The effects of no-tillage with straw mulching(leaving wheat stubble,whole maize straw mulching)on annual yield and water use of wheat and maize were studied by 14 years(2004—2018) located experiment in Luoyang Dryland Agriculture Test Site of China Academy,so as to provide technical support and theoretical basis for the popularization and application of this technology.The results showed that,compared with the traditional tillage model,the no-tillage with straw mulching increased soil pondage by 15.4 mm on average at wheat harvest time and by 18.0 mm on average at maize harvest time,respectively,which effectively alleviated the water supply and demand contradiction during wheat and maize planting in dryland area;wheat grain yield increased by 12.43%,and water use efficiency(WUE) of wheat increased by 10.9%,while those of maize increased by 24.02% and 32.1% respectively,those of wheat and maize increased by 18.50% and 20.7% respectively.As influenced by the amount and distribution of precipitation,the effect of no-tillage with straw mulching technology varied greatly among different years,better effects was usually obtained in those years when wheat yield was below 4 500 kg/ha.