氮肥及有机物料配施对黄壤冬油菜-玉米轮作田土壤微生物群落的影响

doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.06.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 探讨氮肥及有机物料配施对黄壤冬油菜-玉米轮作田土壤微生物群落的影响，为贵州黄壤地力改善以及冬油菜和玉米丰产提质提供科学依据。2018—2021年连续4 a在贵州省贵阳市开展氮肥配施不同有机物料长期定位试验，设置5个处理［不施氮肥+磷钾肥（T1，CK）；氮肥+磷钾肥（T2）；氮肥+磷钾肥+秸秆（T3）；氮肥+磷钾肥+生物炭（T4）；氮肥+磷钾肥+商品有机肥（T5）］，于2021年5月油菜收获后采集不同处理土壤样品，研究不同处理对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明，T1—T5处理的细菌OTU数量分别为3 557、3 413、3 315、3 452、3 468个，真菌OTU数量分别为1 530、1 196、1 488、1 428、1 579个。氮肥及有机物配施后的T2—T5 处理，土壤细菌群落Chaol 指数、Shannon 指数较T1 分别增长0.67%~7.79%、0.30%~1.36%，Simpson指数降低2.94%~11.76%；土壤真菌群落Chaol指数、Shannon指数较T1分别增长9.64%~20.66%、29.55%~61.86%，Simpson指数降低55.83%~89.52%。群落相对丰度以及线性判别分析（LEfSe）结果显示，与T1处理相比，氮肥及有机物料配施改变土壤中细菌优势菌种的丰度，变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度分别提高1.74%~24.05%、9.03%~29.06%、2.13%~12.12%，酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的相对丰度分别下降17.78%~42.79%、12.61%~14.68%；土壤真菌子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）、Unclassified_k_Fungi、罗兹菌门（Rozellomycota）的相对丰度分别下降2.79%~41.84%、33.14%~54.85%、4.13%~69.97%、37.64%~79.47%，担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的相对丰度提升29.78%~249.21%，镰刀菌属（Fusarium）的相对丰度下降4.95%~55.77%。综上，氮肥及有机物料配施均能改善黄壤冬油菜-玉米轮作田土壤中微生物环境，改变土壤微生物群落组成和多样性；配施有机物料有提升土壤有益菌群、降低或抑制有害菌群的作用，可改善黄壤地力。

关键词: 氮肥, 有机物料, 黄壤, 冬油菜-玉米轮作, 微生物群落结构, 微生物群落多样性

Abstract: To provide scientific basis for improving soil fertility and yield and quality of rape and maize in Guizhou province，the effect of nitrogen fertilizer combined with organic materials on soil microbial community in winter rapeseed⁃maize rotation in yellow soil was discussed. Long⁃term positioning experiment of different organic materials application was conducted in Guiyang City，Guizhou Province for four consecutive years from 2018 to 2021. Five treatments［no nitrogen fertilizer（T1，CK），normal nitrogen fertilizer（T2），and normal nitrogen fertilizer+ straw（T3），normal nitrogen fertilizer+ biochar（T4）and normal nitrogen fertilizer+commercial organic fertilizer（T5）］were set up，and soil samples were collected from different treatments after rapeseed harvest in May 2021 to study the effects of different treatments on soil microbial communities. The results showed that the number of bacterial OTU（operational taxonomic units）treated with T1—T5 was 3 557，3 413，3 315，3 452 and 3 468，and the number of fungal OTU was 1 530，1 196，1 488，1 428 and 1 579，respectively. Compared with T1 treatment，after applying nitrogen fertilizer and organic materials（T2—T5），the Chaol index and Shannon index of the soil bacterial community increased by 0.67%—7.79% and 0.30%—1.36%，the Simpson index decreased by 2.94%—11.76%. In the soil fungal community，after applying nitrogen fertilizer and organic materials，the Chaol index and Shannon index increased by 9.64%—20.66% and 29.55%—61.86%，respectively，and the Simpson index decreased by 55.83%—89.52%. Community abundance and LEfSe analysis showed that，compared to the T1 treatment，applying nitrogen fertilizer and organic materials altered the abundance of bacterial dominant species in soil.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria，Chloroflexi，and Actinobacteria increased by 1.74%—24.05%，9.03%—29.06% and2.13%—12.12%，respectively. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased by 17.78%—42.79% and 12.61%—14.68%，respectively.The relative abundance of Ascomycota，Mortierellomycota，Unclassified_k_Fungi，and Rozellomycota in soil decreased by 2.79%—41.84%，33.14%—54.85%，4.13%—69.97% and 37.64%—79.47%，respectively.The relative abundance of Basidiomycota increased by 29.78%—249.21%，and Fusarium decreased by 4.95%—55.77%.To sum up，nitrogen fertilizer and combined application of organic materials can the microbial environment and the microbial community composition and diversity of soil in yellow soil in winter rapeseed⁃maize rotation.Combined application of organic materials can improve the soil microbial environment by improving the beneficial flora，reducing or inhibiting the harmful flora to a certain extent，thereby improving the soil fertility of yellow soil.

Key words: Nitrogen fertilizer, Organic materials, Yellow soil, Winter rapeseed?maize rotation, Microbial community structure, Microbial community diversity

中图分类号:

S154.3
S156

魏全全, 顾小凤, 芶久兰, 张萌, 饶勇, 肖华贵. 氮肥及有机物料配施对黄壤冬油菜-玉米轮作田土壤微生物群落的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(6): 41-50.

WEI Quanquan, GU Xiaofeng, GOU Jiulan, ZHANG Meng, RAO Yong, XIAO Huagui. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Combined with Organic Materials on Microbial Community in Winter Rapeseed⁃Maize Rotation in Yellow Soil[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(6): 41-50.

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