Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

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2024, 53(1): 0.

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Research Progress on Heavy Metal Stress Effects and Phytoremediation Mechanism of Forage Grass

WU Yafen, ZHOU Liuting, WANG Yixiang, LUO Tao, HUANG Xiaoyun, HUANG Xiusheng

2024, 53(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.001

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Soil heavy metal pollution is the main factor that causes the decline of ecological environment quality，the excessive content of heavy metals in crops and the harm to human health. Phytoremediation is one of the important ways to control heavy metals，which has both ecological and economic benefits.However，most plant species have limited remediation ability and cannot achieve good heavy metal removal effect. In contrast，forage grass is easy to cultivate，with large biomass and short growth cycle.It shows strong remediation ability in the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soil，and has good application prospect and development value. Based on the current situation of heavy metal contaminated soil remediation by herbage plants，the response characteristics of herbage plants under heavy metal stress，the enrichment effect of heavy metals and the remediation mechanism were systematically expounded，aiming to provide reference for the efficient use of herbage plants for heavy metal contaminated soil treatment.

Expression and Functional Analysis of Maize Stress Response Gene ZmTPR1

CAO Liru, LIANG Xiaohan, MA Chenchen, YE Feiyu, PANG Yunyun, LI Weiya, ZHANG Xin, LU Xiaomin

2024, 53(1): 12-21. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.002

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On the basis of previous transcriptome sequencing of maize under drought‑rehydration treatment，ZmTPR1 （tetratricopeptide repeat 1）was identified in response to drought stress.Bioinformatics analysis was conducted，and expression pattern was analyzed in different tissues and under different stresses. The homologous gene AtTPR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana was knocked out by CRISPR‑Cas9 technology，the phenotype，physiological and biochemical indexes of homozygous mutant plants were analyzed under drought stress，and the function of this gene was preliminarily explored，which would provide genetic resources for breeding drought‑resistant maize varieties.The results showed that ZmTPR1 gene was located on chromosome 3 of maize，encoding 421 amino acids，containing a conserved coiled coil domain，and might be involved in the response of maize to plant hormones，drought and so on.ZmTPR1 gene expressed in all tissues of maize，with the highest expression level in young stems.Drought，high temperature，salt and nitrogen deficiency stresses could induce the expression of ZmTPR1 gene，and the expression level of ZmTPR1 gene was most up‑regulated after drought stress.The expression level of ZmTPR1 gene in drought‑resistant maize inbred line Zheng 36 was significantly higher than that in drought‑sensitive maize inbred line B73 after drought stress. Drought resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana decreased after AtTPR1 gene was knocked out，the growth of Attpr1 mutant was severely inhibited under drought stress，and the leaves were wilted or even dried out. At the same time，the relative water content，chlorophyll content，net photosynthetic rate，activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase significantly decreased，and the content of malondialdehyde significantly increased.In summary，ZmTPR1 gene is involved in the response of maize to various abiotic stresses，and plays an important role in drought stress.

Effects of Different Sowing and Irrigation Methods on Seedling Emergence，Dry Matter Accumulation，Transport and Yield of Summer Maize

YANG Mingda, ZHANG Suyu, LI Shuai, ZHENG Dongfang, YANG Shenjiao, GUAN Xiaokang, WANG Tongchao

2024, 53(1): 22-31. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.003

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The effects of different sowing and irrigation methods［conventional sowing under surface drip irrigation（DI），deep sowing under subsurface drip irrigation（SDI）and conventional sowing under surface irrigation（CK）］on the seedling emergence，dry matter accumulation，transport and yield of summer maize were explored，so as to select suitable sowing and irrigation methods for field production.The results showed that under 40 mm irrigation after sowing，the soil moisture under SDI treatment could move up to the seed bed layer and penetrate down to 80 cm from the surface.The soil water content in the 5—10 and 10—20 cm soil layers reached 68.69% and 75.35% of the field capacity，respectively.The range of wetted soil was above 60 cm of soil layer for CK and DI treatments.SDI treatment significantly prolonged the seedling emergence time of summer maize，resulting in a significant decrease in leaf area and dry matter weight per plant at seedling stage than other treatments，but its seedling emergence rate did not significantly decrease. Under irrigation conditions during the growth period，compared with CK，SDI treatment reduced the soil water content of 0—20 cm soil layer at the late jointing and early filling stages，but increased the soil water content of 40—120 cm soil layers.DI treatment increased the soil water content of upper and middle soil layers at the late jointing stage and the whole profile at the early filling stage when compared to CK. Compared with CK，SDI and DI treatments could not only promote pre‑anthesis dry matter transport，but also improve the leaf area index and aboveground dry matter accumulation at anthsis and filling stages.Finally，SDI and DI treatments improved aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity，yield and water use efficiency by 8.51%，11.22%，11.41% and 6.18%，6.38%% ，9.94%，respectively.SDI treatment increased the grain number per ear and yield compared with DI treatment，but the difference in water use efficiency between the two treatments was not significant.In sum，deep sowing under subsurface drip irrigation did not significantly affect the seedling emergence rate of summer maize.Moreover，deep sowing under subsurface drip irrigation could increase the soil water content in the middle and lower layers，which was beneficial for the increase of pre‑anthesis dry matter transport amount，post‑anthesis leaf area index and aboveground dry matter accumulation，and finally obtained the highest yield and water use efficiency.

Study on Feeding Quality Characteristics of Straw of Different Fresh Corn Varieties in Cold and Arid Regions of Northwest Hebei Province

XIE Shixing, JIANG Chao, ZHAO Bingxin, DONG Xiaoxu, LI Hui, LU Haibo, ZHAO Haichao, LIU Songtao, WEI Dong, HUANG Zhihong

2024, 53(1): 32-40. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.004

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In order to select high‑yield and high‑quality fresh corn varieties suitable for feeding and planting in the cold and arid areas of northwest Hebei，the nutritional quality，roughage quality and yield of straw after harvesting of 13 fresh corn varieties were studied，and their feeding quality was comprehensively evaluated using cluster analysis method.The results showed that the neutral detergent fiber（NDF）content of straw from different fresh corn varieties ranged from 36.22% to 53.68%，aciddetergent fiber（ADF）content ranged from 23.19% to 30.73%，crude protein（CP）content ranged from 6.29% to 8.96%，starch（ST）content ranged from 12.23% to 43.28%，crude ash（CA）content ranged from 8.26% to 10.31%，and crude fat（CF）content ranged from 0.81% to 1.51%；The relative feed value（RFV） of straw roughage ranged from 113.78% to 179.60%，and the grading index（GI） of roughage quality ranged from 6.83 to 21.32 MJ；When harvested，the number of green leaves per plant ranged from 9.33 to 15.33，the fresh straw yield ranged from 19.20 to 64.47 t/ha，and the dry straw yield ranged from 4.04 to 12.47 t/ha.Cluster analysis was conducted on 12 indicators of straw nutritional quality，roughage quality and yield traits. With a Euclidean distance of about 11，13 varieties were divided into 4 categories. Among them，WCN6 and WXN2000 had higher CP，ST and CF contents in straw after harvesting，with averages of 8.91%，40.12% and 1.49%，respectively；The contents of fiber substances such as NDF and ADF that affect animal feeding were relatively lower，with averages of 36.75% and 23.77%，respectively；The CA content was relatively lower，with an average of 8.33%;RFV belonged to special grade，and GI belonged to grade 2；The yields of fresh and dry straw were relatively higher，with averages of 53.00 t/ha and 10.63 t/ha，respectively.In summary，WCN6 and WXN2000 have higher comprehensive feeding value of straw after harvesting，suitable for promoting and planting as high‑quality varieties for both food and feed in the northwest region of Hebei Province.

Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Physiological Characters，Yield and Quality of Tartary Buckwheat

MA Zhonglian, GONG jianfu, MA Yongcui, TIAN Hong, LIU Defu, YANG Shunqiang

2024, 53(1): 41-47. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.005

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The effects of different concentrations［0 μmol/L（CK），50 μmol/L（T1），100 μmol/L（T2）and 150 μmol/L（T3）］of melatonin（MT）on physiological characters，yield and quality of tartary buckwheat were studied，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of MT in tartary buckwheat.The results showed that spraying MT could significantly increase grain weight per plant（there was no significant difference among T1，T2，T3 treatments）and soluble sugar content（T1 treatment was the highest） in grains of tartary buckwheat，and significantly reduce the content of malondialdehyde in leaves，but at the same time，decrease the content of soluble protein in leaves at 14 and 21 days after spraying.In addition，T1 treatment could significantly increase stem diameter，contents of flavonoid and total free amino acid in grains of tartary buckwheat，T2 treatment could significantly increase the number of grains per plant and the content of soluble protein in grains of tartary buckwheat，and T3 treatment could significantly increase the number of grains per plant and the content of flavonoid in grains of tartary buckwheat；However，T2 treatment could significantly reduce the thousand‑grain weight and reducing sugar content in grains of tartary buckwheat，and T3 treatment could significantly reduce the content of total free total amino acids in grains of tartary buckwheat.The method of fuzzy membership function was used to comprehensively evaluate the effects of different treatments，and the comprehensive evaluation values of CK，T1，T2 and T3 treatments were 0.451 8，0.572 3，0.494 4 and 0.500 3，respectively，so T1 treatment was the best，followed by T3 treatment. In summary，50 μmol/L MT isbeneficial to tartary buckwheat production.

Comparison of Leaf Anatomical Atructure and Stress Resistance Analysis of Wild Tea Plants in Panzhou City and Sandu County，Guizhou Province

YANG Chun, SU Shengfeng, YANG Daixing, LIANG Sihui, GUO Yan, GUO Can, CHEN Zhengwu

2024, 53(1): 48-61. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.006

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To better develop and utilize wild tea germplasms in Panzhou City and Sandu County of Guizhou Province，a total of 24 wild tea plants distributed in the two areas were used as materials，and 23 leaf traits derived from their leaf morphology and anatomical structure characteristics were comparatively analyzed.Based on these traits and combined with the membership function method，the resistance of wild tea plants was analyzed.The results showed that there were obvious differences in leaf appearance between wild tea plants in Panzhou and Sandu. Among them，the leaf length（LL），leaf width（LW）and leaf area（LA）of wild tea plants in Panzhou were significantly larger than that of Sandu，but the leaf length‑to‑width ratio（LR）was the opposite.In addition，there were significant or extremely significant differences in 16 leaf anatomical structural traits such as leaf thickness（LT），thickness of palisade tissue（TP），cell amount（CA），main vein thickness（MVT）and density of calcium oxalate crystal（DCO）between wild tea plants in Panzhou and Sandu. Among them，the LT，TP and MVT of Panzhou wild tea plants were thicker，palisade tissue cells were more densely arranged，calcium oxalate crystals were more dense，and the thickness of upper（lower）epidermis cells was thinner.The pairwise correlation analysis of the above 23 leaf traits showed that 43 pairs of them were highly significantly positively correlated，23 pairs were significantly positively correlated，17 pairs were highly significantly negatively correlated，and 12 pairs were significantly negatively correlated. Cluster analysis showed that the 24 wild tea plants could be divided into 4 categories，with the MVT and short diameter of vascular bundle（SDV）being the main basis for the classification. The results of stress resistance evaluation showed that Panzhou wild tea plants were slightly better than Sandu wild tea plants in drought and cold resistance.According to the average membership function value，SD‑20‑2，SD‑20‑3，PZ‑05 and PZ‑09 were selected as high resistance wild tea germplasms for breeding resistant tea cultivars.

Analysis of Chemical Composition and Quality Difference in Different Sections of Cigar Filler and Wrapper Leaves

LI Jingjing, RONG Shibin, QIN Yanqing, ZHOU Jun, ZENG Dailong, ZHONG Qiu, ZHAO Yuanyuan, LIU Deshui, ZHANG Ruina, SHI Hongzhi

2024, 53(1): 62-69. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.007

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In order to explore the quality difference of different sections of cigar leaves，the first grade cigar filler and wrapper leaves sorted out after the fermentation of cigar variety Dexue No.1 were used as materials to detect and analyze the conventional chemical composition，neutral aroma composition，tobacco‑specific nitrosamines（TSNAs）and precursors content in five different sections from the leaf base to the tip.The results showed that，there were significant differences in chemical composition between different sections of cigar tobacco leaves.The contents of reducing sugar and total sugar were relatively higher in the leaf tip and near the leaf tip sections.The contents of total nitrogen and protein were higher near the leaf base，and the nicotine content first increased and then decreased from the leaf base to the leaf tip.The content of neutral aroma components of cigar filler and wrapper leaves increased from the leaf base to the tip and then decreased，cigar filler in the middle of the leaf was the highest，while wrapper was the highest in the near‑base part. The TSNAs content of two types of cigar leaves from leaf base to the tip decreased continuously，but the decline range was different. The leaf tip of cigar filler was 68.25% lower than that of the leaf base，and the wrapper decreased by 30.19%.In addition，the sensory quality of the two types of cigar leaves increased first and then decreased from leaf base to the tip，with the quality of the middle and near‑tip parts being better. In summary，the middle and near‑tip parts of cigar tobacco leaves have strong aroma，low harmful components，and better smoking quality.

Analysis on Chloroplast Genome of Paederia scandens

WU Minhua, WU Zijian, YE Xiaoxia, TAN Jingyi, WANG Shen, HUANG Qionglin

2024, 53(1): 70-77. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.008

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To elucidate the structure and sequence characteristics of chloroplast genome from Paederia scandens，the chloroplast genome sequencing was performed using high‑throughput sequencing technology，and then acquired sequence was assembled，annotated and analyzed via bioinformatics procedures.The results demonstrated that the chloroplast genome of P.scandens was a circular quadripartite molecule with a length of 153 456 bp and encoded 133 genes.Altogether 54 simple sequence repeats were detected in the plastome and the A/T mononucleotide was main type.A total of 26 983 codons were searched out and those with end of A/T were frequently used.Sequence alignment demonstrated more divergence in non‑coding region among five Rubiaceae species including P.scandens.Phylogenetic tree revealed close relationship of various chloroplast genome sequences of P.scandens and clearly displayed the evolutionary position of P.scandens in Rubiaceae.

Study on Intercropping Patterns and Silage Quality of Gramineous Forage and Leguminous Forage in Alpine Area of Shangri‑La

MU Lan, XUE Shiming, ZANG Qingji, LIU Yanpei, DUAN Jiaxin, CAI Ming, ZHANG Meiyan

2024, 53(1): 78-86. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.009

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In order to alleviate the limitation of forage shortage on the development of animal husbandry in the alpine region of Shangri‑La，different intercropping patterns and silage quality of gramineous forage and leguminous forage were studied to explore the suitable grass‑legume intercropping mode.In this research，A.sativa and V.villosa Roth var. were used as experimental materials，and four seeding rates of gramineous forage and leguminous forage（T1：13∶2；T2：12∶3；T3：10∶5；T4：8∶7）were set up. Plant height，yield，and control effect of weeds and pests under different treatments were measured. Results showed that compared with A. sativa monoculture，intercropping had little effect on plant height，twining degree and occurrence of pests and diseases（P>0.05）in early growth stage，except for total coverage and the coverage of A.sativa.However，it had a certain promoting effect on A. sativa plant height（174.9，163.3，160.3，178.2 cm） of different intercropping treatments（T1，T2，T3，T4） in the later stage.Compared with A. sativa monoculture，the total fresh grass and total hay yields increased by 32.0%—58.3% and 35.2%—70.3%，respectively（P<0.05）.Furthermore，the total coverage under intercropping treatment was significantly higher than that of A. sativa monoculture（P<0.01），and the incidences of leaf spot disease（13.50%） and lodging rate（6.50%） of A.sativa were the lowest in T3 treatment. In addition，there were significant effects on weed control in T3 and T4 treatments（P<0.01）.The quality of silage was significantly improved after intercropping treatment.The crude protein contents of mixed silage treated with T3 and T4 were 5.20 and 7.51 percentage points higher than that of A.sativa monoculture.The acid detergent fiber contents were 5.37 and 10.11 percentage points lower than that of A.sativa monoculture.Comprehensively considering plant height，yield，lodging rate，control effect of weed，pest and disease，and silage nutrient，it is suitable to choose the intercropping seeding rate of A.sativa and V.villosa Roth var. at 10∶5.

Effects of Straw Mulching on Soil Microbial Biomass，Enzyme Activity，and Soybean Yield in Black Soil Areas

KONG Fandan, ZHOU Lijun, ZHENG Meiyu, ZHANG Zuohe, YANG Zeyi, WU Juan

2024, 53(1): 87-95. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.010

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In order to investigate the effects of straw coverage on soil microbial biomass，enzyme activity，and soybean yield in black soil areas，Kenfeng 16 was used as the experimental material. Four treatments were set up，including no straw coverage（CK），0.5 kg/m² straw return coverage（T1），1.0 kg/m² straw return coverage（T2），and 1.5 kg/m²straw return coverage（T3），to determine the number of bacteria，fungi，actinomycetes，and the activity of urease and catalase in the soil of the cultivation layer during the soybean growth period，and soybean yield，and compare and analyze the effects of different straw coverage amount on soil microbial biomass，enzyme activity，and soybean yield.The results showed that the number of soil bacteria showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing throughout the entire growth period of soybean，with T2 treatment having the highest total number of bacteria，which increased by 33.08%，9.30%，and 65.38% compared to T1，T3，and CK treatments，respectively.The number of fungi showed a trend of first increasing，then decreasing，and then increasing and then decreasing，with T2 treatment having the highest total number of fungi. The overall number of actinomycetes showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and increased with the increase of straw coverage.The urease activity of each treatment showed T1>T2>T3>CK，and the straw covering treatment increased by 32.64%，29.42%，and 18.23% compared to CK treatment，respectively.The activity of catalase showed T2>T3>T1>CK，and the enzyme activity reached the highest in different treatments during the flowering period. The soybean yield under straw cover treatment was significantly higher than that under CK. The impact of straw cover on soybean yield did not continue to increase with the increase of straw cover，with T2 treatment having the highest yield.There was a significant positive correlation between soybean yield and urease activity，bacterial count，and fungal count；There was a significant positive correlation between catalase activity and urease activity，as well as the number of fungi. In summary，under the conditions of this study，1.0 kg/m² straw coverage is the optimal straw coverage amount.

Tandem Expression and Functional Analysis of Common Structure Short Peptides of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Toxins

JIN Jiafeng, SHEN Cheng, MENG Meng, CHEN Wei, XU Chongxin, LIU Yuan, LIU Xianjin

2024, 53(1): 96-104. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.011

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Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt）Cry toxins are a class of microbial proteins with insecticidal activities. Previously，based on the amino acid sequence and structural information of the Bt Cry toxin family，three short peptides presenting the common structure of Cry toxins were designed and obtained.These peptides were spliced to be a polypeptide with immunogenicity（Bt Cry‑GXJG‑11），which was potentially to be used to design novel insecticidal mimics of Bt Cry toxins，and to produce broad specificity antibodies against Bt Cry toxins as the immunogen.Molecular modeling showed that Bt Cry‑GXJG‑11 was potentially interacting with HaCad‑TBR，which was a recombinant expressed receptor of Cry toxins in Helicoverpa armigera and the contacting amino acids（244TYR）in the complex were also predicted.After prokaryotic expression，the purified Bt Cry‑GXJG‑11 was obtained at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL，and its affinity constant（KD）with HaCad‑TBR was measured to be 2.151×10^-7 mol/L.The bioassay showed that Bt Cry‑GXJG‑11 had weak insecticidal activity against H.armigera，with the mortality of 27.5%.In addition，the antiserum of mice immunized with Bt Cry‑GXJG‑11 could simultaneously recognize six Cry toxins（Cry1Ab，Cry1Ac，Cry1Ah，Cry1B，Cry1C，Cry1F）.

Effect of Biochar on Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Community Structure of Flue‑cured Tobacco Varieties with Different Resistance to Black Shank Disease

REN Zhichao, LI Xiang, LI Xianfeng, WU Lili, WANG Jing, PENG Zhiliang, LIU Guoshun, YIN Quanyu

2024, 53(1): 105-115. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.012

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To explore the effect of biochar on the fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil of flue‑cured tobacco varieties with different resistance to black shank disease，and to provide theoretical basis for regulating tobacco microenvironment and comprehensively controlling black shank disease，pot experiments were conducted with different flue‑cured tobacco varieties Jingyehuang（highly susceptible variety），K326（moderately resistant variety）and NC82（highly resistant variety）as materials，and no tobacco cultivation was used as control（CK）.Two levels of biochar and no biochar were set up，with a total of eight treatments，and the effect of biochar on fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil of flue‑cured tobacco varieties with different resistance to black shank was explored by high‑throughput sequencing technique. The results showed that，after applying biochar，the incidence and disease index of black shank disease of flue‑cured tobacco varieties with different resistance to black shank disease were significantly reduced，and the control effects for highly susceptible variety Jingyehuang，moderately resistant variety K326 and highly resistant variety NC82 were 56.52%，31.00% and 27.00% respectively. Under the condition of no biochar application，the fungal diversity of rhizosphere soil of high‑resistance variety NC82 and high‑sensitivity variety Jingyehuang was relatively higher，while that of middle‑resistance variety K326 was relatively lower. After biochar application，the fungal diversity of middle‑resistance variety K326 increased significantly，while the fungal diversity of high‑sensitivity variety Jingyehuang and high‑resistance variety NC82 decreased in different degrees. LefSe analysis showed that the key microbial groups in rhizosphere soil of different resistant flue‑cured tobacco varieties were significantly different without biochar application，and the application of biochar changed the key microbial groups in rhizosphere soil，with obvious differences among varieties. PCoA analysis showed that under the condition of no biochar application，compared with the soil without tobacco planting，the sample points of three flue‑cured tobacco varieties were obviously separate，and the application of biochar changed the fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil of three flue‑cured tobacco varieties.To sum up，applying biochar can significantly reduce the occurrence of tobacco black shank disease.The rhizosphere soil fungal community structure of flue‑cured tobacco varieties with different resistance to black shank disease has different responses to biochar input. In production，variety factors should be considered when using biochar to improve soil and tobacco microecological environment.

Evaluation of Enrichment and Translocation Effects of Gramineae Ornamental Grasses under Copper and Zinc Combined Stress

XU Zhimin, ZHU Junxi, XIONG Zhiqin, ZHU Jia, WAN Yanping, DING Guochang

2024, 53(1): 116-124. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.013

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The enrichment and transport effects of Gramineae ornamental grasses under the compound pollution of soil with heavy metals copper and zinc were studied，to screen out the tolerant species and analyze their application prospects，and to provide a reference basis for exploring super‑enrichment plants and promoting the use of plants to remediate copper and zinc polluted environments. Nine common Gramineae ornamental grasses were used as the test plant materials. To investigate the distribution of copper and zinc in ornamental grasses and to analyze their copper and zinc enrichment and transport characteristics，five stress gradients were set up and the pot control method was used. The results showed that the ability of ornamental grasses to absorb heavy metals copper and zinc differed among species；the ability of different parts to absorb heavy metals copper and zinc also differed significantly，the upper part of the test ornamental grasses absorbed zinc stronger than the lower part of the ground，while the lower part of the ground absorbed copper stronger than the aboveground part. The ability of the test ornamental grasses to enrich and transfer zinc was stronger than that of copper，and zinc enrichment and transfer coefficients were higher than those of copper. By the affiliation function method and Q‑type cluster analysis，when the relative distance was 7. 5，the test ornamental grasses could be classified into high，medium and low Cu‑Zn accumulation types. Eragrostis elliotii and Miscanthus sinensis‘Gracillimus’had the strongest overall performance and belonged to the high copper and zinc accumulation type.

Development and Preliminary Application of Colloidal Gold Immunochromatography Test Strips for Egg Drop Syndrome Virus Antibodies

SONG Yapeng, SUN Yaning, LIU Lin, YANG Jifei, LI Xinsheng, WEI Qiang, ZHANG Gaiping

2024, 53(1): 125-132. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.014

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In order to establish a method for rapid detection of egg drop syndrome virus(EDSV)antibody，an immunochromatographic test strip for rapid detection of EDSV antibody was prepared based on the EDSV Fiber protein，which could provide infection warning and immune evaluation for pathogenic microorganisms in poultry industry. Colloidal gold‑labeled EDSV Fiber protein was used as a probe，the goat anti‑chicken IgG and anti‑Fiber polyclonal antibody were blotted onto the nitrocellulose membrane as quality control lines and detection lines respectively to test EDSV antibody. The results showed that the EDSV immunochromatographic test strip was highly specific，had no cross‑reactivity with other viral antibodies，it only reacted with EDSV antibodies and produced a visible detection line on the test strip；and the test strips were highly stable and can be stored for at least 6 months at room temperature. The clinical application effect of the strips was tested by detecting EDSV antibodies in 576 serum samples collected from chickens farms in Henan，Anhui and Shandong，and compared with the hemagglutination inhibition test(HI)in parallel，and the Kappa value of the two was 0. 878，which was in good agreement. In summary，theimmunochromatographic test strips developed in this study are highly specific，sensitive，stable and easy to operate，and have practical application value for the clinical detection of EDSV antibodies.

Design and Application Effect Analysis of Goat Digital Breeding Management System

WANG Longwei, FAN Hongdeng, YANG Hongyuan, LIANG Jiachong, YAO Xinrong, YE Langhui, LIU Tingdan, LI He, BAI Junyan, ZHANG Jun

2024, 53(1): 133-141. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.015

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In view of the current situation of the imperfect goat breeding system，the low rate of self‑determination of goat breeds，and the weak technical strength of breeding enterprises，a goat digital breeding management system with genetic evaluation and seed selection as the core business functions was designed and demonstrated in goat breeding enterprises in Yunnan Province. Based on the statistical analysis function of the system，the changes in the number of breeding goats，reproductive performance，growth performance，and comprehensive selection index of Yunshang black goat and Boer goat core populations were analyzed. The results showed that the application of the goat digital breeding management system improved the production management and breeding management effectiveness of breeding enterprises. Compared with 2019，the core population of Yunshang black goat increased by more than 3 600 in 2022，and the core population of Boer goat increased by more than 2 200 in 2022. The birth litter weight of Yunshang black goat increased from 6.21 kg to 6.71 kg，and the number of lambs perlitter increased from 2.10 to 2.12（Lixin Goat Industry Co.，Ltd.）. Compared with 2019，the 12‑month body weight of Yunshang black goat increased from 36. 19 kg to 38.97 kg in 2021，and the backfat thickness decreased from 2.78 cm to 2.67 cm.The comprehensive selection index of Yunshang black goat rams increased by 0.71%，and the comprehensive selection index of Boer goat rams increased by 1.38%. The comprehensive selection index of Yunshang black goat ewes increased by 0.80%，and the comprehensive selection index of Boer goat ewes increased by 1.17%. The system has been running smoothly in the demonstration application field，with perfect functions and simple operation，providing technical support for enterprises to continuously select and breed excellent varieties.

Identification of Citrus Diseases Based on Improved ShuffleNet V2

YU Yannan, MO Yongbin, YAN Jichi, XIONG Chunlin, DOU Shiqing, YANG Rongfeng

2024, 53(1): 142-151. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.016

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Large convolutional neural networks are difficult to deploy in practical applications because of the complexity of models，while lightweight networks are often less accurate than the former because of the optimization of model structure. To solve these problems，ShuffleNet V2 was improved and a lightweight MAM‑ShuffleNet citrus disease recognition model was proposed. Firstly，the mixed attention module（MAM）was introduced in ShuffleNet V2 to improve the ability of the model to extract disease features. Secondly，Ghost module was used to optimize the convolutional layer in the network，which effectively reduced the number of network model parameters and calculation cost. Finally，the stacking times of ShuffleNet V2 unit in the network structure were adjusted to further simplify the network parameters. The results showed that the average recognition accuracy of MAM‑ShuffleNet model reached 97.7% in the self‑built citrus leaf data. Compared with the original ShuffleNet V2，the number of parameters was reduced by 45.7%，and the recognition accuracy was increased by 1.2 percentage points.The comprehensive performance was better than ResNet50 and DenseNet121 models.

Research on Walnut Recognition Algorithm in Natural Environment Based on Improved YOLOX

ZHONG Zhengyang, YUN Lijun, YANG Xuanxi, CHEN Zaiqing

2024, 53(1): 152-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.017

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Aiming to address the issues of missed detection and false detection of walnut recognition in natural environments using existing target detection algorithms，we proposed an improved YOLOX‑S walnut recognition algorithm based on Swin Transformer multi‑layer feature fusion. First of all，a multi‑layer feature fusion module based on Swin Transformer was introduced into the backbone feature extraction network，and the multi‑head attention mechanism of Swin Transformer was used to extract the feature information of small targets and fuse them with feature maps，which could effectively resolve the issue of losing feature information related to smaller targets within the higher‑level feature map as a result of deepening network layers. Secondly，to enhance the detection accuracy of the algorithm，we introduced a more efficient Repblock module to replace the CSP module in the original network. Finally，to enhance the down‑sampling effect，we employed the Transition Block module as the down‑sampling module of the backbone feature extraction network. The results showed that the improved YOLOX‑S algorithm demonstrated an average accuracy of 96.72% on the walnut datasets，which was higher than the accuracy achieved by the Faster R‑CNN，YOLOv5‑S，and YOLOX‑S algorithms，with improvements of 7.36，1.38，and 0.62 percentage points respectively. The detection speed of the algorithm reached 46 f/s，while the model parameter size was 20.55 M. The improved YOLOX‑S algorithm exhibited superior average precision，thereby addressing the issues of missed detection and false detection effectively. It had a better recognition effect on walnuts in the natural environment.

Study on Smoke Transfer Behavior and Storage Stability of Limonene in Filter Rod Flavored Cigarettes

XU Kejing, YANG Zeen, YANG Jinchu, CHEN Xiaolong, LIANG Miao, FENG Yingjie, GAO Mingqi, LIU Wenzhao, MA Shengtao, ZHANG Junsong

2024, 53(1): 162-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.018

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To study the smoke transfer behavior，storage stability and sensory quality of limonene in the filter rod flavored cigarettes loaded with orange peel particles under different storage time，gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry（GC‑MS） was used to determine the release of conventional components in mainstream flue gas，analyze the change of limonene content during storage and suction，and evaluate the sensory quality. Orange peel particles could significantly reduce the release of tar，nicotine and total particulate matter in cigarette smoke. During the storage period，the filter rod retention rate of limonene，the transfer rate of particulate matter in mainstream smoke and the retention rate of cigarette butts ranged from 65.10% to 100.00%，8.60% to 14.48% and 76.29% to 85.17%，respectively，and showed a decreasing trend with the increase of storage time，while the change trend of gas phase transfer rate was not obvious；and the difference of limonene decay rate in cigarettes and smoke was not significant within 20—180 d；the puff‑by‑puff transfer rate of limonene was between 0.22% and3.97%，which increased with the increase of the number of suction ports，decreased and tended to be flat with the extension of storage time，and there was a good linear relationship between the puff‑by‑puff release rate and the number of suction ports during the storage period，and the puff‑by‑puff transfer rate of limonene tended to be stable within 10—180 d of the storage period. The filter rod flavored cigarettes had outstanding fruit aroma，the characteristic aroma intensity weakened slowly during the storage period，and the sensory quality was relatively stable.

Optimization of Twin‑Screw Extrusion Sterilization Process for Lentinus edodes Culture Materials

WEI Shuxin, WANG Anjian, GAO Shuaiping, TIAN Guangrui, LIU Lina, XU Fangfang, LI Shunfeng, CUI Guomei

2024, 53(1): 172-179. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.01.019

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In order to improve the continuous sterilization processing of Lentinula edodes culture materials by using twin‑screw extruder，and develop a new sterilization technology of culture materials，with the sterilization rate as index，the sterilization process was optimized by Plackett‑Burman test，the steepest ascent experiment and Box‑Behnken response surface test，and then the cultivation comparison experiment was carried out. The results of process optimization showed that the optimum technical conditions of twin‑screw extrusion sterilization were as follows：initial moisture content of raw materials 48.6%，feeding motor frequency 27 Hz，zone Ⅲ temperature 162℃，sawdust wetting time 3 h，zone Ⅰ temperature 90℃，zone Ⅱ temperature 140℃，zone Ⅳ temperature 130℃，motor frequency of screw 21 Hz. Under this technology，the sterilization rate of Lentinula edodes culture materials by twin‑screw extrusion reached 99.92%. The results of cultivation experiment showed that there was no significant difference in the weight of mushroom cultivation bag，the full bag days of mushroom mycelium，and the color conversion days between twin‑screw extrusion sterilization and traditional steam sterilization. The cultivation bag of twin‑screw extrusion sterilization could produce mushrooms and had good mushroom type，the single mushroom weight，mushroom cap diameter and mushroom stalk length increased significantly，while the bad bag rate of mushroom decreased significantly. Therefore，the twin‑screw extrusion sterilization was applicable to the sterilization processing of mushroom culture materials.

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