Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Analysis on Influencing Factors and Research Progress of Drying Technology and Equipment of Peanut in China

YANG Hui, WANG Tong, ZHAI Chenlu, HAN Junhao, WANG Zhaozhao, DONG Tieyou, ZHU Guangcheng

2021, 50(2): 1-7. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.001

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The newly harvested peanuts have high moisture content,which often leads to mildew and serious economic loss due to its failure in drying time.As one of the important links of peanut post-harvest processing,drying is a necessary means to ensure the quality of peanut and prevent mould.The effects of internal factors such as structure,material composition,variety and external factors such as drying mode and technological parameters on the drying rate of peanut were systematically analyzed.The research status of the special drying technologies and equipments for peanut, such as hot air, heat pump and vacuum was described.Meanwhile the drying theory research such as the deterioration mechanism of peanut seed vigor,the research of automatic integration technology,and the development of bio-efficient,energy-saving and quality improvement combined drying technology and equipment were prospected,so as to provide reference for realizing the whole process mechanization and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of peanut industry in China.

Effects of Ammonium Polyphosphate Added with Biological Synergists on the Yield and Phosphate Utilization Efficiency of Wheat

ZHANG Yunhong, YANG Zhanping, HUANG Shaomin, GUO Doudou, DU Jun, HE Ailing, YANG Huanhuan

2021, 50(2): 8-18. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.002

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Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP)added with different biological synergists[humic acid(HA),amino acids(AA) and alginate oligosaccharides(AOS)]on the yield and phosphorus(P)utilization efficiency of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),so as toclarify the application effects of the biological synergists on APP and provide scientific basis for the development of value-added fertilizers using APP as raw material. The results showed that compared with APP treatment,the APP added with biological synergists treatments promoted the growth of wheat to different extents,enhanced tillering, and increased effective spike numbers by 8.5%—12.8%;moreover,the spike rates of wheat under APP+HA and APP+AA treatments were also increased significantly. APP+HA treatment raised the intercellular CO₂ concentration and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf at the flowering stage, and reduced the stomatal limit value, thereby promoting the photosynthesis.The APP added with biological synergists treatments increased wheat yield by 6. 2%—13.5%, and APP+AA treatment had the highest yield.Compared with APP treatment, P utilization efficiency,P dry matter production efficiency,agronomic P utilization efficiency,P physiological efficiency and P fertilizer production efficiency of wheat under the APP added with biological synergists treatments were significantly increased by 18.3%—29.1%,23.6%—33.4%,20.5%—44.9%,60.1%—102.8% and6.2%—13.5% respectively,with the biggest increase of APP+AA treatment for the last three indicators;however,the total P accumulation, P uptake efficiency and P recovery efficiency were significantly decreased by 21.5%—29.2%,14.9%—20.2% and 24.6%—33.4% respectively,and there were no significant differences among different biological synergist treatments.The P harvest index under the APP added with biological synergists treatments were also decreased significantly by 1.07—3.83 percentage points,and the APP+AOS treatment had the smallest drop.To sum up,the APP added with biological synergists treatments further increased wheat yield,but had certain adverse effects on P absorption and its transport to grain.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Mechanisms Responding to High Temperature Stress during Anthesis Stage in Zhengdan 309

LI Chuan, HUANG Lu, QIAO Jiangfang, ZHANG Meiwei, ZHANG Panpan, NIU Jun, LIU Jingbao, WANG Shufeng

2021, 50(2): 19-31. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.003

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The ear-leaf samples collected from Zhengdan 309 under normal condition(CK) and high temperature stress for 7 d and 14 d were used for RNA-sequencing using Illumina HiSeqTM2500 high-throughput sequencing technology and metabolome profiling analysis using liquid-chromatographymass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites were explored to clarify the mechanism of maize responding to high temperature stress at the anthesis stage.The transcriptome sequencing results showed that 515 DEGs were detected in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with the control under normal growth condition, of which 75 genes were up-regulated,and 440 genes were down-regulated.There were 506 DEGs detected in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 14 d compared with the control under normal growth condition,including 114 up-regulated genes and 392 down-regulated genes. There were 2 050 DEGs detected in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under high temperature stress for 14 d, of which 790 genes were up-regulated,and 1 260 genes were down-regulated. The DEGs in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under the normal condition were concentrated in extracelluar region, molecular function regulator and other GO classification.The DEGs in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 14 d compared with that under the normal condition were mainly enriched in rhythmic process, extracelluar region and other GO classification.The DEGs in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under high temperature stress for 14 d were mainly enriched in cell part, single-organism process and other GO classification.The DEGs in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under the normal condition,Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 14 d compared with that under the normal condition and Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under high temperature stress for 14 d were mainly distributed in 5, 7 and 15 major KOG/COG classifications, respectively, and were mainly annotated into 6,7,20 KEGG metabolic pathways. There were 654 metabolites detected in Zhengdan 309,40 differentially expressed metabolites(DEMs) were detected in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under the normal condition, of which 8 metablites were up-regulated,and 32 metablites were down-regulated.There were also 40 DEMs detected in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 14 d compared with that under the normal condition, including 4 up-regulated metablites and 36 down-regulated metablites.There were 46 DEMs detected in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under high temperature stress for 14 d, of which 17 metablites were up-regulated,and 29 metablites were down-regulated.The 40 DEMs in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under the normal condition were concentrated in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, arginine and proline metabolism and other KEGG pathways.The 40 DEMs in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 14 d compared with that under the normal condition were concentrated in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, steroid biosynthesis and other KEGG pathways.The 46 DEMs in Zhengdan 309 under high temperature stress for 7 d compared with that under high temperature stress for 14 d were mainly enriched in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism and other KEGG pathways.

Effect of Spraying Selenium on Physiological Characteristics of Waxy Corn and Contents of Sugar and Selenium in Grains

GONG Rui, DU Tianqing, ZHAI Hongmei, LI Yuhang, SHI Yahan, CUI Fuzhu, SUN Min, GAO Zhiqiang

2021, 50(2): 32-38. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.004

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In order to determine the optimal foliar spraying amount of selenium for improving the sugar content in grain and promoting the safe production of selenium-enriched waxy corn,two-factor split-plot design was used to study the physiological characteristics and the contents of sugar and selenium of two maize varieties Caitiannuo 1965 and Jinnuo 20 under five selenium levels.The results showed that as the spraying amount of selenium on the leaves increased,the POD activities,contents of GSH,chlorophyll,soluble sugar and sucrose of CTN1965 and JN20 all increased first and then decreased,which were the highest in the treatment with 45 g/ ha selenium,increased significantly by 47.94%,149.80%,49.86%,30.81%,29.33% and 49.16%,115.35%,73.12%,28.08%,21.57% compared with control without selenium;MDA content decreased first and then increased,which was the lowest in the treatment with 45 g/ha selenium,decreased significantly by 41.51% and 40.96% compared with control;selenium content of grain increased,which was the highest in the treatment with 90 g/ha selenium,increased by 1 046.06% and 908.76% respectively,and exceeded the safety standard of selenium-enriched corn.Through equation fitting,the safety upper limit values of spraying amount of selenium of CTN1965 and JN20 were 63.96 g/ha and 89.53 g/ha respectively.Considering the physiological characteristics and the contents of sugar and selenium in grain, the optimal spraying amount of selenium of CTN1965 and JN20 was 45 g/ha, which could reach the standard of selenium-enriched corn.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of CtDXS1 Encoding 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate Synthase Gene in Carthamus tinctorius L.

TAN Zhengwei, LI Lei, YU Yongliang, XU Lanjie, YANG Hongqi, DONG Wei, LU Dandan, MA Xinming, LIANG Huizhen

2021, 50(2): 39-49. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.005

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1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase ( DXS) is the first key enzyme of 2-C-Methyl-Derythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) synthetic pathway, which plays an important role in plant terpenoid biosynthesis. In order to clarify the sequence characteristics and expression characteristics of DXS in Carthamus tinctorius L.,a full length cDNA sequence of CtDXS1 gene was cloned by reverse transcription PCR from Carthamus tinctorius L.cultivar‘Yuhonghua No.1’based on the transcriptome data.Meanwhile,bioinformatics analysis and gene expression characteristics analysis were carried out.The open reading frame(ORF) of CtDXS1 gene was 2 136 bp, encoding a protein of 711 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass (MW) of 76 503. 10 u. Protein conserved domain analysis indicated that CtDXS1 contained the conserved domain of transketolase. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that CtDXS1 protein had the highest level of homology with DXS protein from Artemisia annua,and belonged to DXS cladeⅠ.Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that CtDXS1 gene had the highest expression level in bracts,followed by leaves and stems,and lower expression in other tissues.Quantitative analysis of gene expression of different color safflower showed that the expression of CtDXS1 gene was higher in yellow safflower.Drought and low temperature stress induced the CtDXS1 gene expression.The expression of CtDXS1 also induced by MeJA,but GA3 and ABA could inhibite the transcription of CtDXS1.Prokaryotic expression vector pET28a-CtDXS1 was constructed,and transformed into E.coli Transetta(DE3),and CtDXS1 recombinant protein was successfully expressed.

Stress Resistance Function and Bioinformatics Analysis of HPL Gene in Nicotiana tabacum

YANG Lijun, LU Yawen, DING Chao, JIN Weihuan, GUO Hongxiang

2021, 50(2): 50-57. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.006

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In order to explore the function of lipid hydroperoxidelyase(HPL)in tobacco,NtHPL gene was cloned from leaves,and the transgenic tobacco plants with overexpression of NtHPL were obtained to research the stress resistance function of NtHPL. NtHPL gene contained an intron and two exons,and the full-length of its cDNA was 1 494 bp.The C-terminal of NtHPL protein included the conservative sequence of the cytochrome P450 protein family,and N-terminal contained a chloroplast transit peptide.The expression of NtHPL could be found in tobacco roots,stems and leaves,and its expression was the highest in leaves. Mechanical damage,methyl jasmonate(MeJA),salicylic acid(SA),ethylene,abscisic acid(ABA) and drought stress could increase the expression level of NtHPL in leaves. Under drought stress,proline content was significantly higher in the transgenic tobacco plants with overexpression of NtHPL than that in the wild type K326,and malondialdehyde(MDA)content,peroxidase(POD) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities were lower than those in the wild type K326.These results showed that the NtHPL could improve the drought-resistant ability of tobacco plants,and it could be used for the breeding of tobacco drought-resistant varieties.

Effect of Mechanics Characteristics of Different Flavor Styles on Appearance Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

ZHANG Shifen, ZHANG Dekang, SUN Wu, ZHANG Dongdong, QIN Yanmin, GENG Hongmei, YU Shidong, WANG Gaili, ZHANG Jungang, HAN Jiabao

2021, 50(2): 58-65. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.007

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In order to study the differences and relationship of mechanical properties and appearance quality in eight flavor types of flue-cured tobacco,C3F grade of flue-cured tobacco in eight flavor types was selected to measure the mechanical properties,and the appearance quality was evaluated and scored.Path analysis was used to analyze the relationship between mechanical properties and appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco.The results showed that the softness of flue-cured tobacco in Sanming region of Fujian Province was the best,and the flexibility was strong,but the adhesion was poor; the flexibility and adhesion of flue-cured tobacco in Xuchang were stronger,but the softness was poor;the softness of fluecured tobacco in Chongqing and Zunyi production areas was better,but the flexibility of flue-cured tobacco in Chongqing production area was poor;the mechanical indexes of tobacco leaves in other production areas were moderate.The appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in Jiangchuan was the best,followed by Zunyi,Chongqing and Xuchang, Zhucheng and Mudanjiang, Chenzhou and Sanming.The direct path coefficient of penetration to color of flue-cured tobacco was-0.770,the direct path coefficient of shear force to color and maturity of flue-cured tobacco was 0.954 and 0.983,the direct path coefficient of adhesion to oil content was 0.960,the direct path coefficient of softness to leaf structure was 0.936,and the direct path coefficient of tensile strength to color was-0.949.The mechanical properties of flue-cured tobacco have great influence on the appearance quality, which can provide the basis for objective evaluation of flue-cured tobacco quality.

Effect of Organic Material Ratio on Change of Humus and Nutrient Content in Compost

WANG Guangyao, LI Xue

2021, 50(2): 66-71. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.008

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In order to master the optimum ratio of compost formula,the effects of seven ratios of maize straw and cow manure on humus composition and nutrient content of compost were studied.The changes of nutrient contents and humus during composting under different materials ratios were analyzed.The results showed that,when the mixing ratios of maize straw to cow manure were 5∶5,3∶7,at the end of the composting reaction,total organic carbon content was significantly higher than that at the beginning of composting,and the pH value ranged from 7.00 to 7.65,providing the most suitable environment for microbial growth and reproduction. When the mixing ratios of maize straw to cow manure were 7∶3,5∶5,3∶7,the content of water-soluble substances (WSS) decreased by 70%,58% and 59% in initial 60 days during composting compared with the initial value,respectively.In addition,the humification coefficients of all treatments generally increased as the composting reaction proceeded,which tended to be stable and mature finally.There was extremely significant positive correlation between humus coefficient and total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium contents.Therefore,on the basis of adding maize straw,appropriate amount of cow manure can promote the increase of the total organic carbon content of composting materials,and WSS are consumed in the composting process,all of which are conducive to the improvement of composting maturity.By comparing the experimental data,the best effect can be obtained when the ratios of maize straw to cow manure are 5∶5 and 3∶7.

Effects of Adding Soft Rock on Carbon Pool Management Index and Carbon Storage of Sandy Soil

GUO Zhen, XU Yan

2021, 50(2): 72-80. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.009

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Sandy soil leaks water and fertilizers,the structure is loose,and the soil and water loss is serious.The effective improvement of the weathered material of the soft rock can improve the soil structure, quality and promote the utilization efficiency of resources.In order to screen out the compounding ratio with better improvement effect on sandy land,four kinds of compound soils with mixed soft rock to sand ratios of 0∶1 (CK),1∶5 (C1),1∶2 (C2) and 1∶1 (C3) were selected as research objects.The soil organic carbon content, active organic carbon content, bulk density, organic carbon storage and carbon pool management index of 0—30 cm soil layer (10 cm interval)were measured and evaluated.The results showed that,soil organic carbon content showed significant differences only in the 10—20 cm soil layer.Compared with CK, the organic carbon content of the soft rock treatment was significantly reduced by 30.00%—46.36%,and there was no significant difference among the C1,C2 and C3 treatments.In each soil layer,the compounding ratio had a significant effect on the content of soil active organic carbon.Among them,the C2 and C3 treatments significantly increased the content of active organic carbon by 325.00%—491.67% (0—10 cm), 775.00%—787.50% (10—20 cm) and 490.91%—509.09% (20—30 cm).The soil bulk density in each soil layer increased with the increase of the ratio of soft rock.The average bulk density of 0—10 cm soil layer was 1. 77 g/cm³ ,and compared with 0—10 cm soil layer,the bulk density of 10—20 cm and 20—30 cm soil layers increased by 12.43% and 23.16%,respectively.There was no significant difference in soil organic carbon storage in each soil layer.The organic carbon storage in C1 treatment was 13.89% lower than that of CK,and the organic carbon storage in C2 and C3 treatments increased by 4.40% and 3.22% compared to CK in 0—30 cm soil layer.The change of carbon pool management index was consistent with the rule of active organic carbon content,increasing in the 10—20 cm and 20—30 cm soil layers with the increase of soft rock,and in the 0—10 cm soil layer, C2 had the largest carbon pool management index.Therefore,in the process of using soft rock to improve sandy soil,the improvement effect of sandy soil is better when the ratio of soft
rock to sand is 1∶2 to 1∶1.

Establishment of Technology of Rapid Fungicides Selection against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Guizhou Province Using Bromocresol Purple

LIU Ali, WU Xiaomao, LI Rongyu, HAN Lei, LIU Xudong, LUO Yue

2021, 50(2): 81-88. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.010

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In order to establish the technology of rapid fungicides selection against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,100 isolates of C.gloeosporioides were isolated and collected from Guizhou.The sensitivity baslines of C.gloeosporioides to thiophanate methyl and prochloraz were determined by mycelial growth rate method.Based on sensitivity basline of C.gloeosporioides to thiophanate methyl and prochloraz,the rapid fungicides selection kit against C.gloeosporioides was established using bromocresol purple.The results showed that the EC₅₀ mean values of (0.7641±0.1508)μg/mL and (0.0710±0.0133)μg/mL were sensitivity baslines of C.gloeosporioides to thiophanate methyl,prochloraz in Guizhou region,respectively.When the strain of C.gloeosporioides was placed in selection kit of thiophanate methyl of 0.45 μg/mL,the color of the kit was orange red,indicating that the strain of C.gloeosporioides to thiophanate methyl was sensitive.But when the strain of C.gloeosporioides was placed in selection kit of thiophanate methyl of 1.80 μg/mL,the color of the kit was yellow,indicating that the strain was resistant.When the strain of C.gloeosporioides was placed in selection kit of prochloraz of 0.088 μg/mL,the color of the kit was orange red,indicating that the strain of C.gloeosporioides to prochloraz was sensitive.But when the strain of C.gloeosporioides was placed in selection kit of prochloraz of 0.350 μg/mL,the color of the kit was yellow,indicating that the strain was resistant.

Efficiency Appraisal of Automatic Plant Protection Machinery Controlling Diseases and Insect Pests in Hubei Paddy Field

WANG Zuoqian, WU Jinglian, WU Tao, ZHANG Shu, YUAN Jiafu, ZHANG Ruiyang, YANG Xiaolin, XIA Xian’ge

2021, 50(2): 89. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.011

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Spraying performance, rice planthopper control effect and operating cost of two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and three self-propelled sprayers were compared to manual backpack electric sprayer as control,which were used to appraise their field efficiency against paddy pests and diseases.Results indicated that spraying droplets of UVAs showed strong penetrability through the stems and bushes of rice clusters,although its droplet density was significantly lower than that of other models. Jiubaotian showed the best performance in droplet density and spraying uniform in application.The corrected control effect of rice planthopper using different models was 96.5% to 98.8% at seven days post-treatment,respectively,showing no significant difference among all models.The corrected control effect at 14 days post-treatment was 92.9% to 98.6%,while three self-propelled sprayers were significantly higher than those of UAVs and manual backpack electric sprayer. In this study,the cost of pest control with manual backpack electric sprayer was 297.45 Yuan/ha,which was reduced by 21.4%,68.4% and 68.6%,with self-propelled sprayers,Dajiang UAV and Quanfeng UAV,respectively.Taken together,the application of new plant protection machinery could not only effectively control pests, but also improve operational efficiency and reduce cost of paddy field protection.

Investigation of the Distribution and Biological Characteristics of Volunteer Wheat in Main Wheat-Producing Areas of China

SU Wangcang, HAO Hongdan, SUN Lanlan, YUAN Mingyue, XU Hongle, WU Renhai

2021, 50(2): 96-104. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.012

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In order to clarify the distribution and biological characteristics of volunteer wheat in the main wheat producing areas in central and eastern China,a seven-level visual inspection method was used to investigate the volunteer wheat in 42 suvey samples of Henan,Hebei and Shanxi and other four provinces,and the morphological characteristics of volunteer wheat were clarified through morphological observations.The evaluation of the incidence and infringement value of volunteer wheat showed that the frequency of volunteer wheat in different provinces was 50.3%—92.1%,and the average infringement value of different sample sites in individual provinces was 16.3%—51.0%.The analysis of the morphology and biological characteristics of the volunteer wheat showed that the spikes of the volunteer wheat were divided into short awn,long awn and no awn. The grain color of the volunteer wheat was mainly dark red,and the average grain size was smaller than that of cultivated wheat. The stalks of the volunteer wheat seedling were red and purple,and the plant height of volunteer wheat was 30.0%—135.7% higher than that of cultivated wheat.The spike length of most of the volunteer wheat was smaller than that of cultivated wheat,and the number of tillers and grains per spike were different from cultivated wheat.The thousand-grain quality of volunteer wheat was 22.6%—42.4% lower than that of cultivated wheat.The stem diameter was obviously smaller than that of cultivated wheat.The invasion of volunteer wheat seriously affects the growth of cultivated wheat,so investigation of volunteer wheat will help to control it and improve the yield and quality of cultivated wheat.

Study on High Yield Technology of Oil Fengdan Using Cross Pollination

LI Ting, QIAO Qi, LI Jianfeng, GUO Xingfei, HOU Xiaogai

2021, 50(2): 105-114. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.013

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Both the suitable pollination cultivars and pollen germination promoting reagents were screened in this paper to improve the yield of oil Fengdan. Pollens of 16 representative ornamental peony cultivars and Fengdan from four plantations(Kaiyuan campus and Zhoushan campus of Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang East Garden and Songxian KuquTownship) were selected as the male parents,and Fengdan from four different altitude bases[Zhoushan campus of Henan University of Science and Technology(altitude of 197—215 m),Luoyang East Garden(altitude of 119—121 m),Songxian Kuqu Township(altitude of 369—371 m) and Luanchuan Diaoyutai Village(altitude of 703—710 m)] were selected as the female parents. Furthermore,the mixed pollens with different pollen cultivars were selected randomly to spray them on Fengdan in blooming stage,subsequently the seed setting rate,grain number,100-grain weight and the average yield of each flower were measured and compared.The results showed that male parent for the cross pollination combination with the highest seed setting rate and the highest average yield of each flower in Zhoushan campus was Fengdan cultivar from Kaiyuan campus,and the seed setting rate reached up to 96.67%,which was 1.4 times of the natural control,while the average yield of each flower was 16.21 g,which was 1. 8 times of the natural control.In Songxian Kuqu Village,the male parent for cross pollination combination with the highest seed setting rate was Fengdan cultivar from Zhoushan campus, and the seed setting rate was 60.00%, which was 1.1 times of the natural control,while Japan Crown got the highest average yield of each flower of 3.47 g as the male parent for cross pollination combination,which was 6.1 times of the natural control.In East Garden,the male parent for cross pollination combination with the highest seed setting rate was Riyuejin cultivar, which was 96.67% and 1.5 times of the natural control, and Roufurong got the highest average yield of each flower,which was 9.01 g and 1.5 times of the natural control. In Luanchuan Diaoyutai Village,the male parent for cross pollination combination with the highest seed setting rate was Fengdan cultivar from Zhoushan campus,which was 100.00% and 1.3 times of the natural control, and Riyuejin got the highest average yield of each flower,which was 12.70 g and 2.7 times of the natural control.The results of mixed pollination test showed that the best male parent combination with the highest seed setting rate was Fengdan(East Garden)+Wujinyaohui+Roufurong,which was 80.00% and 1.2 times of the natural control,while another combination with the highest average yield of each flower was Wujinyaohui+Riyuejin+Luoyanghong+Fengdan (East Garden), which was 17.02 g and 2.8 times of the natural control.The results of pollen germination promoting reagent test showed that the boric acid(0.08 g/L) or sucrose(150 g/L)+boric acid(0.08 g/L) PEG-6000(200 g/L) could improve the seed setting rate and yield of Fengdan as spraying regent.Therefore it was suggested that Riyuejin,Roufurong,Japan crown and Fengdan cultivars from different altitude bases could be good male parents, and the comprehensive treatments such as mixed pollination or spraying pollen germination promoting agent could also be used to improve the yield of oil Fengdan.

Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Pleurotus ostreatus Using Fuzzy Mathematics and Cluster Analysis

LIU Qin, CUI Xiao, KONG Weili, HU Sujuan, SONG Zhibo, YUAN Ruiqi, KANG Yuanchun, ZHANG Yuting

2021, 50(2): 115-123. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.014

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Fuzzy mathematics and cluster analysis were used for comprehensive quality evaluation of 12 bioeconomic indicators of 23 common cultivated species of Pleurotus ostreatus in 2019 in Henan Province.The results showed that coefficients of variation of mycelia resistance and external quality-related indexes of fruiting body were larger,while coefficients of variation of yield and internal quality-related indexes were lower.The results of fuzzy mathematics evaluation and cluster analysis were consistent. The species of Heiping 17-1,Huimei 2,Xin 831,Nongping 4,Heikang 650,Heifeng,and Tianda 300 with superior quality were clustered into group Ⅰ. The species of Bianyixiafu,Y9H15,Zaoqiu 4508,Nongyou 3,Y6P3,Heiping 16-1,Pingza A,5506,and Huiping 1 with average quality were clustered into group Ⅱ.The species of Nongping 1,Jiangdu 71,Xuemei,Xiaobaiping,Nairewang,Suyin 6,and Zhongshu 10 with the worst quality were clustered into group Ⅲ.Fuzzy mathematics combined with cluster analysis could provide a comprehensive and objective evaluation system for determining the quality of Pleurotus ostreatus.

Analysis of CmSVP Gene Structure and Expression Pattern in Chrysanthemum

GAO Yaohui, WEI Guangpu, MA Bin, XIAO Fengjie, MA Ming

2021, 50(2): 124-129. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.015

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As an important flowering inhibitor,SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE(SVP) gene is affected by multiple environmental factors, and participates in multiple flowering regulation pathways.In order to clarify the function of CmSVP gene in the regulation of Chrysanthemum flowering,CmSVP gene of the dayneutral Chrysanthemum morifolium Jinbudiao was cloned by PCR,and the gene structure was analyzed.The expression patterns of CmSVP in different tissues in different periods,under different photoperiods and at different temperatures were detected by qRT-PCR.The results showed that the total length of CmSVP gDNA was 4 997 bp,which consisted of 8 exons and 7 introns.The expression level of CmSVP in the vegetative period was higher than that in the reproductive growth period.The expression abundance was highest at the shoot tip,and that of the inflorescence was the lowest.So it was speculated that CmSVP might inhibit flower formation.The CmSVP gene showed sensitivity to photoperiod and temperature,especially the dual effects of long day and low temperature could significantly inhibit its expression.These results indicated that the CmSVP was similar in structure to the SVP homologous genes of other species,and was mainly expressed in the vegetative period.It was speculated to inhibit flowering transition through temperature-sensitive pathways and photoperiod pathways.

Probiotic Properties Assessment of Lactobacillus plantarum with Salmonella Antagonistic Ability

ZHANG Tiantian, LU Yao, LÜ Wenliang, LIN Xianhua, XU Haiyan, GU Wei

2021, 50(2): 130-137. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.016

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The aim of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum with strong ability to antagonize Salmonella, and to evaluate the feasibility and safety of Lactobacillus plantarum as feed probiotics.The strains were screened by Oxford cup antimicrobial test,and the strain with the strongest antibacterial property was co-cultured with Salmonella to determine its antagonistic ability to Salmonella.Then the growth performance, tolerance to adverse environment,adhesion to intestinal mucosa, safety and passage stability were studied.The results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum BLCC2-0410 had the best inhibitory effect on Salmonella pullorum.Lactobacillus plantarum reduced the growth of Salmonella pullorum by approximately 3 logs after co-culture for 24 h compared to the control.The growth of Lactobacillus plantarum entered logarithmic growth phase at 2 h after inoculation,and the highest viable count was 4.7×10⁹ cfu/mL.The minimum pH value of the culture medium was 3.74.It was tolerant to pH values of 2.5 and 3.0,and had certain tolerance to 0.1%—0.3% avian bile salt environment.The survival rate was 34. 3% in pepsin solution and 77.8% in trypsin solution after 4 h,and the adhesion rate to intestinal mucosa was 18.2%.The security test results showed that feeding Lactobacillus plantarum BLCC2-0410 did not affect the feed intake of chicks and there were no visible lesions in the lung,spleen,liver,kidney,etc..The strain of Lactobacillus plantarum BLCC2-0410 was continuously passed for 5,15,25 generations,and there was no significant difference in the viable count,bacterial morphology,pH value of fermentation broth and the diameter of inhibition zone to Salmonella pullorum.In conclusion, the strain of Lactobacillus plantarum BLCC2-0410 has obvious antimicrobial properties,excellent growth characteristics,strong acid production capacity,strong tolerance
to acids,bile salts and digestive enzymes,certain adhesion ability,no side effects on chickens and good passage stability,which can be used as a potential probiotic for further study.

Optimization of Ferment Conditions for Spore Production by Bacillus subtilis Strain J530 and Its Reduction Effect of Ammonia Emission from Chicken Manure

ZHANG Ying, DU Guoxia, FENG Lili, WANG Xiaoyu, LIU Shuang, WANG Chao, JIANG Junpo, WANG Shiying

2021, 50(2): 138-144. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.017

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In order to increase endospore amount at shake flask fermentation of Bacillus subtilis strain J530 which could produce urease inhibitors,and explore its reduction effect on ammonia emission from chicken manure,the fermentation conditions of this strain were optimized by single factor and orthogonal experiments,the bacterial agent was activated and then joined to fresh chicken manure,and the changes in the number of Bacillus subtilis,urease activity,ammonia release,ammonia nitrogen content,pH value,urea content,uric acid content and total nitrogen content were measured at 5 days after fermentation.The results showed that the optimal conditions for endospore production by shaking flask fermentation of strain J530 were as follow:Corn flour of 1.5%,soybean meal of 1.5%,MgSO₄·7H₂O of 0.3%,Na₂HPO₄of 0.2%,KH₂PO₄of 0.2%,bottle volume of 50 mL(Erlenmeyer flask 250 mL),initial pH value of 8.0,the inoculum amount of 4.0%,the culture temperature of 37℃ ,the shaker speed of 150 r/min,and the ferment time of 36 h. After optimization,the endospore content of fermentation broth increased by 20.32 times.Compared with the control group,the spore content in the test group increased by 60.29 times(P<0.01).The urease activity,ammonia release amount and ammoniacal nitrogen content were reduced by 80.78% (P<0.01),67.78%(P<0.01) and 48.57% (P<0.01).The pH value in the test group decreased by 1.35(P<0.05).The urea content,the uric acid content and the total nitrogen content increased by 24.79%(P<0.05),0.91% (P>0.05) and 8.53%(P>0.05).In conclusion,the optimal conditions for endospore production of strain J530 in shake flask fermentation were obtained,and J530 had a significant effect on reducing ammonia emissions from chicken manure.

Detection of Selection Signatures of Population-Specific Whole-Genomic Regions Selected in Shandong Little Donkey

CHEN Jianxing, TONG Jiaxing, ZHANG Xiaozhong, ZHANG Xiangyang, WANG Yuxin, SUN Yujiang

2021, 50(2): 145-150. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.018

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This experiment was conducted to study genetic differentiation among different donkey populations by genome-wide detection of selection signatures and search the candidate genes related to important traits of Shandong little donkey(SDL).This study was based on the whole genome resequencing data of 60 donkeys from 5 donkey populations including SDL,Dezhou Sanfen donkey(DZS),Dezhou Wutou donkey(DZW),Guangling donkey(GL) and North China donkey( NC).The selection signals between SDL and other donkey populations were detected by population genetic differentiation index(Fst)and ratio of nucleotide diversity (π ratio) method.As a result,39 candidate genes were detected in the positive selection signal regions. Compared with DZS,five candidate genes with strong selection signals were detected, including Fsip1, AHNAK2, CTAGE2, CYP3A12 and LOC106830441.Compared with DZW, five candidate genes with strong selection signals were detected, including NKG2DL1,KLK1E2,CTAGE2,FAM170A and LOC106823932.Compared with GL,six candidate genes within strong selection signals were detected, including NKG2DL1, AHNAK2, CTAGE2, FAM170A,LOC106823932 and LOC106848008.Compared with NC,only two candidate genes with strong selection signals were detected,including CTAGE2 and FAM170A.These candidate genes mainly played important roles in the immune,reproductive,cellular and other pathways,revealing that SDL experienced artificial selection in the traits of immunity and reproductive traits.

Cloning and Tissue Expression Analysis of Vitellogenin Genes in Carassius auratus

LI Qing, HE Bin, ZHAO Haitao

2021, 50(2): 151-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.019

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In order to study the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of different Vitellogenin (Vtg) subtype genes in Carassius auratus, two subtypes of Vtg homologous genes were cloned and identified,named Ca-VtgAo1 and Ca-VtgC,respectively.The full-length cDNA sequences of Ca-VtgAo1 and Ca-VtgC were 4 241 bp and 4 207 bp,the open reading frames(ORF) were 3 873 bp and 3 612 bp,and the 5′untranslated regions (UTR) were 192 bp and 150 bp,3′UTR were 176 bp and 445 bp,encoding 1 290 and 1 203 amino acid residues,and the predicted protein molecular weight were about 140.6 ku and 134.8 ku,respectively. The domain analysis results showed that both Ca-VtgAo1 and Ca-VtgC had the conserved domains of LPD_N (lipoprotein N-terminal domain),DUF1943 and DUF1944,but neither had β′-component yolk protein(β′-C) and the carboxy-terminal component yolk protein(CT)domain,and Ca-VtgAo1 had the phosvitin(Pv) domain,Ca-VtgC did not have this domain.The results of evolutionary analysis showed that VtgC first clustered with VtgABCD in Ichthyomyzon unicuspis,and then clustered with VtgAa,VtgAb,VtgAe and VtgAo.Ca-VtgAo1,due to the Pv domain,evolved faster than Ca-VtgC.Quantitative real-time PCR analysis results showed that Ca-VtgAo1 mRNA was expressed in the tested tissues,of which the relative expression level in liver tissue reached the highest,and the relative expression level of Ca-VtgAo1 mRNA in female liver was fifty times of that in male liver.The relative expression level suggests that the source of Vtg is mainly exogenous synthesis in the liver,but the old way of endogenous synthesis of Vtg in the ovary is still retained.The Ca-VtgAo1 gene can be used as a molecular marker for sex identification in C.auratus.

Preparation and Content Determination of IR3535 Long-Term Repellent

ZHAO Cong, YUE Zhiguang, HUANG Bin, CHEN Qian, ZHANG Sumei, JIAN Fuchun, ZHANG Longxian, WANG Rongjun, NING Changshen

2021, 50(2): 162-166. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.020

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In order to develop long-lasting repellent for ticks, four repellent formulations with 20% IR3535 content were designed. According to the physical and chemical characteristics of IR3535,with IR3535 as active component, absolute ethanol as solvent, α-pyrrolidone as stabilizer, PEG-400 as tackifier,PVP-K30, CMC-Na and maltodextrin as slow-release components combined in a variety of solvent systems to design.The results of stability test showed that the solvent formulation with 5%—20%PVP,5%—20% α-pyrrolidone,5%—20% PEG-400 and 30% anhydrous ethanol had the best stability.The content of mosquito repellent was determined by gas chromatography.The results showed that the average intra day precision was 0. 59%,the average inter day precision were 0.49%,and the average recovery was 97.4%.The content of three batches of long-acting repellent was between 98.1% and 103.8% of the labeled amount.To sum up,the preparation of IR3535 long-acting tick repellent agent is simple,stable and repeatable.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis to Enhance Umami Taste of Lentinus edodes Boiling Water by 5′-Phosphodiesterase

LI Shunfeng, LIU Li’na, WANG Anjian, TIAN Guangrui, XU Fangfang, WEI Shuxin

2021, 50(2): 167-172. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.021

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To improve the content of umami substance in boiling water of Lentinus edodes,the single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were carried out to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process of L.edodes boiling water with 5′-phosphodiesterases (5′-PDEs).The 5′-nucleotides content and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) were also evaluated after enzymatic hydrolysis by 5′-PDEs.Results showed that the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis to improve the content of 5′-nucleotides in boiling water of L.edodes by 5′-PDEs were as follows: pH value of 5.0,enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 50℃ ,enzymatic addition amount of 0.3% and enzymatic hydrolysis time of 2 h.Under these conditions,the content of 5′-nucleotides was 3.80 g/L.Enzymatic hydrolysis could significantly increase the contents of 5′-AMP and 5′-GMP in boiling water of L. edodes,and the EUC value was significantly increased from 273.71 g/L before enzymatic hydrolysis to 436.27 g/L,which was about 1.59 times higher of before.The results showed that proper enzymolysis of L.edodes boiling water could significantly enhance its umami taste,which would provide technical support for the development of seasoning in boiling water of L.edodes.

Construction and Application of Simplified Traceability System for Production Safety of Agricultural Products Based on Intelligent Terminal

LI Guoqiang, CHEN Dandan, ZHAO Fenghua, QIN Yilang, ZHAO Qing, ZANG Hecang, XIN Yinping, YU Ya’nan, ZHENG Guoqing

2021, 50(2): 173-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.02.022

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In order to provide more convenient and effective traceability services for small and medium-sized enterprises,a simplified traceability system had been developed based on the browser/server architecture.The C# and Java were used as the development languages,and the MySQL and SQLite were used as the databases.The collection functions of the traceability system were designed by using EXIF data,UCC/EAN-128 coding,batch management and QR code technology. It had six modules used in the management of account,site,agricultural material,farmaing,processing and traceability document. It could be used for inquiring soil fertility and heavy metal content, recording fertilization, irrigation and spraying control,tracing growth process and so on.Compared with similar systems,the simplified traceability system which was a universal system suitable for vegetables,fruits,food crops,tea and so on,had the characteristics of automatic generation of traceability files, simple operation and friendly interface.This system had an excellent application in the Henan characteristic agricultural products,such as Lankao honeydew melon,Sanmenxia apple and Xinyang tea.More than 150 enterprises had used the traceability system and established a perfect management system of agricultural products,achieving standardized planting and batch management.

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