河南农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (11): 41-49.DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2024.11.005

• 作物栽培·遗传育种 • 上一篇    下一篇

减氮增密对寒地水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

焦峰1,张宇涵1,董文军2,3,唐傲2,刘猷红2,孟英2,王硕4   

  1. (1.黑龙江八一农垦大学农学院,黑龙江 大庆 163319;2.黑龙江省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所/黑龙江省寒地作物生理生态重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150023;3.国家耐盐碱水稻技术创新中心东北中心,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086;4.西北农林科技大学 农学院,陕西 杨凌 712100)

  • 收稿日期:2024-08-23 出版日期:2024-11-15 发布日期:2024-12-18
  • 通讯作者: 董文军(1981-),男,内蒙古乌兰察布人,副研究员,博士,主要从事水稻耕作栽培与稻田温室气体排放理论与技术研究。E-mail:dongwenjun0911@163.com
  • 作者简介:焦峰(1980-),男,黑龙江兰西人,副教授,博士,主要从事土壤肥力和作物营养生理方面研究。E-mail:jiaofeng1980@ 163.com
  • 基金资助:
    黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费重点项目(CZKYF2021-2-B019);黑龙江省农业科技创新跨越工程项目(CX23GG12)

Effect of Reducing Nitrogen and Increasing Density on Yield and Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Rice in Cold Region

JIAO Feng1,ZHANG Yuhan1,DONG Wenjun2,3,TANG Ao2,LIU Youhong2,MENG Ying2,WANG Shuo4   

  1. (1.College of Agriculture,Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,Daqing 163319,China;2.Institute of Crop Cultivation and Tillage,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Cold Region,Harbin 150023,China;3.Northeast Branch of National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline‑Alkali Tolerant Rice,Harbin 150086,China;4.College of Agronomy,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China)
  • Received:2024-08-23 Published:2024-11-15 Online:2024-12-18

摘要: 基于2017 年开始的秸秆还田下寒地水稻减氮增密长期定位试验[CK:常规密度(30 cm×13.3 cm),不施氮肥;T1:常规密度(30 cm×13.3 cm),常规施氮量(180 kg/hm2);T2:增加密度32%(30 cm×10 cm),常规施氮量(180 kg/hm2);T3:增加密度32%(30 cm×10 cm),穗肥减少常规施氮总量的20%(总施氮量144kg/hm2);T4:增加密度32%(30cm×10cm),基肥减少常规施氮总量的20%(总施氮量144kg/hm2)],利用2023年监测的试验数据,研究减氮增密对水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,T4处理产量最高,显著高于CK、T1、T2处理,增幅分别为39.6%、9.8%、13.3%;T3处理次之,与T4处理差异不显著。二者产量的提高主要归因于有效穗数的提高,其中T4处理有效穗数分别较CK、T1处理显著提高64.0%、18.5%。T3、T4处理收获指数较高,两者差异不显著,但均显著高于其他处理,其中,T4处理分别较CK、T1、T2处理提高30.4%、53.3%、15.6%。拔节期—成熟期,总体上以T4处理叶片SPAD值最高,SPAD 衰减率最低,地上部干物质积累量较高。T1—T4 处理植株总吸氮量较CK 显著增加53.6%~94.2%,以T4处理增幅最大。与T1处理相比,T4处理氮肥吸收利用率、氮素吸收率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高36.1%、30.1%、82.4%、37.3%,而土壤氮素表观盈亏量和氮素盈余率则分别显著降低87.5%和103.8%;T3处理氮肥吸收利用率显著降低22.5%,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高71.2%、34.9%。氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收率与产量均呈极显著正相关,而氮素盈余率和土壤氮素表观盈亏量与产量均呈显著或极显著负相关。综上所述,在减少基肥中氮肥施用量的同时增加移栽密度可提高水稻产量及氮素吸收利用率,适合寒地水稻生长。

关键词: 水稻, 寒地, 减氮增密, 产量, 氮素吸收利用

Abstract: The long‑term experiment with reduced nitrogen and increased density for rice in cold region under straw return was started in 2017. A total of the following five treatments were set up,CK:conventional density(30 cm×13. 3 cm),no N fertilizer;T1:conventional density(30 cm×13.3 cm),conventional N application rate(180 kg/ha);T2:increasing density by 32%(30 cm×10 cm),conventional N application rate(180 kg/ha);T3:increasing density by 32%(30 cm×10 cm),20% reduction in total conventional N application rate by spike fertilizer(total N application rate of 144 kg/ha);T4:increasing density by 32%(30 cm×10 cm),20% reduction in total conventional N application rate by basal fertilizer(total N application rate of 144 kg/ha). The experiment data in 2023 was used to study the effect of reducing nitrogen and increasing density on yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice.The results showed that T4 treatment had the highest yield,which was significantly increased by 39.6%,9.8% and 13.3% compared with CK,T1 and T2 treatments respectively;T3 treatment was the second,showing no significant difference from T4 treatment. The increase of yield of the two treatments was mainly attributed to the increase of effective spikes number,and T4 treatment significantly increased by 64.0% and 18.5% compared with CK and T1 treatment respectively.The harvest indexes of T3 and T4 treatments were higher,and the difference between them was not significant,but both were significantly higher than the other treatments,among which T4 treatment was 30.4%,53.3% and 15.6% higher than CK,T1 and T2 treatments respectively. From jointing stage to mature stage,T4 treatment generally had the highest SPAD value of leaves,the lowest attenuation rate of SPAD,and higher dry weight of above‑ground part. T1—T4 treatments significantly increased nitrogen uptake by 53.6%—94.2% compared with CK,and the increase was the greatest in T4 treatment. Compared with the T1 treatment,the nitrogen fertilizer uptake and use efficiency,nitrogen uptake rate,nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization rate and nitrogen partial productivity of T4 treatment significantly increased by 36.1%,30.1%,82.4% and 37.3%,respectively,whereas apparent surplus and deficit of soil nitrogen and nitrogen surplus rate significantly decreased by 87.5% and 103.8%,respectively;the nitrogen fertilizer uptake and use efficiency of T3 treatment significantly decreased by 22.5%,while nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity significantly increased by 71.2% and 34.9%.Nitrogen partial productivity,nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization rate,nitrogen uptake rate were significantly positively correlated with yied,and nitrogen surplus rate and soil nitrogen apparent surplus and deficit were significantly negatively correlated with yield. In conclusion,increasing density while reducing the amount of basal nitrogen fertilizer can improve rice yield as well as nitrogen uptake and utilization rate,which is more suitable for the growth of rice in cold region.

Key words: Rice, Cold region, Reducing nitrogen and increasing density, Yield, Nitrogen absorption and utilization

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