秸秆和有机肥配施对设施菜地氮素流失和产量的影响

doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.09.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对目前设施蔬菜生产上施肥灌溉不合理现象，围绕解决因氮素流失引起的农业面源污染问题，通过田间原位淋溶监测平台，研究不同施肥模式对土壤中无机氮迁移、地下淋溶水氮素损失、蔬菜产量和氮素利用率等的影响。以砂壤土为供试土壤，以白菜为供试蔬菜，试验设置6个处理：不施肥（CK）、常规化肥（CF）、优化施肥（生物有机肥替代30%化肥氮，OF）、秸秆与常规化肥配施（CFS）、秸秆与优化施肥结合（OFS）、秸秆与优化施肥结合水平上减少30%灌溉（OFSW）。结果表明，硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是地下淋溶水氮损失的主要形式，其次为溶解性有机氮（DON），淋失占比分别为可溶性总氮（TDN）的25.578%~62.756%、18.957%~43.483%。与CF处理相比，OF、OFS、OFSW均显著降低了TDN的淋失量，分别降低了24.1%、33.9%、47.3%，但地下淋溶水DON的淋失量较高，可能会成为地下水污染新的威胁。相较于CF处理，OF、CFS、OFS和OFSW处理白菜产量分别增加了21.4%、14.1%、38.8%、27.0%，同时增加了氮肥偏生产力和氮素利用率。综合来看，OFSW处理在保证蔬菜生物量和产量的前提下更有效地减少了氮素淋失，一定程度上协调了生产与环境之间的矛盾，其次为OFS处理，二者均是防控农业面源污染可推荐的施肥措施。

关键词: 有机肥, 秸秆, 氮素淋失, 有机氮, 设施菜地, 产量

Abstract: Aiming at the unreasonable phenomenon of fertilization and irrigation in the current facility vegetable production，and focusing on solving the problem of agricultural non⁃point source pollution caused by nitrogen loss，the in⁃situ leaching monitoring platform in the field was used to study the effect of different fertilization patterns on the migration of inorganic nitrogen in soil，nitrogen loss in the underground leaching water，vegetable yield，and nitrogen use efficiency. Sandy loam was used as the test soil and cabbage was used as the test vegetable. There were six treatments as follows：No fertilization（CK），conventional chemical fertilizer(CF),optimized fertilization（bio⁃organic fertilizer replaced 30% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen，(OF),combined application of straw and conventional chemical fertilizer（CFS）,combined application of straw and optimized fertilization（OFS），30% reduction in irrigation at the combined level of straw and optimized fertilization（OFSW）.The results showed that nitrate nitrogen（NO₃^-⁃N） was the main form of nitrogen loss in underground leaching water，followed by dissolved organic nitrogen（DON），and the leaching proportions of total dissolved nitrogen（TDN）were 25.578%—62.756% and 18.957%—43.483%，respectively.Compared with the CF treatment，OF，OFS，OFSW significantly reduced the leaching loss of TDN by 24.1%，33.9%，and 47.3%，respectively. However，the leaching loss of DON in underground leaching water was relatively higher，which might become a new threat to groundwater pollution. Compared with the CF treatment，OF，CFS，OFS and OFSW treatments increased cabbage yields by 21.4%，14.1%，38.8% and 27.0% respectively，meanwhile increasing nitrogen partial productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. On the whole，OFSW treatment can more effectively reduce nitrogen leaching under the premise of ensuring vegetable biomass and yield，and coordinate the contradiction between production and environment to some extent，followed by OFS treatment，both of which are recommended fertilization measures for prevention and control of agricultural non⁃point source pollution.

Key words: Organic fertilizer, Straw, Nitrogen leaching, Organic nitrogen, Greenhouse vegetable field, Yield

中图分类号:

S143.1
X52

曹秀鹏, 黄兴学, 周国林, 张润花, 谢言兰, 施玲芳. 秸秆和有机肥配施对设施菜地氮素流失和产量的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2022, 51(9): 79-87.

CAO Xiupeng, HUANG Xingxue, ZHOU Guolin, ZHANG Runhua, XIE Yanlan, SHI Lingfang. Effects of Combined Application of Straw and Organic Fertilizer on Nitrogen Loss and Yield in Greenhouse Vegetable Fields[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 51(9): 79-87.

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