Comprehensive Evaluation of Nutritional Quality of Foxtail Millet Based on Principal Component Analysis and Membership Function Method

doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.01.004

Abstract

Abstract: In order to explore the characteristics of nutritional content of different foxtail millet varieties from Longzhong area in Gansu Province，establish a standard evaluation system of nutritional quality and screen the foxtail millet varieties with excellent nutritional quality，10 foxtail millet varieties from Longzhong area(Huining County，Baiyin City)in Gansu Province were used as materials，19 nutritional quality indexes including basic nutrients(moisture，ash，carbohydrate，protein，crude fat，starch，amylose，amylopectin contents and amylose/amylopectin)，functional nutrients(flavone，total phenol，crude polysaccharide contents)and mineral elements(Zn，Mn，Cu，Fe，Ca，Mg，Se contents)were measured，and principal component analysis and membership function methods were used to evaluate the nutritional quality of foxtail millet. The results showed that there was significant difference in the contents of 18 nutritional components excluding moisture content from 10 foxtail millet varieties，with variation coefficients ranging from 1.58% to 103.46%，which indicated that there was great difference in the individual nutritional quality index among different foxtail millet varieties. Protein，amylose，polysaccharide，Mg，Se and Zn contents were determined as core indexes for the evaluation of nutritional quality of foxtail millet by principal component analysis，correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The nutritional quality evaluation model was established by principal component analysis，and the top three foxtail millet varieties were M‑8(Longgu 23)，M‑10(Longgu 029)and M‑9(Longgu 032)based on the comprehensive score of nutritional quality，consistent with the results of the membership function evaluation，which indicated that these three varieties had better nutritional quality.Ten foxtail millet varieties could be divided into three categories by cluster analysis，and class Ⅱ included M‑8 and M‑9，whose comprehensive nutritional quality performed better.

Key words: Foxtail millet, Nutritional quality, Principal component analysis, Membership function method, Comprehensive evaluation

摘要： 为了探究甘肃省中部地区不同谷子品种营养成分含量特征，建立谷子营养品质评价体系，筛选营养品质优良的谷子品种，以甘肃省白银市会宁县种植的10个谷子品种为研究对象，测定基本营养成分（水分、灰分、碳水化合物、蛋白质、粗脂肪、淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量及直链淀粉/支链淀粉）、功能营养成分（黄酮、总酚和粗多糖含量）和矿物元素（Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe、Ca、Mg、Se含量）等19个营养品质指标，采用主成分分析和隶属函数法对谷子营养品质进行综合评价。结果表明，10个谷子品种中，除水分含量外，其他18个营养成分含量存在显著差异，变异系数介于1.58%~103.46%，说明不同谷子品种单一营养品质指标间的差异较大。通过主成分分析、相关性分析和聚类分析确定了蛋白质、直链淀粉、粗多糖、镁（Mg）、硒（Se）和锌（Zn）含量可作为评价谷子营养品质的核心指标。基于主成分分析建立了谷子营养品质评价模型，并依据营养品质综合得分获得排名前3位的谷子品种分别为陇谷23（M-8）、陇谷029（M-10）、陇谷032（M-9），与隶属函数法评价结果一致，说明这3个谷子品种营养品质较好；聚类分析将10个谷子品种分为3类，其中第Ⅱ类包括M-8和M-9，营养品质表现优异。

关键词: 谷子, 营养品质, 主成分分析, 隶属函数法, 综合评价

CLC Number:

S515

ZHANG Aiqin, GUO Bin, LIU Lilong, LI Xuhua, WANG Qing, XU Rui, ZHANG Huan. Comprehensive Evaluation of Nutritional Quality of Foxtail Millet Based on Principal Component Analysis and Membership Function Method[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 54(1): 28-39.

张爱琴, 郭斌, 柳利龙, 李旭华, 王青, 徐瑞, 张环. 基于主成分分析和隶属函数法的谷子营养品质综合评价[J]. 河南农业科学, 2025, 54(1): 28-39.

Figures/Tables 12

References

［1］YANG Z R，ZHANG H S，LI X K，et al. A mini foxtail millet with an Arabidopsis‑like life cycle as a C4 model system［J］.Nature Plants，2020，6（9）：1167‑1178.

［2］YANG T T，TAN X M，HUANG S，et al.Effects of experimental warming on physicochemical properties of indica rice starch in a double rice cropping system［J］.Food Chemistry，2020，310：125981.

［3］刁现民.育种创新造就谷子种业新发展［J］.中国种业，2022（4）：4‑7.

DIAO X M. Breeding innovation creates new development of millet seed industry［J］.China Seed Industry，2022（4）：4‑7.

［4］樊瑀，董淑琦，原向阳，等.谷子种质资源萌发期抗旱性综合评价及抗旱指标筛选［J］.中国农业大学学报，2022，27（6）：42‑54.

FAN Y，DONG S Q，YUAN X Y，et al. Comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance of foxtail millet germplasm resources during germination period and drought resistance index screening［J］.Journal of China Agricultural University，2022，27（6）：42‑54.

［5］KAUR K D，JHA A，SABIKHI L，et al. Significance of coarse cereals in health and nutrition：A review［J］.Journal of Food Science and Technology，2014，51（8）：1429‑1441.

［6］薛亚鹏，辛旭霞，王若楠，等.国内外谷子资源农艺、品质性状差异分析以及遗传多样性研究［J］.作物学报，2024，50（10）：2468‑2482.

XUE Y P，XIN X X，WANG R N，et al. Analysis of agronomic，quality traits and genetic diversity of domestic and foreign foxtail millet resources［J］.Acta Agronomica Sinica，2024，50（10）：2468‑2482.

［7］XIANG J L，ZHANG M，APEA‑BAH F B，et al.Hydroxycinnamic acid amide （HCAA）derivatives，flavonoid C‑glycosides，phenolic acids and antioxidant properties of foxtail millet［J］. Food Chemistry，2019，295：214‑223.

［8］SALEH A S M，ZHANG Q，CHEN J，et al. Millet grains：Nutritional quality，processing，and potential health benefits［J］.Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety，2013，12（3）：281‑295.

［9］郑楠楠，綦文涛，王春玲，等. 不同品种谷子营养成分及功能活性成分差异化分析［J］.粮油食品科技，2018，26 （2）：34‑39.

ZHENG N N，QI W T，WANG C L，et al.Comparative analysis of nutritional and functional components in different kinds of millet［J］. Science and Technology of Cereals，Oils and Foods，2018，26（2）：34‑39.

［10］张艾英，郭二虎，刁现民，等.不同气候和土壤对小米品质的影响［J］. 中国农业科学，2019，52（18）：3218‑3231.

ZHANG A Y，GUO E H，DIAO X M，et al. Effects of different types of climate and soil on foxtail millet quality［J］. Scientia Agricultura Sinica，2019，52（18）：3218‑3231.

［11］王丹丹，徐文俊，王卓，等.50份谷子营养与食味品质的聚类和相关性分析［J］.分子植物育种，2017，15（3）：1043‑1052.

WANG D D，XU W J，WANG Z，et al.Cluster and correlation analysis on nutrition and eating qualities in 50 foxtail millets［J］. Molecular Plant Breeding，2017，15（3）：1043‑1052.

［12］薛亚鹏，王蓉，柴小娇，等.谷子四大名米品种群农艺及品质性状评价与亲缘关系分析［J］.植物遗传资源学报，2024，25（4）：544‑561.

XUE Y P，WANG R，CHAI X J，et al. Evaluation of agronomic and quality traits in four famous landraces groups of foxtail millet and relationship analysis［J］.Journal of Plant Genetic Resources，2024，25（4）：544‑561.

［13］黄潇，张洪，蔡颖慧.基于灰色定权聚类的小米品质综合评价［J］.食品安全质量检测学报，2021，12（16）：6667‑6673.

HUANG X，ZHANG H，CAI Y H.Comprehensive assessment of millet quality based on gray fixed weight cluster［J］.Journal of Food Safety & Quality，2021，12 （16）：6667‑6673.

［14］刘春阳，孙全文，赵月平，等. 利用灰色关联度和隶属函数法评价5个‘张杂谷’饲草谷子品种的营养价值［J］.草地学报，2024，32（5）：1522‑1528.

LIU C Y，SUN Q W，ZHAO Y P，et al.Evaluation of the nutritional value of five millets（Setaria italica beauv.）varieties using grey relational analysis and membership function method［J］.Acta Agrestia Sinica，2024，32（5）：1522‑1528.

［15］李春英，刘慧鸽，乔云柯，等.黑香糯新品系的营养品质评价［J］.粮食与油脂，2023，36（9）：128‑132.

LI C Y，LIU H G，QIAO Y K，et al. Evaluation of nutritional quality of new rice strains Heixiangnuo［J］.Cereals & Oils，2023，36（9）：128‑132.

［16］冯耐红，侯东辉，杨成元，等. 不同品种小米主要营养成分及氨基酸组分评价［J］.食品工业科技，2020，41（8）：224‑229.

FENG N H，HOU D H，YANG C Y，et al.Evaluation of main nutrients and amino acid components of different varieties of foxtail millet［J］.Science and Technology of Food Industry，2020，41（8）：224‑229.

［17］张莹莹，毛向红，张建英.石门核桃品种‘魁香’坚果品质比较分析［J］.河北林业科技，2019（2）：6‑8.
ZHANG Y Y，MAO X H，ZHANG J Y.Analysis on nut quality of Shimen walnut cultivar‘Kuixiang’［J］.The Journal of Hebei Forestry Science and Technology，2019（2）：6‑8.

［18］张一为，李亚东，骆维，等.四种乳酸菌制剂对半干苜蓿裹包青贮发酵品质和碳水化合物组分的影响［J］.饲料研究，2019，42（4）：90‑93.
ZHANG Y W，LI Y D，LUO W，et al. Effect of four lactic acid bacteria additives on the quality and carbohydrate components of semi‑dry alfalfa wrapped silage［J］.Feed Research，2019，42（4）：90‑93.

［19］中华人民共和国农村部. 荞麦及其制品中总黄酮含量的测定：NY/T 1295—2007［S］.北京：中国标准出版社，2007：1‑3.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Determination of total flavonoids in buckwheat and its products：NY/T 1295—2007［S］. Beijing：Standards Press of China，2007：1‑3.

［20］ADOM K K，SORRELLS M E，LIU R H.Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of wheat varieties［J］.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry，2003，51 （26）：7825‑7834.

［21］蔡亭，汪丽萍，刘明，等. 挤压加工对小米多酚及抗氧化活性的影响研究［J］.食品工业科技，2014，35（20）：102‑106.
CAI T，WANG L P，LIU M，et al.Study on the influence of extrusion processing on polyphenols and antioxidant activity of millet［J］.Science and Technology of Food Industry，2014，35（20）：102‑106.

［22］闫巧珍.小米多酚提取、分离纯化、组分分析及生物活性的研究［D］.太谷：山西农业大学，2020.
YAN Q Z. Study on extraction，purification，component analysis and biological activity of millet polyphenols［D］.Taigu：Shanxi Agricultural University，2020.

［23］李佳妮，白宝清，金晓第，等.酶解超声波协同提取藜麦多糖及体外活性评价［J］.食品研究与开发，2019，40（8）：57‑64.
LI J N，BAI B Q，JIN X D，et al. Synergistic extraction of Chenopodium quinoa polysaccharide by enzyme‑ultrasound and activity evaluation in vitro［J］.Food Research and Development，2019，40（8）：57‑64.

［24］HASSAN Z M，SEBOLA N A，MABELEBELE M.The nutritional use of millet grain for food and feed：A review［J］.Agriculture & Food Security，2021，10（1）：16.

［25］LÜ X X，HONG Y，ZHOU Q W，et al.Structural features and digestibility of corn starch with different amylose content［J］. Frontiers in Nutrition，2021，8：692673.

［26］韦露露，秦礼康，文安燕，等. 基于主成分分析的不同品种小米品质评价［J］.食品工业科技，2019，40（9）：49‑56.
WEI L L，QIN L K，WEN A Y，et al.Quality evaluation of different varieties millet based on principal components analysis［J］.Science and Technology of Food Industry，2019，40（9）：49‑56.

［27］柳利龙，张爱琴，徐瑞，等.甘肃省陇中地区小米游离氨基酸组成及综合评价［J］.食品工业科技，2024，45（13）：281‑291.
LIU L L，ZHANG A Q，XU R，et al.Composition and comprehensive evaluation of free amino acids in millet from longzhong area in Gansu Province［J］.Science and Technology of Food Industry，2024，45（13）：281‑291.

［28］李小胜，陈珍珍.如何正确应用SPSS软件做主成分分析［J］.统计研究，2010，27（8）：105‑108.
LI X S，CHEN Z Z. Correctly using SPSS software for principal components analysis［J］.Statistical Research，2010，27（8）：105‑108.

［29］秦岭，陈国秋，陈二影，等. 不同生态环境对谷子营养品质和淀粉特性的影响［J］.中国农业大学学报，2024，29（5）：28‑39.
QIN L，CHEN G Q，CHEN E Y，et al. Effects of different ecological environments on the nutritional quality and starch characteristics of foxtail millet［J］.Journal of China Agricultural University，2024，29（5）：28‑39.

［30］田翔，刘思辰，王海岗，等.近红外漫反射光谱法快速检测谷子蛋白质和淀粉含量［J］.食品科学，2017，38（16）：140‑144.
TIAN X，LIU S C，WANG H G，et al. Application of near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in rapid detection of crude protein and starch in foxtail millet［J］.Food Science，2017，38（16）：140‑144.

［31］梁克红，朱大洲，孙君茂. 品种与地域对小米营养品质的影响研究［J］.食品工业，2017，38（4）：192‑196.
LIANG K H，ZHU D Z，SUN J M. Study on variety and regional factors related to nutrient quality in millet［J］.The Food Industry，2017，38（4）：192‑196.

［32］张玲艳，韩飞，范柳萍. 11种谷子营养成分及脱壳对酚类物质含量的影响［J］.安徽农业科学，2015，43（36）：117‑122.
ZHANG L Y，HAN F，FAN L P. The nutritional composition of 11 varieties of millet and the effect of shelling on phenolics content of millet［J］.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences，2015，43（36）：117‑122.

［33］范三红，李兰，张锦华，等. 小米多糖分离纯化及抗氧化活性研究［J］.中国粮油学报，2021，36（6）：22‑29.
FAN S H，LI L，ZHANG J H，et al. Isolation，purification and antioxidant activity of millet polysaccharide［J］.Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association，2021，36（6）：22‑29.

［34］刘建垒，王文娟，王瑞杰，等. 全国主要谷子品种的营养及食用品质分析［J］.中国粮油学报，2022，37（11）：227‑235.
LIU J L，WANG W J，WANG R J，et al. Nutrition and eating quality of main foxtail millet varieties in China［J］.Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association，2022，37（11）：227‑235.

［35］冯利芳. 内蒙古荞麦、裸燕麦和小米矿物质测定及矿物质谱特征分析［D］.呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学，2019.
FENG L F. Determination of minerals and analysis of mineral spectrum characteristics of buckwheat，naked oat and millet in Inner Mongolia［D］.Hohhot：Inner Mongolia Agricultural University，2019.

［36］CUI D S，LIU Y，YU H S，et al.Geographical traceability of soybean based on elemental fingerprinting and multivariate analysis［J］.Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety，2021，16（4）：323‑331.

[1]	YANG Kefang, LI Ruirong, JIN Mengzhen, WU Lingmei, ZHOU Jixin, ZHANG Yayu. Soil Fertility Assessment of Alisma orientale in Sichuan Based on Minimum Data Set [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 54(1): 76-89.
[2]	QI Tiancheng, LI Yinghai, LI Yangyang. Effects of Different Irrigation and Fertilization Rates on the Growth，Yield and Quality of Fennel [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 54(1): 66-75.
[3]	MIAO Mingjun, LI Jiajia, LEI Xiaokui, LIN Yang, LIAO Jichao, ZHONG Jian, LI Ju, LI Yuejian, CHANG Wei. Growth Response and Tolerance Evaluation of 32 Spinach Varieties to Cadmium Stress [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(9): 108-116.
[4]	ZHANG Bo, WANG Xinhui, KONG Bo, WANG Zhiguo, LI Ruili, LIANG Miao, ZHANG Junsong. Analysis of Separation Products from Alcohol‑Soluble Extract of Burley Tobacco by Different Apertures of Membrane and Cigarette#br# Flavoring Evaluation [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(8): 165-172.
[5]	LIU Zhiyong, LUO Fufang, LU Wanhua, ZHU Bo, LI Hongxun, LIU Zhangyong, CHEN Jie, YI Lixia. Soil Quality Assessment of Tobacco Field Based on Minimum Data Set in Southwest Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(7): 100-108.
[6]	ZHANG Huifang, YAN Zhaoling, LIU Haijiao, DUAN Junzhi, CHEN Haiyan, GUO Yan, WANG Nan, YANG Cuiping, QI Hongzhi. Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Traits of Wheat Varieties in Henan Province Consortium Experiment [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(7): 35-43.
[7]	YAN Feng, DONG Yang, ZHAO Fuyang, HOU Xiaomin, LI Qingquan, WANG Lida, LI Qingchao, LIU Yang, ZHANG Lei, LIU Kai. Comprehensive Evaluation of Photosynthetic Performance of Foxtail Millet Varieties and Screening of High Photosynthetic Efficiency Varieties [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(5): 40-48.
[8]	WANG Pengwei, YAN Xiaowen, LIU Zhenyu, SUN Li, LIU Zhenwei, LI Xinzheng. Comparison of Post‐harvest Quality Changes and Storage Toleranceof Baimi Series Pumpkin Varieties（Lines） [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(3): 158-168.
[9]	QIAO Yuxuan, SHEN Xiaoxiao, JIAO Xuehui, ZHOU Xiaojuan, YUE Changping, SHI Xibing. Genetic Diversity Analysis of Ornamental Peach Germplasm Based on Phenotypic Traits [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(2): 108-117.
[10]	WU Zhongying, ZHANG Sipu, CUI Wei, GUO Chaofeng, LU Yunfeng, XIE Yuanming, NIU Jiajia. Effects of Different Harvesting Periods on the Quality of Suli Pear and Fresh‑keeping Effect in Semi‑underground Ventilation Storeroom [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(11): 164-172.
[11]	ZHANG Fengqi, ZHANG Jun, MA Zhiyan, WU Xiaopan, ZHOU Qingwei, MU Xinyuan, TANG Baojun, LI Xin, XIA Laikun, DING Yong. Comprehensive Evaluation of Stem Lodging Resistance of 145 Maize Inbred Lines [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 53(11): 34-40.
[12]	WANG Xiaojie, LI Meixia, TAO Lei, ZHANG Bo, HE Xinru, MI Jia, DAI Guoli, XU Wendi. Study on the Genetic Diversity of Phenotypic and Quality Traits of 48 Germplasm Resources of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(9): 78-90.
[13]	LI Junxia, MA Xiaoqian, DAI Shutao, QIN Na, SONG Yinghui, ZHU Cancan, LIU Haixia, JIN Songcan. Research Progress on Quality Traits of Foxtail Millet [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(9): 14-23.
[14]	DOU Dandan, SUN Jianjun, WANG Dexin, GUO Yuxi, GUO Xinhai, DING Chaoming. Effect of Sowing Date on Yield and Quality of Early and Middle Rice [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(7): 12-23.
[15]	LEI Mengyao, GAO Xiaofeng, BAI Qingmin, DENG Ke, ZUO Weifang, LI Yuying. Evaluation of Cold Resistance of Pomegranate Branches from Different Varieties [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(6): 120-130.