生物炭制备工艺及其对土壤特性影响的研究进展

doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2026.09.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 生物炭在土壤改良中展现出改土、保肥与提质多维效应。本文系统梳理原料类型、热解温度、加热速率和停留时间对生物炭理化特性的调控规律及其对土壤性质的影响机制。现有研究表明，原料决定生物炭的基础属性，木本生物炭产率最高、孔隙结构最优，利于保水保肥；畜禽粪肥生物炭养分丰富，是优质的缓释肥载体。热解温度是调控生物炭理化特征的核心驱动力，低温热解利于保留酸性官能团，中温热解可以增加生物炭的比表面积和阳离子交换量，高温热解可以增强碳的长效稳定性和碱性中和效应；同时，慢速加热模式和延长停留时间，可有效促进生物炭内部微孔形成。在土壤改良层面，制备工艺与土壤本底理化性质的适配性，直接决定生物炭的改良成效。其中，经中温慢速加热制备的生物炭对土壤容重的降低效果最明显；相较于粪肥基生物炭，木质和壳类生物炭对砂质土有效水含量的提升效果更佳。生物炭通过为土壤微生物提供栖息地和营养供给，调控土壤生物学性质，其对酶活性的影响呈现酶特异性的反馈机制。未来应重点聚焦工艺-特性-功能大数据预测模型构建、土壤-作物系统长期演变与微生态机制解析，以及场景化定制化生物炭基新产品的创制。

关键词: 生物炭, 土壤, 制备工艺, 改良效应, 微生物, 酶

Abstract: Biochar exhibits multidimensional effects of soil conditioning，nutrient retention，and quality enhancement in soil improvement.This article systematically reviewed the regulatory laws of raw material types，pyrolysis temperature，heating rate，and residence time on the physicochemical properties of biochar and their impact mechanisms on soil properties.Existing studies had shown that raw materials determined the fundamental properties of biochar，with woody biochar having the highest yield and optimal pore structure，which was beneficial for water and fertilizer retention；livestock manure biochar was rich in nutrients and was a high‑quality slow‑release fertilizer carrier.The pyrolysis temperature was the core driving force for regulating the physicochemical characteristics of biochar.Low temperature pyrolysis was beneficial for retaining acidic functional groups，medium temperature pyrolysis could increase the specific surface area and cation exchange capacity of biochar，and high temperature pyrolysis could enhance the long‑term stability and alkaline neutralization effect of carbon.Meanwhile，slow heating mode and extended residence time could effectively promote the formation of micropores inside biochar.At the level of soil improvement，the compatibility between the preparation process and the physical and chemical properties of soil directly determined the effectiveness of biochar improvement.Among them，biochar prepared by slow heating at medium temperature had the most significant effect on reducing soil bulk density. Compared with manure based biochar，wood and shell biochar had a better effect on increasing the effective water content of sandy soil.Biochar regulated soil biological properties by providing microbial habitat and nutrient supply for soil microorganisms，and its impact on enzyme activity exhibited a feedback mechanism that varied depending on the enzyme. In the future，the focus should be on the construction of big data prediction models for process‑characteristics‑function，analysis of the long‑term evolution of soil‑crop systems and their micro ecological mechanisms，as well as the creation of customized biochar based new products for specific scenarios.

Key words: Biochar, Soil, Preparation process, Improvement effect, Microorganism, Enzyme

中图分类号:

S156.2

金龙, Haider Sultan, 姜乔瀚, 张运波. 生物炭制备工艺及其对土壤特性影响的研究进展[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 8-25.

Jin Long, Haider Sultan, Jiang Qiaohan, Zhang Yunbo. Advances in Biochar Production Process and Its Effects on Soil Properties[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2026, 55(9): 8-25.

图/表 8

参考文献

［1］Zhang L Q，Zhao Z H，Jiang B L，et al. Effects of long‑term application of nitrogen fertilizer on soil acidification and biological properties in China：a meta‑analysis［J］. Microorganisms，2024，12（8）：1683.

［2］Liu C，Wang C，Shang S J，et al. Biochar‑assisted agriculture：from healthy soil to healthy plants［J］.Plants，2025，14（21）：3273.

［3］Matarru A A，Shin D. Biochar production technology as a negative emission strategy：a review［J］. Energies，2025，18（18）：4898.

［4］Luo L N，Cohan D S，Masiello C A，et al. Agroecosystem modeling of reactive nitrogen emissions from U.S.agricultural soils with carbon amendments［J］. Biochar，2023，5（1）：72.

［5］Liu S W，Zamanian K，Xu J R，et al. Salinity levels alter soil nitrous oxide emission，ammonia volatilization，and nitrogen leaching［J/OL］. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies，2025‑06‑02.https：//www.pjoes.com/pdf‑205820‑127973？filename=Salinity‑Levels‑Alter‑Soi.

［6］Zhang L X，Chang L，Liu H J，et al. Biochar application to soils can regulate soil phosphorus availability：a review［J］. Biochar，2025，7（1）：13.

［7］韩春风，桑梓繁，尚楷林，等. 不同制备方法对荞麦秸秆生物炭理化性质的影响［J］. 中国土壤与肥料，2024（6）：231‑240.

Han C F，Sang Z F，Shang K L，et al. Effects of different preparation methods on physicochemical properties of buckwheat straw biochar［J］. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China，2024（6）：231‑240.

［8］Sam O，Amos J，Chris‑Ukaegbu S O. Production of fuel briquettes from a blend of corncob and rice husk［J］.International Journal of Research and Review，2022，9 （9）：169‑181.

［9］Wang H X，Xu J L，Sheng L X. Preparation of straw biochar and application of constructed wetland in China：a review［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production，2020，273：123131.

［10］Windeatt J H，Ross A B，Williams P T，et al.Characteristics of biochars from crop residues：potential for carbon sequestration and soil amendment ［J］. Journal of Environmental Management，2014，146：189‑197.

［11］Zhang X，Zhao B W，Liu H，et al. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on biochar’s characteristics and speciation and environmental risks of heavy metals in sewage sludge biochars［J］. Environmental Technology&Innovation,2022，26：102288.

［12］Makavana J M，Sarsavadia P N，Chauhan P M. Effect of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on bio‑char obtained from pyrolysis of shredded cotton stalk［J］.International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry，2020，21（13）：10‑28.

［13］Wang Y P，Wang K，Wang X C，et al. Effect of different production methods on physicochemical properties and adsorption capacities of biochar from sewage sludge and kitchen waste：mechanism and correlation analysis［J］.Journal of Hazardous Materials，2024，461：132690.

［14］Rabiee A M，Aliasghar A，Nabi Bidhendi G，et al.Importance of pyrolysis temperature and particle size on physicochemical and adsorptive properties of urban wood‑derived biochar［J］. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy，2024，40：101631.

［15］Vercruysse W，Smeets J，Haeldermans T，et al. Biochar from raw and spent common ivy：impact of preprocessing and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties［J］. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis，2021，159：105294.

［16］Xiao H Y，Lin Q M，Li G T，et al. Comparison of biochar properties from 5 kinds of halophyte produced by slow pyrolysis at 500 ℃［J］. Biochar，2022，4（1）：12.

［17］Alfattani R，Shah M A，Siddiqui M I H，et al. Bio‑char characterization produced from walnut shell biomass through slow pyrolysis：sustainable for soil amendment and an alternate bio‑fuel［J］. Energies，2022，15（1）：1.

［18］Sajdak M，Muzyka R，Gałko G，et al. Actual trends in the usability of biochar as a high‑value product of biomass obtained through pyrolysis［J］. Energies，2023，16（1）：355.

［19］Turunen M，Hyväluoma J，Heikkinen J，et al. Quantifying the pore structure of different biochars and their impacts on the water retention properties of Sphagnum moss growing media［J］. Biosystems Engineering，2020，191：96‑106.

［20］Keskinen R，Hyväluoma J，Sohlo L，et al. Fertilizer and soil conditioner value of broiler manure biochars［J］.Biochar，2019，1（3）：259‑270.

［21］Rouhani A，Skousen J，Tack F M G. An overview of soil pollution and remediation strategies in coal mining regions［J］. Minerals，2023，13（8）：1064.

［22］Zhai P F，Zhao Y，Yang S Y，et al. Comparison of yield and physicochemical characteristics of tropical crop residue biochar under different pyrolysis temperatures［J］. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery，2024，14（7）：8843‑8855.

［23］Egbosiuba T C. Biochar and bio‑oil fuel properties from nickel nanoparticles assisted pyrolysis of cassava peel［J］.Heliyon，2022，8（8）：e10114.

［24］Wei J，Tu C，Yuan G D，et al. Assessing the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the molecular properties and copper sorption capacity of a halophyte biochar［J］.Environmental Pollution，2019，251：56‑65.

［25］ Hsu D，Lu C Y，Pang T R，et al. Adsorption of ammonium nitrogen from aqueous solution on chemically activated biochar prepared from sorghum distillers grain［J］. Applied Sciences，2019，9（23）：5249.

［26］Musa N，Khan K S，Blankinship J C，et al.Sorption‑desorption of phosphorus on manure‑ and plant‑derived biochars at different pyrolysis temperatures［J］. Sustainability，2024，16（7）：2755.

［27］Tag A T，Duman G，Ucar S，et al. Effects of feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature on potential applications of biochar［J］. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis，2016，120：200‑206.

［28］Wystalska K，Kwarciak‑Kozłowska A. The effect of biodegradable waste pyrolysis temperatures on selected biochar properties［J］. Materials，2021，14（7）：1644.

［29］Pehlivan E. Non‑catalytic and catalytic conversion of fruit waste to synthetic liquid fuel via pyrolysis［J］.Processes，2023，11（9）：2536.

［30］Ko H，Lee M，Choi J，et al. Effect of temperature and heating rate on pyrolysis characteristics of spent coffee grounds［J］. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering，2025，42（12）：2853‑2864.

［31］Kumar M，Upadhyay S N，Mishra P K. Pyrolysis of sugarcane（Saccharum officinarum L.） leaves and characterization of products［J］. ACS Omega，2022，7（32）：28052‑28064.

［32］Şensöz S，Angın D. Pyrolysis of safflower（Charthamus tinctorius L. ） seed press cake：part 1.The effects of pyrolysis parameters on the product yields［J］.Bioresource Technology，2008，99（13）：5492‑5497.

［33］Kumar G，Panda A K，Singh R. Optimization of process for the production of bio‑oil from Eucalyptus wood［J］.Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology，2010，38 （2）：162‑167.

［34］Chun Y，Lee S K，Yoo H Y，et al. Recent advancements in biochar production according to feedstock classification，pyrolysis conditions，and applications：a review［J］. BioResources，2021，16（3）：6512‑6547.

［35］Mohd Z Y. Comparison of artificial intelligence models to predict oil palm biomass pyrolysis and kinetics using
thermogravimetric analysis［J］. Journal of Oil Palm Research，2023，35（1）：86‑99.

［36］Angın D. Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake［J］. Bioresource Technology，2013，128：593‑597.

［37］Wang L W，Ok Y S，Tsang D C W，et al. New trends in biochar pyrolysis and modification strategies：feedstock，pyrolysis conditions，sustainability concerns and implications for soil amendment［J］. Soil Use and Management，2020，36（3）：358‑386.

［38］Kumari K，Kumar R，Bordoloi N，et al. Unravelling the recent developments in the production technology and efficient applications of biochar for agro‑ecosystems［J］. Agriculture，2023，13（3）：512.

［39］Kalina M，Sovova S，Svec J，et al. The effect of pyrolysis temperature and the source biomass on the properties of biochar produced for the agronomical applications as the soil conditioner［J］. Materials，2022，15（24）：8855.

［40］Mukherjee A，Patra B R，Podder J，et al. Synthesis of biochar from lignocellulosic biomass for diverse industrial applications and energy harvesting：effects of pyrolysis conditions on the physicochemical properties of biochar［J］. Frontiers in Materials，2022，9：870184.

［41］Qiu T H，Li C X，Guang M M，et al. Porous carbon material production from microwave‑assisted pyrolysis of peanut shel［l J］. Carbon Research，2023，2（1）：45.

［42］Braghiroli F L，Bouafif H，Neculita C M，et al. Influence of pyro‑gasification and activation conditions on the porosity of activated biochars：a literature review［J］.Waste and Biomass Valorization，2020，11（9）：5079‑5098.

［43］Tsai W T，Ayestas R，Tsai C H，et al. Preparation and characterization of porous materials from pineapple peel at elevated pyrolysis temperatures［J］. Materials，2022，15（13）：4686.

［44］安宁，李冬，李娜，等. 长期不同量秸秆炭化还田下水稻土孔隙结构特征［J］. 植物营养与肥料学报，2020，26（12）：2150‑2157.
An N，Li D，Li N，et al. Characterization of soil pore structure of paddy soils under different long‑term rice straw biochar incorporation［J］. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers，2020，26（12）：2150‑2157.

［45］Yuan Y F，Liu Q，Zheng H，et al. Biochar as a sustainable tool for improving the health of salt‑affected soils［J］. Soil & Environmental Health，2023，1（3）：100033.

［46］Bao Z J，Shi C Z，Tu W Y，et al. Recent developments in modification of biochar and its application in soil pollution control and ecoregulation［J］. Environmental Pollution，2022，313：120184.

［47］Gairhe J J，Bhattarai P，Gyanwali P，et al. Effect of various biochar on selected soil properties and agronomical parameters of okra（Abelmoschus esculentus L.）at Rupandehi，Nepal［J］. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science，2024，9（1）：134‑142.

［48］廉辰，于嘉佳，高婷，等. 3种壳类生物质炭对南方红壤理化性质的动态影响［J］. 华南农业大学学报，2022，
43（1）：20‑27.
Lian C，Yu J J，Gao T，et al. Dynamic effects of three kinds of shell biochars on physicochemical properties
of red soil in South China［J］. Journal of South China Agricultural University，2022，43（1）：20‑27.

［49］王伟，隋秀玉，李晓晖，等. 农林废弃物生物炭制备及其在土壤中的应用研究进展［J］. 江苏农业科学，2025，53（1）：1‑9.
Wang W，Sui X Y，Li X H，et al. Research progress on preparation of biochar from agroforestry wastes and its application in soil［J］. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences，2025，53（1）：1‑9.

［50］Torgbenu J K，Boateng G，Kwarteng F O，et al.Short‑term alteration of soil physicochemical characteristics induced by biochar application on a ferric acriso［l J］. Scientifica，2025，2025（1）：7743251.

［51］Zhou H，Guo J W，Liu H，et al. Effects of biochar pyrolysis temperature and application rate on saline soil quality and maize yield［J］. Agronomy，2024，14 （7）：1529.

［52］Tahir A，Al‑Ani F，Al O A. Effect of date palm derived biochar on soil’s bulk density，pH，and nitrogen content［J］. Engineering and Technology Journal，2022，40（11）：1358‑1364.

［53］Ghorbani M，Amirahmadi E，Neugschwandtner R W，et al. The impact of pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties and its effects on soil hydrological properties［J］. Sustainability，2022，14（22）：14722.

［54］Abdullah N，Mohd T R，Mohamad A N S，et al. Banana pseudo‑stem biochar derived from slow and fast pyrolysis process［J］. Heliyon，2023，9（1）：e12940.

［55］刘朝霞，刘鸣，牛文娟，等. 保温时间对不同秸秆生物炭肥料化利用理化特性的影响［J］. 华中农业大学学报，2020，39（4）：182‑192.
Liu C X，Liu M，Niu W J，et al. Effects of holding time on physical and chemical properties of utilizing different straw biochar fertilizer［J］. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University，2020，39（4）：182‑192.

［56］Pires L F，de Oliveira J A T，Gaspareto J V，et al.Impact of wetting‑drying cycles on soil intra‑aggregate pore architecture under different management systems［J］. AgriEngineering，2025，7（1）：9.

［57］Yang C D，Liu J J，Ying H C，et al. Soil pore structure changes induced by biochar affect microbial diversity and community structure in an ultisol［J］. Soil and Tillage Research，2022，224：105505.

［58］邢莉彬，成洁，耿增超，等. 不同原料生物炭的理化特性及其作炭基肥缓释载体的潜力评价［J］. 环境科学，2022，43（5）：2770‑2778.
Xing L B，Cheng J，Geng Z C，et al. Physicochemical properties of biochars prepared from different feedstocks and evaluation of its potential as a slow‑release carriers for biochar‑based fertilizers［J］.Environmental Science，2022，43（5）：2770‑2778.

［59］姚磊，葛立超，赵灿，等. 木质纤维素类生物质热解转化研究进展［J］. 动力工程学报，2024，44（5）：665‑680.
Yao L，Ge L C，Zhao C，et al. Research progress in pyrolysis and conversion of lignocellulosic biomass［J］.Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering，2024，44（5）：665‑680.

［60］乔晓磊，贾里，郭晋荣，等. 不同热解升温速率下制备所得生物焦的汞吸附性能［J］. 动力工程学报，2021，41（5）：404‑410.
Qiao X L，Jia L，Guo J R，et al. Study on adsorption of mercury by prepared bio‑char under different heating rates［J］. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering，2021，41（5）：404‑410.

［61］Zhang J，Amonette J E，Flury M. Effect of biochar and biochar particle size on plant‑available water of sand，silt loam，and clay soi［l J］. Soil and Tillage Research，2021，212：104992.

［62］Ndede E O，Kurebito S，Idowu O，et al. The potential of biochar to enhance the water retention properties of sandy agricultural soils［J］. Agronomy，2022，12 （2）：311.

［63］Zhylina M，Miroshnichenko D，Melnykov A，et al.Biochar structure development during slow pyrolysis of pellets from barley straw and bran［J］. Scientific Reports，2025，15：42624.

［64］Conte P，Marsala V，De Pasquale C，et al. Nature of water‑biochar interface interactions ［J］. GCB Bioenergy，2013，5（2）：116‑121.

［65］唐雨菲，宋佳诚，郭宇航，等. 有机固废制备生物炭材料及应用［J］. 能源环境保护，2025，39（3）：27‑39.
Tang Y F，Song J C，Guo Y H，et al. Preparation and applications of biochar materials from organic solid waste［J］. Energy Environmental Protection，2025，39 （3）：27‑39.

［66］Wei Y N，Jing X，Su F L，et al. Does pH matter for ecosystem multifunctionality？ An empirical test in a semi‑arid grassland on the Loess Plateau［J］.Functional Ecology，2022，36（7）：1739‑1753.

［67］Haider F U，Coulter J A，Cai L Q，et al. An overview on biochar production,its implications，and mechanisms of biochar‑induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics［J］. Pedosphere，2022，32（1）：107‑130.

［68］李昉泽，詹剑. 木薯渣和甘蔗渣基生物炭对砖红壤的改良效果［J］. 热带生物学报，2023，14（5）：577‑584.
Li F Z，Zhan J. Effect of cassava and bagasse biochar on physicochemical properties of lateritic soil［J］.Journal of Tropical Biology，2023，14（5）：577‑584.

［69］胡仁，龙巧玲，王力敏，等. 生物炭对酸性土壤改良效果及机制的研究进展［J］. 华中农业大学学报，2025，44（4）：11‑21.
Hu R，Long Q L，Wang L M，et al. Progress on effects and mechanism of biochar on amelioration of acidified soils［J］. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University，2025，44（4）：11‑21.

［70］Han H J，Xia Q，Zhao Q，et al. Research progress of biochar on agricultural soil improvement［J］. E3S Web of Conferences，2020，189：01008.

［71］Qayyum M F，Khan D E S，Alghanem S M S，et al.Agricultural waste‑based modified biochars differentially affected the soil properties，growth，and nutrient accumulation by maize（Zea mays L.） plants［J］.BMC Plant Biology，2024，24（1）：498.

［72］Otoni J P，Matoso S C G，Pérez X L O，et al. Potential for agronomic and environmental use of biochars derived from different organic waste［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production，2024，449：141826.

［73］Tusar H M，Uddin M K，Mia S，et al. Biochar‑acid soil interactions：a review［J］. Sustainability，2023，15（18）：13366.

［74］Shi R Y，Ni N，Wang R H，et al. Dissolved biochar fractions and solid biochar particles inhibit soil acidification induced by nitrification through different mechanisms［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2023，874：162464.

［75］Li J S，Xu K L，Yao X W，et al. Investigation of biomass slow pyrolysis mechanisms based on the generation trends in pyrolysis products［J］. Process Safety and Environmental Protection，2024，183：327‑338.

［76］Cárdenas‑Aguiar E，Gascó G，Lado M，et al. New insights into the production，characterization and potential uses of vineyard pruning waste biochars［J］.Waste Management，2023，171：452‑462.

［77］Geng N，Kang X R，Yan X X，et al. Biochar mitigation of soil acidification and carbon sequestration is influenced by materials and temperature［J］.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety，2022，232：113241.

［78］Song Y B，Tan J W，Jin M Y，et al. Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on the physicochemical properties of alkali lignin‑derived biochar：a comparative study of fast and slow pyrolysis［J］.Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis，2025，191：107236.

［79］Wang L，Yang K，Gao C C，et al. Effect and mechanism of biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions under different nitrogen fertilization gradient from an acidic soil［J］.Science of the Total Environment，2020，747：141265.

［80］Yang Z B，Yu Y，Hu R J，et al. Effect of rice straw and swine manure biochar on N2O emission from paddy soil［J］. Scientific Reports，2020，10：10843.

［81］Feng Y F，Sun H J，Xue L H，et al. Biochar applied at an appropriate rate can avoid increasing NH3 volatilization dramatically in rice paddy soil［J］.Chemosphere，2017，168：1277‑1284.

［82］Liu Q，Wu Y X，Ma J，et al. How does biochar influence soil nitrification and nitrification‑induced N₂O emissions？［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2024，908：168530.

［83］Zhao X，Wang S Q，Xing G X. Nitrification，acidification，and nitrogen leaching from subtropical cropland soils as affected by rice straw‑based biochar：laboratory incubation and column leaching studies［J］.Journal of Soils and Sediments，2014，14（3）：471‑482.

［84］Gao X Y，Yang J Q，Liu W Z，et al. Effects of alkaline biochar on nitrogen transformation with fertilizer in agricultural soil［J］. Environmental Research，2023，233：116084.

［85］Xing L Q，Niu X Y，Yin X W，et al. Optimizing biochar concentration for mitigating nutrient losses in runoff：an investigation into soil quality improvement and non‑point source pollution reduction［J］. Agriculture，2025，15（1）：45.

［86］Xu G，Zhang Y，Sun J N，et al. Negative interactive effects between biochar and phosphorus fertilization on phosphorus availability and plant yield in saline sodic soil［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2016，568：910‑915.

［87］Zhao Y F，Lu Y P，Zhuang H F，et al. In‑situ retention of nitrogen，phosphorus in agricultural drainage and soil nutrients by biochar at different temperatures and the effects on soil microbial response［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2023，904：166292.

［88］Lü Y D，Xu L Q，Guo X H，et al. Effect of biochar on soil physiochemical properties and bacterial diversity in dry direct‑seeded rice paddy fields［J］. Agronomy，2023，13（1）：4.

［89］Chen M W，Liu D Q，Shao X J，et al. Effect of biochar types and rates on SOC and its active fractions in tropical farmlands of China［J］. Agronomy，2024，14 （4）：676.

［90］Li C J，Zhao C Y，Zhao X M，et al. Beneficial effects of biochar application with nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen retention，absorption and utilization in maize production［J］. Agronomy，2023，13（1）：113.

［91］Šimanský V，Aydın E，Horák J. Is it possible to control the nutrient regime of soils with different texture through biochar substrates？［J］. Agronomy，2022，12（1）：51.

［92］Rahim H U. Soil fertility status as influenced by the carryover effect of biochar and summer legumes［J］.Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology，2020，8（1）：11‑16.

［93］Ngatia L W，Hsieh Y P，Nemours D，et al. Potential phosphorus eutrophication mitigation strategy：biochar carbon composition，thermal stability and pH influence phosphorus sorption［J］. Chemosphere，2017，180：201‑211.

［94］Yang C D，Lu S G. Pyrolysis temperature affects phosphorus availability of rice straw and canola stalk
biochars and biochar‑amended soils［J］. Journal of Soils and Sediments，2021，21（8）：2817‑2830.

［95］Liu F，Xiao Z H，Fang J，et al. Effect of pyrolysis treatment on phosphorus migration and transformation of pig，cow and sheep manure［J］. Sustainability，2023，15（12）：9215.

［96］熊涛，李萍，尹茜，等. 河道底泥和植物制备生物炭吸附磷的影响研究［J］. 广东工业大学学报，2023，40（3）：83‑90.
Xiong T，Li P，Yin Q，et al. Effect of biochar from sediment and plants on phosphorus adsorption［J］.Journal of Guangdong University of Technology，2023，40（3）：83‑90.

［97］Yang F，Sui L，Tang C Y，et al. Sustainable advances on phosphorus utilization in soil via addition of biochar and humic substances［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2021，768：145106.

［98］Flores R A，Pessoa‑de‑Souza M A，Dos‑Santos A C A，et al. Does soil granulometry influence leaching rates of potassium even after administration of increasing irrigation depths？［J］. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis，2022，53（4）：478‑493.

［99］Agegnehu G，Bird M I，Nelson P N，et al. The ameliorating effects of biochar and compost on soil quality and plant growth on a Ferralsol［J］. Soil Research，2015，53（1）：1‑12.

［100］Asri F Ö. Effects of biochar and fertilizer application on soil properties and nutrient status of lettuce［J］.Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research，2022，82（3）：22469‑483.

［101］Vamvuka D，Esser K，Komnitsas K. Investigating thesuitability of grape husks biochar，municipal solid wastes compost and mixtures of them for agricultural applications to Mediterranean soils［J］. Resources，2020，9（3）：33.

［102］Gao L，Wang R，Shen G M，et al. Effects of biochar on nutrients and the microbial community structure of tobacco‑planting soils［J］. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition，2017，17（4）：884‑896.

［103］Kazimierski P，Januszewicz K，Godlewski W，et al. The course and the effects of agricultural biomass pyrolysis in the production of high‑calorific biochar［J］.Materials，2022，15（3）：1038.

［104］Liu S N，Tang W Z，Yang F，et al. Influence of biochar application on potassium‑solubilizing Bacillus mucilaginosus as potential biofertilizer［J］. Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology，2017，47（1）：32‑37.

［105］Ali P A，Koohbori D S，Seyed H H M，et al. Potential application of selected sulfur‑oxidizing bacteria and different sources of sulfur in plant growth promotion under different moisture conditions［J］.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis，2020，51（6）：735‑745.

［106］Alkharabsheh H M，Mwadalu R，Mochoge B，et al.Revitalizing the biochemical soil properties of degraded coastal soil using Prosopis juliflora biochar［J］. Life，2023，13（10）：2098.

［107］孟祥天，蒋瑀霁，王晓玥，等. 生物质炭和秸秆长期还田对红壤团聚体和有机碳的影响［J］. 土壤，2018，50（2）：326‑332.
Meng X T，Jiang Y J，Wang X Y，et al. Effects of long‑term application of biochar and straws on red soil aggregate compostion and organic carbon distribution［J］. Soils，2018，50（2）：326‑332.

［108］Guo J W，Zhou H，Jia L G，et al. A multi‑level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to optimize biochar application schemes for potato cultivation in North China［J］. Frontiers in Plant Science，2025，16：1571305.

［109］Yang M Y，Zhou D X，Hang H X，et al. Effects of balancing exchangeable cations Ca，Mg，and K on the
growth of tomato seedlings（Solanum lycopersicum L.）based on increased soil cation exchange capacity［J］.Agronomy，2024，14（3）：629.

［110］Dey S，Purakayastha T J，Sarkar B，et al. Enhancing cation and anion exchange capacity of rice straw biochar by chemical modification for increased plant nutrient retention［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2023，886：163681.

［111］Antonangelo J A，Culman S，Zhang H L. Comparative analysis and prediction of cation exchange capacity via summation：influence of biochar type and nutrient ratios［J］. Frontiers in Soil Science，2024，4：1371777.

［112］Domingues R R，Sánchez‑Monedero M A，Spokas K A，et al. Enhancing cation exchange capacity of weathered soils using biochar：feedstock，pyrolysis conditions and addition rate［J］. Agronomy，2020，10（6）：824.
［113］Chaves F B C，Ferreira M K，Dias J A F，et al. Impact of pyrolysis temperature on the properties of Eucalyptus wood‑derived biochar［J］. Materials，2020，13（24）：5841.

［114］Tan Z X，Yuan S N，Hong M F，et al. Mechanism of negative surface charge formation on biochar and its effect on the fixation of soil Cd［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2020，384：121370.

［115］Adhikari S，Moon E，Timms W. Identifying biochar production variables to maximise exchangeable cations and increase nutrient availability in soils［J］.Journal of Cleaner Production，2024，446：141454.

［116］Tomczyk A，Sokołowska Z，Boguta P. Biochar physicochemical properties：pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects［J］. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology，2020，19（1）：191‑215.

［117］Chen Q，Fu X M，Wang J W，et al. Characteristics of advanced anaerobic digestion sludge‑based biochar and its application for sewage sludge conditioning［J］.Bioresource Technology，2024，402：130833.

［118］Aurangzeib M，Zhang S L，Yan S H，et al. Biochar application can improve most of the chemical properties of acidic soils：a global meta‑analysis［J］.ACS Agricultural Science & Technology，2024，4（3）：292‑306.

［119］Zhang W Y，Zhang H R，Zu Q H，et al. The influence of temperature and heating rate on the characteristics of biochar under rapid pyrolysis［J］. Journal of Physics：Conference Series，2025，3065（1）：012050.

［120］Oladele S O，Adeyemo A J，Awodun M A. Influence of rice husk biochar and inorganic fertilizer on soil nutrients availability and rain‑fed rice yield in two contrasting soils［J］. Geoderma，2019，336：1‑11.

［121］Lin X W，Xie Z B，Hu T L，et al. Biochar application increases biological nitrogen fixation in soybean with improved soil properties in an Ultisol［J］. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition，2023，23（3）：3095‑3105.

［122］Khan Z，Zhang K K，Khan M N，et al. How biochar affects nitrogen assimilation and dynamics by interacting soil and plant enzymatic activities：quantitative assessment of 2 years potted study in a rapeseed‑soil system［J］.Frontiers in Plant Science，2022，13：853449.

［123］Glaser B，Haumaier L，Guggenberger G，et al. The ‘Terra preta’ phenomenon：a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics［J］.Naturwissenschaften，2001，88（1）：37‑41.

［124］Burrell L D，Zehetner F，Rampazzo N，et al. Long‑term effects of biochar on soil physical properties［J］.Geoderma，2016，282：96‑102.

［125］Stewart C E，Zheng J Y，Botte J，et al. Co‑generated fast pyrolysis biochar mitigates green‑house gas emissions and increases carbon sequestration in temperate soils［J］. GCB Bioenergy，2013，5（2）：153‑164.

［126］Denton‑Thompson S M，Sayer E J. Micronutrients in food production：what can we learn from natural ecosystems？［J］. Soil Systems，2022，6（1）：8.

［127］Ma S H，Ma S，Yin W Q，et al. Effects of biochar on the availability of trace elements in different types of soil［J］. Toxics，2025，13（3）：169.

［128］El‑Gamal E H，Salem L R，Mahmoud A H，et al.Evaluation of rice husk biochar as a micronutrients carrier on micronutrients availability in a calcareous sandy soil［J］. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition，2023，23（2）：1633‑1647.

［129］Zhao F X，Chen H Y，Li D N，et al. Heavy metal transformation in livestock manure（co‑） pyrolysis：pathways toward safe biochar and sustainable agriculture［J］. Resources， Environment and Sustainability，2026，23：100284.

［130］Zhang G H，Zhou L，Chi T Y，et al. Effect of pyrolytic temperatures on the 2，4‑dichlorophenol adsorption performance of biochar derived from Populus nigra［J］.Environmental Science and Pollution Research，2025，32（22）：13463‑13473.

［131］Muema F M，Richardson Y，Keita A，et al. An interdisciplinary overview on biochar production engineering and its agronomic applications［J］.Biomass and Bioenergy，2024，190：107416.

［132］Liao W，Zhang X，Ke S J，et al. Effect of different biomass species and pyrolysis temperatures on heavy metal adsorption，stability and economy of biochar［J］.Industrial Crops and Products，2022，186：115238.

［133］Li D Q，Li C，Qiu L，et al. Exchange of organics with homogenous volatiles shapes nature of biochar of varied aspects［J］. Materials Today Sustainability，2024，25：100655.

［134］He D B，Luo Y M，Zhu B. Feedstock and pyrolysis temperature influence biochar properties and its interactions with soil substances：insights from a DFT calculation［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2024，922：171259.

［135］Zhao Y M，Wang X J，Yao G W，et al. Advances in the effects of biochar on microbial ecological function in soil and crop quality［J］. Sustainability，2022，14（16）：10411.

［136］Hu T，Wei J T，Du L，et al. The effect of biochar on nitrogen availability and bacterial community in farmland［J］. Annals of Microbiology，2023，73（1）：4.

［137］Wang J P，Huang R Z，Zhu L Q，et al. The effects of biochar on microbial community composition in and beneath biological soil crusts in a Pinus massoniana lamb. Plantation［J］. Forests，2022，13（7）：1141.

［138］Palansooriya K N，Wong J T F，Hashimoto Y，et al.Response of microbial communities to biochar‑amended soils：a critical review［J］. Biochar，2019，1（1）：3‑22.

［139］Abbas M，Ijaz S S，Ansar M，et al. Impact of biochar with different organic materials on carbon fractions，aggregate size distribution， and associated polysaccharides and soil moisture retention in an arid soil［J］. Arabian Journal of Geosciences，2019，12 （20）：626.

［140］谭春玲，刘洋，黄雪刚，等. 生物炭对土壤微生物代谢活动的影响［J］. 中国生态农业学报（中英文），2022，30（3）：333‑342.
Tan C L，Liu Y，Huang X G，et al. Effect of biochar on soil microbial metabolic activities［J］. Chinese Journal
of Eco‑Agriculture，2022，30（3）：333‑342.

［141］程扬，刘子丹，沈启斌，等. 秸秆生物炭施用对玉米根际和非根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响［J］. 生态环境学报，2018，27（10）：1870‑1877.
Cheng Y，Liu Z D，Shen Q B，et al. The impact of straw biochar on corn rhizospheric and non‑rhizospheric soil microbial community structure［J］. Ecology and Environment Sciences，2018，27（10）：1870‑1877.

［142］Ahmad R，Gao J N，Gao Z，et al. Influence of biochar on soil nutrients and associated rhizobacterial communities of mountainous apple trees in northern Loess Plateau China［J］. Microorganisms，2022，10（10）：2078.

［143］Zou G H，Zhao F L，Lan X C，et al. Role of coconut shell biochar on soil properties，microbial diversity and nitrogen mineralizationin tropical latosol［J］. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies，2024，33（2）：1487‑1496.

［144］蔡昆争，高阳，田纪辉. 生物炭介导植物病害抗性及作用机理［J］. 生态学报，2020，40（22）：8364‑8375.
Cai K Z，Gao Y，Tian J H. Effects and mechanisms of biochar‑mediated plant disease resistance［J］. Acta Ecologica Sinica，2020，40（22）：8364‑8375.

［145］Zainudin M H，Mustapha N A，Maeda T，et al. Biochar enhanced the nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial communities during the composting of poultry manure and rice straw［J］. Waste Management，2020，106：240‑249.

［146］赵敏，李常春，温晓林，等. 不同温度制备的云南松切梢小蠹蠹害木生物炭对黑麦草土壤微生物群落的影响［J］. 云南农业大学学报（自然科学版），2025，40 （1）：142‑150.
Zhao M，Li C C，Wen X L，et al. Effects of Tomicus yunnanensis‑damaged Pinus yunnanensis wood biochar pyrolyzed at different temperatures on soil microbial community of Lolium perenne［J］. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University（Natural Science），2025，40（1）：142‑150.

［147］周红卫，陈振焱，胡超，等. CO2-N2气氛下热解工艺对稻秆生物炭吸附Cd²⁺的影响［J］. 农业环境科学学报，2020，39（7）：1605‑1612.
Zhou H W，Chen Z Y，Hu C，et al. Effects of pyrolysis processes under CO₂‑N₂ atmosphere on Cd²⁺adsorption by rice straw biochar［J］. Journal of Agro‑Environment Science，2020，39（7）：1605‑1612.

［148］Yue Y，Guo W N，Lin Q M，et al. Improving salt leaching in a simulated saline soil column by three biochars derived from rice straw（Oryza sativa L.），sunflower straw（Helianthus annuus），and cow manure［J］. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation，2016，71 （6）：467‑475.

［149］Birol M，Günal H. Response of β‑glucosidase enzyme activity of soil to biochar applications in a crop rotation at Blacksea agroecosystem［J］. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science（Ejss），2024，13（4）：294‑302.

［150］Fan Q Y，Li N，Geng Y Q，et al. Variation in soil enzyme activity with amendments of biochar and polyacrylamide in coal gangue soils［J］. Scientific Reports，2025，15：4596.

［151］韩志旺，赵志华，张艳利，等. 生物炭对农田土壤中酶活性和细菌群落结构的影响研究［J］. 四川环境，2021，40（4）：26‑34.
Han Z W，Zhao Z H，Zhang Y L，et al. Effects of biochars on enzyme activity and bacterial community structure in agricultural soil［J］. Sichuan Environment，2021，40（4）：26‑34.

［152］杨致玮，苏小娟，杨彩玲. 氮肥减量配施生物炭有机肥对土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响［J］. 现代农业研究，2025，31（9）：53‑57.
Yang Z W，Su X J，Yang C L. Effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer combined with biochar organic fertilizer on soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities［J］. Modern Agriculture Research，2025，31（9）：53‑57.

［153］Chen X，Liu L，Yang Q Y，et al. Optimizing biochar application rates to improve soil properties and crop growth in saline‑alkali soil［J］. Sustainability，2024，16（6）：2523.

［154］Wyszkowska J，Borowik A，Zaborowska M，et al.Biochar，halloysite，and alginite improve the quality of soil contaminated with petroleum products［J］.Agriculture，2023，13（9）：1669.

［155］Azeem M，Wang J，Kubwimana J J，et al. Biochar‑derived dissolved organic matter（BDOM）shifts fungal community composition：BDOM‑soil DOM interaction［J］. Applied Soil Ecology，2025，207：105916.
［156］Khawkomol S，Neamchan R，Thongsamer T，et al.Potential of biochar derived from agricultural residues for sustainable managemen［t J］. Sustainability，2021，13（15）：8147.
［157］Mazuecos‑Aguilera I，Salazar S，Hidalgo‑Castellanos J，et al. Combined application of N‑fixing PGPB and rice straw mulch compensates N immobilization by straw，improving crop growth［J］. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture，2024，11（1）：31.

［158］Kerner P，Struhs E，Mirkouei A，et al. Microbial responses to biochar soil amendment and influential factors：a three‑level meta‑analysis［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2023，57（48）：19838‑19848.

［159］ Rahmanian M，Khadem A. The effects of biochar on soil extra and intracellular enzymes activity［J］.Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery，2024，14（18）：21993‑22005.
［160］Kade Suriadi I G A，Putra Negara D N K，Tirta Nindhia T G，et al. The impact of activation heating rate on pore structure in teak sawdust‑derived activated carbon and its application in methylene blue adsorption［J］. Trends in Sciences，2024，21（9）：8110.

［161］Cárdenas‑Aguiar E，Méndez A，Gascó G，et al. The effects of feedstock，pyrolysis temperature，and residence time on the properties and uses of biochar from broom and gorse wastes［J］. Applied Sciences，2024，14（10）：4283.

[1]	叶江南, 陈敏, 孙远, 杨佳莉, 王文硕, 韩正栋, 陆胜勇. 矿物改性生物炭在土壤固碳应用中的研究进展[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 1-7.
[2]	扶胜兰, 谷彩花, 张艳玲, 孙万慧, 信龙飞. 稻壳炭与玉米秸秆炭对怀菊生长、品质及土壤养分的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 26-34.
[3]	刘志军, 保德珏, 周世永, 张乘龙, 吴丹丹, 普梓娴, 尹丽肖, 周锋. 减磷配施腐植酸与生物炭对红壤磷供给及玉米磷利用的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 35-47.
[4]	李艳, 李晓真, 张晓丽. 生物炭配施有机肥对盐碱胁迫下黑麦草生长发育、干物质积累特性和产量效益的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 48-57.
[5]	程培军, 李伟观, 李亮, 常栋, 何晓冰, 张翔, 许跃奇, 邱岭军, 索炎炎, 司贤宗, 张恒, 张谦, 徐凤丹, 李倩, 闫萌. 生物炭与饼肥配施对烤烟生长及烤后烟叶香味成分的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 58-67.
[6]	蒋亚, 王丽, 罗丽娜, 刘桂华, 柴冠群, 韦小了, 秦松, 范成五. 生物炭对镉污染土壤微生物群落结构及镉有效性的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 68-78.
[7]	李春鑫, 王猛, 张夏冰, 朱雅婧, 刘馨逸, 翟允汝, 陈晨, 关超男, 王树峰, 宋万献, 王会伟. 油莎豆乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因家族的鉴定及CeACCase2功能解析[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 103-115.
[8]	高志豪, 王浩祺, 邹湘香, 万越, 田明慧, 邓小华, 周昶进, 陈树伟, 伍明, 杨磊, 钟广, 易鹏飞, 晏伟杰, 杨丽丽. 增施碳肥与微生物菌剂对山地烤烟上部叶耐熟性及品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(9): 116-125.
[9]	王龙, 钱志杰, 陈勇兵, 张海利, 孙娟, 王海粟. 基于生物转化的农作物秸秆饲料化技术研究与应用现状[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(8): 1-9.
[10]	马进燕, 许兴, 廖珍玮, 董朋博, 张峰举. 盐碱地紫花苜蓿与禾本科作物轮作对土壤理化性质及细菌多样性的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(8): 64-72.
[11]	雷永琦, 唐赫艺, 王戈, 武英霞, 徐新娟. 缓释肥配施生物有机肥对甜叶菊生长及产量品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(8): 73-83.
[12]	解园, 张晓晨, 肖宏丽, 李耀发, 刘颖超, 唐博文. 羧酸酯酶基因BoαE1介导的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对辛硫磷的解毒机制[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(8): 91-99.
[13]	郑昊天, 张彪, 从家豪, 凌向辉, 袁文举, 黄慧慧, 刘冠尚, 陈兆江, 师寒雪, 吴宇轩, 郭怡彤, 袁晋, 万博, 郑关民, 张改平, 张雨杭. 猪重要冠状病毒三重RT-RAA快速检测技术的建立[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(8): 125-135.
[14]	黄阔, 郜晓妍, 崔成哲, 李锋, 肖红英, 李栋, 叶长文, 臧婉辰, 朱春阳. 双倒卵形红酵母发酵红枣制备烟用香原料及增香效果研究[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(8): 148-161.
[15]	王彬杰, 张月华, 杨雪, 王栋, 张明金, 马俊宽, 鄢敏, 毛敏, 李炎强, 张梁, 罗东升, 朱国志, 钱宇, 景延秋. 海藻糖对连作植烟土壤理化性质及烟叶品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2026, 55(7): 82-94.