Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Research Progress on the Effects of Ecological Factors on Tobacco Aroma Characteristics

LIU Jingjing, CUI Guangzhou, DUAN Wangjun, WANG Weimin, ZHANG Li, JIA Wei, XU Zicheng, XU Jiayang

2023, 52(2): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.001

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Aroma substance is an important quality factor to measure the quality of tobacco leaves.The formation of aroma style of high quality tobacco leaves is easily restricted by ecological factors.In this paper，four important aroma precursors in tobacco were introduced，and the difference of aroma substance content in different aroma types of tobacco was analyzed. The effects of different ecological factors on tobacco aroma substances were reviewed from two aspects：abiotic factors（light，temperature，rainfall，soil，altitude）and biological factors（soil microorganisms）.The relationship between aroma substances and tobacco aroma characteristics was further discussed，and the effects of aroma precursors and ecological factors on tobacco aroma were summarized. Finally，the future research direction was prospected，in order to provide new ideas for the study on rational planting and quality improvement of tobacco.

Effects of Different Rice Planting Methods on Yield and Quality of Japonica Rice with Good Eating Quality in Southern Henan Province

LEI Zhenshan, LI Meng, WEI Yunfei, JI Xin, LIU Juan, WANG Fujuan, LIU Qiuyuan

2023, 52(2): 12-20. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.002

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Two japonica rice varieties with good eating quality（Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5718）wereselected to study the effects of different rice planting methods［seedling‑throwing（ST），carpet seedlings mechanical transplanting（CSMT）and direct‑seeding（DS）］on the yield and quality，and explore the suitable planting methods for japonica rice varieties with good eating quality to achieve high yield and quality，so as to provide technical support for the cultivation and promotion of japonica rice varieties with good eating quality in southern Henan Province.The results showed that the mean grain yield of the two tested varieties of ST treatment was the highest，followed by CSMT treatment，and their yields significantly increased by 5.20% and 3.18% compared with DS treatment respectively.The higher grains number per panicle and setting percentage were the main reasons for the high grain yield achieved by CSMT and ST treatments.In terms of rice quality，there was no significant difference in brown rice rate，milled rice rate and head rice rate between ST treatment and CSMT treatment，but these indexes were all significantly higher than those of DS treatment. There was no significant difference in grain shape among the three treatments，but the grain width of the two varieties all showed ST>CSMT>DS.The chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree all showed ST>CSMT>DS，and there were significant differences among the three treatments.The amylose content showed DS>CSMT>ST，and there were significant differences among the three treatments.The protein content and taste value showed the opposite rule to the amylose content，which were the highest under ST treatment and the lowest under DS treatment，and the differences of protein content and taste value between ST treatment and DS treatment were significant.The characteristic values of RVA spectrum，such as peak viscosity，hot paste viscosity，final viscosity and setback，were the highest under DS treatment and the lowest under ST treatment，while breakdown，consistence value and pasting temperature were the highest under ST treatment and the lowest under DS treatment.In conclusion，different planting methods have significant effects on yield and quality of japonica rice varieties with good eating quality，among them，ST and CSMT methods can improve the milling quality and eating quality when guaranteeing the grain yield，and can be used as the planting methods for production and promotion of japonica rice varieties with good eating quality in southern Henan Province，but it may be necessary to pay attention to the improvement of chalkiness of rice under these planting methods.

Quality and Its Stability of Wheat Variety Zhengmai 119 with High Quality

QIN Maomao, LIU Yanxi, WANG Wenfei, CHANG Yang, ZHOU Zhengfu, LEI Zhensheng, WU Zhengqing

2023, 52(2): 21-30. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.003

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The quality and its stability of Zhengmai 119 under 36 environments were analyzed in 12 Cities（Counties）over 3 years（2019—2021），so as to provide foundation for the rational region layout and promotion of Zhengmai 119. The results showed Zhengmai 119 could reach the national high‑quality strong gluten wheat standard.The averages of water absorption，stability time，wet gluten content，stretch area and maximum tensile resistance were 65.5%，12.1 min，36.7%，117.1 cm² and 524.6 BU，respectively. The indicators including grain volume weight，hardness，water absorption，stability time，stretch area and maximum tensile resistance had no significant difference from 2019 to 2021；grain volume weight and peak viscosity were greatly affected by region，and grain moisture content，grain hardness，flour whiteness，formation time，stability time，extension，minimum viscosity，final viscosity and setback were not significantly different between regions. These indicated that the quality of this variety was stable.In addition，the mean values of peak viscosity and final viscosity were 3 001.8 cP and 3 118.3 cP，respectively，indicating that the starch had good gelatinizing properties.In the product test，the bread made by Zhengmai 119 had good baking quality，the internal structure of bread was smooth，the bread core was fine and dense，and the comprehensive score was similar to Zhengmai 366，higher than commercial bread powder.The noodles made by Zhengmai 119 was smooth，had strong browning resistance and good cooking quality，and the comprehensive score was similar to Zhengmai 366 and commercial Hetao snowflake powder.This study indicates that Zhengmai 119 is both bread and noodle varieties.

Quality Character Analysis of Wheat Varieties（Lines）in Henan Regional Tests from 2017 to 2021

XIN Yujie, LIU Jihong, FENG Dan, ZHAO Guanghua, PEI Jinhua, YIN Haiyan, WANG Yun, WANG Hongqi, LIU Dongmei, CAO Cheng, WANG Junyan, ZHENG Jia, CAO Yingni

2023, 52(2): 31-37. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.004

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In order to investigate wheat quality variations from 2017 to 2021 in Henan Province，729 varieties（lines）collected from regional test in Henan Province were analyzed for grain quality and flour processing quality.The results showed that the averages of grain protein content and grain volume weight were higher，reached the standard of strong gluten wheat；the average values of wet gluten content and water absorption reached the standard of medium‑strong gluten wheat，and the average values of stabilization time，energy and maximum tensile resistance reached the standard of middle gluten wheat.As the years went on，the grain volume weight，wet gluten content，water absorption and maximum tensile resistance basically showed upward trend，protein content showed downward trend，but its average value was higher，and majority of them could reach the level of medium‑strong and strong gluten wheat.This consequence indicated that protein quality of the tested wheat grains was gradually improving in Henan Province.Among the tested varieties（lines），the proportions of wheat with high‑quality strong gluten，medium‑strong gluten，medium gluten and weak gluten were 2.9%，8.2%，88.6% and 0.3% respectively，indicating that the wheat varieties（lines） in Henan Province were still dominated by medium gluten. From the above analysis，it can be seen that stabilization time，energy and maximum tensile resistance are the key factors restricting strong and medium‑strong gluten varieties，and protein quality is still the key quality indicator for wheat in Henan Province to be broken through.

Effects of Micro‑fertilizer on Trace Element Content and Yield of Spring Wheat under Foliar Spraying and Drip Irrigation

YANG Chunxia, ZHANG Yan, XIA Xuezhi

2023, 52(2): 38-46. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.005

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The effects of foliar application of micro‑fertilizer［750 kg/ha of 0. 4% zinc sulfate solution（A），750 kg/ha of 0.2% manganese sulfate solution（B），750 kg/ha of 0.2% copper sulfate solution（C），750 kg/ha of 0.25% ferrous sulfate solution（D），750 kg/ha of 0.4% zinc sulfate+0.2% manganese sulfate solution（E），750 kg/ha of water（F），control without micro‑fertilizer and water（CK），once at tillering stage and once at heading stage］and drip irrigation with micro‑fertilizer［4.5 kg/ha zinc sulfate（A1），9.0 kg/ha zinc sulfate（B1），13.5 kg/ha zinc sulfate（C1），18.0 kg/ha zinc sulfate（D1），3.0 kg/ha manganese sulfate（E1），6.0 kg/ha manganese sulfate（F1），9.0 kg/ha manganese sulfate（G1），control without micro‑fertilizer（CK1），once at tillering stage and once at heading stage］on trace element content and yield of spring wheat were studied to determine the appropriate amount of micro‑fertilizer and provide theoretical basis for improving the yield of spring wheat in irrigation region of Ningxia.The results showed that compared with CK，the foliar application of micro‑fertilizer increased the height of center of gravity and the flag leaf area of spring wheat by 4.11%—8.02% and 6.44%—15.21%，respectively，decreased
the first internode length at base by 1. 28%—12. 10%，and E treatment had the best effect.Overall，the foliar application of micro‑fertilizer increased the trace elements contents in plants at different growth stages，the increase amplitude order was zinc fertilizer>copper fertilizer>manganese fertilizer>iron fertilizer，and the effect of spraying zinc‑manganese mixed fertilizer was the same as that of singlely spraying zinc fertilizer and manganese fertilizer.The foliar application of micro‑fertilizer could increase spring wheat yield，the yield order was E>A>B>D>C，and E and A treatments significantly increased by 12.40%，11.25% and 9.73%，8.60% compared with CK and F treatments，respectively.Under drip irrigation，the application of micro‑fertilizer increased contents of zinc and manganese elements in grains，C1 treatment had the highest zinc content（18.1 mg/kg），and F1 treatment had the highest manganese content（51.7 mg/kg）；obviously increased 1 000‑grain weight，significantly increased yield，and the D1 and G1 treatments had the highest yields，which increased by 9.12% and 8.25% compared with CK1 respectively.In conclusion，it is recommended to use 750 kg/ha of 0.4% zinc sulfate+0.2% manganese sulfate solution（or spraying alone）for foliar spraying at tillering stage and heading stage respectively，and use 18.0 kg/ha zinc sulfate and 9.0 kg/ha manganese sulfate under drip irrigation at tillering stage and heading stage respectively.

Effects of Different Transplanting Methods and Film Uncovering Periods on Weed Control in Tobacco Field，Yield and Quality of Cigar Leaves in Hainan Province

GAO Huajun, GENG Zhaoliang, HE Yuan, CAI Bin, LI Fangyou, LIN Beisen, CHEN Dexin, SHAO Yu, XIA Changjian, XIANG Xiaohua, LÜ Hongkun

2023, 52(2): 47-56. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.006

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In order to select the combination of transplanting method and film uncovering period of cigar in tropical areas，a field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different combination of transplanting methods and film uncovering periods［no mulching film（T1），transplanting under film+uncovering film at 32 days after transplanting（T2），transplanting under film+no film uncovering in the whole growing period（T3），transplanting on film+uncovering film at 32 days after transplanting（T4），transplanting on film + no film uncovering in the whole growing period（T5）］on weed control in tobacco field，growth，yield and quality of cigar leaves.The results showed that mulching could significantly reduce the occurrence of weeds in tobacco field，and the weed fresh weights of T3 and T5 treatments were lower，which reduced by 14.32% and 13.14% respectively compared with T1 treatment at the end of cigar leaf harvest. The agronomic characters of cigar of all film mulching treatments were better than T1 treatment at 32 days after transplanting，and only T5 treatment was better at 46 days after transplanting.The yield of cigar leaf，yield and output rate of cigar wrapper tobacco of T4 and T5 treatments were higher than T1 treatment，and the yields of cigar leaf and cigar wrapper tobacco of T5 treatment significantly increased by 23.34% and 28.57% respectively.The appearance quality of tobacco of film mulchin treatments was better than that of T1 treatment，especially T5 treatment，the maturity，blade structure，status，oil content of tobacco of T5 treatment were generally significantly improved，and the stem ratio，leaf special weight，pull and equilibrium moisture content of tobacco of T5 treatment were also better than those of T1 treatment. The potassium content of tobacco of film mulching treatments was increased，especially T5 treatment，the potassium content of tobacco of T5 treatment significantly increased by 18.49% and 14.21% respectively compared with T1 treatment after air‑curing and fermentation.The sensory evaluation scores of all mulching treatments were slightly improved，and the comprehensive sensory quality scores of T5 and T4 treatments were much improved. By comprehensive consideration of input and output，the film mulching and labor input of T3 and T5 treatments significantly decreased by 25.60% and 28.27% compared with T1 treatment respectively.T5 treatment had the highest economic benefit of tobacco leaf，which increased by 24.40% compared with T1 treatment.In general，the better combination of transplanting method and film uncovering time of Hainan cigar is transplanting on film+no film uncovering in the whole growing period.

Effects of Different Harvesting Methods on TSNAs and Precursors Content of Tobacco Lamina and Stem after Modulation

ZHANG Jingyun, RONG Shibin, QIN Yanqin, WU Jiang, WANG Jun, LI Jingjing, FENG Yuqing, ZHAO Yuanyuan, ZHONG Qiu, SHI Hongzhi

2023, 52(2): 57-65. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.007

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In order to clarify the effects of tobacco harvesting methods on the contents of TSNAs and precursors in lamina and stem of different types of tobacco leaves after modulation，the samples of Henan Fangcheng flue‑cured tobacco Yunyan 87，Sichuan Shifang sun‑cured tobacco Shiyan 1，and cigar Dexue 3 were selected as materials. Three harvesting methods were set：leaf‑plucked haversting，lamina and stem separation harvesting and stalk‑cut harvesting. The contents of TSNAs and their precursors nitrate，nitrite and alkaloids in lamina and stem of tobacco leaves after modulation were determined.The result showed that the contents of TSNAs and alkaloids in flue‑cured tobacco lamina were higher than those in the stem，while the nitrate content was lower than that in the stem；the contents of nitrate，nitrite and TSNAs in the stem of sun‑cured tobacco and cigar tobacco were higher than those in lamina，while the content of alkaloids was lower than that in lamina. Different harvesting methods had significant effects on the content of TSNAs and its precursors.For flue‑cured tobacco，the content of TSNAs and precursors in lamina was the lowest in the treatment of lamina and stem separation haversting，and the total amount of TSNAs was 26.65% lower than that of leaf‑plucked haversting. There was no significant difference in lamina TSNAs content between the treatments with stalk‑cut harvesting and leaf‑plucked haversting.The TSNAs content in the stem was the lowest in the treatment of lamina and stem separation haversting，and the treatment with stalk‑cut harvesting was the highest.The contents of TSNAs and precursors in lamina and stem of sun‑cured tobacco and cigar tobacco were significantly higher than those of flue‑cured tobacco.The contents of TSNAs and precursors in lamina of both were the lowest in the treatment of separation of lamina and stem，and the total amount of TSNAs was 60.53% and 48.48% lower than that of leaf‑plucked haversting，respectively.The total amount of TSNAs of sun‑cured tobacco and cigar tobacco was the highest in the stalk‑cut harvesting，which was 40.23% and 72.12% higher than that in the leaf‑plucked haversting，respectively.The contents of nitrate and TSNAs in the stem of sun‑cured tobacco and cigar tobacco were the lowest in leaf‑plucked haversting and the highest in stalk‑cut harvesting.Therefore，harvesting methods have different effects on the contents of TSNAs and its precursors in lamina and stem of different types of tobacco leaves. Compared with leaf‑plucked haversting，lamina and stem separation harvesting can significantly reduce TSNAs in the three types of tobacco leaves. Stalk‑cut harvesting can increase the content of TSNAs in lamina and stem，but the increase in sun‑cured tobacco and cigar tobacco leaves is higher，and the increase in flue‑cured tobacco leaves is lower.

Karyotype Characteristics and rDNA Distribution Analysis of Sunflower（Helianthus annuus L.）Chromosomes

MA Qin, WANG Zhinuo, JU Ming, QIN Lingling, ZHANG Zhanyou, ZHANG Haiyang, NIU Qingjie, MIAO Hongmei

2023, 52(2): 66-73. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.008

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In order to explore the chromosome karyotype and structure characters in sunflower（Helianthus annuus L.），the modified wall degradation hypotonic method and smear chromosome preparation technique were applied to observe the chromosome and analyze the karyotype characteristics of the sunflower hybrid Baikuiza No.6（H‑01A×RHA‑K）.Meanwhile，the physical location of rDNAs in sunflower chromosomes was mapped and analyzed using FISH（fluorescence in situ hybridization）technique with 45S and 5S rDNA repeats as probes. Chromosome morphology observation results showed that there were three pairs of satellite chromosomes in Baikuiza No.6.The chromosome length ranged from 3.87 to 5.37 μm.Most of the chromosomes were medium in size（M1 and M2 types）.The formula of relative chromosome length was 16M2+18M1. The karyotype formula of chromosome of Baikuiza No.6 was 2n=2x=34=32m+2M，which belonged to 1A karyotype with the asymmetrical karyotype coefficient value as 50.51%.The FISH results of rDNAs indicated that three pairs（5th，9th，and 13th）carried 45S rDNA and the hybridization signals were detected at the end of shot arms of the specific chromosomes；two pairs（5th and 7th）carried 5S rDNA with fluorescence signals at the end of the short arms；one pair of chromosomes（5th）carried both 45S and 5S rDNAs.

Effects of Different Planting Pattern on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Heilongjiang Black Soil

WANG Cong, LI Ming, QIU Guangwei, WANG Lichun, LIU Lingling, WANG Huaipeng, PANG Ze , TANG Chunshuang, SUN Jiying

2023, 52(2): 74-83. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.009

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In order to clarify the soil physical and chemical properties of different planting patterns in Heilongjiang black soil area，and screen out the suitable planting patterns for this area，the effects of five different planting patterns，corn‑soybean‑wheat rotation（T1），corn‑soybean‑potato rotation（T2），corn‑soybean‑sorghum rotation（T3），maize continuous cropping（CK1），soybean continuous cropping（CK2），on soil physical and chemical properties were studied from 2019 to 2021.The results showed that different planting pattern had different effects on soil aggregates.The proportion of 0.5—2 mm mechanically stable aggregates in rotation treatment of 10—20 cm soil layer was higher than that in continuous cropping treatment，and T2 treatment was the highest. The 0.5—2 mm grain size of water‑stable aggregates in the 20—30 cm soil layer was higher when treated with T1，T2 and T3.The stability index of aggregates of different grain sizes showed that the content of water‑stable aggregates of T2 treatment was higher，the structural failure rate was lower，and the stability was better. The effects of different planting methods on soil nutrients of black soil were also different.The contents of alkali‑hydrolyzed nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium and organic matter in CK1 and CK2 soils were lower than those in T1，T2 and T3 treatments，and soil acidification occurred. Among T1，T2 and T3 treatments，T2 treatment had a better overall effect on increasing soil nutrient content and adjusting soil acidity.In conclusion，T2（corn‑soybean‑potato rotation）treatment could improve the mechanical stability and water stability of soil aggregates，with a lower proportion of small aggregates with particle size<0.25 mm and lower structural failure rate，increase the content of soil alkyl‑hydrolyzed nitrogen and organic matter，and reduce soil acidification.It is recommended to popularize this planting mode locally.

Mechanism of Cadmium‑Lead Adsorption of Sulfur‑Modified Biochar and Its Effect on Lettuce

SHI Lingfang, ZHANG Runhua, XIE Yanlan, HUANG Xingxue, CAO Xiupeng, ZHOU Guolin

2023, 52(2): 84-93. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.010

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To investigate the adsorption mechanism of sulfur‑modified biochar on cadmium（Cd）and lead（Pb） contaminated soil and its effect on lettuce，sulfur‑modified biochar（SBC） was obtained by modifying fresh corn straw biochar（FBC）with NaOH and CS2. The adsorption characteristics of FBC and SBC on Cd and Pb were investigated by elemental analyzer，scanning electron microscopy（SEM），Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR），X‑ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） and isothermal adsorption test.Pot experiments were conducted with lettuce as the test material to investigate the effects of the two kinds of biochar on plant growth.The characterization of biochar confirmed that the sulfhydryl functional group was successfully introduced into SBC. Compared with FBC，the specific surface area and pore volume of SBC increased by 39.97% and 31.25% respectively，and its adsorption capacity for Cd and Pb increased by 46.81% and 21.95%，the organic binding state and residue state of Cd and Pb in the soil increased by 6.98%，23.23% and 38.14% respectively.In addition，compared with the application of FBC，the content of Cd and Pb in the roots of lettuce with the application of SBC decreased by 40.00% and 23.61% respectively，indicating that SBC improved the stability of heavy metal fixation by biochar and the safety quality of lettuce.

Biological Characteristics and Occurrence of Aoria nigripes（Coleoptera：Chrysomelidae）in Ampelopsis grossedentata

ZHANG Mengmeng, LI Li, CHEN Qin, CHEN Mingxiu, WEI Yun, YU Zhengwen

2023, 52(2): 94-102. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.011

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Aiming at the phenomenon of the explosive damage of beetle insects on the new‑generation vine tea，this study would clarify the specific species and damage risks through filed survey and indoor rearing observation.The results showed that the insect was identified by morphological and anatomical observations as Aoria nigripes，which belonged to Coleoptera，Chrysomeloidae，Eumolpidea，and Aoria.Currently，it only occurs sporadically in the plants of Vitis and Parthenocissus.It is clear that the leaf beetle has one generation per year in Guizhou，and the adult blooming period is from June to July.The adult damages the leaves and shoots，and the damaged parts is a strip‑shaped hole.It has strong activity，is good at flying，and has pseudolethality.The adults can lay eggs for many times，and the number of eggs laid can reach 34.50 eggs per female. The larvae have weak crawling ability，and mainly feed on the roots of vine tea in a tunnel shape.

Research on the Amount Reduction and Efficiency Increase of Chemical Pesticide in Flue‑cured Tobacco Based on Chinese Herbal Compound

MENG Linfeng, YANG Xiangfei, WU Qingyang, SONG Meiling, ZHANG Wenmei, WANG Libing, CUI Fangfang, ZHANG Zhigao, ZHU Xiaowen, LIU Qiyuan

2023, 52(2): 103-112. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.012

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In order to clarify the effects of combined application of Chinese herbal compound and reduced chemical pesticide on the growth and development，disease control，economic output value，chemical composition and tobacco leaf quality of flue‑cured tobacco，field experiments were conducted setting T1（normal amount of chemical pesticide），T2（normal amount of Chinese herbal compound），T3（normal amount of Chinese herbal compound+25% reduction of chemical pesticide），T4（normal amount of Chinese herbal compound+50% reduction of chemical pesticide）and T5（CK，clear water control）.The results showed that the combination of Chinese herbal compound and reduced chemical pesticide could improve disease control effect，agronomic characters，economic output value and tobacco leaf quality.Among them，the combination of Chinese herbal compound and 50% reduction of chemical pesticide（T4）had the best effect. The yield was 18. 52% higher than CK，and the output value was 27.15% higher than CK.Although reducing the amount of chemical pesticides，the control effect against brown spot was 40.35%，and the incidence rate of empty shank disease was 1.40 percentage points lower than CK，and the total amount of tobacco aroma substances and tobacco smoking quality were also improved.

Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of WRKY Gene Family Members in Hemerocallis middendorffii under Drought Stress

CHEN Lifei, LI Jiajun, LIU Yunyihui, BAI Yun, MENG Yuan, LI Jiang, ZHOU Yunwei

2023, 52(2): 113-123. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.013

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WRKY is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants，which can participate in the growth and development of plants as well as the response to biotic and abiotic stresses，and also plays an important role in the regulatory network of plants in response to drought stress.The transcriptomes of Hemerocallis middendorffii in roots and leaves under drought stress were sequenced and the data were analyzed.The WRKY gene family members were identified and their physicochemical properties，protein secondary structure，conserved motifs and tissue expression analyses were performed in Hemerocallis middendorffii.The results showed that a total of 41 members of WRKY gene family of Hemerocallis middendorffii were identified，including classⅠ，class Ⅱ and classⅢ，and class Ⅱ could be divided into subclasses Ⅱa，Ⅱb，Ⅱc，Ⅱd and Ⅱe.The number of amino acids of WRKY gene family members in Hemerocallis middendorffii was 92—641 and the theoretical isoelectric point was 4.97—9.99.The total average hydrophilicity was negative，so HmWRKY proteins were all hydrophilic proteins.Through the analysis of HmWRKY gene expression，it was found that there were 10 up‑regulated genes and 29 down‑regulated genes in leaves，20 up‑regulated genes and 21 down‑regulated genes in roots.According to the expression of differential genes，HmWRKY9 may be involved in the regulation of drought resistance
of Hemerocallis middendorffii，and is identified as a candidate gene，which provides reference for further study of its functions.

Effects of Combined Application of Calcium and Zinc on Fruit Quality of Different Tomato Varieties

XU Mengzhu, YANG Xiaohui, LIU Yan, SHI Yu, SONG Hongxia, ZHANG Yi

2023, 52(2): 124-135. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.014

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In order to investigate the influence of the combined application of calcium and zinc on different varieties of tomato growth and fruit quality，four tomato varieties，namely，Zheyingfen No.1，Apple Small Tomato（Yellow），Korean Milk Cherry and Taiwan Violet were used as test materials.Six treatments were set in the experiment：spraying distilled water on the leaf surface（T1），foliar spraying 5 g/L CaCl₂（T2），foliar spraying 10 g/L CaCl₂（T3），basic zinc fertilizer 0.1 g/L+foliar spraying distilled water（T4），basic zinc fertilizer 0.1 g/L+foliar spraying 5 g/L CaCl₂（T5），base zinc fertilizer 0.1 g/L+foliar spraying 10 g/L CaCl₂（T6），in order to study fruit growth characteristics and quality of different tomato varieties.The quality of tomato fruit was assessed by principal component analysis.The results showed that calcium and zinc application could improve the single fruit weight of tomato. The single fruit weight of Zheyingfen No.1，Apple Small Tomato（Yellow）and Korean Milk Cherry in T5 compared with T2 treatment increased by 20.60%，51.16% and 36.38%，respectively.In T6 compared with T3，the single fruit weight of Zheyingfen No.1，Korean Milk Cherry and Taiwan Violet increased by 35.65%，43.94% and 0.65%.At the same time，calcium and zinc application could improve soluble solids，vitamin C，total phenol，flavonoid，soluble protein and soluble sugar content. Among them，the soluble solids，vitamin C，total phenol，flavonoid，soluble protein and soluble sugar contents of Zheyingfen No.1 fruits were significantly higher in T5 compared with T2 treatment，increased by 16.56%，5.06%，33.85%，39.09%，32.46% and 19.54%，respectively.The soluble solids，vitamin C，total phenol，flavonoid and soluble protein contents of Taiwan Violet fruits were higher in T6 compared with T3 treatment，increased by 8.61%，1.78%，10.85%，16.13% and 120.79%，respectively.The results of the principal component analysis calculations showed that the overall evaluation ranking of tomato fruits from different treatments was T5>T6>T4>T2>T3>T1.From what has been discussed，the calcium and zinc combination increases the single fruit mass，soluble solids，vitamin C，total phenol，flavonoid，soluble protein and soluble sugar contents of tomato fruits，and T5 treatment was the best.

Isolation，Identification and Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Porcine Parvovirus BJ2 Strain

ZHAO Wenying, ZHANG Yunjing, BAI Xiaofei, SUN Yujie, GUO Linghua, HUANG Baicheng, TIAN Kegong

2023, 52(2): 136-144. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.015

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To monitor the prevalence and variation of porcine parvovirus（PPV） in China，the tissue samples collected from Jiangsu，Henan and Beijing during 2020—2021 were detected by the PPV‑specific PCR method. The PPV‑positive samples in the PCR test were inoculated into porcine testicular cells（ST），and the isolated strain was identified by indirect immunofluorescence（IFA），real‑time fluorescence quantitative PCR（qPCR），and electron microscope.After that，the full genome of the strain was sequenced，which was then analyzed by MEGA 6.0 and MegAlign softwares.The isolated strain of PPV was named BJ2.At the whole genome level，the BJ2strain showed nucleotide consistency of 99.3%，99.3%，and 95.9% compared with the strains of Kresse，Challenge，and HeN1202（isolated in 2019），respectively.The VP2 gene of the BJ2 strain showed nucleotide consistency of 99.3% compared with the German strain 27a，and evolutionarily，HeN1202 was closely related to NADL‑2.Compared with the VP2 protein of the 27a strain，the amino acid sequence of BJ2 VP2 protein has two different amino acid sites.In conclusion，PPV BJ2 was evolutionarily closely related to German strain 27a.

Establishment of PCR and LAMP Methods for Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Dairy Mastitis

LUO Yang, TIAN Weijia, HE Fang, HUAN Cheng, LIU Bocheng, ZHANG Baizhong, SONG Wu, YANG Qing, YI Kangle

2023, 52(2): 145-150. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.016

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The purpose of this study is to quickly identify dairy mastitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae，so as to provide most reasonable treatment plan for this disease.Rapid identification methods of Klebsiella pneumoniae were established using PCR and loop‑mediated isothermal amplification（LAMP）based on the internal transcribed spacer（ITS）sequence of 16S‑23S rDNA and urease UreD gene，respectively.The results showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae could be accurately identified by ITS gene sequence，and amplified stably when the nucleic acid concentration was 5×10^-2ng/μL.The optimal temperature and the lowest nucleic acid concentration by LAMP were 62℃ and 5×10^-7ng/μL，respectively，moreover，LAMP detection sensitivity was 10⁵ times that of PCR reaction. High‑specificity and ‑sensitivity rapid identification methods are established in this study using PCR and LAMP techniques，for dairy mastitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Irrigation Strategies Optimization for Winter Wheat in Henan Province Based on AquaCrop Model

RONG Yasi, LI Guoqiang, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Jiantao, WANG Meng, ZHENG Guoqing, FENG Wei

2023, 52(2): 151-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.017

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Crop simulation models are practical tools for assessing and developing irrigation strategies.In this study，the AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated for wheat in Henan province.The validated model was then applied to investigate the effect of variable irrigation strategies on wheat yield.The model calibration was performed on field experiments at Zhoukou of Henan Province during the 2016—2018 growing season.Afterward，the validation was done on field experiments during the 2019—2020 growing season.After accurate calibration and validation of the AquaCrop model，the effects of 16 irrigation scenarios on water consumption，transpiration，grain yield，water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency of winter wheat under different rainfall year types were analyzed.The results showed that various parameters affecting canopy cover and grain yield had been calibrated based on the comparison between measurements and the results of simulations.The results of canopy cover such as R²，d，and RMSE were 0.84 to 0.94，0.93 to 0.98，and 4.7% to 9.4%，respectively.The reliability indices of biomass were 0.94―0.95，0.93―0.98，and 2.1―2.2 t/ha，respectively.Moreover，the RE of yield and water use efficiency was lower than 10%，respectively.The various simulations（irrigation scenarios）showed that the optimal irrigation strategies achieved the maximum grain yield and water use efficiency in different rainfall patterns.In dry years，225 mm of irrigation water was applied at the jointing，flowering，and grain‑filling stages.In normal years，150 mm of irrigation water was applied at the jointing and flowering stages. In wet years，75 mm of irrigation water was applied at the jointing stage.

Effects of Different Curing Techniques on Resistant Starch Content in Upper Leaves of Tobacco CB‑1

WANG Pei, WANG Tao, SONG Jiangyu, DING Yingfu, WANG Tingxian, YANG Zhanwei, SONG Zhaopeng, LI Jingchao

2023, 52(2): 162-170. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.018

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In order to clarify the effect of the main yellowing temperature on the content of resistant starch in tobacco during the curing process，the upper leaves of Fujian main cultivar，Cuibi No. 1（CB‑1），were used as experimental materials. A mixed solution of α‑pancreatic amylase and amylglucosidase was sprayed on the tobacco leaves after curing to determine the starch content of the tobacco leaves to explore the presence of resistant starch in the tobacco leaves after curing. Taking the local conventional curing process as a control，different main yellowing temperatures were set to explore the influence of main yellowing temperature on the content of resistant starch，aiming to provide a reference for reducing the resistant starch content of tobacco leaves after roasting. The results showed that：（1） After spraying α‑pancreatic amylase and amylglucosidase solution，there was no significant difference in starch content of tobacco leaves after curing，indicating the presence of resistant starch in tobacco leaves after curing；（2）Before and during the yellowing of tobacco leaves，amylose，amylopectin and resistant starch were greatly degraded；（3）The main yellowing temperature affected the content of resistant starch.Among them，when the main yellowing temperature was 38℃ ，prolonging the main yellowing time could effectively reduce the content of resistant starch in tobacco leaves after curing；（4） There was a significant positive correlation between amylose and resistant starch content in tobacco leaves after curing.Comprehensive analysis shows that for the Fujian main cultivar of CB‑1，it is appropriate to adopt the medium temperature yellowing curing process，and extend the main yellowing time，so as to reduce the content of resistant starch in tobacco leaves after roasting，which provides a reference for reducing the starch content of tobacco leaves and improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

Analysis of the Composition and Changes of Fungal Community in Fresh Peanut during Storage Based on High‑throughput Sequencing

YANG hui, LU Fengyin, HAN Junhao, XIE Yongkang, SHANG Chaojie, LI Xingyi

2023, 52(2): 171-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.02.019

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In order to explore the dynamic changes of fungal community in fresh peanut during storage，the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of fungal rRNA genes in fresh peanut under normal temperature（25±1）℃ andcold storage（4±1）℃ were sequenced by high‑throughput sequencing technology.The results showed that 302 fungi belonging to 8 phyla，28 classes，62 orders，115 families and 196 genera were identified in the two groups of fresh peanut during storage. The diversity analysis showed that the diversity and richness of fungal community in the normal temperature group were higher than those in the cold storage group.There were differences in fungal structure between the cold storage group and the normal temperature group.There were certain differences in fungal structure among different time of the cold storage group.The fungal composition structure was similar among different time of the normal temperature storage group（except for 30 days）.At the genus level，Fusarium，unclassified_Fungi and Gibberella were the main dominant genera of fresh peanut in the cold storage group. Unclassified_Ascomycota，Plectosphaerella，Alternaria and Mortierella were the dominant genera of fresh peanut in the normal temperature group during storage. LEfSe analysis showed that 66 species of fungi were significantly different in the cold storage group and the normal temperature group at the species level.In conclusion，low temperature storage has good inhibitory effect on fungal microorganisms in fresh peanut and reduces the diversity of microbial flora during cold storage.

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