Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Contents

2023, 52(12): 0.

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Current Status and Progress of Research on Soil Water Movement and Distribution in Subsurface Drip Irrigation

WANG Dongbo, QIAN Zhiyong, WANG Dong, HUANG Guoliang, YANG Zhenjie, ZHANG Yijie

2023, 52(12): 1-13. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.001

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The movement and distribution of soil water under subsurface drip irrigation has always been a hot topic in academic circles. In order to clarify the research progress of influencing factors of soil water migration and distribution under subsurface drip irrigation，the basic principles，main characteristics and development history of subsurface drip irrigation technology were summarized.The research methods and conclusions of soil water migration and distribution under different subsurface drip irrigation methods were systematically expounded，and the application status of numerical simulation technology in soil water distribution law research was introduced.The key factors affecting soil water migration and distribution under subsurface drip irrigation conditions were comprehensively analyzed.The current research status and development bottlenecks were summarized，and the future research direction was prospected，in order to provide theoretical reference for further research and improvement of irrigation water use efficiency.

Relationship between Allelic Variant of TaARE1‑A Gene Related to Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield‐Related Traits of Wheat

WANG Shasha, HUANG Shaomin, SONG Xiao, ZHANG Keke

2023, 52(12): 14-21. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.002

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The relationship between TaARE1‑A allelic variant and yield‐related traits was analyzed with 261 wheat cultivars as materials in Huang‐Huai wheat regions，so as to obtain the superior genotype to improve the nitrogen use efficiency and yield of wheat，and provide new gene resource for molecular marker‐assisted breeding in wheat.The results showed that 59 and 8 of 67 landraces belonged to TaARE1‑A‑a and TaARE1‑A‑b genotypes，and 184 and 10 of 194 modern cultivars belonged to TaARE1‑A‑a and TaARE1‑A‑b genotypes，respectively.In 261 wheat cultivars，thousand‐kernel weight，kernel length and kernel circumference of wheat cultivars with TaARE1‑A‑a genotype were significantly higher than those of wheat cultivars with TaARE1‑A‑b genotype，spike length，spikelet number per spike，kernel number per spike，kernel width and kernel length/kernel width did not show a significant difference between cultivars with TaARE1‑A‑a genotype and cultivars with TaARE1‑A‑b genotype.In summary，TaARE1‑A‑a genotype can increase kernel length，kernel circumference and thousand‐kernel weight of wheat，and is a superior genotype.

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Depth on Root Distribution，Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization and Yield of Foxtail Millet

ZHU Cancan, FU Senjie, QIN Na, WANG Chunyi, DAI Shutao, SONG Yinghui, WEI Xin, LI Junxia

2023, 52(12): 22-30. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.003

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In order to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of phosphate fertilizer in foxtail millet production，a field experiment was conducted with four phosphate fertilizer application depths of 5 cm（P5），10 cm（P10），15 cm（P15）and 20 cm（P20）with no phosphate fertilizer application as control（CK），and the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application depth on root distribution，dry matter accumulation and transportation，nitrogen uptake and utilization，and yield of foxtail millet were studied.The results showed that suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer promoted the growth of foxtail millet roots，and increased root length，root surface area and dry weight of root，showing a trend of P15>P10>P5>P20>CK. With the increase of phosphate fertilizer application depth，the root length，root surface area and dry weight of root of foxtail millet in deep soil increased，and the values showed P20>P15>P10>P5>CK in 20—40 cm soil layer. Suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer could promote dry matter accumulation and transportation of foxtail millet. Compared with P5 treatment，the dry matter accumulations at maturity of P10，P15 and P20 treatments increased by 4.60%，10.29% and 0.92%，respectively，and the dry matter transfer rates increased by 6.49%，10.06% and -20.13%，respectively.Deep application of phosphate fertilizer increased the uptake and utilization of nitrogen by roots in deep soil.The available nitrogen content in deep soil，especially in the 20—40 cm soil layer，significantly decreased compared with P5 treatment. Compared with P5 treatment，the total nitrogen accumulations of P10，P15 and P20 treatments increased by 3.91%，17.85% and 5.31% at maturity，respectively；nitrogen absorption efficiencies increased by 5.88%，19.12% and 7.35%，and partial productivities of nitrogen increased by 18.95%，32.88% and -1.26%，respectively. Suitable application depth of phosphate fertilizer increased grain weight per spike，yield and harvest index，which all showed P15>P10>P5>P20>CK，the yields of P10 and P15 treatments increased by 18.98% and 32.86% compared with P5 treatment，respectively，and the yield of P20 treatment decreased by 1.27% compared with P5 treatment.In conclusion，15 cm is the optimal depth of phosphorus fertilizer application，which can promote the growth and down lapping of foxtail millet roots，improve the uptake and utilization of nitrogen by roots in soil，promote the accumulation and transportation of dry matter，and increase the yield by 32.86% compared with the shallow application of phosphorus fertilizer at 5 cm.

Screening of Japonica Rice Germplasms Suitable for Direct Sowing and Their Optimal Planting Densit

WANG Fuhua, LI Rui, ZHANG Qifei, MA Mengjuan, FU Jing, YANG Wenbo, WANG Shengxuan, WANG Yuetao, BAI Tao, YIN Haiqing, WANG Ya

2023, 52(12): 31-41. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.004

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To identify rice germplasms suitable for direct sowing in Henan Province，two thousand japonica germplasm resources were used to directly sow，the traits including seedling emergence ability，initial heading date，plant height and yield，etc. ，were analyzed，the germplasms suitable for direct sowing were preliminarily screened. The germplasms suitable for direct sowing were screened again by analyzing yield related traits，and then the germplasms suitable for direct sowing were further screened by analyzing initial heading date and yield related traits. Meanwhile，the effect of planting density［80 kg/ha（T1），100 kg/ha（T2），120 kg/ha（T3）and 140 kg/ha（T4）］on yield and its component was analyzed，and the optimal planting density and final rice germplasms suitable for direct sowing with high yield were determined. The results showed that 8（0.40%），85（4.25%），1 762（88.10%），102（5.10%）and 43（2.15%）germplasms were graded into class 1，3，5，7 and 9 according to the seedling emergence ability（SEA）among two thousand japonica germplasms. Average grade of SEA was 5.09，and grades of SEA of germplasms from distinct geographical regions ranged from 4.82 to 5.46.The initial heading date delayed with the decrease of latitude of geographical regions where the germplasms derived.The initial heading dates of germplasms from Heilongjiang，Jilin，Inner Mongolia，Xinjiang and Ningxia were generally before August 15th，with average days from sowing to initial heading（DTSH）of 47.5 d，54.9 d，54.8 d，57.8 d and 59.7 d respectively；the initial heading dates of germplasms from Liaoning Province，Japan and Korea，Beijing City，as well as Hebei Province were generally between August 20th to August 25th，with average DTSH of 65.8 d，66.4 d，68.9 d and 68.1 d，respectively；the majority of germplasms（48.33%—79.04%）from Shandong，Henan，Jiangsu and Yunnan failed to head，while the initial heading dates of germplasms which could head generally after August 25th，with average DTSH of 72.0 d，78.2 d，77.8 d and 75.2 d，respectively.A total of 194 germplasms were preliminarily screened with SEA less than class 7，initial heading date between August 15th and September 4th，plant height below 115 cm，no lodging，blast，sheath blight diseases and high yield.Then，a total of 150 germplasms suitable for direct sowing were identified with setting rate more than 80% and high yield by investigation of yield related traits. Majority of 150 germplasms were graded into class 5 according to SEA，and 3（2.0%），135（90.0%）and 12（8.0%）germplasms were graded into class 3，5 and 7，respectively；initial heading dates of 150 germplasms ranged from August 24th to September 4th；116，11，7，7 and 9 germplasms were derived from Liaoning，Hebei，Shandong，Henan and Jiangsu，accounting for 77.3%，7.3%，4.7%，4.7%and 6.0%，respectively；the average yield of germplasms from Liaoning Province was the highest with 9 286.5 kg/ha，and the average yields of germplasms from Hebei，Shandong，Henan and Jiangsu were 6 390.0 kg/ha，7 053.0 kg/ha，6 432.0 kg/ha and 7 054.5 kg/ha，respectively.Given the outstanding yield performances of germplasms from Lioaning Province among the above selected 150 germplasms，a total of 76 germplasms from Lioaning Province with plant height less than 110 cm，initial heading date between August 20th and August 30th，and high yield，were selected to study the optimum planting density.It showed that the number of basic seedlings and panicles significantly increased with the increase of plant density；the total spikelet numbers of T3 and T4 treatments significantly higher than those of T1 and T2 treatments；the yields of T1，T2，T3 and T4 treatments were 7 621.20 kg/ha，7 735.35 kg/ha，8 003.25 kg/ha and 7 961.10 kg/ha，respectively，the yields of T3 and T4 treatments were significantly higher than those of T1 and T2 treatments，and the yield of T3 treatment was the highest.Finally，a total of 14 germplasms suitable for direct sowing were screened under T3 treatment. Among them，the yields of 9 germplasms，including Liaoxing 13，Liaojing 9，Ying 9207，Danjing 12，Jindao105，Liaoxing15，Meifeng 1，Liaoyannuo 10 and Xiangfeng 00‐93，were significantly higher than that of control（Zhenghan 10），with the corresponding increase rates of 17.72%，7.75%，6.61%，6.15%，3.46%，3.16%，1.87%，1.27% and 0.93%，respectively compared with the control.These germplasms could be used for japonica rice direct sowing tolerant breeding in Henan and its neighboring areas，and Liaoxing 13 with the highest yield of 11 018.0 kg/ha could be directly applied to direct sowing in Henan Province.

Effect of Combinations with Different Concentrations of IAA and 6‐BA on Shoot Tip Culture and Phenotypic Variation of Sweetpotato

JIA Licong, WANG Lianjun, YANG Zitong, SHANG Lili, ZHANG Lei, QIU Pengfei, WANG Cuijuan, HAN Junjie, XIN Guosheng

2023, 52(12): 42-48. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.005

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The shoot tips of sweetpotato variety Yanshu 29 were used as explants and MS medium as basic medium to study the callus induction，buds differentiation，plants regeneration and phenotypic variation under different concentrations of indole‐3‐acetic acid（IAA）（0.1 and 0.5 mg/L）and 6‐benzylaminopurine（6‐BA）（0.1，0.5 and 1.0 mg/L）.The results showed that when the IAA concentration in the basic MS medium was 0.5 mg/L，the callus induction effect was the best，shoot tip survival rate was the highest，and the average callus induction rate and shoot tip survival rate of Yanshu 29 were 92.00% and 88.00%，respectively.The bud induction rate and tufted buds induction rate generally increased with the increase of 6‐BA concentration in the medium. Under 0. 1 mg/L IAA，the average induction rate of buds and tufted buds reached 64.27% and 80.56%，respectively. Addition of 0.5 mg/L IAA in medium was beneficial to plants regeneration，with the average plant regeneration rate of 39.33%；under this IAA concentration，the plant regeneration rate and number of regeneration plant increased，and plant regeneration cycle decreased with the increase of 6‐BA concentration.A somaclonal variation line，named YM6‐11，was found from regeneration plants，and its leaf vein color，flower shape and cross‐compatibility were different compared with Yanshu 29.In conclusion，the most suitable medium for shoot tip culture of Yanshu 29 is MS+0.5 mg/LIAA+1.0 mg/L 6‐BA，and the phenotypic and genetic identification should be performed when the regenerated plants are used for actual production，so as to reduce unnecessary economic losses.

Tissue Screening and Condition Optimization of Protoplast Preparation of Cyperus esculentus

ZHANG Xiangge, ZHU Yajing, LU Lili, SONG Wanxian, ZHANG Xinyou, HU Haiyan, YU Meiqin, LI Juzheng, WANG Huiwei

2023, 52(12): 49-56. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.006

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In order to obtain Cyperus esculentus protoplasts efficiently，the tissue parts including young shoots，young roots，young leaves，young leaf sheaths，tillering nodes and stolons were screened for protoplast preparation by single factor test method，and the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions such as enzyme combination dosage，enzymatic hydrolysis time，osmotic pressure stabilizer dosage and pH value of the enzyme solution were also optimized.The results showed that the best tissue part for protoplast preparation of Cyperus esculentus was young tillering node；and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were as follows：the enzyme combination dosage was 2.0% cellulase+0.9% macerozyme，the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 6 h，the osmotic pressure stabilizer（mannitol）dosage was 11%，and the pH value of the enzyme solution was 6.0.Under these conditions，0.2 g of Cyperus esculentus tillering nodes were added to 4 mL of enzyme solution，and then the protoplast yield could reach 22.91×10⁵ per gram and the protoplast activity could reach 90.72%.In this study，an efficient method for protoplast preparation of Cyperus esculentus was obtained，which could lay a foundation for subsequent protoplast fusion，germplasm innovation and hybrid breeding of Cyperus esculentus.

Rhizome Quality Characteristics of Polygonatum rhizoma in Different Habitats and Driving Factors in Rhizosphere Soil Environment

YU Gao, WANG Hai, MO Zhongmei, CHEN Fen

2023, 52(12): 57-68. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.007

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In order to screen the dominant environmental factors affecting the quality of Polygonatum rhizoma，the rhizomes and rhizosphere soils of Polygonatum rhizoma from different sources in 15 plots（S1—S15）around Fanjing Mountain，Tongren City，Guizhou Province，were used as materials，rhizome quality indexes of Polygonatum rhizoma and rhizosphere soil pH value，nutrient content and soil enzyme activity were determined，the correlation between rhizome quality indexes and soil environmental factors was analyzed，and principal component analysis（PCA）was used to screen out the driving factors in soil environment affecting rhizome quality of Polygonatum rhizoma.The results showed that there were certain differences in the rhizome drying rate，extract content，polysaccharides content，and total ash content of Polygonatum rhizoma under different habitat conditions and basal sources.Among them，Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua had the highest drying rate，Polygonatum sibircum Red.had the highest content of extract，and Polygonatum kingianum Coll.et Hemsl.had the highest polysaccharide content and the lowest total ash content.The average drying rate and polysaccharide content of 4‐year‐old Polygonatum rhizoma were higher than those of 5‐year‐old Polygonatum rhizoma，while the extract content was lower than that of 5‐year‐old Polygonatum rhizoma.The pH value of rhizosphere soil was moderate，except that the contents of organic matter，available nitrogen in S6，S12 and S15 and available potassium in S3 and S9 were deficient（level four），the rhizosphere soils of other plots were rich in nutrients and enzymes，which was suitable for the growth and development of Polygonatum rhizoma.Correlation analysis showed that soil enzyme activity was closely related to nutrient content in rhizosphere，and the quality of Polygonatum rhizoma was directly or indirectly affected by soil environmental factors such as soil pH value，nutrient content and enzyme activity.Principal component analysis indicated that the main soil environmental factors affecting rhizome quality of Polygonatum rhizoma were sucrase，catalase，pH value，organic matter，total nitrogen，alkali‐hydrolyzed nitrogen，acid phosphatase，available potassium，and the comprehensive scores of S1，S4，S7 and S14 were higher in different plots.

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Reclaimed Farmland with Coal Gangue Filling

SHANG Jin, LIU Huihao, LIU Saisai, MA Shoubo, ZHU Shuaimeng, MA Shouchen

2023, 52(12): 69-76. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.008

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In order to study the safety of crop production in reclaimed farmland filled with coal gangue，the reclaimed farmland in Chengcun village coal mine area，Huixian City was taken as the research object.The contents of copper（Cu），zinc（Zn），lead（Pb），cadmium（Cd），and chromium（Cr）in the reclaimed soil and crops were measured，and their pollution risks were evaluated.The results indicated that after 3 years of reclamation，heavy metal elements in coal gangue migrated to the overlying soil layer，and the content of heavy metal elements in each soil layer was higher than that of the original covering soil.The distribution characteristics of heavy metal elements in the soil profile were high in the surface and bottom layers，and low in the middle layer. Especially，the content of Cd element in the surface，middle，and deep layers of soil was 62.5%，50.0%，and 100.0% higher than that of the original cover soil，respectively. The ecological risk assessment of reclaimed soil showed that based on the pollution risk screening value of agricultural soil，the ecological risk index of a single element and comprehensive pollution index were both mild risk level. Based on the background values of regional soil elements as the evaluation criteria，the ecological risk index of Cd was a moderate risk level，with ecological risk indices of 44.90，42.55，and 52.35 in the surface，middle，and deep layers of soil，respectively.The single ecological risk index of other heavy metal elements and comprehensive ecological risk indices were all mild risk level.The determination results of heavy metal elements in wheat grains on reclaimed farmland indicated that it was currently safe in production. The average and maximum contents of heavy metal elements did not exceed the grain limit standards，but the minimum values of heavy metal content in grains were higher than those in the surrounding control group farmland. The evaluation of crop pollution risk in reclaimed farmland based on the heavy metal content of wheat grains in the control group showed that the Cd pollution belonged to a moderate risk level，while other heavy metal elements belonged to a mild risk level，and the comprehensive risk index of each element was mild risk level.In summary，there is currently a certain pollution risk in the reclaimed farmland.It is necessary to regularly measure the heavy metal content in the reclaimed soil and crops，and take effective control measures in a timely manner to prevent the heavy metal content in the soil and crops from exceeding the limit standards.

Nutrient Status and Fertility Evaluation of Farmland Soil in Donghai County

SHEN Yue, LI Qianyi, ZHAO Wenhui, WANG Guiliang, QIAN Xiaoqing

2023, 52(12): 77-87. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.009

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To clarify the status of farmland soil nutrient in Donghai County of Jiangsu Province，and to provide a basis for rational utilization，improvement of cultivated land and improvement of crop production level，the 0—20 cm soil samples were collected from 11 towns，6 townships and 2 subdistricts in Donghai County，and 14 soil physicochemical indexes such as soil bulk density，pH value and the content of organic matter were measured to characterize the soil nutrient status.The integrated soil fertility index was calculated，and the soil fertility quality grade was evaluated.The results showed that the farmland soil in Donghai County was generally compact，and most of the farmland soil pH value was suitable for the growth of crops，but some soils had an acidification trend.The abundance and deficiency of single fertility indexes of farmland soil in Donghai County were quite different. On the whole，the contents of organic matter，total nitrogen，available potassium，available sulfur，available iron，available manganese，available copper，available zinc and available boron were high or higher，the content of available phosphorus and available silicon were at medium level，and the content of available molybdenum was relatively lower.In general，the farmland soil nutrient status in Donghai County was in good condition，reaching the second level and above. It is suggested that 10.83—62.84 kg/ha phosphorus，110.13—239.10 kg/ha silicon，0.75—4.02 kg/ha zinc，1.43—3.30 kg/ha boron and 0.22—0.32 kg/ha molybdenum should be applied to farmland soil in Donghai County before planting crops.Among them，Shilianghe Town and Shihu Township do not need supplement zinc fertilizer for sufficience.Zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer in Tuofeng Township and Linian Township do not need supplement.Each township should adjust appropriately according to the regional characteristics.In the later stage of crop planting，the farmland soil in Donghai County should continue to optimize the fertilization structure according to the change of fertility，so as to better play the potential of soil production.

Study on Resistance and Control Technology of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrient Loss in Freeze‐Thaw Farmland

ZHANG Lei, WU Xinjuan, SONG Penghui, ZHOU Shuang, WANG Teng, ZHANG Lili, GU Xuejia, WANG Yufeng

2023, 52(12): 88-96. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.010

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In order to integrate and optimize the nutrient loss control technology model of freeze‐thaw farmland in Northeast China，four treatments were set up in the experimental corn field in Northeast China from 2019 to 2020［plain land with straw crushing and deep tillage（T1）；plain land without straw as a control（CK1）；slope farmland with cross ridge planting，high stubble and straw returning and covering（T2）；slope farmland with ridge planting，without straw as a control（CK2）］，to carry out the study of nitrogen and phosphorus loss control technology.The results showed that except that the phosphorus loss of surface runoff water on sloping farmland mainly occured in freeze‐thaw period，the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in all other treatments of soil erosion mainly occured in rainfall period.The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil and water loss in plain farmland and sloping farmland controls was larger than that in the straw returning treatments，and nitrogen was the main one，with values of 10.18 kg/ha and 7.77 kg/ha respectively.The bulk density of the soil treated by resistance control technologies was less than that of the controls，while the natural water content，saturated water content and porosity of the soils were greater than those of the controls.The contents of total nitrogen，alkali‐hydrolyzable nitrogen，total phosphorus and available phosphorus in the soil were 9.24%，9.57%，26.99% and 42.94% higher than those in the control respectively in the plain land and 24.59%，56.07%，67.62% and 109.94% higher than those in the sloping farmland，but the significance was different. The overall performance trend was that the improvement effect of sloping farmland was better than that of plain farmland.To sum up，the technology of straw crushing and deep ploughing in plain land，and the technology of changing slope to horizontal ridge and straw returning mulching in sloping farmland can effectively control the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in freeze‐thaw farmland，and the latter can improve the effect more obviously.

Evaluation of Toxicity and Field Control Effect of Different Fungicides against Oat Anthracnose

YU Shicheng, XIU Zhijun, BAI Songlin, BAN Ruijuan, XU Linbo, WANG Fengwu, WANG Qianjun, LI Yunxia, ZHANG Xiaoyu

2023, 52(12): 97-106. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.011

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In order to control oat anthracnose，the toxicity of 12 fungicides to the pathogen of Colletotrichum cereale was determined by the methods of mycelium growth and spore germination，and control efficacy was tested by seed dressing and leaf spraying in fields.Combined with economic benefit analysis，effective fungicides would be selected to prevent and control oat anthracnose.The study found that carbendazim 50% WP had the strongest inhibitory effect on the mycelium growth of C.cereale with EC₅₀ of 0.093 mg/L.The followed were tebuconazole 43% SC，difenoconazole 10% WG，prochloraz 45% EW and azoxystrobin 25% SC.Azoxystrobin 25% SC，carbendazim 50% WP，picoxystrobin‐propi 19% ME and mancozeb 80% WP had a stronger inhibitory effect on spore germination of C.cereale.The EC₅₀ values were 0.123，0.451，0.490 mg/L and 0.562 mg/L，respectively.The better fungicides by seed dressing were tebuconazole 43% SC，difenoconazole 10% WG，prochloraz 45% EW，with a preventive effect of 38.69%，36.90% and 35.23% respectively.The better fungicides by folial spraying were prochloraz 45% EW and tebuconazole 43% SC with the highest control effects of 76.79% and 65.66% respectively，the second was difenoconazole 10% WG.The effect of fungicides leaf spraying was higher than that of dressing seeds. The net benefits of spraying tebuconazole and prochloraz on the leaves were the best，with 1 270.40—1 530.03 yuan/ha and 1 066.99—1 413.71 yuan/ha，respectively.The results show that spraying tebuconazole and prochloraz on the leaves at booting stage has good effects and significant benefits for the control of oat anthracnose.

Pathogen Identification of Leaf Diseases of Louisiana Iris and Screening of Control Agents

WANG Peng, BIE Zhaowei, XIA Lele

2023, 52(12): 107-115. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.012

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To accurately prevent and control Louisiana iris leaf diseases，investigations on the occurrence of Louisiana iris leaf diseases，pathogen identification，and screening of control agents were conducted.The susceptible plants of Louisiana iris were investigated，infected leaves were used as pathogen identification materials and 11 fungicides were used as antibacterial agents.The disease resistance of different varieties was evaluated using mechanical sampling method. The pathogen species were identified using tissue separation method，Koch’s rule，morphological observation analysis，and molecular biology identification. The antibacterial agents were screened using diffusion method.The results showed that Louisiana iris variety Noble Moment had the strongest disease resistance，and varieties Colorific and Sea knight were more resistant to diseases，Heather Stream，Kristi G，News Brief，Pegaletta had poor disease resistance.The pathogens causing Iris leaf diseases were Fusarium fujikuroi，Cladosporium asperatum，Cladosporium cladosporioides，and Penicillium solidum.The indoor antibacterial toxicity test showed that the 11 fungicides tested had varying degrees of antibacterial toxicity against four pathogenic fungi.Among them，47% Colloidox（WP）had the best comprehensive antibacterial effect，followed by 43% Tebuconazole（SC），with average EC₅₀ values of 0.999 μg/mL，2.395 μg/mL，respectively.

Effects of the Combination of Four Cultivation Factors on Agronomic，Fruit Traits and Yield of the Intercropping Systerm of Watermelon‐Pepper in Greenhouses

LI Xiangchun, SUI Yihu, TANG Jingwen, HU Nengbing

2023, 52(12): 116-126. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.013

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To search for the best combination of cultivation factors for the intercropping of watermelon and pepper in greenhouses，the orthogonal design method of four factors and four levels was employed to study the comprehensive effects of watermelon planting density（border length A₁—A₄：2. 0，2. 5，3. 0，3. 5 m），pepper variety（B₁—B₄：Fenglü 5，Fenglü 2，Fengziyun 1，Yangjiaojiao 1110），topdressing amount（C₁—C₄：375，525，675，825 kg/ha），pepper planting density（row number D₁—D₄：1，2，3，4）on main agronomic traits，such as plant height，plant width of watermelon and pepper，and yields. The results showed that the greatest impact factor on total yield of watermelon and pepper was pepper planting density，followed by pepper variety，watermelon planting density and fertilizer amount.The appropriate level of each factor was watermelon planting（border length）of 2.0—2.5 m，pepper varieties of Fenglü 2 or Yangjiaojiao 1110，topdressing amount of 825 kg/ha，and pepper planting（number of rows）of 2—4 rows.The combinations of A₁B₄C₄D₄，A₂B₂C₄D₃，A₁B₂C₂D₂ and A₄B₂C₁D₄were better，and the total yield was 37 745.15—53 429.01 kg/ha.Among them，the optimal combination selected in this study is combination A₁B₄C₄D₄，i.e.watermelon planting border length of 2.0 m，pepper planting of 4 rows，the pepper variety of Yangjiaojiao 1110，and the topdressing amount of 825 kg/ha.

The Impact of Simplified Ecological Cultivation Model on the Soil Quality of Italian Riesling Vineyard

LI Rihui, ZHONG Xiaomin, DUAN Xinyao, YAN Yasai, WANG Lin, WANG Hua, LI Hua

2023, 52(12): 127-135. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.014

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To achieve sustainable development of grape industry and promote extremely simplified ecological cultivation mode（NS），the influence of NS on the soil quality of vineyard was studied by taking the Italian Riesling vineyard of Junding Winery in Penglai District，Yantai City，Shandong Province as the research object.14 physical and chemical indexes such as water content，bulk density，total nitrogen，total phosphorus and total potassium content were measured，and the soil quality was analyzed by KMO and Bartlett sphericity test and principal component analysis.The results showed that soil water content，soil organic matter and total carbon content were significantly increased under NS compared with traditional cultivation mode（TS）.The difference of total carbon content of NS increased with time，and was 25.97% higher than TS on average.The contents of available potassium，total potassium，ammonium nitrogen，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，and the activities of soil phosphatase and sucrase of NS were increased.Among them，the phosphatase activity was the most significantly different，reaching a peak in May，which was 2 440.84% higher than TS.There was no significant change in catalase activity.The soil urease activity was inhibited，which was 35.53% lower than TS.The soil quality scores of NS and TS were 1.37 and -1.51，respectively through the modeling and calculation of the soil comprehensive evaluation model.Compared with the traditional cultivation mode，the simplified ecological cultivation mode can effectively improve the soil quality and physical and chemical properties of orchard.

Effect of Apoptin Mediated by Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium Type Ⅲ Secretion System on Glycolysis in Tumor Cells

YU Chuan, SHI Shengli, ZHU Wenwen, HU Lizhong, SONG Minjie, LI Jingya, ZHANG Chunjie

2023, 52(12): 136-141. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.015

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To further investigate the effect of Apoptin mediated by recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium type Ⅲ secretion system on glycolysis of tumor cells，B16F10 cells were infected with recombinant strain ΔcrpΔasdSL1344（pYA3493‐SopE‐Apoptin）or complementary strain ΔcrpΔasdSL1344（pYA3493‐SopE），and the cells were collected at 12 h and 24 h after infection to detect the levels of pyruvic acid，lactic acid，pyruvate kinase and hexokinase.The results showed that the intracellular pyruvate level of recombinant strain group was significantly reduced（P<0.01）.At 24 h after infection，the lactic acid content of recombinant strain group was significantly lower than that of complementary strain group and cell control group（P<0.01）.In addition，the pyruvate kinase activity and hexokinase activity of recombinant strain group were significantly lower than that of complementary strain group and cell control group（P<0.05）.These results suggest that recombinant strain can inhibit the glycolysis ability of B16F10 cells by down‐regulating the pyruvate and lactic acid content and reducing the activities of pyruvate kinase and hexokinase，leading to significant metabolic changes in tumor cells.

Prokaryotic Expression of Vsp Protein and Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody against Mycoplasma bovis

XU Jia, SUN Huaichang

2023, 52(12): 142-148. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.016

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In order to develop a rapid diagnostic reagent for Mycoplasma bovis，the monoclonal antibody against CaIgV‐Vsp protein was prepared after expressing recombinant CaIgV‐Vsp protein in the prokaryotic expression system of Escherichia coli. The results showed that the recombinant plasmid pET‐CaIgV‐Vsp was successfully constructed.SDS‐PAGE analysis showed that the fusion protein was soluble protein.The results of ELISA and Western blot showed that the recombinant CaIgV‐Vsp protein could react specifically with the positive serum of Mycoplasma bovis and had good immunogenicity. Four hybrioma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against CaIgV‐Vsp protein were prepared successfully. The ELISA titers of ascites were 5.2×10⁵，1.3×10⁵，2.6×10⁵ and 2.6×10⁵，respectively.

Winter Wheat Aboveground Biomass and Yield Estimation Based on Multi‐Source Information from UAV Imagery

GUO Yan, JING Yuhang, HE Jia, ZHANG Huifang, JIA Dewei, WANG Laigang

2023, 52(12): 149-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.017

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Winter wheat aboveground biomass is an important indicator to characterize yield，and rapid and non‐destructive monitoring of winter wheat aboveground biomass by UAV remote sensing technology can grasp the growth of winter wheat in time，which is of great significance to the estimation of winter wheat yield. In this study，based on the spectral information and texture characteristics of UAV digital orthophoto map（DOM） and plant height（H_DSM） extracted by digital surface model（DSM） during the booting，flowering，and filling stages of winter wheat，multiple linear regression（MLR），partial least squares regression（PLSR），and random forest（RF）methods were used to construct the winter wheat aboveground biomass and yield estimation models.The results showed that when using DOM information for winter wheat aboveground biomass estimation，the models constructed by integrating SIs+TFs were better than those constructed by a single spectral index or a texture feature；the accuracy of the winter wheat aboveground biomass estimation model constructed by incorporating H_DSM information was improved，the RF model at the flowering stage had the highest accuracy；when incorporating the H_DSM information into the aboveground biomass estimation of winter wheat，the accuracy of the estimation model was most obviously improved by TFs+H_DSM.In the early estimation of winter wheat yield，the logarithmic function model had the highest accuracy in fitting the measured aboveground biomass to yield，and the R² of the models for the booting，flowering，and filling stages were 0.87，0.88，and 0.92，respectively. The optimal models for aboveground biomass and yield estimation were coupled to estimate the yield，and the highest accuracy of the estimation model was obtained at the filling stage，with R²，RPD，and RMSE of 0.90，2.77，and 244.61 kg/ha，respectively.Therefore，the integration of multi‐source information from UAV imagery and machine learning algorithms，can be used to quickly and efficiently estimate the aboveground biomass and yield of winter wheat，which is of great significance for the accurate formulation of food security policies.

Research on Millet Disease Identification Based on Transfer Learning and Residual Network

ZHANG Hongtao, LUO Yiming, TAN Lian, YANG Jiapeng, WANG Yu

2023, 52(12): 162-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.018

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A method of millet disease image recognition based on transfer learning and residual network（Residual CNN）was proposed for millet disease. First，the original sample set was established，whichwas composed of four kinds of disease images including millet white disease，blast，red leaf disease，rustdisease and normal millet leaf image.Then，the original image was segmented by using the maximum inter‐class variance method based on super green feature，the millet disease segmentation image dataset was established，and the dataset was extended. Finally，based on the expanded segmentation image data set of millet disease，the recognition model of millet disease was established by using the idea of transfer learning and residual network. The results showed that the recognition rate of this model reached 98.2%，which was 8.9 percentage points higher than that of the support vector machine（SVM）based millet disease recognition model，and the training time of this model was reduced by 17.69 min compared with that of the convolutional neural network（CNN） based millet disease recognition model.The results indicated that the recognition model of millet disease based on transfer learning and residual network could effectively identify the four kinds of millet leaf diseases.

Effects of L‐tert‐leucine on Quality and Storage of Gala Apple

ZHANG Sipu, ZHOU Qianqian, CUI Wei, ZHANG Ke, HAN Lixin, QU Zhenfang, LU Yunfeng, TANG Cunduo, NIU Jiajia

2023, 52(12): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.12.019

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In order to improve the quality and storage of Gala apples，exogenous L‐tert leucine was sprayed on the leaf for three times during the fruit development period，with concentrations of 0(water,control)，50，100，500，1 000，and 5 000 mg/L，respectively.The effects of L‐tert‐leucine concentration on harvest quality and low temperature storage at(0±1)℃ of Galala apple were investigated.The fruit hardness，total soluble solid(TSS)content，titratable acid(TA)content，soluble protein content，free amino acid content，peroxidase(POD)activity，and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity were determined respectively.The results showed that foliar spraying of exogenous L‐tert leucine significantly promoted the yellowing color and brightness of Gala apple fruits，and increased fruit hardness，TSS content，TA content，soluble protein and free amino acid content to varying degrees. The treatment with concentration of 500 mg/L significantly increased the single fruit weight(247.58 g)，which was 8.3% higher than the control(228.55 g).All treatments were beneficial to the maintenance of fruit firmness，TSS content and soluble soluble protein content，inhibited the decrease of TA content，and the increase of free amino acids，and lower POD activity and higher SOD activity were maintained during cold storage of Gala apple.After 75 days of storage，the 50 mg/L treatment had the highest TA content(4.69 g/L)，the 100 mg/L treatment had the highest hardness(7.13 kg/cm²)and the 1 000 mg/L treatment had the lowest free amino acid content(1 248.1 mg/kg).The 500 mg/L L‐tert leucine treatment had no soften fruit flesh，the soluble protein content(116.7 mg/kg)and SOD activity[29.64 U(/min·g)]were the highest，POD activity[8.09 U(/min·g)]was the lowest，and free amino acid content(1 940.0 mg/kg)，hardness(6.74 kg/cm²)，TSS content(15.20%)，and TA content(4.65 g/L)were significantly better than the control.In summary，multiple applications of 500 mg/L L‐tert leucine during fruit development could significantly improve the harvesting quality and storage capacity of Gala apple.

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