河南农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (6): 1-10.DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.06.001

• 作物栽培·遗传育种 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同茬口对冬小麦干物质积累和转运、氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

王海洋1,2，靳海洋2，宋航2，潘秀燕3，闫雅倩1,2，杨习文1，曾昭海4，臧华栋4，郑念3，李向东2，贺德先1
  

  1. （1.河南农业大学 农学院，河南 郑州 450046；2. 河南省农业科学院 小麦研究所，河南 郑州 450002；3.遂平县农业科学研究所，河南 遂平 463100；4. 中国农业大学 农学院，北京 100193）
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10 出版日期:2025-06-15 发布日期:2025-06-24
  • 通讯作者: 贺德先（1963-），男，河南南召人，教授，博士，主要从事小麦生理生态研究。E-mail：hedexian@126.com 李向东（1967-），男，河南遂平人，研究员，博士，主要从事作物优质高产绿色高效栽培研究。E-mail：hnlxd@126.com
  • 作者简介:王海洋（1997-），男，河南杞县人，在读硕士研究生，研究方向：小麦栽培生理。E-mail：2140282455@qq.com。靳海洋为同等贡献作者
  • 基金资助:
    河南省重点研发专项（251111110900）；河南省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项（HARS-22-01-G5）；河南省农业科学院自主创新项目（2024ZC003）；河南省农业科学院科技创新团队项目（2023TD07）；河南省科协青年人才托举工程项目（2025HYTP073）

Effects of Different Preceding Crops on Dry Matter Accumulation and Transportation，Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization and Yield of Winter Wheat

WANG Haiyang1,2，JIN Haiyang2，SONG Hang2，PAN Xiuyan3，YAN Yaqian1,2，YANG Xiwen1，ZENG Zhaohai4，ZANG Huadong4，ZHENG Nian3，LI Xiangdong2，HE Dexian1   

  1. （1.College of Agronomy，Henan Agricultural University，Zhengzhou 450046，China；2.Wheat Research Institute，Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Zhengzhou 450002，China；3.Suiping Institute of Agricultural Sciences，Suiping 463100，China；4.College of Agronomy，China Agricultural University，Beijing 100193，China）
  • Received:2025-03-10 Published:2025-06-15 Online:2025-06-24

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摘要： 设置冬小麦—夏玉米、冬小麦—夏花生、冬小麦—夏大豆、冬小麦—夏玉米‖夏花生和冬小麦—夏玉米‖夏大豆5种种植模式，分析不同茬口对冬小麦干物质积累和转运、氮素吸收利用及产量的影响，筛选可以提高冬小麦产量的轮作模式，为黄淮海平原多样化种植模式的选择提供理论支撑。结果表明，夏大豆茬口下冬小麦不同生育时期的干物质积累量和氮吸收量总体上均最高，其中，成熟期干物质积累量分别比夏玉米、夏花生、夏玉米夏花生间作、夏玉米夏大豆间作茬口显著增加15.2%、5.0%、13.3%、8.4%，氮吸收量分别增加11.3%、2.3%、13.6%、14.5%。夏大豆茬口下冬小麦花前干物质转运量分别比夏玉米、夏花生、夏玉米夏花生间作、夏玉米夏大豆间作茬口显著增加25.4%、18.6%、37.6%、16.4%，花前干物质转运率分别提高7.0%、9.6%、14.3%、5.6%，花前干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率分别提高8.5%、12.8%、23.6%、7.3%。夏大豆茬口下冬小麦花前氮转运率、花前氮转运对籽粒氮的贡献率、花后氮积累量均较高；氮吸收效率最高，分别比夏玉米、夏花生、夏玉米夏花生间作、夏玉米夏大豆间作茬口显著提高11.3%、7.1%、15.2%、15.9%；氮利用效率以夏玉米夏大豆间作茬口最高，夏大豆茬口次之，两者差异不显著，但均显著高于其他处理。夏大豆茬口下冬小麦穗数分别比夏玉米、夏花生、夏玉米夏花生间作、夏玉米夏大豆间作茬口提高20.5%、5.9%、20.0%、16.0%，产量分别显著提高16.0%、11.9%、15.9%、5.8%。综上，夏大豆茬口有利于促进冬小麦地上部物质的生产和氮素吸收，提高小麦穗数，增加产量，冬小麦—夏大豆为最优种植模式。

关键词: 冬小麦, 茬口, 干物质积累与转运, 氮素吸收利用, 产量

Abstract: Five cropping patterns were established，including winter wheat—summer maize，winter wheat—summer peanut，winter wheat—summer soybean，winter wheat—summer maize intercropping with summer peanut，and winter wheat—summer maize intercropping with summer soybean，and the effects of different preceding crops on dry matter accumulation and transportation，nitrogen uptake and utilization，and yield of winter wheat were studied，so as to identify optimal rotation pattern for enhancing wheat yield and provide theoretical support for diversified cropping pattern selection in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai Plain. The results showed that under the summer soybean stubble，winter wheat exhibited the highest dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption at different growth stages overall.At maturity，dry matter accumulation under summer soybean stubble significantly increased by 15.2%，5.0%，13.3% and 8.4% compared with summer maize，summer peanut，summer maize intercropping with summer peanut，and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles，respectively；Nitrogen absorption increased by 11.3%，2.3%，13.6% and 14.5%，respectively.Compared with summer maize，summer peanut，summer maize intercropping with summer peanut，and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles，the pre‐anthesis dry matter transport amount under summer soybean stubble significantly increased by 25.4%，18.6%，37.6% and 16.4%，the pre‐anthesis transport rate increased by 7.0%，9.6%，14.3% and 5.6%，while the contribution rate of pre‐anthesis dry matter transport to grain yield increased by 8.5%，12.8%，23.6% and 7.3%，respectively.The pre‐anthesis nitrogen transport rate，contribution rate of pre‐anthesis nitrogen transport to grain nitrogen，and post‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation were higher.The nitrogen absorption efficiency was the highest，with increases of 11.3%，7.1%，15.2% and 15.9%.The nitrogen utilization efficiency was the highest under summer maize intercropping with soybean stubble，followed by summer soybean stubble，with no significant difference between them but both significantly higher than the other treatments.Under summer soybean stubble，wheat spikes number increased by 20.5%，5.9%，20.0% and 16.0%，while yield significantly increased by 16.0%，11.9%，15.9% and 5.8%，respectively，compared with summer maize，summer peanut，summer maize intercropping with summer peanut，and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles.In conclusion，summer soybean stubble promotes aboveground biomass production and nitrogen absorption of winter wheat，enhances spike number，and increases yield，so the winter wheat—summer soybean pattern was the optimal cropping system.

Key words: Winter wheat, Preceding crop, Dry matter accumulation and transportation, Nitrogen uptake and utilization, Yield

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