Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

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2023, 52(7): 0.

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Research Progress of Conservation Tillage in China

QIN Meng, DONG Quanzhong, XUE Hong, ZHANG Mingming, LI Weiwei, SONG Huan, ZHAI Lingxia

2023, 52(7): 1-11. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.001

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Conservation tillage is an environmentally friendly farming model that reduces soil erosion，protects the ecological environment of farmland，and achieves coordinated development of ecological，economic and social benefits by means of less tillage，no⁃tillage and surface mulching of straw.In order to reduce soil erosion，desertification and salinization，soil management methods need to be changed from traditional tillage to protect the soil environment，stabilize food and increase income.This paper introduces the importance of conservation tillage for the sustainable development of agriculture，systematically describes the current development status of conservation tillage，analyzes the key points and difficulties of future development of conservation tillage，and provides an outlook on the future development direction of conservation tillage to provide reference for improving the development system of conservation tillage.

Effect of Sowing Date on Yield and Quality of Early and Middle Rice

DOU Dandan, SUN Jianjun, WANG Dexin, GUO Yuxi, GUO Xinhai, DING Chaoming

2023, 52(7): 12-23. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.002

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The effect of sowing dates［May 5（T1），May 11（T2），May 17（T3），May 23（T4），May 29（T5），June 4（T6），June 10（T7），June 16（T8），June 22（T9）and June 28（T10）］on yield and quality of different maturity types of rice was studied with four portions each for early and middle rice as experimental materials. Principal components of yield and quality related characters of early and middle rice under different sowing dates were analyzed，and a comprehensive evaluation of the stability of experimental materials and sowing dates was conducted using GGE biplot based on yield and chalkiness，so as to provide theoretical basis for the selection of suitable rice types and sowing dates in rice field planting in Huang⁃Huai⁃Hai region. The results showed that sowing date had a significant impact on both rice yield and quality. The duration from sowing to heading for early and middle rice generally decreased with the delay of sowing date. The changes of growth period varied depending on the experimental materials. Under T1 treatment，early and middle rice had the longest growth period，and middle rice had
the shortest growth period under T6 treatment. The length and diameter of stem，as well as the length of sword leaf，varied greatly in early rice，while the number of panicles per plant，seed setting rate and thousand⁃grain weight varied greatly in middle rice. The overall yield of early and middle rice showed a trend of first increase，then decrease and then increase with the delay of sowing date. Among them，early rice A1（TH2），A2（Huaxiangjing 2）and A4（Jindao 272）had the highest yields under T4 treatment，which were 5 902.09 kg/ha，5 569.03 kg/ha and 8 916.24 kg/ha，respectively；early rice A3（Jindao 572）had the highest yield of 10 194.01 kg/ha under T3 treatment；the lowest yields were obtained under T6 treatment. The yields of middle rice Linxiu 6812，Xu 60233，Lindao 10 and Nanjing 9308 were the highest under T4 treatment，which were 9 352.54 kg/ha，9 515.23 kg/ha，9 179.88 kg/ha and 7 925.09 kg/ha，respectively；the yields were the lowest under T1 treatment. The crude protein content in grain of early and middle rice showed an overall trend of first increase，then decrease and then increase with the delay of sowing date. The amylose content in grain of early and middle rice showed an overall trend of first decrease and then increase with the delay of sowing date. The chalkiness degree of grain of early rice generally decreased with the delay of sowing date，while for middle rice，it showed an overall trend of first decrease and then increase with the delay of sowing date. The results of principal component analysis indicated that T1，T2，and T3 could effectively distinguish different maturity types of rice materials，that was，the traits of different maturity types of rice materials could be fully expressed under these sowing dates.The analysis results of the GEE model indicated that the comprehensive scores of materials A3 and A4，sowing dates T3 and T2 were relatively higher.

Differences in Natural Enrichment Abilities of Elements in Root Tubers of Different Genotypes of Sweet Potato（Ipomoea batatas Lam.）

CHEN Han, HU Huiyun, CHENG Jianfeng, HUANG Yingjin, MAO Xiaorong, XU Xiaoming, ZENG Yanhua

2023, 52(7): 24-39. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.003

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The contents of iron，zinc，selenium，magnesium，cadmium，chromium，lead，mercury and arsenic of root tubers in 16 different use types of sweet potato（Ipomoea batatas Lam.）were analyzed，and the natural enrichment ability of element in root tubers of different genotypes of sweet potato was comprehensively evaluated by fuzzy membership function method，EW⁃TOPSIS （entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution） and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method，so as to clarify the difference of natural enrichment ability of element in root tuber of different genotypes of sweet potato，and define the sweet potato genotypes with high enrichment of beneficial elements and low enrichment of harmful elements，which would provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance for genetic improvement and planting of high⁃yield，high⁃quality，nutritional and safe sweet potato varieties.The results showed that there were great differences in yield of fresh root tubers among different sweet potato genotypes，and there were significant or extremely significant differences among fresh⁃eating or starch types，and the difference in yield of fresh root tubers among starch type was greater than that among fresh⁃eating type.There were significant or extremely significant differences in the content and accumulation of different beneficial and hazardous elements in the same fresh sweet potato genotypes or the same beneficial and hazardous elements in the different fresh sweet potato genotypes.Among the beneficial elements，the content and accumulation of magnesium were the highest，followed by iron，and selenium and zinc were lower；but the difference of selenium content and accumulation among genotypes was the largest，followed by iron，and zinc and magnesium were smaller.Among the hazardous elements，chromium content and accumulation were the highest，and the difference among genotypes was the largest，followed by cadmium and arsenic. There was a certain relationship between the use types of sweet potato and the content and accumulation of elements in their root tubers.The content and accumulation of magnesium and cadmium in fresh⁃eating type were generally higher than those in starch type，but those of iron，selenium and arsenic were generally lower，while zinc and chromium had basically no differences.There were significant differences in the natural enrichment abilities of elements（content and accumulation）in root tubers of different sweet potato genotypes，which were related to the evaluation index and weight.The comprehensive analysis indicated that the element enrichment ability in fresh root tubers of different sweet potato genotypes could be divided into high，medium and low categories.The two genotypes with high enrichment ability were Ganshu 203 and Gan K06，the four genotypes with medium enrichment ability were Pushu 32，Ganshu 3，Jishu 25 and Zhanshu 16，and the other ten genotypes had low enrichment ability.

Effect of Intercropping of Silage Corn and Forage Rape on Forage Crop Yield and Quality

FAN Xiaoqing, ZHAO Xinyue, WANG Yuwen, ZHANG Liangyao, YUAN Jincheng, LIU Yinghui, WENG Qiaoyun

2023, 52(7): 40-51. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.004

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To determine the optimal intercropping ratio and harvest period of silage corn and forage rape，the silage corn Demeiya 1 and forage rape Huaza 62 were used as materials，and the effects of different planting modes［monoculture of silage corn（Ⅰ），monoculture of forage rape（Ⅱ），2∶4 intercropping of silage corn and forage rape（Ⅲ）and 2∶2 intercropping of silage corn and forage rape（Ⅳ）］，harvest time［August 20th（A1），August 30th（A2），September 10th（A3）and September 16th（A4）］and mixe storage ratio［silage corn and rapeseed with 1∶1（B1），1∶2（B2）and 2∶1（B3）］on the yield and quality of two forage crops were studied.The results showed that different intercropping ratios of silage corn and forage rape did not affect the growth process of the two crops，but decreased the plant height，SPAD value and photosynthetic potential of silage corn，and had no significant impact on the growth and development of forage rape.The corn yield of treatment Ⅰ was significantly higher than that of the other treatments，and reached the highest of 28.27 t/ha at harvest time of A4.The average yield of treatment Ⅰ was 20.75 t/haat different harvest time.The treatment Ⅱ had the highest yield of forage rape of 11.24 t/ha at harvest time of A3.The treatments with different intercropping ratios had the highest yield at harvest time of A4，followed by A3，and the difference between the two harvest time was not obvious.As the harvest time was postponed，the contents of crude protein，fat，starch and total digestible nutrient generally showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，with the highest at harvest time of A3.At the harvest time of A3，the Ⅲ⁃B2 treatment had the highest crude protein content of 12.5%；had the highest fat content of 12.6%，which was 2.32 times higher than that of treatment Ⅰ；had the highest starch content of 23.81%，which was 6.44 times higher than that of treatment Ⅰ ；had the highest total digestible nutrient content of 75.0%，which was 44.2% higher than that of treatment Ⅰ；had the highest net energy for lactation，maintenance and weight gain，which were 1.71%，1.84% and 1.21%，respectively.In summary，in the northwest region of Hebei Province，the best harvest time is September 16th；the yield of silage corn monoculture treatment is the highest，followed by 2∶4 intercropping treatment of silage corn and forage rape；the quality of silage corn and forage rape mixed with a ratio of 1∶2 is the best. It is recommended to intercrop silage corn and forage rape with a ratio of 2∶4 and mix them with a ratio of 1∶2 for storage.

Effect of ACC Deaminase⁃Producing Bacteria on Rooting of Mung Bean Cuttings under Saline⁃Alkali Stress

LI Xin, ZHANG Meizhen, ZHENG Qiaochu, LIU Quan, HUANG Yulan, YIN Kuide

2023, 52(7): 52-59. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.005

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Saline⁃alkali stress makes plants produce excessive ethylene，which will inhibit plant rooting，and ACC（1⁃amino cyclopropane 1⁃carboxylic acid）deaminase⁃producing growth⁃promoting bacteria can alleviate the damage of saline⁃alkali stress to plants by breaking down the direct precursor ACC of ethylene.In order to explore the role of ACC deaminase⁃producing bacteria in plant rooting under saline⁃alkali stress，we screened and identified the strains with strong saline⁃alkali tolerance from alkaline grass root soil，and analyzed the effect of the strains on rooting of mung bean cuttings.The results showed that DQJC1，DQJC5 and DQJC6 strains produced ACC deaminase with activities of 8.147，7.282 and 7.906 U/mg，respectively.Three strains had strong salinity⁃alkalinity tolerance and IAA（indoleacetic acid）production ability，which were identified to belong to Pseudomonas.Three strains were inoculated into the base of mung bean cuttings，and it was found that the root length，fresh quality and root number of mung bean cuttings were increased under normal condition and saline⁃alkali stress condition.Under saline⁃alkali stress，the three strains significantly down⁃regulated the activities of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase in mung bean cutting roots，and the DQJC1 and DQJC6 strains significantly down⁃regulated the ACC content in mung bean cutting roots，indicating that ACC deaminase⁃producing bacteria effectively alleviated the inhibition of saline⁃alkali stress on the rooting by reducing the production of ethylene.

Fertilization Effect of Rapeseed under Different Soil Fertilities in Region along Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province

ZHANG Jing, SU Sheng, MAO Wei, ZENG Hongyu, QIU Jianrong, ZHAO Haitao

2023, 52(7): 60-69. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.006

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The rapeseed cultivar Ningza 1818 was used as the experimental material，and eight fertilization treatments（N₀P₀K₀：no fertilization；N₀P₂K₂：no nitrogen application；N₂P₀K₂：no phosphorus application；N₂P₂K₀：no potassium application；N₁P₂K₂：nitrogen reduction；N₂P₁K₂：phosphorus reduction；N₂P₂K₁：potassium reduction；N₂P₂K₂：local customary nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium application）were set.An experiment was conducted in Jiangdu District of Yangzhou City from 2016 to 2017.And the effects of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium ratio on agronomic character，grain yield，economic
benefit，and fertilizer agronomic efficiency were investigated，aiming to provide a theoretical basis for best nutrient management according to soil fertility.The results showed that fertilization could improve the plant height，stem diameter，number ofbranches，number of kernels per plant，number of seeds per silique，and the weight of 1 000 kernels，with obvious improvement in the seed yield and economic benefit compared with the treatment of CK（without fertilization）.The nitrogen was the most significant nutritional factor.The N₂P₂K₂treatment had the highest yield under different soil fertility conditions.The yield differed with soil fertility as high fertility soil>medium fertility soil>low fertility soil under the same fertilization mode.The utilization rates of nitrogen，phosphorus，and potassium were different under different soil fertility condition.The N₁P₂K₂ treatment had the highest agronomic efficiency of N in medium fertility soil.The N₂P₁K₂ treatment had the highest agronomic efficiency of P in high fertility soil.The N₂P₂K₁treatment had the highest agronomic efficiency of K in medium fertility soil.The effects of N，P，and K fertilizers on the economic benefit of rapeseed were different under different soil fertility condition.The effects of N₂P₂K₁，N₂P₁K₂，and N₂P₂K₂treatments were better in low fertility soil，and the effects of N₂P₂K₁ and N₂P₂K₂ treatments were better in medium and high fertility soils.Comprehensive analysis showed that the recommended fertilizer rates for rapeseed in low fertility soil were 47—78 kg/ha of P₂O₅and 54—90 kg/ha of K₂O under the condition of nitrogen fertilizer applied at 208 kg/ha.The recommended optimum fertilizer amounts of P₂O₅，K2O were 78，54—90 kg/ha in high or medium fertility soil.

Effects of Different Forest Type on the Growth of Bletilla striata and Diversity of Endophytic Fungi

LI Shanmin, ZENG Xinhua, HUANG Weichang, FU Hao, HUANG Qingjun

2023, 52(7): 70-80. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.007

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In order to study the effect of different forest type on the growth of Bletilla striata and its symbiotic relationship with endophytic fungi and realize the effective cultivation of B.striata and the comprehensive development and utilization of forest type，in this study，we selected four forest types（Phyllostachys iridescens，Taxodium distichum，Phyllostachys edulis and Metasequoia glyptostroboides）to analyze the growth indexes，endophytic fungal diversity and community composition of B.striata.The results showed that the plant height，leaf length，leaf width，number of tiller buds，root width，root length，aboveground and underground fresh weight and root⁃top ratio of B. striata in P.edulis forest was higher than those of the other forest types.The root length，aboveground and underground fresh weight and root⁃top ratio were significantly higher than those of the other three forest types，showing as follows：P.edulis forest>T.distichum forest>M.glyptostroboides forest>P.iridescens forest.In different forest types，the dominant endophytic fungal population in B. striata was Serendipita of Basidiomycota，but the relative abundance was significantly different.P.edulis forest was the highest（84.76%）and M.glyptostroboides forest was the lowest（43.11%）.99.67% of endophytic fungi were correlated with the growth indexes of B.striata，and the endophytic fungi species were affected by soil nutrients，especially soil pH，total phosphorus，alkali⁃hydrolyzed nitrogen，organic matter，total nitrogen.In conclusion，the influences of forest type，soil nutrient content and endophytic fungi species on the growth and development of B.striata should be comprehensively considered.

Effects of Long⁃Term Located Chlorine Application on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Crop Yield in Three Soil Textures

JIA Yunchao, HUANG Da, WANG Xizhi, YAN Junying, WANG Lihe

2023, 52(7): 81-89. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.008

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In order to study the effects of chlorine⁃containing fertilizers on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yield in different soil textures，the effects of 15% chlorine⁃containing fertilizer（T1）and 30% chlorine⁃containing fertilizer（T2）on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of wheat and maize in three soil textures（sand，loam and clay） were studied for five consecutive years with chlorine⁃free fertilizer as control（CK）.The results showed that the pH values of T1 and T2 treatments in 0—20 cm soil layer and T2 treatment in 40—60 cm soil layer of loam were significantly lower than CK，and the pH values of T1 and T2 treatments in 20—40 cm soil layer of clay were significantly lower than CK.The chloride ion content of T2 treatment in 0—20，20—40 and 40—60 cm soil layers of sand and clay was significantly higher than CK.The water⁃soluble salt content of T2 treatment in 40—60 cm soil layer of sand was significantly lower than CK，and the water⁃soluble salt content in 0—20，40—60 cm soil layers of loam and 0—20，20—40 cm soil layers of clay increased with the increase of chlorine fertilizer.The water⁃soluble calcium content of T1 and T2 in 0—20 cm soil layer of sand and 40—60 cm soil layer of loam was significantly lower than CK，and the water⁃soluble calcium content of T1 and T2 in 20—40 cm soil layer of loam and 0—20 and 40—60 cm soil layers of clay was significantly higher than CK.For the proportion of>0.05 mm soil particles，T1 treatment in 0—20 and 40—60 cm soil layers of sand and T2 treatment in 20—40 cm soil layer of loam were significantly higher than CK，while T1 and T2 treatments in 0—20 cm soil layer of loam were significantly lower than CK；For the proportion of 0.05—0.001 mm soil particles，T1 treatment in 0—20 and 40—60 cm soil layers of sand，T2 treatment in 20—40 cm soil layer of loam and T1 and T2 treatment in 40—60 cm soil layer of clay decreased significantly compared with CK in the same soil layer；For the proportion of soil particles≤0.001 mm，T1 treatment in 0—20 cm soil layer of loam and T2 treatment in 40—60 cm soil layer of clay were significantly higher than CK，while T2 treatments in 20—40 cm and T1 and T2 treatments in 40—60 cm soil layers of loam and T2 treatment in 0—20 cm soil layer of clay were significantly lower than CK.The application of chlorine⁃containing fertilizers for three consecutive years in the three soil textures had no significant effect on wheat yield，but in the fourth year，the sand T2 treatment decreased by 5.32%，the loam T1 and T2 treatments decreased by 7.61% and 7.13%，respectively，and the clay T2 decreased by 1.77%.The effect of chlorine⁃containing fertilizer treatment on maize yield was relatively smaller，only the sand T2 treatment decreased the yield by 5.20% and 7.08% in the fourth and fifth years，respectively.Continuous application of chlorine⁃containing fertilizers is not recommended to exceed three years.

Evaluation of the Effect of Safeners to Alleviate the Phytotoxicity of Amide Herbicides on Turfgrass

SU Wangcang, YANG Muhan, XUE Fei, SUN Lanlan, XU Hongle, FENG Changsong, WU Renhai

2023, 52(7): 90-97. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.009

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In this study，the alleviating effects of the safeners benoxacor and fenclorim on the phytotoxicity of pretilachlor and s⁃metolachlor to four turfgrasses（Lolium perenne，Festuca elata，Poa annua，Agrostis matsumurae） were measured by indoor pot experiment.The results showed that the inhibition of emergence under 30—60 g/ha（active ingredient，the same below） treatments of pretilachlor was effectively alleviated after L.perenne seeds were soaked with fenclorim，and the fresh weight GR₅₀（the dose resulting in 50% growth reduction）of L.perenne increased by 17.9%.After L.perenne seeds were soaked with fenclorim，the inhibition of L.perenne emergence was effectively alleviated in the treatments of 3.75—30 g/ha s⁃metolachlor，the remission rate reached 10.0%—23.2%，and the fresh weight GR₅₀ of L.perenne increased by 42.3%. After F.elata seeds were soaked with fenclorim，the inhibition rate of emergence treated with 30 and 60 g/ha s⁃metolachlor was reduced to less than 10%，and the fresh weight GR₅₀of F.elata increased by 95.3%.The inhibition of seedling emergence of P.annua and A.matsumurae was basically not relieved by the combination of benoxacor and fenclorim with pretilachlor and s⁃metolachlor.To sum up，the combination of fenclorim and pretilachlor can improve the safety of pretilachlor for L.perenne，and the combination of fenclorim and s⁃metolachlor can improve the safety of s⁃metolachlor for L.perenne and F.elata.However，the alleviation of benoxacor and fenclorim on P.annua and A.matsumurae was not significant under the use of pretilachlor and s⁃metolachlor.

Effects of Three Antibiotics on the Gut Microbial Community of Plutella xylostella（Lepidoptera：Plutellidae）

LI Wenhong, GUO Tao, XIANG Ligang, YU Zhihe, LI Tianqun

2023, 52(7): 98-108. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.010

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The gut of Plutella xylostella（Lepidoptera：Plutellidae）is abundant with microorganisms that are susceptible to the effects of food and feeding environment.To understand the effects of antibiotics on the gut flora of P.xylostella during feeding，the changes of the gut microbial community of P.xylostella after cabbage leaves were treated with ampicillin，streptomycin sulfate and rifampicin and used to feed P.xylostella larvae，were investigated using high⁃throughput sequencing technology in this paper.The results showed that the gut bacteria of P.xylostella were mainly Firmicutes，Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota，and the dominant genera were Enterococcus and Enterobacter.The gut fungi of P.xylostella were mainly Ascomycota，Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota，and the dominant genus was Penicillium.After treatment with each antibiotic，the relative abundance of Ascomycota all increased，and that of Firmicutes all decreased.The relative abundance of Basidiomycota significantly decreased after 10 mg/L ampicillin treatment，followed by 100 mg/L streptomycin sulfate treatment，while the relative abundance all increased in other groups.The relative abundance of Mucoromycota significantly increased after 100 mg/L streptomycin sulfate treatment，followed by 5 mg/L ampicillin sulfate，while the relative abundance all decreased in other groups.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased after 100 mg/L streptomycin sulfate treatment and the relative abundance all increased in other groups.The relative abundance of Bacteroidota increased the most under 100 mg/L streptomycin sulfate treatment.At genus level，the relative abundance of Penicillium all increased，the relative abundance of Enterococcus all decreased，and the relative abundance of Enterobacter increased in all groups except for the 100 mg/L streptomycin sulfate treatment.The abundance，evenness and diversity of the fungal community in the gut of P.xylostella were all decreased for all three antibiotics treatments，with the highest decrease in 10 mg/L ampicillin treatment.The evenness and diversity of bacterial community all increased for all three antibiotics treatments，with the highest increase in the treatment of 100 mg/L streptomycin sulfate.The bacterial abundance increased for both treatments of ampicillin and streptomycin sulfate，while decreased for rifampicin treatment.

Effects of Foliar Spraying of Na2SiO3 on the Yield，Quality and Cd Uptake of Pod Pepper

CHAI Guanqun, SUI Yanfeng, YANG Fan, QIN Song, FAN Chengwu

2023, 52(7): 109-116. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.011

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The effects of foliar spraying of 0，3，5 mmol/L（CK，Si₃，Si₅）Na₂SiO₃solution on the yield，quality and Cd absorption and transport capacity of Capsicum annuum L.under 0.3 mg/L Cd stress were investigated by hydroponic experiment，in order to provide scientific basis for the development of foliar inhibitors.The results showed that with the increase of the dosage of Na₂SiO₃，the biomass of all parts of pod pepper cultivar‘Qing Hong Yuan Shuai’increased. Compared with CK，Si₅treatment significantly increased the biomass of all parts，the fresh and dry weight of fruits increased by 16.29% and 15.26%，respectively，and the dry weight of whole plant increased by 21.35%.With the increase of the dosage of Na2SiO3，the contents of soluble sugar，soluble protein，amino acid，vitamin C（Vc）and capsaicin showed increasing trend，and Si5 treatment significantly improved the quality.The order of Cd content in different parts of each treatment was as follows：leaves on main stems>roots>leaves on fork stems>fruits>main stems>fork stems. Compared with CK，foliar spraying of Na₂SiO₃ solution promoted the decrease of Cd content in all parts of pepper，and the decrease extents of Cd content in fruits with Si₃ and Si₅ were 11.30%，28.69%，respectively.The difference of Cd accumulation in the whole plant of each treatment was not significant. With the increase of Na₂SiO₃ concentration，the Cd accumulation in fruits decreased significantly，and the Cd accumulation in stems，leaves and roots increased significantly.Compared with CK，the Cd accumulation in fruits of Si₅ treatment decreased by 19.43%. Compared with CK，foliar application of Na₂SiO₃ solution significantly reduced the transfer efficiency of Cd from roots，fork stems，main stems and leaves of main stems，stem and leaf to fruits（TF_fruit/root，TF_{fruit/fork stem}，TF_{fruit/main stem}，TF_fruit/leaf of main stem，TF_fruit/stem and leaf）.Spraying Na₂SiO₃solution on the leaves increased the accumulation ability of Cd in the stems，leaves and roots of pod pepper cultivar‘Qing Hong Yuan Shuai’，and limited the transport of Cd from vegetative organs（stems，leaves and roots）to fruits.

Comparison of the Contents of Various Phenols in Autumn Bliss Red Raspberry Fruits with Different Maturity

LI Cheng, ZHANG Ruijie, LI Ming, SUN Quan, ZHAO Zhilei, GU Yuhong

2023, 52(7): 117-124. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.012

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In order to explore the change rule of phenolic content during the development of Autumn Bliss red raspberry fruit and provide a theoretical basis for timely harvest，high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）and spectrophotometry were adopted to determine the contents of ellagic acid，salicylic acid，ferulic acid，catechin，epicatechin，rutin，caffeic acid，total flavonoids in Autumn Bliss red raspberry fruits with different maturity（green fruit，yellow fruit，red fruit and dark red fruit），and the correlation of the above eight substances was analyzed. The results showed that during the development from green fruit stage to dark red fruit stage，the contents of ellagic acid，catechin，epicatechin，rutin and total flavonoids in red raspberry fruits of Autumn Bliss tended to decrease continuously，the content of salicylic acid increased first and then decreased，and the contents of caffeic acid and ferulic acid decreased first and then increased.Among them，the contents of ellagic acid，ferulic acid，catechin，epicatechin，rutin，caffeic acid and total flavonoids were the highest in the green fruit stage，which were 49.88，0.53，3.74，4.91，0.017，0.53，13.66 mg/g，and the content of salicylic acid was the largest in red fruit，which was 0.27 mg/g.Through correlation analysis，it was found that the contents of ellagic acid and rutin，the contents of total flavonoids and epicatechin，rutin were very significantly positively correlated，the contents of ellagic acid and epicatechin，caffeic acid，total flavonoids，the contents of catechin and ferulic acid，epicatechin，total flavonoids，the contents of epicatechin and rutin were significantly positively correlated，the contents of salicylic acid and ferulic acid were significantly negatively correlated.It is better to pick green fruits of Autumn Bliss red raspberry with high content of ellagic acid，ferulic acid，catechin，epicatechin，rutin，caffeic acid and total flavonoids，and red fruits with high content of salicylic acid.

Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Extraction Process of Livestock and Poultry Guiqi Yimu Decoction by Response Surface Methodology

LIU Xuesong, XUE Zhanmei, YANG Qingwen, ZHANG Yan, MENG Weishan, WANG Shuang, CHEN Xi, YANG Xudong, LUO Tianyao, ZHU Qinghe, ZHONG Peng

2023, 52(7): 125-135. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.013

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In order to obtain the best enzymatic extraction process of traditional Chinese veterinary drug livestock and poultry Guiqi Yimu decoction，single factor experiment combined with response surface methodology was carried to optimize the enzymatic extraction process.The conditions for measurement included enzymolysis time，temperature，and pH value.The mass concentration of calycosin⁃7⁃O⁃β⁃D⁃glucopyranoside and ferulic acid in the enzymatic hydrolysis extract of livestock and poultry Guiqi Yimu decoction was determined.The results showed that the optimal hydrolysis process of livestock and poultry Guiqi Yimu decoction was as follows：temperature was 50℃，extraction time was 9 h，pH value was 5.0.Under these conditions，the mass concentration of calycosin⁃7⁃O⁃β⁃D⁃glucopyranoside was 0.217 mg/mL and the mass concentration of ferulic acid was 0.122 mg/mL，which were similar to the model predicted values.Compared with the traditional extraction method，the mass concentration of calycosin⁃7⁃O⁃β⁃D⁃glucopyranoside and ferulic acid in the livestock and poultry Guiqi Yimu decoction extracted by cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis increased by 48.63% and 69.52%，respectively.

Isolation and Identification of a Photosynthetic Bacterium Strain，Optimization of Culture Medium，and Study of Denitrification Characteristics

JIN Peng, HE Zihan, WU Jingyu, JIA Yiran, ZHANG Xiaotong, ZHANG Jianxin

2023, 52(7): 136-143. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.014

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In order to enhance the effects of photosynthetic bacteria in water quality improvement，the fermentation medium of photosynthetic bacteria was optimized and the enzyme production and denitrification characteristics were studied. A strain of photosynthetic bacterium named WH⁃1 was isolated and screened from the sediment of Weihe River in Xinxiang City，Henan Province by the double⁃layer plate method.Through morphological observation and 16S rDNA sequence analysis，the isolated strain WH⁃1 was identified as Rhodopseudomonas palustris.To increase the concentration of WH⁃1 in liquid medium，single factor and orthogonal experiments were utilized to optimize the fermentation medium.The optimal medium formula was obtained：CH₃COONa1.0 g/L，NH₄Cl 0.5 g/L，yeast extract 3.0 g/L，NaCl 2.0 g/L，K₂HPO₄0.2 g/L，NaHCO₃3.0 g/L，MgSO4 0.2 g/L.After the optimization of the medium，the concentration of WH⁃1 reached 4.37×109 cells /mL，which increased by 43.33% compared with that before optimization.The results of the enzyme production characteristic test showed that the strain WH⁃1 could produce cellulase and amylase，but could not produce protease. In the environment with high concentration of ammonia nitrogen（NH₃⁃N）and nitrite nitrogen（NO₂^-⁃N），the degradation rates of NH₃⁃N and NO₂^-⁃N of WH⁃1 strain reached 49.89% and 31.15%，respectively.In conclusion，a strain of photosynthetic bacterium WH⁃1 with excellent performance is successfully isolated，and the composition of the medium is optimized.WH⁃1 shows good enzyme production and denitrification ability.

Rice Phenotypic Parameters Extraction and Biomass Estimation Based on Three⁃Dimensional Model

CHENG Zhiqiang, FANG Shenghui

2023, 52(7): 144-153. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.015

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The phenotype detection methods based on two⁃dimensional images lack spatial dimension information and have difficulty in extracting comprehensive rice phenotype parameters.Therefore，it is of great significance to establish a three⁃dimensional model of rice to extract comprehensive rice phenotype parameters.The volume is an important parameter indicating the growth status of rice. How to obtain rice volume parameters without damaging the rice plant is still a problem to be solved in current research.Based on the above considerations，a method of rice phenotypic parameters extraction and biomass estimation based on three⁃dimensional model is proposed in this paper，which can extract rice volume parameters and estimate rice biomass without damaging the rice plant.This study focused on potted rice，first reconstructed its three⁃dimensional model using the Alpha⁃shape algorithm，and then extracted and evaluated rice height，stem thickness，vegetation coverage，volume parameters，and estimated rice biomass based on the volume parameter.The experimental results showed that space carving could reconstruct a high⁃precision three⁃dimensional model of rice and accurately measure rice phenotype parameters and biomass，the RMSE and MAPE of rice height，stem thickness，and single plant vegetation coverage were 63.27 mm，4.01 mm，5.04% and 7.15%，14.91%，12.59%，and the RMSE and MAPE of rice biomass were 62.44 g and 19.25%，which were better than the results obtained by existing three⁃dimensional reconstruction software.

Research on Succulent Plant Classification and Recognition Method Based on Contrastive Learning

FENG Yuxin, LIANG Shaohua, TONG Hao

2023, 52(7): 154-162. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.016

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In view of the large variety of succulents，the large intra⁃class differences and the small inter⁃class differences，as well as the difficulty of data collection，traditional classification algorithms cannot effectively solve the problem of succulent plant image classification.This paper proposed a contrastive learning based succulent plant image classification network CL_ConvNeXt.The network was based on ConvNeXt structure and introduced the idea of contrastive learning.A non⁃linear projection layer（Projection head）was added in the middle layer of the network as an auxiliary classifier to help the model extract features from the shallow network.In a batch，positive samples were constructed through data augmentation，and the remaining samples were considered as negative samples.The cross entropy loss function and the contrastive loss function were weighted to newly design loss function calculation method，which could achieve one⁃stage model training.Transfer learning was used during training to transfer the pre⁃trained weights to the model to improve the convergence speed of the model，and various strategies and parameters were optimized to further improve the recognition accuracy of the model.The experimental results showed that on the self⁃made 190⁃class succulent plant dataset，under the same training strategy and environment configuration，the recognition accuracy of the final model CL_ConvNeXt for succulent plant image classification reached 91.79%，which was 12.24 percentage points higher than that of the original ConvNeXt model structure，showing good effect on solving the problem of succulent plant image classification and recognition.

Study on Aroma Type Classification Model Based on Near Infrared Spectra of Flue⁃cured Tobacco

FU Bo, YANG Yongfeng, LIU Xiangzhen, ZHAO Sensen, LIU Maolin, JIA Guotao, NIU Yangyang, ZHANG Kunfang, YU Jianjun, PENG Guixin, JI Xiaoming

2023, 52(7): 163-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.017

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In order to quickly and non⁃destructively discriminate the aroma type of domestic flue⁃cured tobacco and guide the utilization of raw materials for cigarette formulation，near infrared spectra were collected from 1 383 tobacco samples，the aroma was classified based on the results of eight aroma zones，and the samples from each stable aroma zone were selected to build the aroma classification model.The results showed that the accuracy of the fragrance classification model constructed by using random forest based on the NIR raw spectral data was only 48.64%；the model accuracy was improved by 29.54 percentage points after the spectral data were pre⁃processed by SG filtering first or second derivatives and multiple scattering correction；then the model accuracy was improved to 85.91% by factor analysis and dimensionality reduction（45 factors）；finally，the model key parameters were optimized，the highest model accuracy of 90.45% was achieved when the number of base evaluators was 500 and the random seed was 9.This classification model was used to predict the prediction set，the recall rates of fresh⁃sweetness type，burnt⁃sweetness⁃burnt type，fresh⁃honey⁃sweetness type and woody⁃honey⁃sweetness type all reached more than 90.00%.The lowest recall rate was for honey⁃sweetness type and burnt⁃honey⁃sweetness type（66.67%）.The results show that the use of NIR spectroscopy can effectively identify the eight aroma types of flue⁃cured tobacco，which provides new ideas and technical support for the rapid identification of flue⁃cured tobacco aroma types and digital evaluation of tobacco styles.

Study on the Melting and Pyrolysis Characteristics of 12 Aldehydes and Ketones Commonly Used in Heated Tobacco Product0 Flavoring

HU Zhizhong, FENG Yanchuang, SONG Lingyong, HU Chao, WU Wentao, LÜ Yangbo, LIANG Miao, ZHANG Junsong

2023, 52(7): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.07.018

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In order to understand the pyrolysis characteristics of flavors in heated cigarettes，with twelve aldehydes and ketones as the research objects，non⁃isothermal thermogravimetry（TG），differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）and two kinetic analysis methods（Coats⁃Redfern method and Šatava⁃Šesták method）were used to analyze their melting behavior and pyrolysis behavior. The results showed that：（1）TheDTG curves of twelve aldehyde and ketone monomer flavors all showed an obvious weight loss，and the corresponding DSC curves showed obvious endothermic phenomenon.（2）Twelve aldehyde and ketone monomer fragrances could complete pyrolysis before 300℃.（3） Coats⁃Redfern and Šatava⁃Šesták method analysis showed that the three⁃dimensional diffusion model（D3）could well describe the pyrolysis reaction mechanism of twelve aldehyde and ketone fragrances. The activation energy of the pyrolysis process of the twelve aldehyde and ketone fragrances was between 89.51 and 236.99 kJ/mol，which meant the prefactor（A）was between 2.07×10⁸and2.02×10²³min^-1.The activation energy of the melting process of piperonal，o⁃methoxycinnamaldehyde，ethyl vanillin，methylcyclopentenolone and hawthorn ketone was between 239.07 and 412.24 kJ/mol，and lgA between 24.66 and 30.54；（4）Cluster analysis was carried out on the pyrolysis characteristics of twelve aldehyde and ketone flavors，and it was found that when the square euclidean distance was 10，they were clustered into three categories.In conclusion，the pyrolysis characteristics of 12 aldehydes and ketones were different，but all of them could complete pyrolysis at the heating temperature of heated cigarette.

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