Abstract: Haploid breeding technology can accelerate generation of homozygous doubled haploid（DH）lines through haploid induction followed by chromosome doubling，significantly shortening breeding cycles and improving selection efficiency. In recent years，in vivo haploid induction techniques based on the operation of key endogenous genes have become a research hotspot.Two prominent systems，pollen⁃specific phospholipase A gene MTL（MATRILINEAL）and centromere⁃specific histone H3 gene CENH3，are centered.For the MTL system，its loss⁃of⁃function disrupts phospholipid metabolism in sperm cells，leading to reactive oxygen species（ROS） burst and DNA damage.Finally，the paternal genome is eliminated through a mechanism known as‘post⁃fertilization chromosome elimination’. On the other hand，the CENH3 system involves the modification of CENH3 protein.Common strategies such as N⁃terminal tail modification， point mutations in the histone⁃fold domain， and heterologous complementation are designed to create functionally defective centromeres.These defective centromeres fail in the competition for kinetochore⁃microtubule attachment during zygotic division，leading to their selective elimination.This paper systematically reviewed the molecular mechanism of haploid induction mediated by MTL and CENH3，technical optimization strategies and the application of these technologies in major crops such as maize，rice，and wheat，and compared the differences between the two systems across several key aspects，including induction mechanisms，applicable species，induction efficiency，technical complexity，influence on plant development，and current status of industrial application.Furthermore，the integrated application potential of the above two systems in precision breeding was prospected，aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for crop genetic improvement.

Key words: Maize, Haploid induction, MTL, CENH3, Doubled haploid, Genome elimination

摘要： 单倍体育种技术通过诱导单倍体并经染色体加倍获得纯合双单倍体（Doubled haploid，DH）系，能够大幅缩短育种周期，提高选择效率。近年来，基于关键内源基因调控的生物单倍体诱导技术成为研究热点，其中以花粉特异性磷脂酶A 基因MTL（MATRILINEAL）和着丝粒特异性组蛋白H3基因CENH3（Centromere-specific histone H3）代表的两大系统尤为突出。MTL突变导致精子细胞中磷脂代谢紊乱，引发活性氧（ROS）暴发与DNA损伤，进而通过“受精后染色体消除”机制触发父本基因组丢失；CENH3 修饰则通过N端尾部修饰、组蛋白折叠结构域点突变或异源互补等策略，构建功能缺陷型着丝粒，使其在合子分裂中因动粒-微管附着竞争失败而被选择性消除。系统综述了MTL、CENH3介导单倍体诱导的分子机制、技术优化策略及其在玉米、水稻、小麦等作物中的应用进展，比较了二者在诱导机制、适用物种、诱导率、技术复杂度、对植物发育的影响、产业化应用现状等方面的差异，并对其在精准育种中的融合应用前景进行展望，为作物遗传改良提供理论依据与技术支撑。

关键词: 玉米, 单倍体诱导, MTL, CENH3, 双单倍体, 基因组消除