Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Contents

2023, 52(10): 0.

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Research Progress on the Effects of Abiotic Stress Factors on Wheat Photosynthesis

FANG Yuhui, HUA Xia, HAN Liupeng, ZHAO Mingzhong, QI Xueli, DONG Haibin, HU Lin,

2023, 52(10): 1-13. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.001

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Photosynthesis is the energy source and material basis of wheat growth and development，and plays an important role in the formation of wheat yield.In recent years，climate anomalies have occurred frequently.High temperature，low temperature，drought，waterlogging，saline‑alkaline，high light and low light have become the main factors affecting wheat photosynthesis.This paper reviewed the research progress of the effects of abiotic stresses such as temperature，water，saline‑alkaline and light intensity on wheat photosynthesis，pointed out the problems existing in this research field，and prospected the future research direction，so as to provide theoretical reference for wheat high photosynthetic efficiency breeding and cultivation management.

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Application Rate with Increased Density on Yield and Quality of Indica‑Japonica Hybrid Rice

ZHANG Kai, CHEN Mingrui, LIU Qiuyuan

2023, 52(10): 14-21. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.002

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The indica‑japonica hybrid rice varieties Yongyou 2640 and Yongyou 15 were used as materials，and the effects of reduced nitrogen application rate with increased density［2 seedlings per hole under conventional nitrogen fertilizer level（pure N 300 kg/ha）（T1），2 seedlings（T2），3 seedlings（T3），4 seedlings（T4），5 seedlings（T5）per hole under nitrogen reduction level（pure N 225 kg/ha）］on yield and quality of rice were studied，so as to provide technical support for green high‑yield cultivation of indica‑japonica hybrid rice.The results showed that the yield of each nitrogen reduction treatment of two rice varieties first increased and then decreased with the increase of density，the yield of T3 treatment was the highest，which significantly increased by 7.03%（Yongyou 2640） and 6.59%（Yongyou 15）compared with T1 treatment，but the yields of the other nitrogen reduction treatments were significantly lower than that of T1 treatment.T3 treatment had the highest effective panicle number and grain number per panicle，so got the highest yield.In terms of rice quality，brown rice rate，milled rice rate，head milled rice rate，protein and its components contents，amylose content，amylopectin content，total starch content，hardness and final viscosity of nitrogen reduction treatments of two rice varieties generally decreased with the increase of density，and were lower than those of T1 treatment，while the chalkiness rate，chalkiness degree，taste value and setback value increased with the increase of density，and were higher than those of T1 treatment. In summary，for indica‑japonica hybrid rice，high yield and quality can be achieved with hole and row spacings of 12 cm and 30 cm and 3 seedlings per hole under the condition of 225 kg/ha nitrogen.

Effects of Chlamydomonas on Photosynthetic Physiological Indexes of Wheat Seedlings under Salt Stress

WANG Yanqin, MENG Xiangang, LI Wuyang, LUO Guanghong

2023, 52(10): 22-29. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.003

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The wheat seedlings under normal condition were as control（CK），the effects of Chlamydomonas algal liquid［0 g/L（T0），0.25 g/L（T1），0.5 g/L（T2），1.0 g/L（T3）and 2.0 g/L（T4）］on photosynthetic pigment content，photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of wheat seedlings under high salt stress were investigated，so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of Chlamydomonas algal liquid in wheat under salt stress.The results showed that wheat seedlings of CK had the highest photosynthetic pigment content，net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），CO₂ concentration（Ci），transpiration rate（Tr），actual optical quantum yield of optical system Ⅱ［Y（Ⅱ）］，maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），electron transport rate（ETR），photochemical quenching coefficient（qP），and the lowest non‑photochemical quenching coefficient（qN）.The contents of chlorophyll a，total chlorophyll and carotenoids of T1—T4 treatments were higher than those in T0 treatment，especially T3 and T4 treatments.The Pn，Gs，Ci and Tr of T1—T4 treatments were higher than those of T0 treatment at 6—12 days after treatment，and T3 treatment was generally the highest，followed by T4 treatment.The Fv/Fm，ETR，Y（Ⅱ）and qP of T1—T4 treatments were overall higher than those of T0 treatment at 6—12 days after treatment，and T3 treatment was generally the highest，followed by T4 treatment；qN of T1—T4 treatments were lower than that of T0 treatment at 6—
12 days after treatment.In general，1.0 g/L Chlamydomonas algal liquid has the best effect.

Mature Characteristics of Fresh Tobacco and Quality of Cured Tobacco for One‑time Plucking of Six Middle Tobacco Leaves

LI Sijun, ZHENG Hongbin, BI Yiming, JIANG Zhimin, TIAN Yunong, HAO Xianwei , ZHANG Cheng, HOU Jianlin, WU Wenxin, ZHU Lin, DENG Xiaohua

2023, 52(10): 30-39. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.004

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To clarify the suitable maturity characteristics for one‑time harvesting of flue‑cured tobacco middle leaves，Xiangyan No. 7 was used as material，three harvesting time treatments of low maturity（M1，customary harvesting），medium maturity（M2，7 d delay in harvesting）and high maturity（M3，14 d delay in harvesting）were designed to carry out one‑time harvesting of six middle tobacco leaves with different maturity in Guiyang，Hunan Province. The appearance quality，chemical components，smoking quality and economic character of flue‑cured tobacco were comprehensively evaluated.The result showed that with the increase in maturity，the SPAD values of fresh tobacco leaves of Xiangyan No.7 in M2 and M3 decreased by 6.48％ and 14.11% compared with M1，respectively. Greenish tobacco decreased，and variegated tobacco increased，and the variegated ratios of M2 and M3 treatments were 2.54 and 7.80 percentage points higher than that of M1 treatment，respectively.M2 was more coordinated in chemical components. The total scores of the flue‑cured tobacco appearance quality and smoking quality were the best in M2.The fine tobacco ratio in M2 treatment was 3.29 percentage points higher than that in M1 treatment，and that in M3 was 14.01 percentage points lower than that in M1 treatment.The average price of M2 treatment was 1.01% higher than that of M1 treatment，and that of M3 treatment was 10.35% lower than that of M1 treatment.The one‑time harvest of six tobacco leaves in the middle part of flue‑cured tobacco should be delayed by seven days compared with the local customary harvest.The suitable harvest mature characteristics are as follows：1/5—1/2 leaf surface turns yellow，2/3 main vein turns white to full white，1/3 or more branch vein turns white，leaf edge curls，most of the hairs fall off，no or a small amount of mature spot occurs，leaf surface wrinkles.The SPAD value for one‑time harvest of six flue‑cured tobacco leaves is 21.51—28.86.

Effect of Different Seed Dressing Treatments on Germination and Seedling Growth and Development of Undelinted Cotton Seeds

LI Kan, XIE Zhangshu, YANG Dan, ZHANG Ning, XU Doudou, ZHOU Zhonghua, LIU Aiyu, TU Xiaoju

2023, 52(10): 40-51. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.005

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the germination and seedling growth of undelinted cotton seeds treated with various seed mixing agents，the experimental materials used were cotton variety JX0010，and five seed mixing agents（Vitavax，Fenaminosulf，Celest，Gaoqiao and Ruisheng）.Three different seed mixing ratios were established according to usage instructions，resulting in a total of 15 treatments to investigate the effects of various seed mixing agents on undelinted cotton seed germination and seedling growth with no seed mixing as a control（CK）.The results showed that the seedling emergence rate of undelinted cotton seeds under different seed dressing ratios of Gaoqiao，Ruisheng and Celest was better than that of CK and other treatments，and the percentage exceeded 84%.The seedling emergence rate of Fenaminosulf treatment was higher than that of CK only under higher seed dressing ratios（1∶200 and 1∶220），and the seedling emergence rate of Vitavax treatment did not exhibit an increase when compared to that of CK under the three different seed mixing ratios.In terms of post‑emergence seedling growth，leaf area，dry matter accumulation，soluble sugar content，nitrate reductase（NR）activity，superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity，and root vigor showed different degrees of improvement compared with CK under the three treatments of Gaoqiao，Ruisheng and Celest，and the correlation analysis showed that malondialdehyde（MDA）content was significantly negatively correlated with protein content，NR activity，SOD activity，soluble sugar content and root vigor，indicating that the better‑growing cotton seedlings increased protein content，NR activity，SOD activity，soluble sugar content，and root vigor in order to alleviate or eliminate cellular senescence caused by the increase of MDA content，so as to promote the growth and development of cotton seedlings and enhance their resistance to stress. In conclusion，Gaoqiao，Ruisheng and Celest in light direct seeding have the potentials to enhance the emergence rate of undelinted cotton seeds，optimize the growth condition and physiological quality of cotton seedlings，thereby presenting promising prospects for practical implementation.

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum Elicitor on Paclitaxel Production by Taxus wallichiana var.mairei Suspension Culture Cells

QIU Han, MENG Liyuan, YANG Wanting, LING Shuyu, REN Kaili, WEI Saijin

2023, 52(10): 52-59. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.006

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To improve the production of paclitaxel in suspension cells of Taxus wallichiana var.mairei，Ganoderma lucidum inducers were prepared to treat the suspension cells of Taxus wallichiana var.mairei.The effects of Ganoderma lucidum inducers on the suspension cells of Taxus wallichiana var.mairei were studied by analyzing cell growth and total production of paclitaxel.The results showed that when the concentration of Ganoderma lucidum elicitor added was 100 μg/mL，the growth index and total production of paclitaxel of Taxus wallichiana var.mairei suspension cells were significantly higher than otherconcentrations（P<0.05），so 100 μg/mL was the optimal concentration for adding Ganoderma lucidum elicitors；When the Ganoderma lucidum elicitor was added on the 8th day of cell growth，the cell growth index and total production of paclitaxel on the 21st day were significantly higher than other addition time（P<0.05），so the 8th day of cell growth was the optimal addition time for the Ganoderma lucidum elicitor；When the Ganoderma lucidum elicitor continuously treated the suspension cells for 6 days，the growth index of suspension cells and total production of paclitaxel were significantly higher than other sustained treatment time（P<0.05），so 6 days were the optimal duration of the Ganoderma lucidum elicitor.When 100 μg/mL of Ganoderma lucidum elicitor was added on the 8th day of suspension cell culture to the 21st day，the dry weight of cells and the total production of paclitaxel reached the peak，which were 221.13% and 569.69% of the control（adding the same amount of distilled water），respectively；Membrane surface mucosa and globular substances increased；Phenylalanine ammoniase activity and total phenol content were increased，while cell viability and polyphenol oxidase activity were decreased.

Analysis of Fertilizer Substitution Potential of Main Grain Crop Straw Returning to Field in Liaoning Province

GONG Liang, JIN Dandan, HE Zhigang, WANG Na, ZOU Xiaojin, ZHANG Xin, SUI Shijiang, NIU Shiwei, XIE Zhanjun

2023, 52(10): 60-71. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.007

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In order to clarify the amount of straw nutrient resources of main grain crops in Liaoning Province and the substitution potential of straw returning for chemical fertilizer，and to promote the utilization of straw resources and the reduction of chemical fertilizer application in the whole province，based on statistical data and literature，the straw yield of two main grain crops of rice and corn in Liaoning Province，the amount of straw N，P2O5 and K2O nutrient resources，and the amount of nutrient brought in under the condition of returning to the field were estimated，and the potential of substitution and reduction of chemical fertilizer was evaluated.The results showed that the average annual yields of maize and rice straw in Liaoning Province from 2018 to 2020 were 21.3 million and 4.4 million tons，respectively，mainly distributed in the Liaohe Plain and Western Liaoning.The total amount of straw nutrient resources of the two crops was 676 000 t per year，of which N，P₂O₅and K₂O were 222 000，78 000 and 376 000 t per year，respectively.Corn and rice straw nutrient resources accounted for 79.4% and 20.6% of the total straw nutrient resources，respectively.The nutrient returning amount of rice straw per unit area was N 23.7—40.1 kg/ha，P₂O₅ 5.3—9.0 kg/ha，K₂O 98.8—167.0 kg/ha.The nutrient returning amount of maize straw in the current season was N 26.2—50.6 kg/ha，P₂O₅ 4.4—8.4 kg/ha，K₂O 45.5—87.8 kg/ha.The substitution potentials of total rice straw returning for nitrogen（N）and phosphorus（P₂O₅）fertilizers were 13.2%—17.6% and 6.3%—9.6%，respectively，and it could completely replace potassium（K₂O）.The replacement potentials of total maize straw returning for nitrogen fertilizer（N），phosphorus fertilizer（P₂O₅）and potassium fertilizer（K₂O）were 12.7%—23.7%，4.80%—9.0% and 46.7%—87.3%，respectively.

Accumulation Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Grains of Different Wheat Varieties in Contaminated Calcareous Soil

WANG Qiuhong, SHI Qianru, PENG Aihua, SHANG Yanping, SUN Fawei, LIANG Xiaodong, YANG Suqin, ZHANG Biao

2023, 52(10): 72-81. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.008

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In order to screen suitable wheat varieties for safe production in polluted soil，17 common wheat varieties were selected as test materials and cultivated in polluted calcareous soil in northern Henan Province. The accumulation status of heavy metals cadmium（Cd），lead（Pb），iron（Fe），manganese（Mn），copper（Cu）and zinc（Zn）in grains were compared，and available heavy metal content in the rhizosphere soil of each variety as well as its correlation with the elemental content of grains were analyzed.The results showed that the Cd content in the soil in the experimental site was 2.17 mg/kg，which belonged to safe utilization soil according to Soil Environmental Quality—Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land（GB 15618—2018）.There were significant differences in grain Cd content among different wheat varieties，B10 had the lowest Cd content（0.12 mg/kg），followed by YK048，and the grain Cd content of YZ4110 was the highest. Cd content in the grains of various wheat varieties all exceeded the limit value（0.10 mg/kg） in National Food Safety Standards—Limits for Pollutants in Food（GB 2762—2017）.In terms of Pb content in grains，there was no significant difference among varieties，and all of them were lower than the limit value（0.20 mg/kg）in National Food Safety Standards—Limits for Pollutants in Food（GB 2762—2017）. It was found that the ratio of available Cd to total Cd in the experimental site was relatively higher，reaching 46%. There was a extremely significant positive correlation between soil available Cd content and grain Cd content. Fe and Zn are antagonistic elements to Cd，amony the wheat varieties selected in this study，the ratio of total content of Fe and Zn to Cd content in the grains of Y048，B10，B4199 and X979 was higher. Therefore，they should be recommended as priority varieties，and soil control measures should be taken to achieve safe production.

Effects of Altitude on the Fungal and Bacterial Diversity in Rhizosphere Soil of Rosa roxburghii Tratt

LI Yinfeng, LIU Xiaozhu

2023, 52(10): 82-91. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.009

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The effects of altitude on the diversity of fungi and bacteria in rhizosphere soil of Rosa roxburghii Tratt were studied，which would provide reference for isolating plant growth‑promoting rhizobacteria.The composition and potential functions of fungi and bacteria in rhizosphere soil from different altitudes［1 550 m（B1），1 650 m（B2），1 750 m（B3），1 850 m（B4）and 2 050 m（B5）］were analyzed by high‑throughput sequencing technology.The results showed that the number of fungi and bacteria species in rhizosphere soil of R.roxburghii from different altitudes was different.The number of fungi and bacteria species in B2 was the highest，while that in B3 was the least. Altitude influenced the distribution of fungi and bacteria.Unclassified_g__Fusarium showed a trend of first decreasing，then increasing，and then decreasing with increasing altitude，while uncultured_Sphingomonadaceae_bacterium_g__Sphingomonas showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing.In addition，the fungi and bacteria resources in the rhizosphere of R.roxburghii had multiple functions，and the distribution of fungal functions in the rhizosphere varied with altitude.Therefore，altitude affects the composition and diversity of fungi and bacteria in rhizosphere soil of R.roxburghii.

Isolation and Identification of Bacillus for Biocontrol of Leaf Blight of Strawberry and Study on Its Biocontrol Effect

LIANG Song, MENG Xiangkun, YU Xin, XU Wenfeng, XING Fangfang, ZHENG Shulin, LI Xinzhu, WANG Liang

2023, 52(10): 92-99. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.010

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In order to screen the biocontrol Bacillus spp.against strawberry leaf blight disease（Neopestalopsis clavispora），the healthy strawberry rhizosphere soil was collected，and Bacillus with high control effect against strawberry leaf blight was screened by dilution coating plate method and plate confrontation method，and identified by morphological，physiological and biochemical identification and molecular biological method，and its fermentation characteristics were preliminarily studied.The control effect was verified by the method of isolated leaves in the laboratory，and the safety of the strain was tested by the blood plate method and the pot test method.The results indicated that a strain of Bacillus B125 with high inhibitory effect on strawberry leaf blight was screened，and its plate inhibitory rate reached 75.44%. It was identified as Bacillus velezensis by morphology，physiological and biochemical identification and molecular biology.The bacterial powder of strain B125 was prepared by liquid fermentation and hot‑air drying.The indoor control effect of the bacterial powder on strawberry leaf blight reached 61.69%.The safety test showed that the strain had no hemolysis，was harmless to crop growth and could significantly promote crop growth.Overall，Bacillus B125 can significantly inhibit the growth of strawberry leaf blight pathogen，and has high industrial production and development value.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of Phenylalanine Ammonia‑lyase Gene PePAL in Passion Fruit

YANG Cuifeng, TENG Zheng, WEI Chun, LIU Zhenglu

2023, 52(10): 100-108. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.011

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Phenylalanine ammonia‑lyase（PAL）is involved in the formation of secondary metabolism of lignin，flavonoids and coumarines，and plays an important role in plant disease resistance，insect resistance，stress resistance and growth and development.In order to explore the gene sequence structure and protein function of PAL in Passiflora edulis Sims，the“Tainong 1”Passiflora edulis Sims was used as the material and the cDNA was used as the template for homologous cloning of the PePAL gene.At the same time，the structure and function of the PePAL coding protein were predicted. The results showed that the cDNA of PePAL gene was 2 499 bp in length，containing a complete open reading frame（ORF）of 2 124 bp，encoding 707 amino acids，with a molecular weight of 173.43 ku.The structural prediction of PePAL protein using ProtParam，SignalP4.1 and TMHMM softwares showed that the protein was a hydrophilic non‑secretory protein without transmembrane domain and signal peptide. PePAL was mainly located in the nucleus，chloroplast，cytoplasm，cell membrane，mitochondria，vacuoles and other parts，and its secondary structure was composed of α‑helix，extended strand，β‑turn and random coil.The expression of PePAL was the highest in flowers on the same fruiting branch of passion fruit，followed by stems，and the lowest in mature leaves.

Identification and Expression Analysis of PAO Gene Family in Kiwifruit

XIE Yutian, ZHANG Xinye, SU Yanping, WU Shuang, ZHANG Zeyin, CHU Zhuodong, FENG Xue, SUN Yanxiang

2023, 52(10): 109-119. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.012

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The aim of this study was to identify members of polyamine oxidase（PAO） family from kiwifruit，to analyze their expression changes during growth，development，maturation and storage of kiwifruit，to mine important candidate genes involved in fruit maturation and softening，and to provide reference for regulating development and post‑harvest preservation of kiwifruit.The PAO proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa were used as probes，and the family members in Actinidia chinensis，Actinidia eriantha and Actinidia arguta were screened out by BLAST.Compute pI/Mw，SignalP‑4.1，TMHMM‑2.0，WoLF PSORT，MEGA 6，MEME and TBtools were used for analyzing and predicting the molecular weight，theoretical isoelectric point，signal peptide，transmembrane region，subcellular localization，phylogenetic relationship，conserved motifs and syntenic relationship，respectively.Expression analysis of PAO genes among different tissues and biological processes of kiwifruit were analyzed based on transcriptome data and qPCR.The results showed that four，four and five PAO genes were identified in Actinidia chinensis，Actinidia eriantha and Actinidia arguta，named AcPAO1—4，AePAO1—4，AaPAO1—5，respectively.AcPAO and AePAO were distributed on eight chromosomes，with the length of 1 722—9 837 bp.The amino acid number of PAO proteins ranged from 420 aa to 496 aa，the molecular weight was 45.74—55.92 ku，and the isoelectric point was 5.29—5.79.Neither signal peptides nor transmembrane regions were included in PAO proteins. AcPAO and AaPAO were mainly located in peroxisome，while AePAO widely distributed in cells.Based on phylogenetic analysis，thirteen kiwifruit PAO proteins were divided into three groups，and there were similar motif distribution patterns and conservative domains in members which were clustered into the same group. Four syntenic gene pairs were identified among AcPAO and AePAO genes.The Ka/Ks values of syntenic gene pairs were less than 1，suggesting that they underwent purifying pressure during the evolution process.The expression of AcPAO3 showed a trend of increase at first and then decrease with maturation and ripening of kiwifruit.In addition，AcPAO3 could respond to different storage temperature to some extent.AaPAO genes were expressed in all the tested tissues，the expression during storage of which mostly also showed the same trend as that of AcPAO3.

Development of Immunochromatographic Strip for Detecting the African Swine Fever Virus Antibodies Based on p72 Protein

SUN Yaning, LU Qingxia, XING Yunrui, YANG Suzhen, FAN Lu, QIAO Songlin, ZHANG Gaiping

2023, 52(10): 120-130. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.013

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In order to establish a sensitive，accurate，specific and stable African swine fever virus（ASFV）antibody rapid detection test strip product，this study used ASFV p72 protein and SPA as detection antigen and test line respectively，compared the effects of different states of p72 on the detection performance of the test strip and optimized the conditions，such as labeling conditions，coating concentration of nitrocellulose membrane，sample pad buffer system and components，and coloring time.The specificity，uniformity，accuracy，and stability of the immunochromatographic strip were identified.The results showed that the detection sensitivity of the strip was 1∶51 200，which was better than commercial ASFV‑ELISA kits.No cross‑reaction with positive sera of other swine derived viruses was detected，and the coefficient of variation was less than 10%.No false negative and false positive results in clinical sample detection were observed.Therefore，the strip showed good performance in sensitivity，specificity，uniformity and accuracy. The accelerated stability experiment proved that the strip could be stored at room temperature for more than one year，and the total coincidence rate with the imported commercial ELISA kit was 91.6%.In this study，immunochromatographic strip for detecting the ASFV antibodies was successfully prepared，providing a reliable tool in rapid screening of antibodies against ASFV.

Effect of Ascosphaera apis Infection on Worker Bees of Apis mellifera ligustica

HOU Mengshang, LIANG Cheng, ZHAN Jiang, QIN Jiamin, DENG Shangkao, ZONG Deqin, LI Zhiguo

2023, 52(10): 131-140. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.014

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In order to explore the effects of Ascosphaera apis infection on survival rates，immune genes，development genes and intestinal flora of Apis mellifera ligustica workers，The purified cultured A.apis spores was inoculated to 6‑day‑old workers of A.m.ligustica，and quantitative real‑time PCR（qRT‑PCR）was used to detect the effects of the infection on immune genes，development genes and intestinal flora of workers of A.m.ligustica.The results showed that the survival rates of workers of A.m.ligustica was not significantly affected by continuous inoculation of A.apis for 3 days（χ²=0.133，P=0.715）.The content of A.apis spores in midgut and hindgut of A.m.ligustica workers at 4 days after inoculation was significantly higher than that in midgut and hindgut of A.m.ligustica workers at 8 days（P<0.05）.Compared with the unvaccinated group，at 4 days after inoculation of A.apis spores，the expression levels of immune‑related genes abaecin，apidaecin，defensin‑1，defensin‑2，hymenoptaecin，GNBP‑1 and IMD in the workers of A.m.ligustica were significantly up‑regulated（P<0.05）；At 8 days after inoculation of A.apis spores，the expression levels of immune‑related genes in the workers of A.m.ligustica were not significantly different（P>0.05）；At 4 and 8 days after inoculation of A.apis spores，the expression levels of developmentrelated genes VGMC，usp，kr‑h1，AMHex10869 in the workers of A.m.ligustica were not significantly different（P>0.05）.Compared with the unvaccinated group，at 4 days after inoculation of A.apis spores，the intestinal bacteria Lactobacillus Firm‑4 and U16S rRNA content in the workers of A.m.ligustica were significantly up‑regulated（P<0.05）.At 8 days after inoculation of A. apis spores，the intestinal bacteria Lactobacillus Firm‑5 content in the workers of A. m. ligustica was significantly up‑regulated（P<0.05），and the intestinal bacteria U16S rRNA content in the workers of A. m. ligustica was significantly down‑regulated（P<0.05）.In conclusion，the infection of A.apis does not affect the survival rate of A.m.ligustica workers，it can cause immune stress response of A.m.ligustica workers，and affect the intestinal flora stability and intestinal core flora content of A.m.ligustica workers.

Identification and Detection of Wheat Kernels with Different Volume Weight Based on Improved U‑Net

LÜ Zongwang, WANG Yuqi, SUN Fuyan

2023, 52(10): 141-152. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.015

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Volume weight is a very important index in the process of wheat quality grade detection.Manual detection and traditional image processing methods have problems such as expensive equipment and low recognition efficiency in wheat quality grade detection，which need to be further improved.The self‑made three grades of wheat grain samples were used as the wheat volume weight dataset，and the U‑Net network was improved according to the characteristics of small grain targets and unclear edge segmentation.On the backbone network，the residual stacking module was used to reduce the feature loss，the CBAM attention mechanism module was embedded in the network bridging part to enhance the further extraction of the features，and the self‑attention mechanism module was embedded in the decoder part to restore the detail information. The results showed that MIoU of the improved network model CBSA_U‑Net was 81.5%，which was 1.8 percentage points higher than U‑Net model，4.2 percentage points higher than PSPNet and 3.3 percentage points higher than DeepLabv3+ model.

Integration of Multi‑Source Remote Sensing Data and Temporal Spectral Features of Growth Stages for Rice Planting Area Extraction

ZHENG Zirui, ZHAO Huijie, WEI Panpan, FANG Peng, WANG Laigang, XU Shaobo

2023, 52(10): 153-161. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.016

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To fast and effective extraction of rice spatial distribution information，this study proposed a simple and practical time‑series pixels frequency constraint model（TPFCM） based on the spectral variation pattern of rice development using optical and radar images during the growth period of rice.Firstly，the median synthesis method was used to synthesize Sentinel‑2，Landsat‑8，and Sentinel‑1 as monthly data，and the synthesized Sentinel‑2 and Landsat‑8 were fused to reduce the influence of cloud shadow on rice image pixels，and the feature spectral bands of the three fusion images were selected to calculate the normalized vegetation index（NDVI），enhanced vegetation index（EVI）and land surface water index（LSWI）to create monthly multi‑dimensional feature images.Secondly，the random forest classifier was used to initially extract the rice area within the five important development stages，and input into the TPFCM model to calculate the frequency of rice pixels within each stage in the growth period.Finally，the model was controlled to output the optimal rice spatial distribution information based on the pre‑extraction accuracy and area error threshold conditions.The results showed that the TPFCM model output -3.83% of rice planting area error，which was 3.94 percentage points less than that of single‑phase rice extraction area error by comparing the absolute values，and the correlation between the extracted area and statistical reference area was significant（R²=0.97）.

Effect of Relative Humidity on Different Thicknesses of Yam Slices during Hot Air Drying

LI Xingyi, LU Fengyin, LIU Aiping, XIE Yongkang, ZHENG Zhi’an

2023, 52(10): 162-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.017

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The hot air drying technology based on temperature and humidity control was used，the thicknesses of yam slices were 3，6，and 9 mm，the relative humidity（RH）was 20%，30%，and 40%，and the change rules of the relative humidity in drying room and the internal temperature of the yam slices were studied. The relationship between the thickness of yam and the relative humidity in drying room was explored，as well as the influence of drying conditions on the drying characteristics，the content of the medicinal ingredients，the color change，and the rehydration ratio（RR）of yam. When the slice thickness was 6 mm and the RH was higher than 30%，the inner temperature rose rapidly in the first 100 min.At the same slice thickness，the RH had no significant effect on the drying time of yam slices（P>0.05）.Thethinner the thickness of yam slices，the lower the RH，the shorter the drying time，and the lower thespecific energy consumption（SEC）.The drying time of 3 mm yam slices was the shortest（220—235 min），and the SEC was 2.51—2.57 kW·h/kg. The RH and the thickness of slices had significant effects on the content of allantoin and extract of yam slices（P<0. 05）.When the RH was 40%，the allantoin content of 3 mm yam slices was the highest（11.92 mg/g）；When the RH was 20%，and the thickness was 3 mm，the content of the extract was the highest（9.72%）.The RH and slice thickness had little effect on the color change of yam（P>0.05），but had a significant effect on the RR（P<0. 05）.The RR of yam slices with 3，6 and 9 mm was 2.34，2.32 and 1.79 g/g，respectively，when the RH was 30%.The highest comprehensive score was 0.70 when the RH was 20% and the thickness was 3 mm.In actual production，it is difficult to quickly reduce the RH in drying room to below 20%.The RH in the initial drying stage is recommended to be set as 30% or 40%，and the slice thickness be 3 mm for yam slices drying.

Effect of Cut Tobacco Width on the Ash Integrity，Mainstream Smoke and Sensory Quality of Medium‑sized Cigarette

GAO Ming, ZHANG Hongzhao, GAO Fugao, WANG Guoyuan, LI Jie, SUN Shuya, WANG Yu, WANG Liudong, LEI Tian, ZHANG Junsong, LIANG Miao

2023, 52(10): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.10.018

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In order to explore the effects of cutting width on the cigarette rolling quality，ash integrity performance，mainstream smoke indicators，and sensory quality of medium‑sized cigarettes，the width of cut tobacco was set at 0.80，0.90，1.00，and 1.10 mm，respectively.The cigarettes were produced when other cutting and rolling conditions remained unchanged.Then the effects of cutting width on the physicochemical indicators and sensory quality of cigarettes were analyzed.The results showed that：As the cutting width increased from 0.80 to 1.10 mm，the long strands rate gradually increased from 86.89% to 91.40%，and the rates of short strands and broken strands gradually decreased.There was a significant correlation between the rates of long strands，long strands rate，short strands and the cutting width.The manufacturing stability of cigarette under different cutting widths was good，and the closed suction resistance and its standard deviation exhibited a decreasing trend with the increase of cutting width.When the cutting width was 1.00 mm，the tobacco loss from cigarette ends，combustion cone falling tendency，and the standard deviation of axial density of tobacco were relatively lower.A relationship model between the structure of cut tobacco and physical indicators was established through stepwise regression analysis.The long strands rate was negatively correlated with the tobacco loss from cigarette ends and dust content，the medium strands rate was negatively correlated with the standard deviation of axial density，the short strands rate was negatively correlated with the standard deviation of total ventilation rate and was positively correlated with the falling tendency.The cutting width had a significant impact on the ash integration，gray value，and carbonization ring width. When the cutting width was 1.00 mm，the ash integration and carbonization ring width were the lowest，which were 2.40% and 12.36%，respectively.There was a significant or extremely significant correlation between the cutting width and the number of suction and released tar，which exhibited a positive correlation with the number of suction and a negative correlation with tar release.Sensory evaluation showed that the cigarette quality was the best when the cutting width was 1.00 mm.

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