Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

Research Progress on Effects of Shading Stress on Maize

WANG Huiqiang, YUAN Liuzheng, LIU Jiayou, ZHU Shidie, WANG Qiuling, YUAN Manman, WANG Huitao

2021, 50(9): 1-8. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.001

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Maize is C4 photophilic crop，and sufficient light is the necessary condition for its growth and development.The overcast and rainy weather seriously affect the growth and development of maize.The effects of artificial shading stress simulating overcast and rainy weather on growth and yield，physiological and biochemical characteristics，grain quality and lodging of maize were elaborated，so as to provide theoretical reference for the research of maize shade tolerance and the formulation of corresponding mitigation measures.

QTLs Mapping for Traits Related with Kernel in Maize

WANG Xintao, LI Baoye, YANG Qing, DAI Ziju, HAO Junjie

2021, 50(9): 9-15. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.002

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In order to study the genetic mechanism of 100⁃kernel weight，kernel length and kernel width in maize，a recombinant inbred line（RIL）population including 241 lines derived from Zheng 58×D863F was used as material，and QTLs for 100⁃kernel weight，kernel length and kernel width were studied from 2018 to 2019 under two different environments. In RIL population，100⁃kernel weight，kernel length and kernel width showed continuous variations with a normal distribution and significant correlations，and belonged to typical quantitative traits. A total of 14 QTLs were detected in two years under two different environments. The numbers of QTLs for 100⁃kernel weight，kernel length and kernel width were 6，3 and 5，respectively. These QTLs were detected on chromosomes 2，3，4 and 7，and the PVE（phenotypic variance explained）values were 6. 42%—13. 41%. The PVE values of major QTL（q100KW2）for 100⁃kernel weight detected on chromosome 2 were above 10% under two environments. The QTLs for 100⁃kernel weight，kernel length and kernel width were detected in umc1891—mmc0371 on chromosome 4，which might contain key genes regulating grain traits.

Effects of Drip Irrigation and Fertilization on Root LayerSoil Nutrient Content，Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Potato

GUO Tao, XING Yingying, JIANG Wenting, LI Zhuoyuan, ZHANG Teng, MI Feiyao, WANG Xiukang

2021, 50(9): 16-25. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.003

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Using potato Holland 15 as the material，two planting tests were carried out in 2019. Three fertilization rates were set as follows：F1（application rates of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 240 kg/ha，120 kg/ha and 300 kg/ha respectively），F2（application rates of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 180 kg/ha，90 kg/ha and 225 kg/ha respectively） and F3（application rates of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 120 kg/ha，60 kg/ha and 150 kg/ha respectively）.Three drip irrigation rates were set as follows：W1（100% potato water requirement），W2（80% potato water requirement）and W3（60% potato water requirement）. With 60% irrigation water requirement and no fertilization treatment as control（CK），the effects of drip irrigation and fertilization on the root layer soil nutrient content，yield and water use efficiency of potato were studied，so as to determine the drip irrigation and fertilization mode for high⁃quality and high⁃yield potatoes.The results showed that for the average of the two tests，the contents of nitrate nitrogen，available phosphorus and available potassium in 0—60 cm soil layer of W1F3 treatment were 72.72%，58.00% and 69. 33% higher than those of CK，while W1F1 treatment was the lowest；W1F1 treatment had the highest wateruse efficiency of 113.1 kg（/ ha·mm），which was 153.5% higher than CK；W1F1 treatment had the highest yield of 26 164 kg/ha，which was 136. 98% higher than CK.By considering comprehensively，the best combination of drip irrigation and fertilization for potato was W1F1.

Variation Analysis on Protein and Its Components Contents of Seeds of Tartary Buckwheat Germplasms

SHI Taoxiong, ZHENG Junqing, LI Ruiyuan, LÜ Dan, CHEN Qingfu, LIANG Chenggang

2021, 50(9): 25-35. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.004

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To dissect the genetic diversity of protein and its components contents of Tartary buckwheat seeds，and select germplasms with excellent protein，the genetic variation，correlation and cluster analyses of protein and its components contents of seeds were carried out using 231 Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources from different provinces（autonomous region）.The results showed that the mean values of total protein，albumin，glutenin，globulin and gliadin contents of seeds of Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources were 77. 78 mg/g，30. 32 mg/g，30. 53 mg/g，13. 72 mg/g and 3. 21 mg/g，respectively. The order of variation coefficient was albumin（24. 5%）>gliadin（24. 2%）>glutenin（19. 6%）>globulin（16. 5%）>total protein（12. 7%）. The seed protein of 99. 1%（229）of Tartary buckwheat germplasms mainly consisted of albumin and glutenin，the proportions of total content of albumin and glutenin were67. 9%—88. 1% of total protein content. Gliadin content was extremely significantly negatively correlated with albumin content，extremely significantly positively correlated with globulin content，and significantly positively correlated with glutenin content. Total protein content was extremely significantly positively correlated with protein components contents except for gliadin.The 231 germplasms were divided into six groups by cluster analysis. Group Ⅴ containing 20 germplasms had the highest contents of globulin and glutenin of seeds.Group Ⅵ containing 35 germplasms had the highest gliadin content of seeds. Group Ⅰincluding 41 germplasms had high contents of total protein，albumin and glutenin of seeds. These excellent germplasms could be used for the genetic improvement of Tartary buckwheat varieties with high protein content.

Effect of Growth Period on Content (Activity) of Antinutritional Factors in Sweet Potato Tubers

ZHONG Ziyu, LIN Lizhuo, CUI Peng, LÜ Zunfu, PANG Linjiang, LU Guoquan

2021, 50(9): 36-43. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.005

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Twelve major sweet potato varieties from Zhejiang Province were selected to analyze oxalic acid content，tannin content and trypsin inhibitor activity of tubers，and representative sweet potato varieties were screened to study the effects of different growth periods（80，100，120，140 and 160 d）on oxalic acid content，tannin content and trypsin inhibitor activity of tubers under different cutting stages or harvest stages，so as to provide theoretical basis for the regulation of antinutritional factors of sweet potato.The results showed that antinutritional factor contents（activities）of tubers of different sweet potato varieties were obviously different，the oxalic acid and tannin contents of tubers of three purple varieties were significantly higher than those of the other sweet potato varieties，the oxalic acid and tannin contents of tubers of white sweet potato varieties were lower，and those of tubers of yellow sweet potato varieties were the lowest.Xinxiang，Yuenanzishu and Zheshu 75 were selected to do the follow⁃up study according to cluster analysis and market promotion. The content（activity）of antinutritional factors changed as the growth period prolonged. When cutting was on May 1，harvest from August 10 to September 1 with growth periods of 100—120 d obviously controlled the oxalic acid and tannin contents of sweet potato tubers，and harvest on October 10 with growth period of 160 d obviously controlled the trypsin inhibitor activity ofsweet potato tubers. When harvest was on October 10，cutting on May 20 with growth period of 140 dobviously controlled the oxalic acid content and trypsin inhibitor activity of sweet potato tubers，and cutting on June 10 with growth period of 120 d obviously controlled the tannin content of sweet potato tubers.

Effect of Nitrogen Application Rates on the Yield and Quality of Different Oleic Peanuts

YANG Zheng, XIAO Siyuan, CHEN Siyu, LIU Jing, ZHU Wenjuan, XU Qian, LI Lin, GUO Feng, LAN Shile

2021, 50(9): 44-52. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.006

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In order to determine the suitable amount of nitrogen application for Northern common oleic acid and high oleic acid peanut varieties planted on paddy soil in Hunan Province，the common oleic acid peanut variety Huayu 22（HY22）and high oleic acid peanut variety Jihua 16（JH16）were used as experimental materials. Three nitrogen application levels of N0（0 kg/ha，CK），N1（120 kg/ha）and N2（240 kg/ha）were set，and the growth and development indexes，activities of key enzymes of leaf nitrogen metabolism，yield and quality of peanut were determined. The results showed that Huayu 22 had higher partial nitrogen productivity and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency under N1 treatment.Glutamine synthetase（GS）activity and glutamate dehydrogenase（GDH）activity of leaves were the highest during the whole growth period. Pod yields of N1 and N2 treatments were 23. 26% and 15. 17% higher than that of N0 treatment，respectively. Total amino acid and crude protein contents of kernels of N1 treatment were 6. 46%，8. 36% and 7. 25%，8. 16% higher than those of N0 and N2 treatments，respectively. Jihua 16 had higher agronomic nitrogen use efficiency under N2 treatment. The number of full fruits，full fruit weight，full kernel weight and 100 kernel weight of N2 treatment were significantly higher than those of N1 and N0 treatments. The pod yields of N1 and N2 treatments were 13. 58% and 50. 89% higher than that of N0 treatment，respectively，and the contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid in kernel were 6. 46%，49. 67% and 6. 00%，43.46% higher than those of N0 treatment. In conclusion，medium amount of nitrogen fertilizer（120 kg/ha）should be applied to Huayu 22 to increase yield and quality，and high amount of nitrogen fertilizer（240 kg/ha）should be applied to Jihua 16 to increase yield.

Construction of Fingerprint and Genetic Diversity Analysis of 61 High⁃oil Soybean Varieties（Lines）

LI Qiong, LI Jinhua, CHANG Shihao, YANG Qingchun, SHU Wentao, GENG Zhen

2021, 50(9): 53-62. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.007

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Sixty⁃one soybean varieties（lines）of high⁃oil content were used as test materials，and 68 pairs of SSR markers were selected to detect the genetic diversity of high⁃oil soybean varieties（lines）and establish fingerprint，which would provide a theoretical basis for parent selection and variety identification of high⁃oil soybeans. The results of high⁃oil soybean materials（61 copies）showed that the average number of alleles（Na）was 1.980 3，the average number of effective alleles（Ne）was 1.414 2，the average number of Nei’s gene diversity index（H）was 0.272 4，and the average number of Shannon’s information index（I）was 0.429 7.The genetic diversity of high⁃oil soybean materials（61 copies）is relatively rich. The clustering results showed that the genetic similarity coefficient（GS）of 61 materials was between 0.61 and 0. 87，and at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.63，61 materials were divided into four major groups. In this study，a total of seven pairs of core primers（sat_304，satt708，satt373，satt216，satt463，satt631，satt268）were screened to effectively distinguish the varieties（lines），and the fingerprints of the tested materials were constructed. According to origin and planting ecological area，the 61 materials could be divided into three groups.The materials of group A were from Liaoning，Heilongjiang，Shanxi，Hebei，Beijing.The materials of group B were from Henan，Shandong，Anhui，Jiangsu，Hubei. The materials of group C were introduced from the United States. The genetic diversity of three groups was A > B > C. The total genetic diversity（Ht）among the three groups was 0.276 9，the genetic diversity within the groups（Hs）was 0.250 2，the coefficient of genetic differentiation（Gst）among the groups was 0. 096 4，and the gene flow（Nm*）was 4. 688 7.There was a low degree of genetic differentiation among groups，genetic variation mainly existed within groups，and gene flow among groups was abundant.According to the comparison of genetic distances among the three groups，group B had the farthest genetic relationship with group C，group A had the middle genetic relationship with group C，and group A had the closest genetic relationship with group B.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels on Nitrogen Metabolism，Yield and Quality of Summer Sesame

LI Chunming, PEI Xinyo, ZHANG Haiyang, GAO Tongmei, LI Feng, WANG Long, WEI Shuangling

2021, 50(9): 63-70. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.008

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In order to determine the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer to increase the yield andimprove the quality of summer sesame，Zhengzhi 98N09，a white sesame variety，was used as the experimental material，and 4 nitrogen supply levels of 0（CK），60，120 and 180 kg/ha were set to analyze the effects of different nitrogen supply levels on nitrogen metabolism，yield and quality of sesame.The results showed that application of nitrogen fertilizer could enhance the activities of key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in sesame leaves，increase the contents of free amino acids，soluble proteins，total nitrogen and yield，and improve the quality of sesame. Among them，the effect of nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha was the best，and the activities of nitrate reductase（NR）and glutamine synthetase（GS）were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Compared with the nitrogen application levels of 0（CK），60 and 180 kg/ha，the NR activity of nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha increased by 60.1%，32.7%，21.8% and 76.9%，33.8%，26.4% at budding stage and full flowering stage respectively，and the GS activity increased by 24.9%，11.6%，7.0% and 60.8%，31.8%，17.4% respectively.In 2015 and 2016，the yields of nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha were 1 456.6 kg/ha and 1 499.2 kg/ha respectively，compared with the nitrogen application levels of 0（CK），60 and 180 kg/ha，the yield of nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha increased by 117.7%，75.5%，12.2% and105.0%，70.7%，11.0% respectively，and the capsules per plant improved by 120.4%，38.6%，12.5%and 105.0%，34.7%，10.9% respectively，the seeds per capsule increased by 30.6%，19.2%，7.2%and 31.7%，18.4%，8.8% respectively，the 1 000⁃seed weight enhanced by 12.5%，5.5%，1.8% and11.5%，3.1%，3.8% respectively. The grain protein contents of nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha were 24.58% and 25.20% in 2015 and 2016 respectively，compared with the nitrogen application levels of 0（CK），60 and 180 kg/ha，the grain protein content of nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha improved by 28.6%，13.1%，10.3% and 31.0%，15.0%，11.5% respectively.The grain oil contents of nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha were 52. 80% and 52. 94% in 2015 and 2016 respectively，compared with the nitrogen application levels of 0（CK），60 and 180 kg/ha，the grain oil content of nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha increased by 7.4%，1.4%，1.9% and 7.4%，0.8%，1.6% respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the indexes of nitrogen metabolism in sesame leaves were significantly or very significantly positively correlated with yield，grain protein content and oil content as a whole.In conclusion，the nitrogen application level of 120 kg/ha significantly increased the yield，grain protein and oil contents，and improved the quality of sesame by regulating the nitrogen metabolism in leaves，the number of capsules per plant，the number of seeds per capsule and the 1 000⁃grain weight.

Characteristics of Growth and Utilization and Seed Yield of Green Manure Germplasm Resources Introduced from Abroad in Low⁃Phosphorus Yellow Soil of Guizhou Province

ZHANG Qin, YAO Danjun, ZHANG Jumei, NIU Yaqiong, WANG Wenhua, ZHANG Aihua, KUANG Shengjian, LIAO Heng, ZHU Qing

2021, 50(9): 71-78. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.009

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To screen green manure germplasm resources that are suitable for growth in low⁃phosphorus yellow soil of Guizhou Province，13 green manure germplasm resources introduced from abroad were planted in low⁃phosphorus yellow soil，and the growth rate at vegetative growth stage，main agronomic characters，nutrient accumulation and supply at full⁃bloom stage，flowering period and seed retention were analyzed. The results showed that the top three green manure germplasm resources of total nutrientcontent of total N，P and K were HZMC1374（Vicia sativa L.），HZMC1349（Vicia sativa L.） and HZMC1300（Sinapis alba）with the total nutrient contents of 19.46，18.50 and 15. 54 g/plant，and their nutrient interception and supply capacity were higher. In terms of optimal utilization time to return to the field，HZMC1442（Sinapis alba），HZMC1300，HZMC1298（scurvy grass） and HZMC1299（spring rapeseed）were returned to the fields from March 1 to March 30；HZMC1539（Phacelia tanacetifolia），HZMC1334（Vicia villosa），HZMC1302（Vicia villosa）were returned to the field from April 1 to May 6 ；HZMC1446（pea） and HZMC1374 were returned to the field from April 14 to May 4；HZMC1349，HZMC1367（Vicia sativa L.）and HZMC1353（Vicia sativa L.）were returned to the field from April 29 to May 15；HZMYZW26（Dracocephalum moldovica Linn.）was returned to the field from June 3 to June 21.The seed yields of HZMC1349，HZMC1299，HZMC1300，HZMC1367 and HZMC1539 were higher，which were 607.13，467.93，346.40，276.47 and 256.93 kg/ha respectively.

Effects of Pepper Straw Returning Amount on Rhizosphere Soil Microenvironment and Quality of Watermelon

QIN Tao

2021, 50(9): 79-86. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.010

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In order to promote the recycling of pepper straw waste，improve the yield and quality of watermelon，Meixiu watermelon was used as the test material，and the method of single factor randomized block design was adopted，with no straw returning used as the control（CK），and different straw returning amount of 4 500，9 000，16 500 and 27 000 kg/ha used as treatments（denoted as L300，L600，L1100 and L1800 respectively），and the effects of different amount of pepper straw returned on soil nutrients，microorganisms，soil enzymes，single melon weight and quality of watermelon were studied.The results showed that the contents of available phosphorus，available potassium，ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in rhizosphere soil of watermelon first increased and then decreased with the increasing of straw returning amount，and reached the maximum inL1100 treatment，which increased by 13.86%，19.50%，51.29% and 41.73% respectively compared with the control，while the content of organic matter increased with the increasing of straw returning amount.The number of bacteria，actinomycetes，fungi and the total amount of rhizosphere microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of watermelon were increased by pepper straw returning significantly，and their number was the largest under L1100 treatment. At the same time，the number of bacteria in rhizosphere soil was the most，followed by actinomycetes and fungi. With the increasing of pepper straw returning amount，the invertase activity of watermelon rhizosphere soil increased gradually，and the activity was the highest under L1800 treatment.The activities of urease，phosphatase and catalase of the four straw returning treatments were higher than those in the control，but the activities of urease and phosphatase were the highest in L1100 treatment，and the activity of catalase was the highest in L600 treatment.Under L1100 treatment，the single watermelon weight was the largest，increased by 37.77% compared with the control，and the content of central and marginal soluble solids was the highest，increased by 9.85% and 30.57%，respectively. The median⁃marginal difference was the smallest，which was 28.68% lower than the control. There was no significant difference in peel thickness between the control and L300，L600，L1100，respectively.The organic acid content was the highest under L600 treatment.Therefore，when the amount of pepper straw returned to the field is 16 500 kg/ha，it can significantly improve the soil nutrients in the 0—20 cm plough layer，increase the number of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity，improve the weight of single melon and flavor of watermelon.It can be used as the appropriate amount of pepper straw returned to the field for watermelon farmland soil fertility and high quality and high yield of watermelon.

Effects of Nitrogen Management on Yield，Quality and Nitrogen Utilization of Flue⁃cured Tobacco under Different Rotation Patterns

CHEN Hua, ZHAO Wenjun, WANG Zhengxu, YIN Mei, XUE Kaizheng, HE Zhenghai, CHEN Jianfeng, WANG Zhiyuan, WANG Wei, WANG Yingxue, YANG Yanxian, FU Libo

2021, 50(9): 87-95. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.011

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To study the effects of nitrogen management on yield，quality and nutrient utilization of flue⁃cured tobacco under different rotation patterns，field experiments were carried out with three kinds of rotation patterns including rape⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation，corn⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation and broad bean⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation.In every rotation pattern，4 treatments with N application rate of 0 kg/ha（T1），45 kg/ha（T2），90 kg/ha（T3）and 135 kg/ha（T4）were carried out. The effects of different nitrogen rates in different rotation patterns on biological characters，yield，output value，quality and nutrient utilization of flue⁃cured tobacco were analysed.The results showed that agronomic traits of flue⁃cured tobacco would be better by increasing nitrogen application in three rotation patterns.When the nitrogen application rate was 90 kg/ha，the output values of flue⁃cured tobacco under rape⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation and corn⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation were the highest，which were 76 284.8 Yuan/ha and 82 262.4 Yuan/ha，respectively.When the nitrogen application rate was 45 kg/ha，the output value of flue⁃cured tobacco under broad bean⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation was the highest，which was 76 826.9 Yuan/ha. In rape⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation and corn⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation，flue⁃cured tobacco leaf quality under 90 kg/ha of N application rate was better.In broad bean⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation，leaf quality under 45 kg/ha of N application rate was better. In three kinds of rotation patterns，N agronomic efficiency，N economic utilization efficiency and N biological utilization efficiency of flue⁃cured tobacco under 45 kg/ha of N application rate were the highest. When the nitrogen application rate was 135 kg/ha，N utilization efficiencies of rape⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation and corn⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation were the highest，which were 40.4% and 42.2%，respectively. When the nitrogen application rate was 45 kg/ha，N utilization efficiency of flue⁃cured tobacco under broad bean⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation was the highest，which was 40.9%.According to the above results，applying 90 kg/ha of N fertilizer is recommended in flue⁃cured tobacco under rape⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation or corn⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation，and applying 45 kg/ha of N fertilizer is recommended in broad bean⁃flue⁃cured tobacco rotation.

Inhibitory Effect of Combined Use of Trichoderma and Fungicides on Rhizoctonia solani in Rice

ZHANG Yaling, TANG Xueting, WANG Bing, HOU Yuxuan, ZHAO Yuhan, JIN Xuehui

2021, 50(9): 96-104. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.012

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To clarify the inhibitory effect of Trichoderma stains combined with fungicides on mycelium growth of the pathogen of rice sheath blight（Rhizoctonia solani），growth rate method and confrontation training method were used to test four chemical fungicide agents（20% propiconazole EC，25% azoxystrobin SC，20% zinc⁃thiazole SC，125 g/L epoxiconazol SC） and three Trichoderma stains（Trichoderma harzianum HZT⁃1，Trichoderma longibrachiatum CZT⁃2，Trichoderma viride LZT⁃3）.The results showed that according to the EC₅₀，four fungicides from low to high were 25% azoxystrobin（SC）（0. 001 4 μg/mL），20% propiconazole（EC）（0. 003 7 μg/mL），125 g/L fluorcloazole（0. 222 0 μg/mL）and 20% zinc⁃thiazole （20. 750 0 μg/mL）. According to the inhibition rate on R. solani，three Trichoderma strains from low to high were T.harzianum HZT⁃1（53. 54%），T.viride LZT⁃3（76. 45%），T.longibrachiatum CZT⁃2（93. 25%）. By analysis of the ratio（V_EC50） of the EC₅₀ of fungicides to Trichoderma and the EC₅₀ of the fungicides to R. solani，the values of VEC50 of 25% azoxystrobin and 20% zinc⁃thiazole to three Trichoderma strains were all greater than 1. showing that they had high compatibility，and could be used in combination. Through analyzing synergism by synergy coefficient（S）after combined use，the synergy coefficient（S）was greater than 1 of T. longibrachiatum CZT⁃2 and T.viride LZT⁃3 with 25% azoxystrobin（concentration≥1. 25 μg/mL）and 20% zinc⁃thiazole（concentration≥10 μg/mL）. The synergy coefficient （S） was greater than 1 of T. harzianum HZT⁃1 with high concentration of 25% azoxystrobin（concentration≥2. 5 μg/mL）and 20% zinc⁃thiazole（concentration≥20μg/mL）.Therefore，T.longibrachiatum CZT⁃2 and T. viride LZT⁃3 can be combined with azoxystrobin and zinc⁃thiazole to control rice sheath blight.

Indoor Resistance Evaluation of Major Potato Cultivars to Ditylenchus destructor in Inner Mongolia

Inhibitory Effect of Combined Use of Trichoderma and Fungicides on Rhizoctonia solani in Rice

2021, 50(9): 105-116. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.013

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This study focused on the resistance level of 23 main potato varieties to Ditylenchus destructor B type in order to better control this disease. Tuber disease incidence and nematode fecundity methods were used to estimate indoor resistance of potato cultivars to this disease. As the result of tuber disease incidence，8 varieties showed high resistance，which were Xisen 6，Kexin 1，Qingshu 9，Longshu 3，Zhongshu 2，Yanshu 8，Jinshu 18 and Zaodabai；and 6 varieties including Jizhangshu 22，Zhongshu 26，Netherlands 806，N3，Jizhangshu 12 and MX⁃8 showed medium resistance；9 varieties were susceptible
including Favorite，Atlantic，Golden，Lishu 6，Spunta，Jizhangshu 5，Zhongshu 3，Zhongshu 13 and Zhongshu 15. As the result of nematode fecundity，Longshu 3，Zaodabai and Xisen 6 showed high resistance； and there were 12 medium resistance varieties including Spunta，Jizhangshu 12，Jizhangshu 22，Netherlands 806，Zhongshu 2，Zhongshu 26，Yanshu 8，MX⁃8，Jinshu 18，N3，Kexin 1 and Qingshu 9；8 varieties were susceptible including Atlantic，Golden，Favorite，Lishu 6，Jizhangshu 5，Zhongshu 3，Zhongshu 13 and Zhongshu 15. Longshu 3，Zaodabai and Xisen 6 show high resistance level
combined by the two evaluation methods，which will lay a foundation for control of D.destructor.

Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of NPF Gene Family Members in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp.pekinensis)

MA Jiajun, WU Yinghua, LI Xuan, LI Meilan, HOU Leiping

2021, 50(9): 117-127. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.014

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The NPF gene family is a nitrate transporter ubiquitous in plants，and is also responsible for transporting glucosinolates，peptides，potassium salts，and plant hormones. In order to clarify the function and evolutionary relationship of the NPF gene family of Chinese cabbage，bioinformatics methods were used to identify the members of the NPF gene family of Chinese cabbage，and the physical and chemical properties，secondary structure，subcellular location，conserved motif distribution and evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis were analyzed for the NPF gene family proteins.The gene structure and chromosome location of the NPF gene family members of Chinese cabbage were also analyzed.The results showed that there were 72 members in the NPF gene family of Chinese cabbage，the number of encoded amino acids ranged from 497 to 1 117，the molecular weight ranged from 54. 49 to 123. 21 ku，the isoelectric point ranged from 5.72 to 9.47，and most of them were stable basic proteins. The secondary structure was dominated by alpha helix，followed by random coils. Subcellular localization prediction showed that they were all on the plasma membrane. The phylogenetic tree divided Chinese cabbage NPF gene family proteins into 8 sub⁃families，which were highly conserved. Most of the NPF gene family members in Chinese cabbage contained 4 CDS sequences.The 72 NPF gene family members were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes of Chinese cabbage.

Comparative Study on Gametophyte Development of Phyllitis japonica under Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ Stress

WANG Zicheng, YANG Shuo, GUAN Yang, LIU Baodong

2021, 50(9): 128-134. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.015

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In order to clarify the effect of heavy metal pollution on the growth and development of gametophytes of Phyllitis japonica，and explore the internal causes of the endangered Phyllitis japonica，the gametophytes of Phyllitis japonica were used as materials，the gametophytes of Phyllitis japonica were cultured with different concentrations of Cd²⁺（0. 2，0. 4，0. 8 mg/kg）and Pb²⁺（20，40，80 mg/kg）under single factor stress，the morphology and structure of gametophytes were observed by optical microscope，and the appearance time of cordate prothallus，antheridia and archegonia，as well as the changes in the number of antheridia，archegonia and so on were recorded. The results showed that，Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ had no significant effect on antheridia appearance time，but had significant effect on cordate prothallus appearance time，archegonia appearance time and the number of antheridia，archegonia，pseudo⁃root and trichomes in the gametophyte of Phyllitis japonica. Under 0. 4 mg/kgCd²⁺ ，40 mg/kg Pb²⁺ stress，chloroplast of gametophyte of Phyllitis japonica turned yellow，and chloroplast dissolution was also observed. Under 0. 4 mg/kg Cd²⁺，40 mg/kg Pb²⁺ stress，the cell wall of the antheridia appeared yellow and damaged，and the discharged sperm also appeared yellow.Under 0. 2 mg/kg Cd²⁺ stress，the archegonia turned yellow gradually from the top to the bottom，while under the stress of 20 mg/kg Pb²⁺，the archegonia turned yellow gradually from the bottom to the top. Under 0. 8 mg/kg Cd²⁺，80 mg/kg Pb²⁺ stress，the pseudo⁃root got brown and bent，and under 80 mg/kg Pb²⁺stress，pseudo⁃root leakage occurred. 0. 2 mg/kg Cd²⁺ and 20 mg/kg Pb²⁺stress had little effect on the gametophyte growth，but with the increase of Cd²⁺and Pb²⁺content，the gametophyte growth of Phyllitis japonica was affected more，and their morphological structure changed seriously.

Effect of Fermented Traditional Chinese Medicine on Intestinal Flora Structure of Broilers under Heat Stress

HAO He, ZHONG Cuihong, LI Xinze, WANG Haiying, WU Ya’nan, WANG Fengshen, LIU Guanhui, SHI Yuxiang, ZHANG Yongying

2021, 50(9): 135-142. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.016

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The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of fermented Chinese medicine on the intestinal flora structure of broilers under heat stress，and to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of heat stress and the research on the mechanism of heat stress.180 Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into six groups with three replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate. Control group was routine feeding；Broilers in each heat stress group were fed at 34 ℃. The heat stress control group was fed with basal diet under heat stress.In the heat stress experimental group，0.5 g/kg，1.0 g/kg and 1.5 g/kg fermented Chinese medicine and 1.5 g/kg unfermented Chinese medicine were added to the diet of broilers.Feeding lasted for 14 d.The composition of cecum flora of broilers in each group was detected by high⁃throughput detection technology based on 16S rDNA amplicon. The number of Lactobacillus，Salmonella and Escherichia coli in cecum of broilers in each group was counted by plate colony counting method. The results showed that the effect of adding 1.5 g/kg fermented Chinese medicine in broiler diet was the best. Compared with the heat stress control group，the average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake of broilers under heat stress were significantly increased by 36.30% and 26.42%，respectively，and the feed to meat ratio was significantly decreased by 8. 82%. Blautia abundance increased in cecum，the number of Lactobacillus increased by 25. 04%，and the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella decreased by 11.25% and 13.74%，respectively. The above results showed that fermented traditional Chinese medicine could improve the growth performance of broilers under heat stress，regulate the cecum flora of broilers，increase the number of beneficial bacteria and reduce the number of harmful bacteria.

Correlation Analysis between Body Size and Egg Production in Maternal Line of Qingyuan Partridge Hen

LI Peiyan, TAN Yuansheng, WEI Jindui, LUO Jieling, HUA Guohong, LI Hua, GAN Jiankang

2021, 50(9): 143-148. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.017

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In order to investigate the correlation between body size traits and laying performance of Qingyuan partridge hen，the number of eggs laid by 893 Qingyuan partridge hens at 18 to 40 weeks of age（22 weeks of age）was calculated and body size and body weight were measured at 18 weeks of age.The correlation analysis results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between tibial circumference，tibial length / body weight and egg production（P<0. 01）.There was a outstanding negative correlation between tibial length and egg⁃laying number（P<0. 05）. There was a significant positive correlation between body weight and egg⁃laying number（P<0. 01）. When the tibial length/body weight ratio of Qingyuan partridge hen was higher than 5. 5 cm/kg，the average egg production was the lowest.During breeding，both the conventional body size indexes and the correlation between tibia length/body weight and cumulative egg production of 40 weeks age should be considered for early breeding of egg⁃laying performance.

Pharmacokinetics Study of Sulfamethazine in Cyprinus carpio

XU Zhenshan, ZHANG Weili, SUN Xiaotong, WANG Xianfeng, LI Hui, LIANG Junping

2021, 50(9): 149-156. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.018

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristic of sulfamethazine in healthy Cyprinus carpio at the water temperature of（23±2）℃. C. carpio was sampled at 0.25，0.5，1，2，4，6，12，24，48，72 h after single intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg sulfamethazine， respectively. The concentrations of sulfamethazine and its metabolite N4⁃acetylsulfamethazine in the muscle，blood，kidney and liver were determined by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）.The pharmacokinetics data of sulfamethazine in the blood were analyzed using the DAS 2.0 version pharmacokinetic software. The results showed that the plasma concentration⁃time data for sulfamethazine could be described by a two⁃compartment open model with the stepless absorption after intravenous administration，the apparent distribution volume（V_d）was 0. 911 L/kg，the elimination half⁃time（T_1/2β） was 19.964 h.The plasma concentration⁃time data for sulfamethazine could be described by a two⁃compartment open model with first⁃order absorption after oral administration，the V_d was 1.406 L/kg，the absorption half⁃time（T_1/2Ka）was 0.02 h，the T1/2β was 16.927 h，time to peak concentration（T_max）was 1 h，peak concentration（C_max）was 17.90 mg/L and bioavailability（F）was 93.30%. After oral administration，sulfamethazine was distributed in muscle，liver，kidney and brain，N4⁃acetylsulfamethazine was detected in all tissues except for brain. The results indicated that the sulfamethazine was absorbed and eliminated quickly，distributed widely in all tissues and had high bioavailability in C. carpio after oral administration. According to the sulfamethazine pharmacokinetics and its antibacterial effect on most fish bacterial pathogens，the recommended dosage of sulfamethazine was 138 mg/kg once per day by oral administration，continuously for 5—7 days.

Effect of BmNPV on the Activity of Trehalase and Its Gene Expression of Bombyx mori

TANG Fenfen, YANG Weike, XIE Kun, YUAN Shengyong, SHEN Dengrong, HE Chao, ZHANG Rui, LIU Na

2021, 50(9): 157-162. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.019

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In order to clarify the effect of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrovirus（BmNPV）on the trehalase activity and the BmTre expression in different tissues of silkworm，with the fifth instar silkworm as test materials，the BmTre expression and trehalose activity were analyzed in hemolymph，fat body and midgut after oral infection with BmNPV.The results showed that the expression of BmTre in the hemolymph，fat body and midgut of silkworm began to be up⁃regulated in the early⁃ or mid⁃stage and showed a downward⁃regulated expression trend in the later stage after infection with BmNPV.The trehalase activity was significantly higher than that of the control group at 6 h in hemolymph after BmNPV infection and reached the highest value at 9 h，which was 2.2 times that of the control group. However，the enzyme activity began to decrease at 24 h and was significantly lower than the control group at 48 h.In midgut，the activity of trehalase，which was increased significantly from 3 h and continued to increaseat 6 h and 9 h，began to decrease at 12 h.The trehalase activity was significantly lower than that of the control group at 24 h and 48 h after infection with BmNPV. The trehalase activity in fat body began to increase at 9 h and was consistently higher than the control group at 12 h and 24 h.However，the enzyme activity decreased to 21% of that of the control group at 48 h and the difference reached an extremely significant level.In conclusion，the BmTre expression level is consistent with the change of trehalase activity in silkworm after oral infection with BmNPV，which suggests that the trehalase may be participated in the process of silkworm resisting virus infection as a kind of immune effector.

Design of Water Content Measurement System for Animal Granular Feed Based on BP Neural Network

ZHANG Xiyu, ZHU Guolu, CHEN Yuxin, GAO Haoyuan, LI Jiale

2021, 50(9): 163-171. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.020

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In order to solve the problems of high cost，low efficiency，and failing to realize rapid on⁃line detection in the process of traditional measurement of moisture content in the livestock and poultry granular feed，a new nondestructive indirect on⁃line rapid measurement system of moisture content was designed. According to the requirements of overall structure of measurement system and GB/T 6435—2014，the STM32F103C8T6 was used as microcontroller； the differential frequency cylindrical capacitance sensor was selected to detect the capacitance of the granular feed sample；the temperature sensor DS18B20 was used to measure the temperature of the sample test environment；the multi⁃sensor data fusion based on BP neural network algorithm compensated for the error by temperature，compactness and other factors.According to the method of multiple regression analysis，the moisture content model of granular feed sample was established and fitted with MATLAB curve.The experimental results showed that the system could determine the moisture content of granular feed in 5—8 s，the absolute error was less than 1.2%，and the repeatability error was less than 0.2.The system meets the new requirements of precise management of feed production and effective reduction of feeding cost.

Simplified Liquid⁃Mass Coupling Method for Detection of Fumonisins B1，B2 and B3 in Corn

ZHENG Jia, WANG Hongqi, LIU Jihong, WANG Junyan, CAO Cheng, YIN Haiyan

2021, 50(9): 172-180. DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.09.021

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In order to optimize the complicated pre⁃processing of the existing liquid chromatography and liquid⁃mass methods，a simplified liquid⁃mass coupling method was established for the simultaneous determination of fumonisins B1，B2，B3 in corn.First，the corn samples were extracted with acetonitrile⁃water⁃formicacid solution（50∶ 49∶ 1）.Then fumonisins were pre⁃separated by ultra performance liquid chromatography［C18 column，100 mm×2. 1 mm，1. 9 μm；Mobile phase A：CH3OH⁃H2O（98∶2）＋5 mmol/L CH3COONH4＋1% HCOOH；Mobile phase B：CH3OH⁃H2O（2∶98）＋5 mmol/L CH3COONH4＋1% HCOOH］.Finally，quantitative detection was performed by high resolution mass spectrometry.The results showed that the method had a good linear relationship in the concentrationrange of 1—1 000 μg/L with the correlation coefficient r> 0. 999.The limits of detection（LOD）and limits of quantification（LOQ） were 0.16—0. 31 μg/kg and 0.52—1.01 μg/kg，respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 77.72% to 102.79% with relative standard deviation（RSD）of 1.07—8.92% at three different supplemental concentrations. In summary，this method has the advantages of simple operation，stability，reliability，and low detection cost，which can be used for the detection of fumonisins in corn.

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