifespan of O.sauteri at different developmental stages were measured under long‑term starvation conditions，and the effects on longevity，egg number，egg hatch rate，predation amount，predation function response and searching efficiency of female adults under various levels of starvation were analyzed.The results showed that female adults of O.sauteri possessed the highest starvation tolerance，with an average lifespan of 14.15 days，significantly longer than that of male adults and nymphs.There was a significant difference in the fecundity of female adults of O.sauteri under varying durations of starvation.Both the oviposition rate and egg number of females starved for 72 hours declined significantly（78.33% and 82.47 eggs，respectively）in relative to the control（females adults without starvation treatment，96.67% and 110.20 eggs，respectively）.Under the control and three starvation treatments，predation of female adults of O.sauteri on Heliothis assulta eggs still conformed to Holling Ⅱ functional response models，though with modifications to their parameters.The predation efficiency（38.384 1 and 32.026 9，respectively）and the lowest value of search effect（0.707 0 and 0.680 5，respectively）of female adults starved for 24 and 48 hours were both significantly higher than those of the control（28.372 0 and 0.643 8）.However，the predation efficiency（19.070 9）and minimum search effect（0.592 5） of females starved for 72 hours were lower than those of the control.Our results indicated that O.sauteri females should be prioritized as the optimal biological agent for field applications.However，starvation duration exceeding 72 hours significantly reduced the reproductive and predatory capacities of female adults，negatively impacting their field colonization and pest control efficacy.

Molecular Mechanism of Cydonia oblonga Responding to NaHCO_₃ Alkali Stress Based on Transcriptomic Analysis

GUO Xianping, LÜ Zhenzhen, WANG Dongsheng, JIANG Hui, WU Zhongying, XU Lingfei, HAN Yongping, GUO Peng, WANG Jiao

2025, 54(11): 109-122. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.012

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To investigate the molecular mechanisms of pear dwarf rootstock quince（Cydonia oblonga）responding to NaHCO3‑induced alkaline stress，hydroponically cultivated quince seedlings were subjected to mild alkaline stress（T1）with 5 mmol/L NaHCO₃ and moderate alkaline stress（T2）with 10 mmol/L NaHCO₃，without NaHCO₃ as a control（CK）. After six weeks of treatment，chlorophyll content，net photosynthetic rate in leaves，and K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in leaves and roots were measured. Additionally，transcriptome sequencing and analysis were performed on the roots. The results showed that both chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in quince leaves gradually decreased with alkaline stress increasing. Compared to CK，the chlorophyll a+b content in T1 and T2 decreased significantly by 15.71% and 45.38%，respectively，while the net photosynthetic rate decreased by 15.90% and 55.42%，respectively. The K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in leaves and roots of T1 and T2 were significantly reduced by 45.40% and 96.69%，and 92.04% and 96.32%，respectively，compared to CK.Transcriptome sequencing revealed a total of 4 974 differentially expressed genes（DEGs）between T1，T2，and CK，with T2 showing a significantly higher number of DEGs than T1.Gene ontology（GO）and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes（KEGG）pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the biological processes（BP）in T1 and T2 were mainly enriched in terms such as hydrogen peroxide catabolic process and response to wounding，while KEGG pathways were primarily enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Gene set enrichment analysis（GSEA）showed that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was more active under T1 and T2 compared to CK.Weighted gene co‑expression network analysis（WGCNA）revealed that the hub gene cydonia_oblonga_newGene_11700，annotated as a lignin metabolism transcription factor，was significantly induced by alkaline stress in T1.In T2，the hub genes cydonia_oblonga_newGene_11460 and cydonia_oblonga_newGene_14681，both annotated as carbonic anhydrases，were identified.The expression patterns of five selected DEGs were validated by qRT‑PCR，and the results were consistent with the RNA‑Seq analysis.In summary，quince mobilizes more genes in response to moderate alkaline stress compared to mild stress，and the lignin biosynthesis pathway and carbonic anhydrases play important roles in quince’s response to NaHCO3‑induced alkaline stress.

Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Combined with Spent Mushroom Substrates on the Yield of Oriental Melon and Soil Environment under Different Soil Moisture Levels

TANG Bei, LI Yuanyuan, YANG Qiaoyun, HONG Zehua

2025, 54(11): 123-133. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.013

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To investigate the effects of nitrogen reduction combined with mushroom substrates application on the growth characteristics，fruit quality，nutrient absorption，and soil microbial environment of sweet melon under different soil humidities，the thin‑skinned sweet melon Super Sweet White Phoenix was selected as the test object.Four nitrogen reduction+mushroom substrates treatment levels were set at two soil humidities（60%，90% soil moisture content），including conventional nitrogen application of 210 kg/ha（N₁₀₀），nitrogen reduction of 50%（N₅₀），nitrogen reduction of 50%+500 kg/ha mushroom substrates（N₅₀+SMS₁），and nitrogen reduction of 50%+1 000 kg/ha mushroom substrates（N₅₀+SMS₂），for a total of eight treatments. The results showed that with the increase of soil moisture content，the growth characteristics and fruit quality of melon showed an overall increasing trend. Under the same soil moisture conditions，compared with N100，sweet melons treated with N₅₀+SMS₂ had the highest plant height，stem thickness，and leaf area during the flowering and fruit setting stage and fruit enlargement stage. The soluble total sugar，vitamin C，soluble protein，and soluble solids content in sweet melon fruits increased by 29.6%—36.2%，9.3%—10.8%，11.3%—12.4%，and 13.7%—14.3%，respectively.The nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium content in sweet melon stems and leaves also significantly increased，and the yield of sweet melons treated with N50+SMS2 under 90% soil moisture content was as high as 15.46 t/ha. In addition，the activities of sucrase，urease，and polyphenol oxidase in different soil layers of sweet melon soil showed a trend of 20—40 cm>0—20 cm. Nitrogen reduction combined with mushroom substrates could increase the activities of sucrase，urease，polyphenol oxidase，and catalase to varying degrees at different soil depths. Compared with N₁₀₀，the microbial biomass carbon（MBC）and microbial biomass nitrogen（MBN）in various soil layers treated with N50+SMS2 increased by 38.6%—79.2% and 56.5%—76.9%，respectively，while MBC/MBN showed no significant change. Soil soluble carbon（DOC） and soluble nitrogen（DON） increased by 52.8%—57.7% and 43.0%—81.5%，respectively，while DOC/DON also showed no significant change.The conclusion is that N₅₀+SMS₂ treatment under different soil moisture can effectively improve the soil environment，enhance the absorption of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium by melons，and is an effective way to reduce nitrogen fertilizer application，improve quality，and increase yield.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Local Cowpea Germplasm Resources in Henan Province

BO Xiaopei, LI Wu, WANG Xiaoqing, LÜ Shuping, LI Jingjing, XIAO Yachuan, HUANG Congcong, XU Mingyue, NIE Lihong, ZHAO Fuan, YANG Xiaojie

2025, 54(11): 134-143. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.014

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To explore the genetic background and richness of genetic diversity of local cowpea germplasm resources in Henan Province，genetic diversity analysis was conducted on 58 local cowpea germplasm resources using 55 pairs of molecular markers.The results showed that 319 loci were amplified using 55 pairs of molecular markers，including 310 polymorphic loci，with a polymorphism rate of 97.2%.The mean number of observed alleles（Na）was 2.018 2；the mean number of effective alleles（Ne）was 1.763 8；the mean Nei’s gene diversity index（H）was 0.418 1；the mean of Shannon index（I）was 0.608 1；the polymorphic information content（PIC）value was 0. 327 8.The results indicated that the selected primers had good polymorphism and there was good genetic diversity among the local cowpea germplasm resources in Henan Province. Cluster analysis categorized the 58 local long cowpea germplasm resources from Henan Province into population 1 and population 2. All germplasm resources in population 1 originated from the high‑altitude regions of western Henan，while those in Cluster 2 were primarily distributed in low‑altitude areas such as the Nanyang Basin and North China Plain. Molecular markers successfully separated all 58 germplasm resources，but the genetic differentiation between regions was not significant，indicating that local varieties in Henan Province had little relationship with their source regions，and the genetic variation of materials was less affected by local environments.

Isolation，Identification and Genomic Characterization Analysis of a Recombinant Goose Parvovirus Strain

XUE Yongzhi, LEI Baishi, LIU Mandi, LU Wenbin, ZHAO Kuan, ZHANG Wuchao, HU Man, YUAN Wanzhe

2025, 54(11): 144-151. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.015

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To elucidate the genomic characteristics and genetic evolutionary patterns of the prevalent goose parvovirus（GPV） strain in Dingxing County，Hebei Province，the pathogen was isolated and identified from liver tissue samples of 35‑day‑old geese suspected of dying from gosling plague in a goose farm located in Dingxing County. The virus was inoculated into the goose embryo allantoic cavity，and the morphology of the virus particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）. The whole genome sequence of a GPV isolate was obtained by PCR amplification and sequencing. The genome structure was further analyzed by sequence alignment，potential glycosylation sites were predicted，and recombination detection and phylogenetic analysis were carried out. The results showed that this isolate caused the production of large amounts of uric acid salts in the allantoic fluid during goose embryo culture；TEM observation revealed viral particles with a diameter of approximately 20 nm.Animal pathogenicity tests indicated a 53. 3% mortality rate in goslings. Whole genome sequencing and analysis revealed that the isolate had a genome length of 5 046 bp and was named HB‑DX strain（GenBank accession number：OR544341.1）. Sequence alignment revealed that the HB‑DX strain was similar to RC16，82‑0321，YZ99‑6 and other strains，and there were two 14 bp deletions in the UTR region at both ends of the genome. The prediction of glycosylation sites showed that the non‑structural protein 1（NS1）coding region of this strain contained 4 potential glycosylation sites，while the structural protein 1（VP1）coding region contained 5. Recombination analysis indicated that the HB‑DX strain underwent two recombination events，with the European pathogenic B strain as the major parent and the Chinese vaccine strain SYG61V as the minor parent. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the nucleotide homology of this isolate was 93.3%—99.6% with GPV branch，and 92.9%—94.4% with NGPV（novel goose parvovirus）branch，while its homology was significantly lower at 80.0%—84.1% with MDPV（muscovy duck parvovirus） branch. In conclusion，HB‑DX is a highly virulent GPV strain originated through recombination.

Isolation，Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Shewanella putrefaciens from Rainbow Trout

LIU Yuhao, SONG Guolin, LIU Jixing, LIU Zhe

2025, 54(11): 152-159. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.016

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To clarify the pathogenic characteristics of bacterial diseases in a rainbow trout farm in Gansu Province and provide scientific basis for their prevention and control，a dominant strain SP001 was isolated from the viscera of the diseased rainbow trout. Comprehensive studies were conducted by morphological observation，Gram staining，biochemical identification，16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis，virulence gene detection，growth characteristics determination，antibiotic sensitivity test，artificial regression infection assay and histopathological analysis. The results showed that the strain SP001 was a Gram‑negative rod‑shape bacterium，and its 16S rDNA sequence was 99.86% similar to that of Shewanella putrefaciens strain Sh1. Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed its taxonomic status. It carried dksA and fur virulence genes. The growth characteristics showed stable proliferation at both the optimal rainbow trout water temperature（18℃）and the higher temperature of 28 ℃ .It was sensitive to quinolones and some aminoglycoside antibiotics，and resistant to most β‑lactams. The cumulative mortality rate of artificial infection test for 7 days was 80%.The diseased fish showed characteristic lesions such as hemorrhage of fin base，necrosis of gill tissue，hepatosplenomegaly，which was consistent with the natural symptoms. In summary，the pathogen of rainbow trout disease in the farm is Shewanella putrefaciens，and the findings from this study provide an important theoretical basis for the diagnosis and prevention of the disease.

Effects of Different Storage Environment on the Aging Quality of Primary Flue‑cured Tobacco Leaves of Longjiang 911 Variety

DU Jingshan, LIU Qian, E Zhiying, QU Xianglin, LUAN Li, LIU Yu, SHEN Hongtao, WANG Yanfang, LIU Ling

2025, 54(11): 160-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.017

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To explore the influence of different storage environments on the aging quality of primary flue‑cured tobacco leaves，the C2L and C3V grades of primary flue‑cured tobacco leaves of the Longjiang 911 variety，which was mainly cultivated in Heilongjiang Province，were used as experimental materials.They were respectively placed in the aging warehouses in Boli County of Heilongjiang Province，Xinzheng City of Henan Province，and Kunming City of Yunnan Province for natural aging，and the differences in sensory quality and chemical components of the tobacco leaves under different storage environments were systematically compared. The results showed that with the increase of aging time，the total sugar content，reducing sugar content，ratio of total sugar to nicotine and ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar of C2L and C3V grade tobacco leaves in each warehouse overall increased significantly，while the total nitrogen content，total alkaloid content，starch content，total polyphenol content and free amino acid content decreased significantly. At 18 months of natural aging，compared with those in the Boli County warehouse，the contents of starch，total polyphenols，and free amino acids in C2L tobacco leaves stored in the Xinzheng City warehouse decreased by 5.86%，4.30%，and 6.77%，respectively；for C3V tobacco leaves，these three indicators decreased by 2.35%，1.86%，and 7.92%，respectively. The three indicators of C2L tobacco leaves in the aging warehouse in Kunming City decreased by 9.30%，4.77% and 11.11% respectively，and the C3V tobacco leaves decreased by 3.85%，2.87% and 17.12% respectively. At the same time，the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar of C2L tobacco leaves in the aging warehouse in Xinzheng City increased by 2.10% and 3.72% respectively. The C3V tobacco leaves increased by 6.09% and 5.40% respectively. The C2L tobacco leaves in the aging warehouse in Kunming City increased by 2.74% and 7.58% respectively，and the C3V tobacco leaves increased by 8.43% and 10.92% respectively. The sensory quality scores of tobacco leaves in different aging warehouses all showed a trend of first increasing and then stabilizing. The sensory quality of C2L and C3V tobacco leaves in the Kunming aging warehouse and C2L tobacco leaves in Xinzheng City aging warehouse had the highest sensory quality scores in the 12th month of aging，which was three months earlier than that of the aging warehouse in Boli County. Throughout the entire aging cycle，the sensory quality of the two grades of tobacco leaves was shown as follows：Kunming City>Xinzheng City>Boli County. In conclusion，compared with the aging warehouse in Boli County，Heilongjiang Province，the aging warehouses in Kunming City，Yunnan Province and Xinzheng City，Henan Province could significantly accelerate the aging process of tobacco leaves and improve the aging quality of tobacco leaves. Among them，the promoting effect of the aging environment in Kunming City was the most significant，with the fastest aging speed and the highest sensory score.

Inhibiting Effect of Artemisia argyi Polysaccharide on Spoilage Bacteria of Strawberry Fruit and Its Preservation Effects

SONG Shuhong, WANG Ziyu, SHAO Lizhu, ZHANG Boyuan, ZHAO Heng, LI Peng, ZHANG Li

2025, 54(11): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.11.018

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To investigate the antioxidant activity，antibacterial effects and potential application of Artemisia argyi polysaccharides in strawberry preservation，Artemisia argyi polysaccharide was extracted by modified water extraction method，and its antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH（1，1‑diphenyl‑2‑trinitrophenylhydrazine）and ABTS［2，2'‑azino‑bis（3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulfonic acid）］free radical scavenging test.The antibacterial effect against strawberry spoilage bacterium Bacillus safranicus a‑2 was analyzed by Kirby‑Bauer filter paper method.The antibacterial mechanism was further investigated by measuring Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺‑ATPase activity，reactive oxygen species（ROS）content and extracellular protein content. Finally，the fresh‑keeping effect was evaluated by strawberry fruit storage test. The results showed that the DPPH free radical scavenging rate of 9.0 g/L Artemisia argyi polysaccharide was 98.50%，and the ABTS free radical scavenging rate of 6.0 g/L Artemisia argyi polysaccharide was 94.20%. 3.0 g/L Artemisia argyi polysaccharide had the highest antibacterial rate against Bacillus safensis a‑2，which was 70.00%.The activity of Ca²⁺/Mg^2‑‑ATPase decreased by 97.81% after 4 h treatment.At 2 h，the intracellular ROS content accumulated to 1.77 times that of the control group.The preservation test showed that polysaccharide treatment could significantly delay the increase of strawberry decay index，reduce the loss of soluble solids，and increase the fruit hardness by 47.85%compared with the control group（sterile water treatment），exhibiting excellent preservation effects.In summary，Artemisia argyi polysaccharide has significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities. It can exert antibacterial effects by destroying cell membrane function and interfering with energy metabolism，thereby effectively extending the storage period of strawberry.It provides a theoretical basis and practical basis for the development of natural fruit and vegetable preservatives.

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