Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Research Progress on Efficient Utilization of Water，Fertilizer and Pesticide in Rice Production and Their Effects on Rice

LI Wenxiu, ZHOU Hang, LIU Lang, WU Zhaohui

2022, 51(6): 1-12. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.001

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Rice is one of the major food crops in China，and its yield and quality are affected by water，fertilizer and pesticide，but the utilization rate of water，fertilizer and pesticide is low in China，resulting in waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore，it is of great practical significance to study the efficient utilization technology of water，fertilizer and pesticide and its effect on rice yield and quality.In this paper，we reviewed the efficient utilization technologies of water（dry⁃wet alternate irrigation，ground cover rice production system，system of rice intensification），efficient utilization technologies of nitrogen fertilizer（improving fertilization methods，changing fertilizer morphology，optimal application amount and application period of nitrogen fertilizer），efficient utilization technologies of pesticides（improving spray methods，biological pesticide）and collaborative and efficient utilization technologies of water，fertilizer and pesticide（water⁃fertilizer interaction，technique of reduction of fertilizer and pesticide） and their effects on rice yield and quality，and pointed out the problems in this field and future research directions.

Research Progress on Toxic Effect of Selenium on Plants

LIANG Zhizhe, SI Zhenxing, NIU Huiwei, XU Zicheng, JIA Wei, XU Jiayang

2022, 51(6): 13-21. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.002

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Different selenium（Se） concentrations exhibit different effects on plant growth，low concentrations are beneficial to plant growth and development while high levels are toxic to most plants.With the deepening of people’s understanding of Se pollution in the environment，Se pollution in soil and Se poisonousness in crops have gradually attracted attention，which promotes the study of selenium absorption，accumulation and metabolic regulation in plants. This paper summarized the research progress of Se toxicity in plants，including the distribution characteristics of Se in soil，threshold values，manifestation characteristics of Se poisonousness，related toxicological basis，and toxic resistance in plants，and put forward the difficulties in the future research of Se toxicity，which would provide references for the rational utilization of Se.

Effect of Spraying Zinc Stage on Grain Yield and Zinc Content of Different Summer Maize Varieties

ZHANG Panpan, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Yuzhen, HE Guanhua, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, NIU Jun

2022, 51(6): 22-31. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.003

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The effects of different spraying zinc（Zn）stage［no Zn（Zn0），spraying Zn of 1∶1 at seedling stage and jointing stage（Zn1），spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage（Zn2），and spraying Zn at flare opening stage（Zn3）with 4.5 kg/ha ZnSO₄·7H₂O］on the dry matter accumulation of plant organs，grain yield and its component，Zn content，accumulation and availability of 10 summer maize varieties［DH605（V1），DK653（V2），XY335（V3），QL618（V4），WK702（V5），LP638（V6），YF303（V7），DD5H（V8），ZD958（V9）and GSY66（V10）］were studied，so as to provide theoretical basis for Zn biofortification and high yield of summer maize. The result indicated that compared with Zn0 treatment，spraying Zn treatments increased dry matter accumulation and grain Zn content，generally significantly reduced the bald tip length and increased thousand grains weight，yield，Zn accumulation and availability.Zn2V4 treatment had the highest dry matter accumulation with 19.74 t/ha，followed by Zn0V4，Zn3V4 and Zn1V7 treatments；the shortest bald tip length was obtained under Zn3V8 treatment，followed by Zn3V5，Zn3V9 and Zn2V8 treatments；Zn1V5 treatment had the highest grain number perear，followed by Zn0V5 and Zn3V5 treatments；Zn1V7 treatment had the highest 1 000⁃grain weight，followed by Zn2V7，Zn0V7，Zn2V6，Zn3V6 and Zn0V8 treatments；Zn2V7 and Zn1V7 treatments had higher grain yields with 10.63 t/ha and 10.61 t/ha，respectively，followed by Zn3V4，Zn3V6 and Zn3V7 treatments with more than 10.00 t/ha. Zn3V10 and Zn2V2 treatments had higher Zn contents with 60.28 mg/kg and 60.22 mg/kg，followed by Zn2V10，Zn2V8，Zn2V5，Zn3V2 and Zn3V9 treatments；Zn2V2 treatment had the highest Zn accumulation with 507.05 g/ha，followed by Zn3V2 and Zn3V9 treatments；Zn2V8 and Zn3V9 treatments had lower molar ratio of P to Zn with 320.01 and 325.84 respectively，showing higher Zn availability，followed by Zn2V2，Zn3V10，Zn3V2，Zn2V10 and Zn0V9 treatments.By comprehensive consideration，Zn2V7 treatment had the highest grain yield and higher Zn content with 39.25 mg/kg，basically reached the Zn biofortification value（40—50 mg/kg） of maize，and could simultaneously achieve high yield and zinc biofortification of maize.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction Patterns on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Machine Transplanted Indica Hybrid Rice in Karst Area

FENG Yungui, FENG Yuehua, ZHANG Jianchong, LONG Lirong, ZHAO Qingkai, QIN Jianquan

2022, 51(6): 32-42. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.004

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Chuanyou 9527（V1），Yliangyou 900（V2） and Zhunliangyou 527（V3） were used as experimental materials，and six treatments including no nitrogen fertilizer（T1），the local farmers customary nitrogen application pattern（T2，CK），postponing nitrogen application with 20% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer（T3），combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and postponing nitrogen application with 20% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer（T4），increasing density and postponing nitrogen application with 20% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer（T5），combined application of controlled⁃release fertilizer and urea with 20% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer（T6），were set up to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer reduction patterns on panicle bearing tiller rate，leaf area index，dry matter accumulation，yield，yield components and nitrogen use efficiency of machine transplanted indica hybrid rice in the Karst area of Guizhou Province，so as to provide technical support for high yield and high efficiency cultivation of machine transplanted indica hybrid rice in Karst area of Guizhou Province.The results showed that the yield of T6 treatment was equivalent to that of T2 treatment；the yields of T5，T4 and T3 treatments increased compared with T2 treatment，the yields of V1，V2，V3 of T5 and T4 treatments significantly increased by 12.9%，23.7%，23.8% and 12.3%，14.1%，13.8%，respectively，and the yields of V1，V2 and V3 of T3 treatment increased by 7.8%，14.1%，7.6%，the yield increase of T5，T4 and T3 treatments was mainly due to the increase of leaf area index，dry matter accumulation，panicle bearing tiller rate and effective panicle number in the later stage.Nitrogen agronomic efficiency，nitrogen partial productivity，nitrogen absorption efficiency and nitrogen recovery efficiency of T5，T4，T3 and T6 treatments were generally significantly higher than those of T2 treatment. The overall performance of nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity was T5>T4>T3>T6>T2，and the overall performance of nitrogen absorption efficiency and nitrogen recovery efficiency was T4>T5>T3>T6>T2.In conclusion，under the condition of 20% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer，T5，T4 and T3 treatments can achieve the effect of increasing production and efficiency，T5 treatment is the best，and T4 treatment is the second.

Correlation Analysis between Protein Content and Agronomic Traits of Foxtail Millet

FENG Lian, TIAN Xiang, QIAO Zhijun, WANG Haigang

2022, 51(6): 43-53. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.005

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The correlation between the agronomic traits（quality traits：seedling leaf color，tillering，leaf sheath color，panicle type，ear tightness，bristle length，shape of panicle neck，hull color，grain color；quantitative traits：main stem length，main panicle length，diameter of main stem，node number of main stem，main panicle diameter，panicle weight per plant，grain weight per plant）and grain protein content of 83 Shanxi foxtail millet cultivars including landraces and bred cultivars was studied，and principal component analysis and cluster analysis were done，so as to provide theoretical basis for the selection of germplasm with high protein content in millet breeding.The results showed that the variation coefficient of grain protein content of foxtail millet was the lowest（9.00%），whereas the variation coefficient of grain weight per plant was the highest（30.75%）.The order of variation coefficient of all the quantitative traits was grain weight per plant>panicle weight per plant>main panicle length>main panicle diameter>main stem length>node number of main stem>diameter of main stem>protein content.Correlation analysis result showed that grain protein content was significantly negatively correlated with main stem length，node number of main stem，main stem diameter，panicle weight per plant，grain weight per plant and leaf sheath color，and significantly positively correlated with bristle length and grain color.The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first eight principal components was 80.643%，which could be used to express most of the information of millet protein content and agronomic traits. All the foxtail millet cultivars were divided into four categories by cluster analysis.The first group was bred cultivars，which had the smallest main stem length，node number of main stem and bristle length，and the largest diameter of main stem，showing lodging resistance potential.The second group mainly consisted of landraces，which had the highest protein content. The main panicle length and grain weight per plant were the highest in the third group. The fourth group was mainly composed of bred cultivars with the highest main stem length，node number of main stem and panicle weight per plant. In the future，more attention should be paid to the utilization of the landraces with low main stem length，panicle weight per plant，and grain weight per plant during the breeding of foxtail millet cultivars with high protein content.

Screening of Nitrogen Efficient Varieties and Construction of Nitrogen Efficiency Assessment System at Seedling Stage of Sesame（Sesamum indicum L.）

ZHANG Pengyu, GAO Tongmei, SU Xiaoyu, LI Feng, WANG Dongyong, TIAN Yuan, LU Hailing, MIAO Hongmei, WEI Shuangling

2022, 51(6): 54-66. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.006

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In order to screen the sesame varieties with high nitrogen efficiency from different sesame varieties and construct an assessment system of nitrogen efficiency at seedling stage，the physiological and nitrogen efficiency traits of 18 sesame varieties at seedling stage under different nitrogen levels were measured.The variation coefficient，correlation analysis，principal component analysis，path analysis，membership function analysis and grey correlation degree analysis were used to screen nitrogen efficient varieties，determine nitrogen efficient evaluation traits，and construct nitrogen efficient evaluation system at the seedling stage of sesame.The results showed that among different varieties，there were significant differences in various traits under different nitrogen levels.Under normal and high nitrogen levels，the variation coefficients of nitrogen content and nitrogen utilization efficiency of plants showed lower than those of low nitrogen level.Under different nitrogen treatments，there was a significant or very significant positive correlation among stem dry weight，leaf dry weight，root nitrogen absorption efficiency and leaf nitrogen absorption efficiency of sesame varieties.The 18 varieties were divided into three grades by the European distance longest distance method，among them，Zhengtaizhi No.3 and Zhengzhi HL05 were nitrogen efficient varieties，Fusui Sanhe black sesame and Burmese prolific were nitrogen inefficient varieties.Under different nitrogen levels，the stem fresh weight，leaf fresh weight，leaf dry weight and stem dry weight were all highly correlated with the comprehensive score of nitrogen efficiency，which were important traits for screening of nitrogen efficient sesame varieties.Under different nitrogen levels，the two nitrogen efficient varieties showed higher advantages in root fresh weight and dry weight，and the two sesame cultivars with high nitrogen efficiency under low nitrogen level had higher taproot length，nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency in various tissues than those under normal and high nitrogen levels.At seedling stage，low nitrogen level was more suitable for screening nitrogen efficient sesame varieties，and the nitrogen use efficiency of sesame was mainly determined by the nitrogen uptake efficiency.

Effects of Phthalamic Acid on Dry Matter Accumulation，Nutrient Absorption and Yield of Cotton

TIAN Yangqing, MA Chunmei, ZHAO Qiang, WU Xueqin, LI Jiangyu

2022, 51(6): 67-75. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.007

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The effects of foliar spraying of phthalamic acid with different mass concentrations on dry matter accumulation，nutrient absorption and yield of cotton were explored，so as to provide a certain theoretical basis for the scientific application of phthalamic acid in cotton. With the cotton variety Yanmian 67 as the field test material and clear water as the control，three doses of phthalamic acid，133.3 mg/L（P1），200.0 mg/L（P2）and 266.7 mg/L（P3），were sprayed on the leaves at 10 days before and after chemical topping of cotton. The effects of different mass concentrations of phthalamic amino acid on dry matter accumulation，total chlorophyll content and nutrient absorption of cotton shoots were compared.The results showed that spraying different mass concentrations of phthalamic amino acid could improve the dry matter accumulation，nutrient absorption and total chlorophyll of cotton.At 28 days after application，the total amount of chlorophyll in functional leaves of cotton treated with P1，P2 and P3 increased by 40.48%，61.90% and 46.43% respectively compared with CK；At 40 days after application，the proportim of dry weight of reproductive organs in P1，P2 and P3 treatments increased by 0.23，12.44 and 6.66 percentage points respectively compared with CK.The total nitrogen accumulation in leaves，stems and bolls of P2 treatment was significantly higher than CK，increased by 23.51%，23.46% and 10.35% respectively.P2 and P3 treatments significantly increased the absorption of total phosphorus in all parts of cotton. The total potassium accumulation of cotton fibers in P2 and P3 treatments was significantly higher than CK，increased by 16.60% and 12.53% respectively；Compared with CK，the cotton yields of P1，P2 and P3 increased by 0.77%，13.55% and 2.00% respectively.In conclusion，foliar spraying of 200.0 mg/L phthalamic acid（P2 treatment）had the best promoting effect on aboveground dry matter accumulation，total chlorophyll，nutrient absorption and cotton yield.

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Combined with Organic Materials on the Growth of Guizhou Alpine Cabbage

WEI Quanquan, GOU Jiulan, ZHANG Meng, LIU Lingling, GU Xiaofeng, CHEN Long

2022, 51(6): 76-84. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.008

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A field experiment was conducted in Weining County，Bijie City，Guizhou Province in 2021，to explore the application effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and combined application of different organic materials on Guizhou alpine cold vegetable cabbage. Three nitrogen（N）fertilizer gradients（100%N，85%N and 70%N）were applied with organic materials［biochar（B）and commercial organic fertilizer （O），6 000 kg/ha］to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and organic materials application on the yield，nutrient absorption，fertilizer utilization，quality and economic benefit of cabbage.The results showed that when nitrogen fertilizer was not reduced，compared with the single application of nitrogen fertilizer（100%N），the combined application of biochar（100%NB）and commercial organic fertilizer（100%NO）could increase the yield of cabbage by 5 544 and 6 433 kg/ha，with an increase of 7.16% and 8.31% respectively，and the net income increased by 5 299 and 6 476 Yuan/ha，with an increase of 6.47% and 7.91% respectively.The accumulation，agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency of nitrogen（N），phosphorus（P2O5）and potassium（K2O）were higher than those of 100%N.After applying organic materials，the nitrate content of cabbage decreased significantly，and the contents of soluble sugar，vitamin C，free amino acids and protein increased. When the nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 15%，the yield，output value，net income，nutrient accumulation，quality，agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency of N，P₂O₅ and K2O treated with biochar（85%NB）and commercial organic fertilizer（85%NO）were equivalent to those treated with 100%N（the difference was not significant），which could stabilize and increase yield，and the effect of commercial organic fertilizer was better than biochar.When nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 30%，even if biochar（70%NB） and commercial organic fertilizer（70%NO）were applied，the yield，output value，net income，nutrient accumulation，quality，fertilizer utilization rate of cabbage decreased compared with 100%N treatment.In summary，in the high altitude cold vegetable area of Guizhou，the application of biochar or commercial organic fertilizer can replace 15% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer，and the substitution effect of commercial organic fertilizer is better than biochar.It is suggested that the input of nitrogen fertilizer in this area is 191.25 kg/ha，and 6 000 kg/ha organic materials should be applied at the same time，and commercial organic fertilizer is more appropriate.

Migration and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil⁃Pepper System in Yellow Soil Region of Middle and Low Altitude in Guizhou Province

LUO Muxinjian, CHAI Guanqun, LIU Guihua, QIN Song, YANG Jiaojiao, FAN Chengwu

2022, 51(6): 85-93. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.010

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In order to explore the law of migration and accumulation of heavy metals in soil⁃pepper system in yellow soil region of middle and low altitude，four pepper varieties［Capsicum frutescens L.，Capsicum annuum L.var.conoides（Mill.）Irish No.1，Capsicum annuum L.var.conoides（Mill.）Irish No.2 and Capsicum annuum L.］of typical middle and low altitude yellow soil region（Huangyang Town，Suiyang County，Guizhou Province）and their rhizosphere soils were selected to investigate，evaluate and analyze the content of cadmium（Cd），arsenic（As），lead（Pb），chromium（Cr）and zinc（Zn）.The results showed that the main pollution elements of soil in the region were Cd and Pb.The concentration of Cd in 21 samples and the concentration of Pb in 16 samples exceeded the screening value of corresponding farmland soil pollution risk. There were compound pollution phenomena of five heavy metals in individual plots.Mainly affected by Cd（the maximum value of Cd pollution index was 10.40），the comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals was as high as 7.35.In all pepper parts（fresh samples），the absorption capacity of Cd by leaves was the strongest，and the concentrations of Cd in leaves of Capsicum frutescens L.，Capsicum annuum L.var.conoides（Mill）Irish No.1，Capsicum annuum L.var.conoides（Mill.）Irish No.2 and Capsicum annuum L.were 0.77，0.80，1.44，1.12 mg/kg，respectively.As was easy to transfer in pepper plants and accumulate in fruits，and the concentrations of As in fruits of Capsicum frutescens L.，Capsicum annuum L.var.conoides（Mill.）Irish No.1，Capsicum annuum L.var.conoides（Mill.）Irish No.2 and Capsicum annuum L.were 1.89，1.73，1.69，1.76 mg/kg.The concentrations of Pb and Cr showed root>stem>fruits. There was no obvious characteristics of Zn distribution in plants.The edible risk assessment showed that the concentrations of Cd and As in the fruits of pepper in this region exceeded the standard value of The Limit of Pollutants in Food（GB2762—2017）.Among them，the proportion of Cd exceeding the standard was large，but the per capita weekly intake was far lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake （PTWI），so there was no health risk； only one sample’s concentration of As in Capsicum frutescens L.exceeded the standard. Correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between total concentration of Zn in soil and heavy metal concentration in fruits. Available concentration of Zn in soil significantly affected concentrations of Cd and Zn in fruits，with correlation coefficients of -0.385 and 0.573（P<0. 01），respectively.Therefore，planting pepper in yellow soil region of middle and low altitude should pay attention to the concentrations of Cd and As，and the Cd impedance effect can be achieved by activating soil Zn，so as to realize the safe utilization of such types of soil.

Relationships between Leaf Structure of Tea Plants and Resistance to Tea Stick Thrip and Tea Green Leafhopper

MENG Zehong, YANG Chun, LI Shuai, CHEN Zhengwu, ZHOU Yufeng

2022, 51(6): 94-102. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.010

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In order to identify the key structural factors affecting the insect resistance of tea tree varieties and quickly identify resistant varieties，12 tea varieties with different resistance were selected as experimental materials. Leaf physical structures were measured by paraffin section and scanning electron microscope.A total of 12 leaf anatomical structure traits and 13 leaf micro⁃morphological structure traits were analyzed. Relationship between leaf physical structures and the resistance of tea varieties to tea stick thrip（Dendrothrips minowai Prieser）and tea green leafhopper（Empoasca onukii Matsuda）was definited with correlation analysis.The results showed that thickness of upper epidermis，thickness of palisade tissue，density of leaf pubescences in highly resistant varieties were higher than those in highly susceptible varieties to D.minowai.But stomatal opening rate was lower than that in highly susceptible varieties.The number of calcium oxalate crystal in Fudingdabaicha was the lowest，which was a highly susceptible varietiy to E.onukii. Correlation analysis showed that stomatal density，density of leaf pubescences，density of calcium oxalate crystal and adaxial epidermal waxy ornamentation were significantly negatively correlated with the pest number ratio of D.minowai.Stomatal aperture and stomatal opening rate were significantly positively correlated with the pest number ratio of D.minowai.Whereas the inner stomatal width showed extremely significant positive correlation.The density of palisade tissue was significantly negatively correlated with the pest number ratio of E.onukii.No significant correlations were found for the other variables.Generally，the relationship between leaf structures and the resistance to D.minowai was stronger than that to E. onukii. Several leaf physical structures were significantly correlated with the resistance of tea varieties to D. minowai，particularly the stomata and pubescence.

Control Effect of the Mixture of Mesosulfuron⁃methyl and Pinoxaden on Aegilops tauschii and Lolium multiflorum in Wheat Field

WU Renhai, XU Hongle, SUN Lanlan, SU Wangcang, WEI Hongmei, XUE Fei, LU Chuantao

2022, 51(6): 103-110. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.011

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To develop effective herbicides to control Aegilops tauschii and Lolium multiflorum in wheat fields，the synergistic effect of mesosulfuron⁃methyl mixed with pinoxaden was determined by indoor and field trials.The results of indoor test showed that when mesosulfuron⁃methyl∶pinoxaden was 1∶1，1∶2，1∶3，1∶4，1∶6，the cotoxicity coefficient（CTC） to control Lolium multiflorum was 37.37，189.10，287. 08，259.37，101.80，respectively，indicating that when the ratio of mesosulfuron⁃methyl and pinoxaden was 1∶2—1∶4，it had a significant synergistic effect. When mesosulfuron⁃methyl was mixed with 1，2，4，8 times of pinoxaden，the control effects on A.tauschii were 1.50，1.76，3.66 and 5.65 times of mesosulfuron⁃methyl. When the mixture of mesosulfuron⁃methyl and pinoxaden（1∶4）was at the dosage of（30+120），（60+240），（120+480）g/ha，the inhibition rate on wheat was 10. 28%—34.43%，and the addition of the safener mefenpyr⁃diethyl could restore the growth of wheat to the normal level（spraying water）.The control effect on A. tauschii with the mixed treatment of 3% mesosulfuron⁃methyl OD18 g/ha+5% pinoxaden EC 45—67.5 g/ha was 89. 28%—91. 83%，which was significantly higher than that with 3% methyldisulfuron OD 18 g/ha（83.28%）.The results of regional test showed that the treatment of 3% mesosulfuron⁃methyl OD 13.5 g/ha+5% pinoxaden EC 54 g/ha generated fresh weight control effect of 99.79% on L.multiflorum and wheat yield increased by 17.43%. Above all，the mixture of mesosulfuron⁃methyl and pinoxaden has a good application prospect in controlling A. tauschii and L.multiflorum.

Effect of Different Yield Load on Quality Development during Delayed Harvest of Shine Muscat Grape

LOU Yusui, ZHANG Xiaofeng, LI Zheng, SHANG Hongquan, FAN Hongjie, LÜ Zhongwei

2022, 51(6): 111-118. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.012

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To determine the proper yield load and harvest time for delayed harvest of Shine Muscat grape，9⁃year⁃old Shine Muscat grapevines were used as experimental materials. The yield loads of four treatments were one cluster per two（F1），three（F2），four（F3），and five（F4）shoots，respectively，and yield load of one cluster per shoot was the control（CK）.The fruit quality during the delayed harvest and the nutrient storage of branches after defoliation were compared.Results showed that the berry softening rate and soluble sugar content increased gradually，the berry weight，hardness and titratable acid（TA）content decreased gradually，and the total soluble solid（TSS）content and ratio of TSS and TA increased first and then decreased during the delayed harvest time.The berry softening rate and the soluble sugar content of branches decreased gradually，the decline rates of berry weight and hardness slowed down，and the contents of nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium and starch in branches increased gradually with the yield load level decreasing. The berry softening rate of all treatments reached about 50% at 63 days after fruit ripening.At 42 days，42 days，49 days，63 days and 70 days after fruit ripening，the berry weight of CK，F1，F2，F3 and F4 decreased significantly compaired with that at ripening. The fruit soluble sugar content of F2 was always the highest，which reached 22.06% at 77 days after fruit ripening.In order to obtain better economic benefit，it is suggested that the suitable harvest time is about 45 days after fruit ripening（mid⁃October）for Shine Muscat under the condition of rain⁃shelter cultivation in the old flooded area of Yellow River，and the yield load is from 6.25 t/ha to 7.50 t/ha，that is one cluster per three shoots based on the fruit quality and nutrient accumulation of branches.

Identification and Analysis of the ZF⁃HD Gene Family in Punica granatum

FU Hongbo, LI Jie, YANG Yongchao, YUAN Shengyong

2022, 51(6): 119-125. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.013

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The gene family of ZF⁃HD was identified through a genome⁃wide study of Punica granatum to gain a deeper understanding of its function. Based on the systematic bioinformatics analyses，fifteen PgZF-HD genes were identified，the number of encoded amino acids ranged from 98 to 365，PgZF⁃HD03 and PgZF⁃HD04 were acidic proteins，and other family members were basic proteins，all family members were unstable hydrophilic proteins，more than 70% PgZF⁃HD proteins were located in the nuclear.In the secondary structure，the proportion of beta⁃turn was the lowest，and that of random coil was the highest.
Fifteen PgZF‑HD genes were classified into five categories by phylogenetic tree analysis，namely ZF⁃HDⅠ，ZF⁃HD Ⅱ ，ZF⁃HD Ⅲ ，ZF⁃HD Ⅴ and MIF. The ZF⁃HD Ⅲ category contained the most members of PgZF‑HD，no PgZF‑HD gene was classified in the ZF⁃HDⅣ category. It was found that both motif2 and motif4 were highly conserved and contained multiple highly conserved active sites.The largest amount of PgZFmotif was found in ZF⁃HDⅡ，and motif8 was identified only in ZF⁃HDⅠ.Most PgZF‑HD genes had only one exon，the gene structure was simple，and the same class of genes had similar conservative motif and gene structure.Chromosome mapping and gene duplication analysis showed that 15 PgZF‑HD genes were inhomogeneously distributed on eight chromosomes，three gene pairs were identified to have large fragment duplication events and no tandem duplication events occurred.Promoter analysis showed that the PgZF‑HD genes played an important role in plant hormone response，growth and development，and stress response.

Effect of UV⁃B Multispectral Supplementary Light on Ornamental Feature and Physicochemical Properties of Succulent Plants

RUAN Wenxiao, FU Minjie, ZHU Yueqing, WANG Yunxia, ZHUANG Daoshan, ZHENG Wen, ZHANG E, ZHU Zhiyu, ZHU Zhujun, WU Jianguo

2022, 51(6): 126-133. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.014

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In order to explore the effects of a new type of UV multispectral supplement light on the growth of succulents，the succulent varieties Crassula capitella，Sedeveria pink ruby and Cotyledon tomentosa were used as test materials，on which three treatments with UV multispectral supplementary light（including UV⁃B band），ordinary supplementary light（excluding UV⁃B）and no supplementary light（control）were set.The effects of different supplementary light treatments on the ornamental feature and physicochemical properties of the three succulents were studied，to lay the foundation for application of the new type of UV multispectral supplementary light in the succulent cultivation in winter⁃spring season.Experimental results showed that the succulents’plant mass，stem thickness，anthocyanin content，catalase（CAT），peroxidase（POD），ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activities were significantly increased under UV⁃B treatment compared with the ordinary supplement light and control treatments.The content of malondialdehyde（MDA）in Crassula capitella was reduced by 43.77% compared with the control under the UV multispectral supplementary light.The chlorophyll content of Cotyledon tomentosa increased by 18.75% compared with the control under the UV multispectral supplementary light.The new type of supplementary light can effectively improve the ornamental feature of the three succulents，enhance antioxidase activity，and improve plant resistance to stress.

Virus Titer Determination and Quality Evaluation of the Commercial Marek’s Disease Vaccines Sold in 2020—2021

ZHENG Luping, TENG Man, LIU Jinling, LUO Qin, CHU Yushu, WANG Weidong, ZHANG Wenkai, LUO Jun

2022, 51(6): 134-143. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.015

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The effective prevention and control of Marek’s disease（MD）mainly depends on vaccine immunization. In order to determine and evaluate the quality of present MD vaccines，virus titers of 11 commercial MD vaccine products provided by 9 distinct companies during 2020—2021 were determined and analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA).Then the potential contamination of avian leukosis virus（ALV）and reticuloendotheliosis virus（REV）was detected using commercial ELISA kits，colloidal gold test strip or RT⁃PCR.The results showed that for all the tested liquid nitrogen vaccines，no significant difference was observed among the three batches of imported or domestic CVI988 vaccines，while significant differences between the two 814 vaccines（P<0.05） and two bivalent MD vaccines(CVI988+HVT or 814+HVT)(P<0. 01)were found. The virus titers of the tested liquid nitrogen MD vaccine products were all above 5 500 PFU/bird，which were more than two folds of value specified in the national standard.However，the virus titers of four freeze⁃dried HVT vaccine products were only about 83.90—109.50 PFU/bird，much lower than 2 000 PFU/bird as indicated in product introductions.Contamination of ALV or REV was not detected in any of the tested MD vaccines，indicating that these vaccines were clean.

Correlation Analysis and Curve Fitting between Morphological Traits and Body Weight of Cyprinus carpio var.Xiangxi

QIN Qin, LI Jinlong, ZHOU Xianwen, DAI Hualin, WANG Xiaoqing, TAN Chen

2022, 51(6): 144-153. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.016

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In order to explore the relationship between morphological traits and body weight of Cyprinus carpio var.Xiangxi，the total length（X₁），body length（X₂），body height（X₃），body thickness（X₄），trunk length（X₅），head width（X₆），head length（X₇），snout length（X₈），eye diameter（X₉），length of head behind the eye（X₁₀），tail handle length（X₁₁），tail handle height（X₁₂），eye cross（X₁₃），lateral line scales（X₁₄），lateral line upper scales（X₁₅），lateral line lower scales（X₁₆）and body weight（Y）of 107 Cyprinus carpio var.Xiangxi were measured at random.Correlation analysis，path analysis，multiple regression analysis and curve fitting were used to evaluate the effect of morphological traits on body weight of Cyprinus carpio var.Xiangxi. The results showed that 14 of the 16 morphological traits showed extremely significant correlation with body weight，and the traits with higher correlation were body height（X₃）>total length（X₁）> body length（X₂）> body thickness（X₄）> tail handle height（X₁₂）.The direct effect of body height（X₃）on body weight（Y）was 0.433，and the indirect effect of total length（X₁），tail handle length（X₁₁）and tail handle height（X₁₂）on body weight（Y）was the largest through body height（X₃）.According to the size of decision function，the decision coefficient of body height（X₃）was the largest，R²（X₃）=0.651；Multiple regression analysis was gradually introduced to construct the multiple regression equation between main traits and body weight（Y）：Y=⁃73.175+3.239X1+1.368X3+0.168X11+1.118X12.Further curve model fitting was carried out for each character and body weight（Y）in the equation. The goodness of fit of body height（X₃）was the highest（0.964），and the curve fitting equation was Y=0.002X3 2.72.To sum up，it can be determined that body height is the main key trait affecting its body weight，which can be used as an important auxiliary trait for the breeding and improvement of body weight of Cyprinus carpio var. Xiangxi in the later stage.

Identification of Diseases and Insect Pests of Malu Grape Based on CSJMM⁃AS⁃GAC

WANG Xingwang, ZHENG Hanyuan, WANG Suqing

2022, 51(6): 154-163. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.017

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In order to improve the identification accuracy of diseases and insect pests of Malu grape and effectively carry out the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of Malu grape，this paper improved the geodesic active contour model（GAC），by introducing the dynamic coefficient function，the boundary region and non⁃boundary region of Malu grape pest image were accurately divided，so as to accurately segment the fuzzy and concave boundary of the pest image. A precise segmented geodesic active contour model（AS⁃GAC） was proposed and established. Next，in order to overcome the error caused by insufficient training samples in complex background，the Core loss function was proposed，and the Core⁃Softmax joint supervision mechanism（CSJMM） was established. Thus，a precise segmented geodesic active contour model based on CSJMM（CSJMM⁃AS⁃GAC）was established. The results showed that the initial accuracy of CSJMM⁃AS⁃GAC training set was 65.46%，the accuracy of validation set was 95.67%，the accuracy of test set was 93.95%，the Kappa coefficient of CSJMM⁃AS⁃GAC reached 0.913 8，the recall rate reached 89.21%，and the average accuracy of CSJMM⁃AS⁃GAC for identifying the diseases and pests of Malu grape reached 94. 06%. The overall performance，recognition accuracy and recall rate of CSJMM⁃AS⁃GAC are better than the commonly used disease and pest identification models.

Influence of Carvone with Ton Bag⁃Inner Circulating Application Mode on Potato Storage Effect and Color of Fried Potato Chips

CHENG Jianxin, GE Xia, TIAN Shilong, LI Shouqiang, TIAN Jiachun, LI Mei

2022, 51(6): 164-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.018

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In order to make better and more effective use of potato germination regulator carvone derived from plant，an application mode combining ton bag with internal circulating ventilation polypropylene （PP）pipes and oil⁃absorbing cotton for drug carrying was developed for small storage environment，and the influence of carvone combined with this application mode on potato storage effect and color of fried potato chips was investigated.When the potato sprout began to peep，potatoes were treated with carvone at 10℃.Meanwhile，potatoes with no sprout inhibition treatment stored in mesh bag at 4℃（CK⁃4）and in ton bag at 10℃（CK⁃10）were used as control groups.The sprout length，sprouting rate and weight loss rate of potatoes were determined at 6⁃week intervals.Besides，the decay rate and storage qualities of potatoes，the color of fried potato chips were assessed at the end of storage.The results showed that the carvone treated potatoes did not sprout after 9 months of storage，while the sprouting rate of the control potatoes was 100%. Besides，the weight loss rate and decay rate of the carvone treated potatoes were reduced by 14.90 and 23.01 percentage points compared with CK⁃10 treatment，respectively.The reducing sugar content was reduced by 59.86% compared with CK⁃4 treatment. Meanwhile，the best color of fried potato chips was acquired. In summary，the carvone treatment combined with this application mode can significantly inhibit potato sprouting，reduce decay rate and weight loss rate，and maintain storage quality.Especially compared with the low temperature storage，it could keep the reducing sugar content at a lower level when inhibiting potato sprouting，avoiding the phenomenon of“low temperature saccharification”，which indicates that carvone treatment combined with the application mode has good storage effect on potatoes and application potential in practical production.

Preparation of Cinnamyl Alcohol Microcapsules and Their Application in Cigarette

GUO Honghui, ZHANG Feng, XIE Quanling, ZHANG Tinggui, LIU Wen, HUANG Yanjun, ZHOU Peichen, MAO Zhongyi, HONG Zhuan

2022, 51(6): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2022.06.019

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In order to study the preparation technology of cinnamyl alcohol microcapsules and their application effect in cigarette，the cinnamyl alcohol microcapsules were prepared by spray drying with sodium alginate extracted from kelp and gelatin as composite wall materials and cinnamyl alcohol as core material and added into cigarette products.The content of cinnamyl alcohol and the embedding rate of prepared cinnamyl alcohol microcapsules were 27.2% and 82.1%，and the average particle size was 8.1 μm.The structure of cinnamyl alcohol microcapsules was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that cinnamyl alcohol was effectively embedded in the microcapsules.The addition of cinnamyl alcohol microcapsules（50 mg/stick）in cigarette filter rod could enhance the aroma of cigarettes，improve the smoothness and softness of smoke，and increase the moist feeling.The puff⁃by⁃puff release of cinnamyl alcohol microcapsules was uniform and stable.After 60 days of storage，the content of cinnamyl alcohol in total smoke of cigarettes decreased slowly from 2.34 μg/stick to 2.08 μg/stick，and the storage stability was improved.

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