Table of Content

Volume 51 Issue 7
15 July 2022
Contents
Reviews
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Plant Protection
Horticulture
Animal Science Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering Agricultural Product...

Article List
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Reviews

Research Progress on Plant Phenomics in the Context of Smart Agriculture

YANG Wenqing, LIU Tianxia, TANG Xingping, XU Guofu, MA Zhe, YANG Hekai, WU Wendou

2022, 51(7):  1-12.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.001

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China’s agriculture is in the key stage of changing from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture.Smart agriculture is an important embodiment of modern agricultural development and an inevitable trend of agricultural development in the future.Smart agriculture aims to deeply combine modern information technologies such as internet of things，artificial intelligence and big data with traditional agriculture to make agricultural production intelligent，green，standardized and digital.Plant phenomics is a science to study the characteristics of plant phenotypes，which is one of the key technologies for the development of smart agriculture.By collecting phenotypic data at all levels of cells，organs，tissues，plants and populations，plant phenomics extracts important trait information with high repeatability and high reliability from massive data，so as to provide data support and method support for gene mining，crop breeding and accurate management of agricultural production process.This paper reviews the development status of plant phenomics under the background of smart agriculture from the aspects of phenotypic data collection and analysis and the construction of plant phenotypic analysis platform at home and abroad，summarizes the application of plant phenomics research in smart agricultural production，and finally looks forward to the future development trend of plant phenomics.



Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Effects of Sowing Date and Seeding Rate on Population Characteristics and Yield of Wheat with Different Spike Types

YI Yuan, MA Hongbo, WANG Jing, ZHANG Huiyun, ZHAO Na, ZHU Xuecheng, ZHANG Na, LIU Dongtao

2022, 51(7):  13-21.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.002

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In order to definite the suitable seeding rate of different wheat varieties with different spike types in Huaibei wheat area under different sowing dates，Xumai 40(multiple spike type)and Xumai 41(large spike type)were used as materials to explore the effects of sowing date[October 10(suitable sowing date)and October 25(late sowing date)]and seeding rate[conventional seeding rate(D1，120 kg/ha under suitable sowing date，180 kg/ha under late sowing date)，25% more than conventional seeding rate(D2)and 50% more than conventional seeding rate(D3)]on population characteristics and grain yield.The results showed that suitable sowing date was beneficial to increase of stem and tiller number per plant，panicle number per plant，panicle rate，grain number per panicle,1 000‑grain weight，grain weight‑leaf ratio and harvest index（HI）. The increase of seeding rate had compensation effects on dry matter accumulation，stem and tiller number before wintering，maximum stem and tiller number，panicle number，leaf area index and total setting grain number，while reduced the stem and tiller number per plant，panicle number per plant，panicle rate，grain weight‑leaf ratio，grain number per panicle，1 000‑grain weight and HI under late sowing date. Compared with Xumai 41，Xumai 40 had stronger panicle formation of stem and tiller，higher panicle rate and total setting grain number，lower grain number per panicle，1 000‑grain weight and HI. Under late sowing date，by increasing seeding rate，the yield of Xumai 40 still reached the similar level to suitable sowing date，while the yield of Xumai 41 obviously decreased compared with suitable sowing date. Under suitable sowing date，the appropriate seeding rate of Xumai 40 was 120 kg/ha，and that of Xumai 41 was 150 kg/ha；under late sowing date，the appropriate seeding rates of Xumai 40 and Xumai 41 were both 180 kg/ha. In conclusion，Xumai 40（multiple spike type）had stronger panicle formation of stem and tiller and higher panicle rate；under late sowing date，the promoting effect of increase of seeding rate on panicle number was greater than the decrease effect of increase of seeding rate on grain number per panicle and 1 000‑grain weight，so the yield of Xumai 40 still reached the similar level to suitable sowing date，indicating that Xumai 40 had wide adaptability under different sowing dates，and could adapt to the late sowing date caused by extreme weather through properly increasing sowing rate.



Effect of Different Ecological Environments on Yield and Quality of Strong Gluten Wheat

ZHANG Suyu, JIN Haiyang, CUI Jingyu, QIN Feng, LI Xiangdong, YUE Junqin, SHAO Yunhui, WANG Hanfang, FANG Baoting, ZHANG Deqi, YANG Cheng

2022, 51(7):  22-30.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.003

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In order to provide theoretical support for the regional development of high‑quality strong gluten wheat，the yield and quality of strong gluten wheat variety Zhengmai 366 were analyzed in five experimental sites including Qixian，Yuanyang，Changge，Dancheng and Nanyang in Henan Province for two consecutive years，the representative indexes for evaluating the quality of strong gluten wheat were screened，and the ecological and environmental factors affecting the quality of strong gluten wheat were explored. The results showed that，in 2018—2019，the wheat yields in the Yuanyang and Nanyang experimental sites were significantly higher than those in the Qixian，Changge and Dancheng experimental sites；in 2019—2020，the wheat yields in the Qixian，Yuanyang and Changge experimental sites were all significantly higher than those in the Dancheng and Nanyang experimental sites.There were differences in various degree in wheat quality indexes among different experimental sites and years.In 2018—2019，the protein content，wet gluten content，stability time，energy and maximum resistance of wheat in the Dancheng experimental site did not reach the standard of strong gluten wheat，the wet gluten content and stability time of wheat in the Qixian experimental site did not reach the standard of strong gluten wheat，while all the others reached the standard of strong gluten wheat.In 2019—2020，only the wet gluten content of wheat in the Qixian experimental site and the stability time of wheat in the Changge experimental site did not reach the standard of strong gluten wheat，while all the others reached the standard of strong gluten wheat. The variation coefficients of wheat quality indexes in the two experimental years and five experimental sites were basically as follows：softening degree> stability time>maximum resistance>f ormation time> resistance at constant deformation> energy> wet gluten content>protein content> extensibility> sedimentation index> water absorption and flour yield.The wheat protein
content and wet gluten content were extremely significantly or significantly positively correlated with formation time and stability time，while extremely significantly negatively correlated with softening degree and flour yield. Extensibility was extremely significantly positively correlated with sedimentation index，while extremely significantly and significantly negatively correlated with resistance at constant deformation and maximum resistance，respectively.According to principal component analysis，a total of ten wheat quality indexes with high contribution rate were screened out，including wet gluten content，formation time，stabilization time，softening degree，energy，resistance at constant deformation，maximum resistance，extensibility，flour yield and water absorption，which could be used as evaluation indexes of the quality of strong gluten wheat.The wheat protein content and wet gluten content were significantly and extremely significantly negatively correlated with the sunshine duration from jointing stage to flowering stage，respectively；the flour yield was significantly positively correlated with the sunshine duration from jointing stage to flowering stage；the water absorption was extremely significantly negatively correlated with the sunshine duration from flowering stage to mature stage，and was extremely significantly positively correlated with the accumulated temperature from jointing stage to flowering stage；the wet gluten content and extensibility were significantly positively correlated with the accumulated temperature from wintering stage to jointing stage.


Effects of Nitrogen Rate on Biomass and Stoichiometric Characteristics of Carbon，Nitrogen and Phosphorus of Proso Millet

MA Haizhao, XIE Chenghui, XU Xiyang, FENG Yongzhong, HUANG Guibin, KONG Dejie, GAO Pengfei, MEI Zhikun, REN Guangxin

2022, 51(7):  31-41.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.004

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This study explored the biomass accumulation and stoichiometric characteristics of carbon(C)，nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)in aboveground organs(stem，leaf and tassel)of proso millet at jointing，heading，filling and mature stages under different N rates[0(N0)，90(N90)，150(N150)and 210(N210) kg/ha]，so as to reveal the relationship between biomass allocation and stoichiometric characteristics of C，N and P，explain the effect of N rate on proso millet growth from a new perspective，and provide theoretical basis for high yield cultivation of proso millet. The results showed that with the increase of N rate，the aboveground organ biomass and total biomass increased first and then stabilized，the tassel biomass proportion increased first and then decreased，the leaf biomass proportion at mature stage decreased first and then increased，and the stem biomass proportion increased at jointing，filling and mature stages. With the increase of N rate，there was no significant change in C content in all organs；in stem and leaf，N content increased and P contents of N treatments were significantly lower than that of the treatment without N；C，N and P contents in tassel were relatively stable.At mature stage，the proportion of N accumulation increased linearly with the increase of N rate，while the proportion of P accumulation showed a parabolic change with upward opening in stem；C，N and P accumulation proportions in leaf showed parabolic change with upward opening with the increase of N rate，which were opposite in tassel.Overall，with the increase of N rate，the C∶N decreased in stem，the C∶N of N treatments were significantly lower than that of the treatment without N in leaf；N∶P increased in stem，leaf at all stages and tassel at mature stage，while C∶N and C∶P had no significant changes in tassel. With the increase of N rate，the yield and harvest index showed parabolic change with downward opening，and the aboveground biomass increased linearly at mature stage. Regression analysis indicated that there were positive linear correlations between N content and P content in all organs，and negative linear correlations between C content and N，P contents in stem.The biomass of stem，leaf at all stages and tassel at mature stage were positively linearly correlated with N∶P. The maximum harvest index was 36.2% under N rate of 80.9 kg/ha，and the maximum yield was 3 164.5 kg/ha under N rate of 172.8 kg/ha. In conclusion，the application of N could change the biomass allocation strategy by regulating the stoichiometric characteristics of C，N and P，thereby affecting the yield of proso millet.



Effects of Different Kinds of Plastic Film Mulching on Soil Moisture，Temperature，Foxtail Millet Growth and Yield

LUO Shiwu, LI Kai, LAI Xingliang, CHENG Bingwen

2022, 51(7):  42-50.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.005

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In the arid and semi‑arid areas of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region，three kinds of plastic film mulching treatments including water‑permeable plastic film（T1），biodegradable plastic film（T2）and ordinary plastic film（T3）were set up，with open field（T4）planting as control，and the effects of different kinds of plastic film mulching on soil water content，water use efficiency，soil temperature，foxtail millet growth，yield and economic benefit were studied，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the popularization and application of plastic film mulching cultivation techniques in arid and semi‑arid areas of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The results showed that compared with T4 treatment，each growth stage of T1 and T3 treatments was earlier，the growth period was shortened by 2 d，and the growth period of T2 treatment was prolonged by 5 d.The soil water content order was T1>T3>T2>T4，and the water use efficiency order wasT1>T3>T2>T4.In general，the soil temperature of plastic film mulching treatments was higher than that of T4 treatment at each growth stage. Overall，plastic film mulching increased soil organic total nitrogen，available nitrogen，available potassium contents. Compared with T4 treatment，the leaf SPAD value and dry matter accumulation of foxtail millet of T1，T2 and T3 treatments increased，T1 treatment was the highest，and T3 treatment was the second. The plant height，spike length，spike neck length，spikelet number per spike，grain weight of main spike，main spike weight，1 000‑grain weight and yield of T1，T2 and T3 treatments increased in different ranges. The overall performance of T1 treatment was the best，followed by T3 treatment.Among them，the yield order was T1>T3>T2>T4.Compared with T4 treatment，the yields of T1，T3 and T2 treatments significantly increased by 22.08%，21.77% and 12.30%respectively，there was no significant difference between T1 treatment and T3 treatment，but they were significantly higher than that of T2 treatment.The output‑input ratio order was T1=T3>T4>T2，and the net income order was T1>T3>T4>T2.The output‑input ratio of T1 treatment was 1.81，and the net income was 9 210.6 Yuan/ha，which was 28.69% higher than that of T4 treatment. In summary，T1 treatment was the best，followed by T3 treatment.



Vegetable and Fertilizer Dual‑Purpose Rapeseed Genotypes Suitable for Winter Fallow Tobacco Fields

WU Zhaohui, SUN Jiping, GUO Fangyang, WANG Dian, LI Qian, LI Jianhua

2022, 51(7):  51-60.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.006

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The objective of this study is to find out the rapeseed genotypes which are suitable for planting in winter fallow tobacco fields in the middle of Henan Province.In the field experiment,9 rapeseed genotypes were tested. The growth period,brassica flower stalk yield and quality，and the effects on tobacco leaf yield and quality were measured.The results showed that,the reproductive period of eight genotypes of rapeseed was appropriate，but Shuangyou 123 was not suitable for planting in winter fallow tobacco fields in central Henan because of its poor cold resistance and long growth period.The brassica flower stalk yields of Zashuang 6,Fengyou 10 and Zashuang 7 were 27 727.80，27 529.05 kg/ha and 25 740.15 kg/ha,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of other genotypes.The crude fiber contents of Fengyou 10 and Zashuang 7 were lower，which were 0. 97% and 0.98% respectively.The vitamin C contents of Zashuang 5 and Fengyou 10 were higher，which were 1. 06 g/kg and 1.04 g/kg respectively.Compared with the control(not planting rape)，the growth of flue‑cured tobacco was faster in the early stage and the yellowing of flue‑cured tobacco was better in the late stage after planting vegetable fertilizer rape seed，and planting Fengyou 10 had the best effect on promoting the yellowing of tobacco leaves in the later stage. After planting rapeseed in winter fallow tobacco fields，the yield，output value，average price and the proportion of top‑grade tobacco were significantly higher than CK,the tobacco yield of Zashuang 7 treatment increased by 67.62%,and the tobacco output value of Fengyou 10 treatment increased by 82.82%.After rapeseed was planted in winter fallow tobacco fields,the nicotine and chloride content of tobacco leaves showed a decreasing trend.The nicotine content in cured tobacco leaves of Zashuang 6 treatment decreased by 45.45%,and the chloride content in cured tobacco leaves of Fengyou 10 treatment decreased by 23.58%.After rapeseed was planted in winter fallow tobacco fields,the aroma quality and flammability of tobacco leaves were improved,and the irritation was decreased.Among them,the sensory quality of flue‑cured tobacco leaves treated with Fengyou 10 was the best.In general，Fengyou 10 is the most suitable rapeseed genotype for planting in winter fallow tobacco fields in central Henan Province.



Genetic Diversity Analysis and SSR Fingerprint Construction of Germplasms of Rehmannia glutinosa in Huang‑Huai Region

LI Chunxin, ZHANG Yongzhan, CHEN Guocan, YANG Tiegang, ZHANG Yingtao, LI Chun, DONG Chengming

2022, 51(7):  61-74.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.007

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The main objectives of this study were to clarify the genetic diversity among germplasms of Rehmannia glutinosa in Huang‑Huai production area of China,and understand the genetic relationship among germplasms or accessions,so as to provide a basis for breeding and germplasm identification of Rehmannia glutinosa.108 pairs of SSR primers were used to amplify germplasms and the results were detected by capillary electrophoresis to obtain the genetic similarity coefficients,and count the polymorphic primer information and resolution.SSR fingerprints of those germplasm were constructed by selecting primers with good polymorphism and stability.The softwares TASSEL 3.0 and Fig Tree （V 1.4.3）were used for cluster analysis and mapping.The results showed that 50 pairs of polymorphic primers were obtained and fragment length ranged from 107 bp to 365 bp.The variation range of genetic similarity coefficient among germplasms was 0.552—0.984,and the average value was 0.729.The average genetic similarity coefficient of wild germplasms was significantly lower than that of landraces and cultivated varieties.The clustering results showed that 17 germplasms could be divided into three subgroups.By using 15 pairs of primers with stable polymorphism and high resolution,the SSR fingerprint of Rehmannia glutinosa Germplasms was constructed,and the rapid identification of germplasms from the DNA level was realized.SSR analysis is an effective method to distinguish,cluster Rehmannia glutinosa and construct DNA fingerprint.



Agricultural Resources and Environment

Effects of Combined Application of Inorganic Fertilizer and Organic Fertilizer on Soil Nutrient Changes and Microbial Carbon Source Metabolism in Sweetpotato Field

LIU Yajun, WANG Wenjing, LI Min, WANG Honggang, CHU Fengli, HU Qiguo

2022, 51(7):  75-84.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.008

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In order to clarify the effects of different fertilization measures of sweetpotato on soil nutrient and soil microbial functional diversity，through the field positioning experiment，effects of different fertilization measures on soil nutrient content，microbial carbon source utilization capacity and functional diversity in wheat—sweetpotato rotation field were analyzed in 2020—2021. The treatments included only chemical fertilizer(T1)，straw returning without fertilization(T2)，only biological organic fertilizer(T3)，combined application of 80% chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer(T4)，combined application of 80% chemical fertilizer and straw returning(T5)，combined application of 80% chemical fertilizer，biological organic fertilizer and straw returning（T6）.The results showed that，compared with the only chemical fertilizer or organic fertilizer treatments，the combined application of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer increased the content of soil nutrients and changed the soil pH value.Compared with the other fertilization treatments，the contents of soil available phosphorus，available nitrogen，available potassium in T6 treatment were significantly increased by 9.27%—31.80%，5.79%—28.06%and 3. 97%—18. 54% respectively；the content of soil organic matter in T6 was significantly increased by 6.56%，11.21% and 6.86% compared with T1，T2 and T5 treatments，respectively；the average color change rate values of six treatments showed T6>T4>T5>T3>T1>T2. At 120 h of soil microorganism cultivation，compared with the other fertilization treatments，the capacities of soil microorganisms in T6 treatment to utilize the polymeric compound，carbohydrate and amino acid were significantly increased by 12.75%—74.24%，5.71%—131.25% and 20.65%—177.50% respectively；in T6 treatment，soil microbial Shannon index，McIntosh index and Richness index were the highest，while Simpson index was the lowest. The redundancy analysis showed that the utilization capacity of various carbon sources and diversity index of soil microbial community were jointly restricted by a variety of environmental factors.Among them，soil available phosphorus（contribution rate of 35.3%） and soil available nitrogen（contribution rate of 23.4%），organic matter（contribution rate of 15.7%）were the main driving factors of soil microbial carbon source utilization and functional diversity，respectively. Under the condition of straw returning，the combination of chemical fertilizer reduction and biological organic fertilizer can effectively improve the content of soil available nutrients and organic matter，and improve the utilization capacity of soil microbial carbon source.



Effects of Tobacco‑Rice Continuous Cropping Years on Aggregates Stability of Purple Paddy Soil

LU Feng, LIAO Chaolin, LIU Fengfeng, XIAO Zhipeng, LONG Fei, XIANG Penghua, TANG Jianning, XIAO Mengyu, ZHANG Yongge, SHAN Xuehua

2022, 51(7):  85-92.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.009

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In order to explore the effects of tobacco‑rice continuous cropping years on aggregates stability of purple paddy soil，the purple paddy soil from purple hilly areas of Southern China，with no tobacco planted and rice‑rice continuous cropping for at least 5 years，was used as the control（CK），the tobacco planting soils were sampled to explore the effects of tobacco‑rice continuous cropping years（0—5 a，5—10 a，10—15 a，15—20 a，>20 a）on soil aggregates distribution and aggregates stability as well as its key influencing factors，based on the means of spatio‑temporal substitution，correlation analysis and redundancy analysis.The results showed that the content of >5 mm soil aggregates during the 0—5 a and 5—10 a of tobacco‑rice continuous cropping years was decreased by 26.71% and 24.35% respectively；the mean weight diameter（MWD） and geometric mean diameter（GMD） of soil aggregates were significantly decreased by 19.33% and 30.64% respectively after 0—5 years of tobacco‑rice continuous cropping，after 5—10 years of tobacco‑rice continuous cropping MWD and GMD were significantly decreased by 20.17% and 34.04% respectively，the fractal dimension increased significantly，and the stability of soil aggregates decreased.Correlation and redundancy analyses revealed that the contents of soil organic matter，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，gravel sized for 1—2 mm and clay sized for <0.002 mm were the key indexes inducing variation of soil aggregates distribution；the content variation of soil organic matter，total phosphorus，gravel sized for 1—2 mm and clay sized for <0.002 mm，induced the formation or destruction of soil >5 mm aggregates，which resulted in the changes of soil aggregates stability.Therefore，the effects of tobacco‑rice continuous cropping on the distribution and stability of soil aggregates in purple paddy soil are mainly concentrated in the continuous cropping years of 0—5 a and 5—10 a，and more attention should be paid to soil structure cultivation and soil quality conservation of this continuous cropping period.



Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria（PGPR）Fertilizer instead of Part of Chemical Fertilizer on Growth，Yield and Quality of Black Highland Barley

HE Jianqing, ZHANG Gejie

2022, 51(7):  93-101.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.010

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In order to develop bacterial fertilizer with better growth promoting effect on black highland barley,11 excellent bacterial strains of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)isolated from the rhizosphere of black highland barley were prepared into 11 kinds of PGPR bacterial fertilizer.Total fertilizer(urea 150 kg/ha+calcium superphosphate 120 kg/ha)was used as control(CK),the 11 kinds of bacterial fertilizer above+half dose of chemical fertilizer(urea 75 kg/ha+calcium superphosphate 60 kg/ha)were used as 11 treatments，and they were arranged in randomized blocks in field,to study the effects of PGPR bacterial fertilizer on growth,yield and quality of black highland barley.The results showed that most of the 11 tested PGPR bacterial fertilizers could significantly promote the growth,increase the yield,and improve the nutritional quality of black highland barley when it was treated with PGPR bacterial fertilizer+half dose of chemical fertilizer compared with CK.Among them,the growth promoting effect of bacterial fertilizer SR10‑6 was the most outstanding.Compared with CK,the emergence number,plant height at mature stage,root length at jointing stage,root volume at jointing stage of black highland barley increased by 112.50%,15.05%,22.39% and 5.88% respectively;the 1‑000 grain weight,grain number per spike,yield increased by 6.15%,23.91% and 97 09% respectively compared with CK;the contents of crude fat,phosphorus,potassium and zinc in grains increased by 41.67%，11.31%，17.07% and 55.86% respectively compared with CK.In conclusion,the SR10‑6 strain（Serratia sp.）could be used as an excellent strain for the production and promotion of black highland barley special biological fertilizer.



Plant Protection

Allelopathic Inhibition Effect of Brassica campestris L.Aqueous Extract on Four Kinds of Weeds and Field Application

QUAN Wei, ZHENG Chengzhong, DONG Baozhu, MENG Huanwen, SUN Ruifeng, ZHOU Hongyou

2022, 51(7):  102-111.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.011

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To clarify the allelopathic effect of rape on common farmland weeds and provide new ideas for green control of farmland weeds,we studied the allelopathic effect of rape water extract on four weeds,Amaranthus retroflexus，Setaria viridis,Chenopodium album,Panicum miliaceum.The weeding effect of rape in the field was verified by rape‑oat intercropping system.The results showed that the germination potential,germination index and vigor index of the four weed seeds were significantly lower than those of the control（sterilized water treatment）under the treatments of 0.10 and 0.15 g/mL extract.0.15 g/mL extract inhibited the hypocotyl length,radicle length,fresh weight of four weeds,however,at the concentration of 0.05 g/mL,only the dry weight of S.viridis was significantly reduced compared to the control.The order of allelopathic effects of rape extract on four weeds was as follows:S.viridis>P.miliaceum>C. album>A. retroflexus.Compared with the control,superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities of S.viridis and C.album decreased significantly,and the malondialdehyde content of the four weeds increased significantly under the treatments of 0.10 and 0.15 extract.The results of rape‑oat intercropping experiment showed that the intercropping system could significantly reduce the weed species,plant number and fresh weight during oat growth period,and the controlling effects in Jingning Agricultural Institute and Inner Mongolia Agricultural University new campus farm were 53.27%,49.74% for plant number,50.74% and 48.19% for fresh weight respectively.The above results showed that the allelopathic effect of rape could change the antioxidant activity and malondialdehyde accumulation of weeds，so as to inhibit weeds in oat field.



Effects of Biological Inducers and Fungicides on Black Spot Disease Resistance of Xinjiang Jujube

MA Yushan, FAN Yingying, LIU Min, QIN Qiaomei, WANG Yan, WANG Cheng, ZHANG Ruili

2022, 51(7):  112-122.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.012

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To select effective agents for the biological control of black spot disease，for Jun jujube（Zizyphus jujuba Mill.cv.Junzao）in Xinjiang，different inducers and fungicides were tested in this study.Among them，salicylic acid（SA） and methyl jasmonate（MeJA） belonged to biological inducers，Trichoderma harzianum‑derived selenium nanoparticles（TSNP） belonged to biogenic fungicide，tebuconazole（WZ）was used as the contrast chemical fungicide and water was used as the blank control（CK）.Black spot incidence rate and nutritional quality of jujube fruit after harvested in all the treatments were determined. The activity and gene expression of disease‑resistance related enzymes were investigated at different time after being inoculated with Alternaria alternata.Results showed that MeJA and TSNP had the best control effect on black spot disease in jujube fruits，and the incidence rates were 76.16% and 85.50% lower than CK，respectively.Inducers and fungicides treatments could improve the nutritional quality of jujube fruit to some extent，for example，the total amino acid content in TSNP treatment was increased by 0.59%，the fructose and glucose contents in SA treatment were increased by16.73% and 18.27%，respectively，the glucose content in WZ treatment was increased by 19.38%，and the contents of aspartate（Asp）and histidine（His）in MeJA treatment were increased by 13.81% and 24.56%，respectively.The activities of disease‑resistance related enzymes in jujube fruit in various agent treatments were also increased after being inoculated with Alternaria alternata at different days.On the 3rd day after being inoculated，the activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD） in SA treatment was the highest，which was 6.56 times that in CK.On the 5th day after being inoculated，the activity of SOD in TSNP treatment was the highest，which was 2.51 times that in CK.And also in TSNP treatment，on the 7th day after being inoculated，the activities of polyphenol oxidase（PPO），catalase（CAT），ascorbiate peroxidase（APX）and phenylalnine ammonialyase（PAL）were 14.00，1.37，1.37 and 1.10 times those in CK，respectively.In MeJA treatment，on the 7th day after being inoculated，the activities of peroxidase（POD）and PPO were 1.14 and 13.75 times those in CK，respectively. At the same time，the expression of disease‑resistance related enzyme genes also changed.In MeJA treatment，the gene expression level of PAL was highest on the 3rd day，which was 63. 19% higher than CK；the gene expression level of CAT was highest on the 5th day，which was 55.43% higher than CK；the gene expression level of SOD was highest on the 7th day，which was 60.00% higher than CK.In TSNP treatment，the gene expression of CAT was highest on the 3rd day，which was up‑regulated by 72.45% compared with CK；and the gene expression of PAL was the highest on the 7th day，which was up‑regulated by 79.06% compared with CK.In SA treatment，the SOD gene expression of jujube fruit was highest on the 5th day，which was up‑regulated by 36.96% compared with CK.In conclusion，different biological inducers and fungicides have different influence on the nutritional composition and black spot disease resistance of Xinjiang jujube.Among them，MeJA and TSNP have the best overall effect，and could be used as effective agents for biological control of black spot disease.


Horticulture

Screening and Mechanism Exploration of Light Intensity during Grafting Healing of Cucumber

ZHONG Luming, ZHAI Tingkai, HAO Siyi, LIN Biying, CHU Yufan, YANG Yuying, SHEN Baoying

2022, 51(7):  123-133.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.013

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In order to investigate the effect of different light intensity on grafting healing and select the most accurate light intensity during grafting healing of cucumber，with cucumber as scion and pumpkin as rootstock，the top grafting was carried out，followed by tests in three stages(1—3 d，4—6 d，7—9 d).Different light intensity was given at each stage，and the real‑time effect of grafting healing was effectively evaluated and analyzed by using rapid chlorophyll fluorescence technique supplemented with grafting healing phenotype indexes. The results showed that，with the increase of light intensity，the diameter of junction at the first stage（1—3 d）and the third stage（7—9 d）increased first and then decreased，bu diameter of the junction at the second stage（4—6 d） did not change significantly.The actual photochemical quantum efficiency[Y(Ⅱ)]and PSⅡ electron transfer rate（qP）of rootstock and scion cotyledons in the first（1—3 d）and third（7—9 d）stages of grafting healing increased first and then decreased with the increase of light intensity，and reached the maximum values at light intensity of 50，150 μmol/(m²·s)，respectively.In the second stage（4—6 d），the actual photochemical quantum efficiency[Y(Ⅱ)］and PSⅡ electron transfer rate（qP）of scion cotyledons both reached the maximum values at light intensity of 100 μmol/(m²·s).In the first stage（1—3 d）and the second stage（4—6 d），the non‑regulatory energy dissipation of PS Ⅱ［Y（NO）］decreased first and then increased with the increase of light intensity. Comprehensive evaluation by membership function‑radar analysis method showed that 1—3 d，4—6 d，7—9 d had the best healing effect under the light intensity of 50，100，150 μmol/（m2·s），respectively. In conclusion，light intensity of 50，100，150 μmol/（m2·s）at 1—3 d，4—6 d，7—9 d during grafting healing was the most favorable. In addition，enhancing light intensity during grafting healing period could increase the number of calluses in the junction，improve the photosynthetic efficiency and electron transfer rate of cotyledons of rootstock and scion，and improve the self‑regulation ability of grafted seedlings to grafting stress，effectively promoting the grafting healing of cucumber.



Principal Component Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Free Amino Acids in Different Lentinus edodes Varieties

LIU Qin, Terigen, SHI Ziwen, WU Jie, HU Sujuan, CUI Xiao, KONG Weili

2022, 51(7):  134-144.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.014

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The nutritional characteristics and taste and flavor of different Lentinus edodes varieties were scientifically evaluated and compared.In this study,14 Lentinus edodes varieties conventionally cultivated in Henan Province were selected as the research objects.The free amino acids were measured by an automatic amino acid analyzer,and the ratios and taste characteristics of free amino acid components were systematically compared.The results showed that 14 Lentinus edodes varieties were rich in free amino acids,including 17 kinds of amino acids，with a total content of 10.91—20.57 mg/g，and there was a great difference among different varieties.The ratio of essential amino acids/(essential amino acids+non‑essential amino acids) of 14 Lentinus edodes varieties was close to 40%，and the ratio of essential amino acids/non‑essential amino acids was close to or over 60%，approaching the ideal values.Among the flavor amino acids，the contents of sweet，bitter and aromatic amino acids in Yuxiang 1 were the highest. Glu has the greatest effect on the umami taste of Lentinus edodes，and taste activity value（TAV）of Glu was 9.29—20.06.The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis were consistent.14 Lentinus edodes varieties were significantly divided into four categories（Euclidean distance was 2.5），among which Yuxiang 1 with the best comprehensive quality belonged to the first category.The comprehensive quality of Nongxiang 1，Nanshan 1 and Xiang 1024 took the second place，and they were clustered into the second category. Xiang 25，Xiang LS，Xiang 28，Yuhua 3，L18，Xiang 808，Xiang 9608，Xiang 931 and Han Xiang 1 were clustered into the third category，and Nongxiang 3 with the worst comprehensive quality belonged to the fourth category.



Animal Science Veterinary Medicine

Effect of Fermented Traditional Chinese Medicine on Intestinal Microflora of Broilers with Avian Colibacillosis

GU Yanli, CAO Yanzi, WANG Xiaoyu, SHAN Chunqiao, LIU Yan, JIANG Guotuo

2022, 51(7):  145-153.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.015

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on intestinal microflora of broilers with avian colibacillosis.270 healthy 1‑day‑old AA white‑feathered broilers were divided into three groups，three replicates for each treatment and 30 broilers for each repetition.Broilers in the control group（D group）were routinely fed.The fermented traditional Chinese medicine group （PEG group）and the antibiotic group（K group）were modeled with E.coli O78 and treated.The samples were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing technology.The result showed that after treatment with the fermented traditional Chinese medicine composed of Andrographis herba，Pulsatillae Radix，Patrinia，Rhizoma Coptidis，etc，there was no significant difference in the richness and diversity of microflora with the control group，and the content of Akkermansia was significantly increased.The fermented traditional Chinese medicine can regulate intestinal microflora and substance transport and metabolism，increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and inhibit harmful bacteria in broilers.


Effects of Morphological Traits on Body Weight of Cipangopaludina chinensis

LI Zhe, WU Jinsong, PAN Xianhui, WEI Zina, LIN Yong, QIN Junqi, HUANG Yin, LUO Hui, YE Hua, CHEN Zhong, DU Xuesong, WEN Luting, ZHOU Kangqi

2022, 51(7):  154-162.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.016

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To explore the effects of morphological traits on the body weight of Cipangopaludina chinensis，420 individuals from four locations（Dahua Yao Autonomous County，Hechi City；Nandan County，Hechi City；Quanzhou County，Guilin City；Xing’an County，Guilin City）were selected. A total of eight traits including body weight（Y），shell height（X₁），shell width（X₂），aperture height（X₃），aperture width（X₄），body whorl height（X₅），the second spiral height（X₆），the second spiral width（X₇）were measured and analyzed using correlation analysis，path analysis，and multiple regression analysis.The results showed certain differences in the morphological traits and body weight of C. chinensis collected from the four locations.The coefficients of variation of body weight of C.chinensis in the four locations were all greater than 20%，indicating high breeding potential.Path analysis showed that the determinative coefficients of morphological traits on body weight were also different among the four locations.Four regression equations of morphological traits and body weight were established in four locations,Dahua Yao Autonomous County:Y_A=-16.365+0.682X₁+0.409X₄+0.162X₇(R²=0.791);Nandan County:Y_B=-12.233+0.703X₁+0.177X₂+0.171X₇₍R²=0.807);QuanzhouCounty:Y_C=-17.644+0.763X₁+0.278X₃+0.160X₄+0.260X7(R²=0.890);Xing’an County:YD=-13.538+0.632X1(R²=0.945).Path analysis and multiple regression analysis jointly showed that shell height had a significant effect on the body weight of C.chinensis at all four collection locations. In summary，shell height and body weight are the major traits that should be referred to during the selection and breeding process of C.chinensis.



Agricultural Information and Engineering Agricultural Product...

Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Modification on the Allergenicity of Wheat Gliadin and Process Optimization

MENG Zhipeng, WEN Qingyu, ZHANG Yu, LI Tianqi, ZHANG Kangyi

2022, 51(7):  163-172.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.017

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Wheat gliadin（GLI）is the main allergen in wheat. The effect of enzymatic modification on the sensitization of GLI was studied，and the enzymatic hydrolysis process was optimized to reduce its sensitization. First，alkaline protease and complex protease were screened for simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis with the sensitization characteristic value OD₄₅₀ as the evaluation index.Then a single factor experiment was carried out with the OD₄₅₀ and the degree of hydrolysis as indexes. The enzymatic hydrolysis process was optimized by response surface methodology，and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis process for reducing the sensitization of GLI was obtained as follows：The enzyme addition amount was 3 080 U/g，the substrate mass concentration was 32 g/L，the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature was 50.5℃，the pH value was 7.48，and the time was 4 h.Under this condition，the OD₄₅₀ value decreased from 1.013 2 to 0.363 5.SDS‑PAGE and Tricine‑SDS‑PAGE analyses showed that double‑enzyme hydrolysis had higher enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency than single‑enzyme hydrolysis. ELISA and Western blot analyses showed that the effect of enzymatic modification in reducing the sensitization of GLI was good，and the optimal enzyme formula（double enzyme）was better than the single enzyme in reducing sensitization.


Effects of Three Antagonistic Yeasts Treatment on the Storage Quality of Honey Peach

WANG Yaxin, YAN Fei, LI Jianlong

2022, 51(7):  173-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.018

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The effects of three kinds of antagonistic yeasts(Cryptococcus laurentii，Candida oleophila and Candida intermedia)combined treatment on the postharvest storage quality of peaches at room temperature(25—30℃)were studied，in order to provide a new method for the storage and preservation of peaches.With Fenghuang peach as the experimental material,the suspension of Candida oleophila,Candida intermedia,mixed suspension of Cryptococcus laurentii and Candida oleophila,Cryptococcus laurentii and Candida intermedia,Cryptococcus laurentii,Candida oleophila and Candida intermedia were used for treatment groups.No suspension was used for control group.The rot index，weight loss rate,hardness,soluble solid content,respiratory strength,relative conductivity,malondialdehyde(MDA)content,soluble protein content were measured.The experiment period was 8 days.Compared with the control group,the weight loss rate of the Candida oleophila group decreased by 7.39 percentage points;the soluble protein content of the Candida intermedia group increased by 36.14%;the soluble protein content of the Cryptococcus laurentii+Candida oleophila group increased by 40.95%;the rot grade of the Cryptococcus laurentii+Candida intermedia group was significantly reduced，the hardness was effectively maintained，the respiration intensity was significantly decreased by 68.36%,the MDA content was significantly decreased by 28.28%;the content of MAD in the fruit of Cryptococcus laurentii+Candida oleophila+Candida intermedia group significantly decreased by 21.26%,and the protein content increased significantly by 37.33%.There was no significant difference of inhibiting the rise of relative conductivity of fruits among different groups. On the whole,all the suspensions of three antagonistic yeasts combined treatment could inhibit the mildew and decay process of peaches,and the Cryptococcus laurentii+Candida intermedia group has the best performance in various indicators,could significantly inhibit fruit mildew,maintain fruit flavor,and has the best fresh‑keeping effect.



Characteristics Analysis of Zero‑cited Papers in Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences from 2011 to 2016

QI Hongzhi, ZHUO Wenfei, YANG Cuiping, DUAN Junzhi

2022, 51(7):  181-189.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.019

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Zero‑cited papers in Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences from 2011 to 2016 were counted with China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）as the data source，and bibliometrics method was used to analyze the characteristics of zero‑cited papers from paper type，column distribution，length，keywords，download frequency and references，so as to provide reference for topic selection planning，manuscript selection and influence promotion of the journal.The results showed that total papers number was 2 728 in six years，including 161 zero‑cited papers with the zero citation rate of 5.90%，and the
interannual fluctuation was small(4.26%—7.26%).The zero cited papers were mainly in the research category（93.8%），while the zero cited papers in the review and monograph category were less，and the zero citation rates of the two types of papers were 6.10% and 3.98%，respectively. The zero citation rates of columns of animal husbandry·veterinary medicine，plant protection，crop cultivation·genetic breeding，horticulture and forestry，agricultural resources and environment，agricultural products processing·agricultural engineering·agricultural information technology were 11.14%，6.98%，6.17%，5.36%，2.69%，2.13%，respectively；67.7% of zero‑cited papers were 4 pages or less，19.3% of papers were 5 pages，13.0% of papers were 6 pages or more，and the zero‑cited rate of papers≤4 pages（7.13%）was significantly higher than that of papers≥5 pages(4.33%).The average download frequency of 161 zero‑cited papers was 90.5 times，the average download frequency of review and monograph papers（153.3 times）was significantly higher than that of research papers(86.4 times).Papers with more than 20 references and less than 30 references had the lowest rate of zero citation(3.81%)，the number of zero cited papers decreased significantly with the increase of the proportion of references in recent two years，and decreased first and then increased with the increase of the proportion of foreign literatures. In conclusion，editors can reduce the zero citation rate and improve the journals influence by intensifying the invitation of experts for review papers，strengthening animal husbandry·veterinary medicine and other column topic selection，judging the academic quality of manuscripts by the length of papers and the characteristics of references.



Analysis of Postgraduate Author Group in Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences from 2015 to 2020

FENG Lili, YAN Zhaoling, DUAN Junzhi,

2022, 51(7):  190-196.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.07.020

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Papers of postgraduate authors as the first authors published in Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed，including the number of papers，fund projects，regions and source organizations of authors，and the proportion of the highly cited papers（top 5% of the cited papers in Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences from 2010 to 2019），so as to provide the reference for organizing and inviting manuscripts，and establishing a stable author team.The results showed that the papers proportion of postgraduate authors published in Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences from 2015 to 2020 gradually increased in general.The lowest rate was 28.30% in 2015 and the highest rate was 42.21% in 2019.Among the papers of postgraduate authors published in Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences from 2019 to 2020，100% obtained fund support，mainly funded by national and provincial（ministerial）‑level support. Postgraduate authors were widely distributed in 31 provinces（autonomous regions and municipalities）.Henan had the most papers，accounting for 33.09%.Among the highly cited papers，the papers of postgraduate authors accounted for 37.35%（61.54% in 2019）.In conclusion，postgraduate author group is very important for Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences.Extending the postgraduate author group and attracting high‑quality manuscripts may be useful methods for improving the academic influence.