Table of Content

Volume 50 Issue 5
15 May 2021

Reviews
Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Plant Protection
Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Article List
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Reviews

Research Progress on Effect of Autopolyploid on Plant Lateral Organ Morphogenesis

CHAO Yacong, WU Ronghua, JIANG Hui, ZHANG Hechen

2021, 50(5):  1-6.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.001

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During the forming process of autopolyploid,different ploidy of euploid or aneuploid can be produced.The morphogenesis of lateral organs of plants can show regular changes,and the colonization ability and distant hybridization ability of plants are enhanced after autopolyploid formed.The effects of euploidy on the morphogenesis of lateral organs such as leaves, calyx and petals and the effects of aneuploidy on the morphogenesis of lateral organs were systematically expounded, so as to provide theoretical basis for the improvement of crop traits through autopolyploid in the future.


Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding

Effect of Exogenous ABA Spraying on Grain Filling and Dehydration of Maize

QIAO Jiangfang, LI Ping, ZHANG Meiwei, LI Chuan, ZHANG Panpan, ZHAO Xia, NIU Jun

2021, 50(5):  7-12.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.002

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Xianyu 335, Dika 517 with fast dehydration rate and Liyu 16, Zhengdan 1002 with slow dehydration rate were used as materials, the effects of exogenous ABA on maize yield, filling characteristics and water content of grain were studied,and the relationship between grain water content and grain filling characteristic parameters was studied,so as to lay a foundation for further exploring effective control measures to reduce water content of grain in the filling process. The results showed that the maize yield decreased after spaying ABA because of decrease of 100-grain weight,which of 40 mg/L ABA and 80 mg/L ABA treatments decreased by 2.67% and 16.42% respectively compared with CK without ABA. After spaying ABA, the initial filling potential increased, which of 40 mg/L ABA and 80 mg/L ABA treatments increased by 20.03% and 32.26% respectively compared with CK, the maximum filling rate appeared 0.29—0.89 d later than CK,the grain weight when the maximum filling rate appeared decreased,the average filling rate decreased,and the active filling period prolonged.The grain water content increased after spraying ABA at each filling stage,the increase effect on the fastly dehydrated maize variety was stronger than that on the slowly dehydrated maize variety.There was a extremely significant positive correlation between the time when the maximum grain filling rate appeared and grain water content. Overall,spraying exogenous ABA inhibited filling process,and increased grain water content,especially for fastly dehydrated maize variety.


Nitrogen Efficiency and Physiological Characters of Different Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Fertilization Reduction

ZHANG Panpan, ZHANG Guitang, HUANG Lu, QIAO Jiangfang, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, ZHAO Xia, LIU Jingbao

2021, 50(5):  13-23.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.003

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The split plot design was employed with main plot of normal N application rate(225 kg/ha,N3),reducing 20% of N application rate(180 kg/ ha,N2),reducing 30% of N application rate(157.5 kg/ ha,N1) and no N application(N0),sub-plot of 5 hybrid cultivars[Zeyu 8911(ZY8911),Weike 518(WK518), Zhengdan 958 ( ZD958), Nongda 108 (ND108) and Xianyu 508 (XY508)]in this experiment,and the changes of grain yield,N efficiency,chlorophyll fluorescence and activities of key enzymes related with N metabolism in different genotypes of maize were studied,so as to provide scientific basis for improving N efficiency and realizing high-yield and high-efficiency maize cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai region.The results showed that the grain yield was 12.12 t/ha under the normal application rate of N.With the N application rate reduction,grain yield significantly decreased,which was 9.20 t/ha under N0 treatment.The grain yields of ZD958 and WK518 were significantly higher than those of XY508 and ND108, there was no significant difference between ZY8911 and the other genotypes.N uptake efficiency,N utilization efficiency and N efficiency significantly increased under N application reduction.Three indexes of WK518,ZD958 and ZY8911 were overall higher than those of ND108 and XY508 except that N uptake efficiency of ZY8911 was lower than that of ND108.The SPAD value in the ear leaf decreased under N application reduction,which of WK518,ZD958 and ZY8911 were overall higher than those of ND108 and XY508. Fo,Fm,Fv/ Fm and PSⅡ comprehensive performance index(PI) decreased under N application reduction, which was the highest in ND108. Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities in the ear leaf first increased and then decreased with N application reduction,which were the highest at 20 days after silking. The enzyme activities of WK518,ZD958 and ZY8911 were overall higher than those of ND108 and XY508,and the order of NR and GS activities was N2>N3>N1>N0.In conclusion,ZD958,WK518 and ZY8911 had higher SPAD value and activities of enzymes related to N metabolism,better fluorescence characters,compared with ND108 and XY508,could maintain matter accumulation and capacity of N assimilation,and hold the higher N utilization efficiency in the process of N metabolism,thereby reaching higher yield under the low N condition.However,in order to ensure the
yield,the reduction of N application rate should not be too large, and it is advisable to reduce the application rate by 20%.


Effects of Phytochrome Interacting Factor OsPIL15 gene on Absorption and Utilization of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Rice

LI Danyang, ZHANG Xiaohua, LIU Lingzhi, SUN Hongzheng, LI Junzhou, PENG Ting, ZHANG Jing, DU Yanxiu, ZHAO Quanzhi

2021, 50(5):  24-31.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.004

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To analyze the molecular mechanism of rice(Oryza sativa)phytochrome interacting factors-like 15 gene(OsPIL15)regulating rice phosphorus and nitrogen uptake in rice,firstly,the response of OsPIL15 gene to low phosphorus was analyzed by using Transcriptome ENcyclopedia of Rice database, then,Nipponia(Nip) and Ospil15 mutant were cultured under normal phosphorus (300 μmol/L NaH₂PO₄)and low phosphorus (10 μmol/L NaH₂PO₄) nutrient solution,the root and shoot biomass,phosphorus and nitrogen contents of rice seedlings were measured,and the absorption efficiency,transport coefficient and utilization efficiencies of phosphorus and nitrogen were calculated.The results showed that OsPIL15 responded to low phosphorus stress,the decrease ranges of root and shoot length of Ospil15 mutant were less than those of Nip under low phosphorus condition,and the decrease range of dry shoot weight of Ospil15 mutant was basically the same as that of Nip,but the decrease range of dry root weight of Ospil15 was less than that of Nip.Under normal phosphorus condition,the phosphorus content in root of Ospil15 mutant was significantly higher than that of Nip,but the phosphorus content in shoot of Ospil15 mutant was not significantly different from that of Nip. Under low phosphorus condition,the phosphorus contents in root and shoot of Ospil15 mutant were significantly higher than those of Nip.The phosphorus uptake efficiencies of Ospil15 mutant were higher than those of Nip under normal phosphorus and low phosphorus conditions,the phosphorus transport coefficient of Ospil15 mutant was lower than that of Nip under normal phosphorus condition,and higher than that of Nip under low phosphorus condition.Ospil15 mutant also had an effect on rice nitrogen uptake.Under normal phosphorus condition,the nitrogen content in shoot of Ospil15 mutant was significantly higher than that of Nip,but nitrogen content in root of Ospil15 mutant was not significantly different from Nip.Under low phosphorus condition,the nitrogen content in root was significantly higher than that of Nip,but there was no significant difference in shoot.The nitrogen uptake efficiencies of Ospil15 mutant were higher than those of Nip under normal phosphorus and low phosphorus conditions,and the nitrogen transport coefficient was lower than that of Nip under low phosphorus condition.The phosphorus and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of Ospil15 mutant were higher than those of Nip under both normal and low phosphorus conditions.In summary,the Ospil15 mutant increased the absorption and utilization of phosphorus and nitrogen in rice.Under low phosphorus stress,the OsPIL15 mutant increased the transport of phosphorus from root to shoot,and inhibited the transport of nitrogen from root to shoot.The results showed that OsPIL15 gene negatively regulated the uptake and utilization of phosphorus and nitrogen in rice.



Effect of Potassium Concentration on Mineral Nutrient Absorption of Tea Tree Seedlings

CUI Yingying, ZHOU Bo, CHEN Yiyong, LIU Jiayu, DAI Jun

2021, 50(5):  32-40.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.005

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In order to provide theoretical basis for nutrient management in tea production,the absorption of mineral elements by tea seedlings under different potassium concentrations was comprehensively analyzed. Using the method of indoor hydroponic culture,1-year-old cuttings of tea plant variety Hongyan No.12 were used as the experimental material.One-way ANOVA and principal component analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the mineral nutrient absorption and migration of different parts of tea plant seedlings under different mass concentration of K⁺(0,5,10,20,40 mg/ L).The results showed that with the increase of K⁺concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution,the contents of N,Mg,Ca and Zn in the root of tea seedlings were generally increased,while the contents of K and Na were firstly decreased and then increased.The Cu content in the root of tea seedlings treated with 0—20 mg/ L K⁺significantly decreased.0 mg/L K⁺hydroponic treatment significantly promoted the absorption of Fe in the root of tea seedlings,and 40 mg/L K⁺hydroponic treatment significantly favored the absorption of N,K,Ca and Zn in the root of tea seedlings.With the increase of K⁺concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution, the contents of Cu and Zn in the stem of tea seedlings increased,while the contents of K,Na,Fe and Mg increased first and then decreased. The P absorption in the stem of tea seedlings was significantly inhibited by 0—20 mg/L K⁺treatment.The increase of K⁺concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution significantly promoted the absorption of N,Mn,Cu and Zn in tea leaves.The contents of K and Na in leaves of tea seedlings increased first and then decreased with the increase of K⁺concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution,and reached the highest under 10 mg/L K⁺treatment.The contents of P,Ca and Mg in tea leaves did not change significantly after 20—40 mg/L K+ treatment,but Fe absorption in
tea leaves was significantly inhibited by 0—10 mg/L K⁺ treatment.In conclusion, the absorption of mineral nutrients in different parts of tea tree seedlings is significantly different under different concentration of K+ hydroponic treatment.20—40 mg/L K⁺hydroponic treatment can promote the absorption of N,Ca,Mg and Zn in the root of tea tree seedlings,but inhibit the absorption of P,Fe,Cu and Mn.The increase of K⁺concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution can promote the accumulation of Cu and Zn in the stem of tea tree seedlings,inhibit the accumulation of N,P and Mg in the stem,and promote the accumulation of N,Mn,Cu and Zn in leaves of tea tree seedlings. However,high K⁺concentration hydroponic treatment can inhibit the accumulation of K,Na and P in leaves of tea tree seedlings.Under the condition of this experiment,fresh leaves treated with 10 mg/L K⁺ hydroponics have the highest K content and more mineral nutrients. 



Effects of Tea Polyphenols on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Polyphenol Content of Flue-cured Tobacco

YANG Jinqing, CHEN Xinyu, ZHAO Zhengxiong, BAO Zhijuan

2021, 50(5):  41-48.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.006

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In order to explore the application of tea polyphenols in flue-cured tobacco production,different amounts of tea polyphenols [0(CK),25,50,75 mg/ plant] were sprayed (50 mL) on the upper leaves of tobacco at 1 d and 7 d after topping to study the effects on photosynthetic characteristics and polyphenol content of flue-cured tobacco leaves by using Yunyan 206 as the test material.The results showed that,compared with CK,spraying 25—50 mg/ plant of tea polyphenols after topping increased the net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,stoma conductance,apparent CO₂ utilization rate and apparent energy utilization rate of flue-cured tobacco leaves.The effect of 25 mg/plant tea polyphenols treatment was the most significant.The SPAD value of tobacco leaves decreased with the increase of the tea polyphenol amount.The amount of tea polyphenols was significantly positively correlated with the content of chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid and rutin in tobacco leaves after topping;however,a series of processes from tobacco topping to tobacco leaf ripening, harvesting and curing weakened the effect of tea polyphenols on the polyphenol content of tobacco leaves. In addition, there was a certain correlation between the photosynthetic characteristics and polyphenol content of tobacco leaves. In general,under the experimental conditions,spraying 50 mg/plant of tea polyphenols after topping had the best effect,which could greatly enhance the photosynthetic assimilation ability of tobacco leaves,and the contents of caffeic acid and rutin in tobacco leaves were the highest after roasting.


Agricultural Resources and Environment

Effects of Excessive Biogas Slurry Returning on Soil Environmental Capacity and Maize Growth

LI Jincheng, SUN Jicui, YANG Li, MUHAMMAD Azeem, ZHANG Zhonglan, YANG Shoujun

2021, 50(5):  49-57.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.007

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The effects of different amounts of biogas slurry application on soil environmental quality and maize growth were studied,and the safe capacity of biogas slurry returning to the field was put forward.Five treatments were used, and application amount of biogas slurry was converted by maize nitrogen nutrient requirement. The five treatments included no fertilizer application(0 t/ha of N,CK),one time nitrogen equivalent biogas slurry(0.885 t/ha of N ,1N),two times nitrogen equivalent biogas slurry (1.770 t/ha of N,2N),three times nitrogen equivalent biogas slurry(2.655 t/ha of N,3N),four times nitrogen equivalent biogas slurry (3.540 t/ha of N,4N).The results showed that,the content of Cu and Zn in soil could be significantly increased when biogas slurry was returned to the soil,and 1N treatment was the best safe capacity for soil environment. Cu and Zn pollution risk existed in 2N,3N,and 4N treatments,among them,the contents of Cu and Zn in 4N treatment at the mature stage exceeded their risk screening values by 10.96% and 10.36%,reaching the highest risk. Compared with CK,the soluble salt content and the pH values of soil increased at maize seedling stage,but they showed a decreasing trend with the extension of maize growth period. At the mature stage of maize,the soil soluble salt contents of 1N,2N,3N and 4N treatments were 30.59%,52.16%,72.35% and 108.63% higher than that of CK,and the soil pH values were 3.95%,6.41%,9.05% and 13.65% higher than that of CK.The mortality of ascaris eggs in all treatments was 100%,so there was no safety risk of the survival of ascaris eggs when biogas slurry was applicated into soil, but 3N and 4N treatments had risk of Escherichia coli contamination.The quantities of Escherichia coli in the two treatments were 20 and 30 per gram soil respectively at the mature stage.The biogas slurry application could increase the maize yield,and improve the maize quality significantly,and 3N treatment was the best,compared with CK,the contents of crude protein,crude fat and crude starch increased by 19.82%,89.01% and 11.31% respectively,and the yield was 2.08 times of CK.It was concluded that 3N treatment was the best when the yield and quality were taken as the priority objectives,and 1N treatment was the best when the soil environmental safety capacity was taken as the priority goal.



Effect of Organic Matter and Calcium Carbonate on Absorption-Desorption Characteristics of Cd²⁺ in Guizhou Yellow Loam Soil

CHEN Fen, YU Gao, ZHANG Hongli, HOU Jianwei

2021, 50(5):  57-63.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.008

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In order to understand absorption-desorption characteristics of Cd²⁺ before and after removal of organic matter and calcium carbonate, the laboratory batch experiments were conducted to study the absorption-desorption characteristics of Cd²⁺in three soils including raw soil, soil with organic matter removed and soil with calcium carbonate removed.Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to describe the adsorption data,and to analyze the effects of organic matter and calcium carbonate on the absorption-desorption characteristics of Cd²⁺.The results showed that the absorption capacity of Cd²⁺in three soils increased with the increase of Cd²⁺concentration in the equilibrium solution.The adsorption rate of Cd²⁺increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of initial Cd²⁺concentration.The absorption capacity and adsorption rate of Cd²⁺followed the order: raw soil>soil with calcium carbonate removed>soil with organic matter removed.The adsorption data of the soils could be well described by Freundlich equation,but not the Langmuir equation in three soils.The desorption capacity and desorption rate of Cd²⁺increased with the increase of initial Cd²⁺content.The desorption capacity and desorption rate of Cd²⁺ followed the order: soil with organic matter removed>soil with calcium carbonate removed>raw soil.The desorption capacity was positively related to the adsorption capacity (P<0.01).When the adsorption capacity was constant,the desorption capacity of Cd²⁺followed the order: soil with organic matter removed>soil with calcium carbonate removed>raw soil.It can be concluded that the effect of organic matter on the absorption-desorption characteristics of Cd²⁺is greater than calcium carbonate in the typical acidic yellow loam soil in Guizhou.



Plant Protection

Sensitivity to Carboxin and Population Diversity of Sclerotium rolfsii from Peanut in Henan Province

LI Min, LI Shuang, ZHANG Zhongxin, DU Pengqiang, ZHOU Lin, DONG Wenzhao

2021, 50(5):  64-73.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.009

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Southern blight of peanut is a soilborne fungal disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii.It has become the main limiting factor in peanut production.In order to understand the diversity of the population of Sclerotium rolfsii on peanut in Henan Province and its sensitivity to carboxin, one of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) fungicides,the incidence of southern blight of peanut was investigated in Nanyang,Zhumadian,Shangqiu,Zhengzhou and Xinxiang areas of Henan Province with five-point sampling method,the morphological characteristics and mycelium compatibility groups (MCG) of 28 Sclerotium rolfsii isolates from 5 regions in Henan Province were analyzed in vitro, and their sensitivities to carboxin were determined by measuring the mycelial growth on the fungicide amended media.The results showed that the incidence of southern blight of peanut caused by S.rolfsii ranged from 3.6% to 50.4% in Nanyang,Zhumadian,Shangqiu,Zhengzhou and Xinxiang areas of Henan Province.28 isolates exhibited differences in colony morphology, the growth rate of mycelium, the distribution of sclerotia on the PDA plate, the number of sclerotia, the dry weight of sclerotia and the diameter of sclerotia,and there was significant correlation among the number of sclerotia,the dry weight of sclerotia and the diameter of sclerotia.In addition,28 isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii were assigned into 5 MCGs,and MCG1 was the largest group,consisting of 15 isolates from 4 regions. Except Shangqiu area,there was no correlation between MCGs and geographical origin of isolates in other areas,and 28 isolates had Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H) of 1.13.All the 28 isolates were sensitive to carboxin,and the average EC₅₀ was 0.182 8 mg/L.There was no significant difference in the sensitivity of the isolates from different regions to carboxin.The results show that the population of Sclerotium rolfsii on peanut in Henan Province has the low level of diversity,and carboxin could be used as an effective fungicide to control the disease.



Synergetic Effects of Sublethal Dosage of Beta-cypermethrin on Metarhizium rileyi against Spodoptera litura

LIU Shouzhu, ZHANG Leilei, XU Jiarui, JIANG Xiaojiao, ZHENG Nuan, YU Yingxin

2021, 50(5):  74-79.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.010

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To improve the lethal effect of Metarhizium rileyi on Spodoptera litura,the synergistic effect of sublethal dosage of beta-cypermethrin on M.rileyi was determined by dipping method.The results showed that,combined with 0.5 mg/L beta-cypermethrin,the LC₅₀ value of M.rileyi on the 5th instar S.litura larvae decreased from 8.22×10⁵conidia/mL to 2.06×10⁵conidia/mL,meanwhile,the LT₅₀ value was also shortened.The analysis of variance on the cumulative mortality of 180 h indicated that,with the presence of 0.5 mg/L beta-cypermethrin,the lethal effects of M.rileyi at the concentration of 1×10⁵ and 1×10⁶conidia/mL on S.litura were 56.86% and 75.93% respectively,which were significantly higher than the effects of M.rileyi alone(26.67% and 53.33%). However,as the spore concentration was increased to 1×10⁸and 1×10⁹conidia/mL,no significant difference was found between the effects of beta-cypermethrin+M.rileyi and M.rileyi alone.The sublethal dose of beta-cypermethrin (0.5 mg/L) had no inhibitory effect on the spore germination and mycelial growth of M.rileyi.It can be concluded that sublethal dosage of beta-cypermethrin has significant synergistic effect on M.rileyi at low conidial concentrations,but not at high concentrations.


Population Dynamics of Winged Aphids in Tobacco Planting Areas of Henan Province

BAI Jingke, LIU Fang, SONG Ruifang, LI Chengjun, CHEN Yuguo, WANG Xuefen, ZHANG Zhaoyang, WANG Zichen, CUI Guojie, LI Shujun

2021, 50(5):  80-85.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.011

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In order to clarify the population dynamics of winged aphids in recent years in tobacco planting areas of Henan Province,this study investigated occurrence amount and dynamic of winged aphids by trapping with yellow dish in the central Henan (Xiangcheng County), the western Henan (Mianchi County),the southern Henan(Luoshan County) and the eastern Henan(Luyi County) from 2016 to 2019.The results showed that the most occurrence amount of winged aphid in Xiangcheng County was in 2019(474.2 heads/plate),where dynamic curve was bimodal with one peak occurred in mid-April,and another peak occurred from late April to early May. Moreover,the second peak was much higher than the first one.The most occurrence amount of winged aphid in Luyi County was in 2017(621.0 heads/plate),and dynamic curve was bimodal excluding 2019.However,the first small peak occurred from mid-April to late May,the other appeared from late May to early June,and the former was higher than the latter. In Mianchi County, winged aphid quantity was the most in 2016, which was up to 656.6 heads/plate.Furthermore,the peak occurred in late May to early June,which was later.The occurrence amount of winged aphid in Luoshan County fluctuated around 8 heads/ plate, and the dynamic curve was not obvious.Therefore,population dynamics of winged aphid was different among tobacco planting areas in Henan Province.



Parasitic Efficacy and Development Performance of Cotesia marginiventris(Cresson) on Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)

ZHANG Hongyan, ZHANG Jingjing, WANG Shanshan, WANG Yaling, WANG Qingqing, WANG Xiangping

2021, 50(5):  86-91.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.012

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The parasitic efficacy and development performance of Cotesia marginiventris(Cresson) on Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith) and Trichoplusia ni were studied, as well as parasitic efficacy and development performance on S.frugiperda fed with host plant of corn or diet were compared,and rhythms of cocoon and emergence of the parasitoid were investigated. Results showed that the parasitic ratio of C.marginiventris on S.frugiperda was 98.50% when provided with 20 larvae of S.frugiperda every day during the whole life.For offspring,176.0 parasitoids successfully developed,and the survivorship from cocoon to adult was 85.9%,which were not significantly different with those on T.ni.The development duration from egg to cocoon(7.74 d) and cocoon to adult(5.53 d),the cocoon weight (2.38 mg),the cocoon length(2.61 mm) and width(0.95 mm) were significantly lower than those on T ni.However,the longevities of virgin female and male were 10.87 d and 9.70 d respectively,which were significantly higher than those on T.ni.When parasitizing on S.frugiperda fed with corn compared with diet,the development duration of C.marginiventris from egg to cocoon was shorter,the size of cocoon was smaller and the weight was lighter,while the parasitic ratio,survivorship from cocoon to adult,longevity of virgin female and male were not significantly different. When parasitizing on S.frugiperda fed with diet,cocooning peak of C.marginiventris was mainly from 16:00 to 18:00,while emergence rhythm of female and male was different,the peak was from 20:30 to 1:30 the next day for female and from 8:30 to 12:30 for male.The results indicate the parasitic efficacy of C. marginiventris on S.frugiperda is high,S.frugiperda reared with artificial diet has great potential to propagate C.marginiventris,and it can be used for biological control.



Relationship between Variation of Leaf Defensive Enzyme Activities and Resistance of Watermelon Cultivar to Zucchin Yellow Mosaic Virus

ZHAO Weixing, KANG Liyun, GAO Ningning, LIANG Shen, CHANG Gaozheng, XU Xiaoli, LI Hailun, WANG Huiying, LI Xiaohui

2021, 50(5):  92-98.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.013

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To determine the relationship between variation of activities of defensive enzymes and resistance to zucchin yellow mosaic virus(ZYMV) of watermelon,the dynamic changes of activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxydase(POD),polyphenol oxidase(PPO),phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) in different resistant watermelon cultivar leaves, which were infected by ZYMV via artificial rubbing leaves,were analyzed.The results showed that activities of SOD,POD,PPO,PAL and CAT in watermelon leaves were significantly higher than those of the uninoculated control,and the activity peaks of SOD,POD,CAT,PAL appeared in high resistant and resistant cultivar leaves at 4,4,4,2 days after inoculation,which were 2 days earlier than the susceptible cultivar.And during the peak period,the enzyme activities of high resistant cultivar were increased by 29.80%,63.44%,55.62%,31.63% respectively,and those of the resistant cultivar were increased by 23.72%,58.13%,43.98%,19.35% respectively compared to the control,which were higher than those of the susceptible cultivar(14.29%,50.42%,39.78%,15.91%).There was no significant regularity of the PPO activity increase and peaks among the different resistant and susceptible watermelon cultivars.In conclusion,the higher the defensive enzymes activities of SOD, POD, PAL, CAT, PPO, the stronger the resistance to ZYMV of watermelon cultivar, and the activity changes of SOD, POD, PAL and CAT were closely related to watermelon resistance to ZYMV.Therefore, the four defensive enzymes played an important role in resistant mechanism of watermelon to ZYMV.The enzyme activity peak emergence time and increase range could be taken as important physiological indexes for screening of watermelon cultivars’ resistance to ZYMV.

Horticulture

Effects of Planting Density on Yield Composition and Light Environment of East-West Ridge of Tomato in Greenhouse

YANG Dongyan, SANG Ting, FENG Haiping, WANG Rong, MA Ling

2021, 50(5):  99-106.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.014

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In order to explore the suitable cultivation mode for mechanized farming of vegetables in solar greenhouse,the experiment was conducted to study the yield composition and population light environment characteristics of tomato under 3 different planting densities of east-west ridge (ridge width of 70 cm,ridge center spacing of 1.8 m,ridge height of 25 cm,double row cultivation,row spacing of 30 cm,with 3 kinds of plant spacing) in greenhouse. The results showed that the light intensity at the top and bottom of tomato canopy decreased gradually from north to south ridge and increased gradually in the middle of canopy with different density treatments. With the decrease of planting density,the light intensity in the middle and lower canopy of tomato plants increased significantly.The yields of B1 treatment (30 000 plants/ha,plant spacing of 33 cm) and B3 treatment (45 000 plants/ha,plant spacing of 22.2 cm) were significantly higher than B2 treatment(37 500 plants/ha,plant spacing of 26.5 cm).The single fruit weight and yield per plant of B1 were significantly higher than that of B2,and the soluble sugar and protein content of B1 tomato fruit were the highest.Therefore,in Ningxia,the B1 treatment cultivation mode should be adopted in the east-west ridge cultivation of tomatoes in spring and summer.The light environment and fruit quality are better and the income is higher.

Effects of Different Yellow Sand Cultivation Patterns on the Rhizosphere Temperature of Tomato in Greenhouse

YAN Zongshan, YANG Shimei, LI Yanrong, WANG Lei, ZHANG Xiangping, CHEN Liang,

2021, 50(5):  107-114.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.015

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In order to explore the change of tomato rhizosphere temperature under the condition of protected yellow sand cultivation,three cultivation patterns of yellow sand were set up,air conditioning cultivation(T1),underground trough cultivation(T2),aboveground trough cultivation(T3),and flat soil cultivation(CK) was used as the control.The air temperature and rhizosphere temperature of different root depths( 10, 20, 30 cm) were measured.The results showed that the variation trend of rhizosphere temperature and air temperature in different cultivation patterns was basically the same,the time to reach the lowest temperature and the highest temperature lagged behind the air temperature,and the time to reach the extreme value was delayed with the increase of rhizosphere depth.Except the 10 cm deep rhizosphere temperature in T1 treatment, which was lower than CK, the rhizosphere temperature in different yellow sand cultivation modes was higher than CK at different depths.The average daily temperature of T3 treatment was about 27℃ ,that of T2 and T1 treatments was about 25℃ ,and the average daily temperature of soil cultivation was about 22℃ .Daily variation amplitude of yellow sand cultivation models was higher than CK,and it was decreased with the increase of rhizosphere depth.Therefore,the cultivation mode of yellow sand is beneficial to improve the tomato rhizosphere temperature.In the actual production,yellow sand can be used as the substrate for tomato cultivation to solve the problem of soil borne diseases.


Application of Eggplant Straw Composite Substrate in Balsam Pear Seedling

QIN Tao

2021, 50(5):  115-121.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.016

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In order to improve the resource utilization of agricultural straw organic waste and seek for alternative substrate of peat seedling,with evergreen balsam pear as test material and traditional peat vermiculite perlite seedling substrate as control,eggplant straw and chicken manure were prepared into four kinds of composite substrates according to different volume ratio as four treatments (Veggplant ∶Vfresh chicken manure were 2∶8, 4∶6, 6∶4 and 8∶2, denoted as Q2X8, Q4X6, Q6X4, Q8X2), and the physicochemical properties of eggplant straw composite matrix and its effect on the seedling shape,physiological indexes,biomass and related physiological indexes of balsam pear were studied.The results showed that,the physical and chemical properties of eggplant straw composite matrix were in the suitable range for the growth of balsam pear seedlings, and the physicochemical indexes of Q8X2 and Q6X4 treatment were in the range of ideal seedling substrate.The plant height of Q6X4 treatment was the highest and that of Q2X8 was the lowest.Q8X2 treatment had the largest stem diameter, total leaf area, dry weight,root shoot ratio and strong seedling index,but there was no significant difference in stem diameter and dry weight compared with the control(P>0.05).The content of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids in Q8X2 was the highest,followed by the control; the content of chlorophyll b was the highest in Q8X2 treatment,followed by Q6X4. The net photosynthetic rate,root activity,soluble sugar content and soluble protein content of Q8X2 treatment were the highest, among them root activity, soluble sugar content and soluble protein content increased by 9.41%,10.54% and 10.79% respectively compared with the control, and the difference was significant (P< 0.05).Therefore, eggplant straw composite substrate can replace the conventional peat seedling substrate for balsam pear seedling,and when the volume ratio of eggplant straw and fresh chicken manure is 8∶2,it is the most suitable to cultivate highquality and strong seedlings,which can be popularized and applied in production.



Effect of Tree Shape on Sugar Content and Enzymes Activities of Sucrose Metabolism in Wine Grape Fruit

ZHAO Qifeng, GUO Wenjiao, XUN Zhili, NIU Dongqing, LIANG Changmei, WEN Pengfei

2021, 50(5):  122-128.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.017

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To provide a theoretical basis for standardized cultivation, the effects of two kinds of tree shape,“厂”-shape and fan-shape on sugar metabolism and accumulation in wine grape (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay) were studied.The contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose in grapes were determined by ion chromatography. The total sugar content and the activities of acid invertase(AI),neutral invertase(NI),sucrose synthase(SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) were determined by physiological and biochemical methods.The results showed that the“厂”-shaped tree shape was beneficial to the accumulation of glucose,fructose and sucrose in‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape,fructose and sucrose in‘Chardonnay’grape,and fan-shaped tree shape was beneficial to glucose accumulation in‘Chardonnay’ grape.However,the total sugar contents of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Chardonnay’grape were higher in the shape of fan than in the shape of “厂”.Tree shape had significant influence on AI and SPS activities of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape,and the difference reached significant level at the color transformation stage and mature stage. The AI activity of the“厂”-shaped tree shape was higher than that of the fan-shaped tree shape,and activities of NI,SS and SPS in the shape of fan were better than that in the shape of “厂”.The activities of AI,NI,SS and SPS of ‘Chardonnay’grape in the fanshape were better than those in the shape of “厂”.The tree shape of fan was more beneficial to the accumulation of total sugar and the increase of enzyme activity in wine grape.The tree shape of “厂”was more beneficial to the accumulation of glucose,fructose,and sucrose in‘Cabernet Sauvignon’,and the accumulation of fructose and sucrose in ‘Chardonnay’.



Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Effects of Interferons on the Proliferation of Porcine Pseudorabies Virus

LI Congcong, ZHANG Shijun, WANG Hongcai, ZHANG Yipan, HUO Yong, JIANG Dongfeng, SONG Sufang, NIU Hui, JI Xiangbo, LI Wantao

2021, 50(5):  129-136.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.018

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In order to explore the antiviral mechanism of interferon(IFN),three recombinant expression vectors pcDNA3.1-IFNα,pcDNA3.1-IFNβ,pcDNA3.1-IFNγ were constructed and transfected into PK15 cells respectively,and pcDNA3.1 empty vector was used as negative control(NC).After 24 hours,the porcine pseudorabies virus(PRV) HNJY strain was inoculated with multiple infection(MOI) of 1,and then the cells were harvested at 24,36 and 48 h after inoculation.Viral genomic DNA was extracted from the cells,and the expression of gD at each time point was detected by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). Cell RNA was extracted,and qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of cytokines IFNα,IFNβ,IFNγ,ISG15,IL6,IL1β and IL10 after reverse transcription.The morphological changes of PK15 cells were observed.Compared with the control group,the morphological changes of PK15 cells overexpressing IFNγ were similar after PRV infection.PK15 cells overexpressing IFNα/IFNβ had more normal cells after infection with PRV.The transcription of gD in the cells transfected with IFNα,IFNβ and IFNγ was detected by qPCR.The results showed that the transcription of gD in the IFNα and IFNβ groups was significantly up-regulated compared with the control group(P<0.05);the transcription of gD in IFNγ transfection group was extremely significantly lower than that of control group at 24 and 36 h(P<0.01),but the difference was not significant at 48 h.The relative expression levels of IFNα,IFNβ,IFNγ,ISG15,IL6,IL1β and IL10 were detected by qPCR.Compared with the control group,the expression levels of IFNα,IFNβ,IFNγ were all extremely significantly up-regulated(P<0.01).After PRV challenge,IFNα and IFNβ groups could significantly induce the expression of ISG15,but the IFNγ group could not.IFNα,IFNβ and IFNγ groups could induce the up-regulated expression of IL6 and IL1β.IFNβ and IFNγ groups could induce the up-regulation of IL10 expression,but the IFNα group could not significantly induce the expression of IL10.Therefore, different interferons affect the proliferation of PRV by regulating the expression of different cytokines in the body.



Polymorphism of OLR1 Gene and Its Association with Litter Size in Xidu Black Pigs

QIAO Mu, ZHOU Jiawei, WU Junjing, WU Huayu, MEI Shuqi, PENG Xianwen

2021, 50(5):  137-141.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.019

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In order to explore the effect of OLR1 gene genetic polymorphism on litter size of Xidu black pigs,the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of OLR1 gene in Xidu black pigs was detected by PCR amplification and direct sequencing,and the association analysis with litter size of first parity sows was carried out.The results showed that there were three mutations (A>C,A>T and C>T) at g.61808357,and there were five genotypes AA,AC,CC,AT and TC.The total number born and number born alive of individuals with AC,AA and CC genotypes were extremely significantly higher than those with TC and AT genotypes (P<0.01).In conclusion,the SNP at g.61808357 of OLR1 gene can be used as a molecular marker affecting litter size trait of Xidu black pigs.


Effects of Feeding White Clover and Orchard Grass Mixed Silage on Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Hu Sheep

ZHENG Mingli, MAO Peichun, TAI Jianhui, XIA Weize, PENG Weidong, TIAN Xiaoxia, ZHOU Xiaoli, MENG Lin

2021, 50(5):  142-148.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.020

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The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of mixed silage of white clover and orchard grass on slaughter performance and meat quality of Hu sheep.One hundred three-month-old Hu sheep were randomly divided into two groups. In the control group,TMR diets were prepared based on whole plant corn silage.In the experimental group,50% whole plant corn silage was replaced with white clover and orchard grass mixed silage.The trial period was 90 d.At the end of the test,10 sheep of near average weight were selected for slaughter in each group,and their slaughter performance and meat quality were determined.The results showed that compared with the control group, the live weight, slaughter weight,loin eye area,carcass muscle rate,and meat-bone ratio of Hu sheep in the experimental group we increased(P<0.05) by 32.17%,46.37%,10.91%,4.33% and 15.88%,respectively.Shear force,pH24 h and L∗ of the experimental group decreased (P<0.05) by 19.31%,3.24% and 13.99%,respectively.Dry matter,crude protein,and crude fat contents of the experimental group increased by 0.69%,4.64% and 2.57%,but the differences were not significant(P>0.05).There was no significant difference(P>0.05) in the muscle amino acid(except for methionine) and fatty acid compositions and contents between the two groups.Therefore,the use of white clover and orchard grass mixed silage instead of 50% of the whole plant corn silage to feed Hu sheep can increase slaughter performance and meat quality.



Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing

Research on Yield Estimation Method of Koi Based on Feeding State Image Recognition Technology

MA Yinchi, WEI wei, ZHOU Chao

2021, 50(5):  149-156.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.021

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Koi is graceful and colorful.In the process of breeding, monitoring the growth state and predicting the yield of koi are both important.Almost every koi will surface on the water when feeding.At this time,the digital camera captures the feeding state image rapidly.The head and mouth of every koi show the semi-spindle shape and bright color significantly contrast with the water background in the image.Based on the method of OpenCV image vision,feature triangle was defined based on the extracted colorful semi-spindle shape automatically.The number and projection area of these triangles in the image were computed through the vector graphics calculation by computer.A great deal of measurement data was taken for analysis on the correlation between the shape parameters and the body mass of koi by MATLAB.A correlation analysis model was established between the projection area of the feature triangle and the body mass.Through this method, the koi yield including the number and average body mass in the aquaculture pond was estimated automatically.The result showed that,the estimating error of the number was lower than 14%,and the estimating error of the average body mass was lower than 12%.The method

could satisfy the needs for the daily koi culture.

Synthesis of 6-Benzylaminopurine Artificial Antigen and Preparation of Murine Polyclonal Antibodies

MENG Jiqiu, HU Xiaofei, WANG Yao, XING Yunrui, CAO Jinbo, CHEN Linlin, SUN Yaning, ZHANG Gaiping

2021, 50(5):  157-164.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.022

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For developing antibodies against 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA),6-benzylaminopurine riboside (6-BAR),the metabolite of 6-BA,was coupled with bovine serum albumin(BSA) and ovalbumin(OVA)separately by the periodate method to prepare the immune antigen 6-BAR-BSA and the envelope antigen 6-BAR-OVA.UV scanning and SDS-PAGE were used to identify the artificial antigens.Four BALB/c mice(No.1—4) were immunized with 6-BAR-BSA by subcutaneous multipoint injection on the back at a dose of 50 μg each at an interval of 21 d,and tail-cut blood samples were collected 10 days after the fourth immunization to prepare rat polyclonal antibodies.Serum titer was determined by indirect ELISA,and serum sensitivity and specificity were determined by indirect competitive ELISA.The results showed that the artificial antigen of 6-BA was prepared successfully. The serum titers of immunized mice were all more than 1∶51 200,among which the No.2 mouse was the highest with 1∶204 800.Furthermore,the serum half inhibitory concentration(IC₅₀) of No.2 mouse against 6-BA was 13.48 μg/ L,the liner range was 0.26—701.45 μg/ L, and the cross reaction rate with kinetin, gibberellin, sodium 4-chlorophenoxyacetate,procymidone,sodium furbenzenate,BSA,OVA was less than 0.01%.In conclusion,6-BA artificial antigen was successfully prepared,and mouse polyclonal antibodies with high sensitivity and specificity were obtained by animal immunization.



Study on the Extraction of Loganin from Cornus officinalis

ZHANG Lipan, ZHAO Mengyao, GUAN Bingfeng, JIANG Biwei, WANG Fayun, WANG Yong

2021, 50(5):  165-172.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.023

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In order to obtain the optimal process parameters of loganin extracted from Cornus officinalis with ultrasonic assistance,Cornus officinalis was used as the raw material to study the optimal method for the extraction of loganin.Based on the results of 7 single-factor experiments,inclucding ultrasonic power,ultrasonic time,material to liquid ratio,ethanol content,test temperature,ultrasonic work/intermittent time,extraction time,orthogonal test of extraction technology of loganin from Cornus officinalis was designed.The optimal conditions were obtained:the ultrasonic power was 200 W,ultrasonic time was 25 min,material to liquid was 1∶30,ethanol content was 55%,test temperature was 40℃,ultrasonic work/intermittent time was 5 s/5 s,and the extraction time was 2.Under the conditions,the loganin yield in the actual verification test could reach 1.513%.The result of proved test was well in line with the expectation of optimization.


Moisture Content Prediction of Rice Husk in Ectopic Fermentation Bed Based on Dielectric Property

HAN Zhiheng, TAO Zhiying, ZENG Yuning, HE Jincheng

2021, 50(5):  173-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.05.024

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In order to explore the relationship between dielectric properties and moisture content of rice husk in ectopic fermentation bed, and to explore the feasibility of dielectric properties in the rapid measurement of moisture content of bedding materials,rice husk,which is the main bulk material of ectopic fermentation bedding materials,was taken as the research object,the effects of measurement signal frequency (0.1—100 kHz), temperature (15—55℃ ) and moisture content (10%—70%) on the dielectric properties of rice husks were studied by using parallel plate capacitor.The reason of the change of the dielectric constant of rice husks was analyzed.At a signal frequency of 1 kHz,5 kHz,10 kHz and 50 kHz,the model was established to predict the moisture content of rice husk by measuring the relative dielectric constant and temperature.The results showed that in the frequency range of 0.1—100 kHz,the relative dielectric constant and relative dielectric loss factor of rice husks increased with the increase of temperature and moisture content,and decreased with the increase of the signal frequency.Under the selected frequency,the regression model which can express the relationship between relative permittivity,temperature and moisture content by quadratic polynomial was established.The determination coefficients of all the models were greater than 0.98,indicating that the moisture content of the rice husk can be predicted by the dielectric properties.