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Table of Content

    Reviews
    Research Progress of Melatonin Application in Grapes
    ZHAO Yanxia, WU Xinying, WANG Pengfei, QI Guimei
    2020, 49(8):  1-5.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.001
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    Research progress of melatonin in grapes in recent years was reviewed in this paper.Melatonin content in grapes of different varieties and developmental stages,the role of melatonin in the growth and development of grapes,stress response functions involved in saline,alkali,water,temperature and oxidative stress,mechanism of melatonin interacting with various plant hormones were mainly introduced,in order to provide a theoretical reference for the application and systematic study of melatonin in grapes.

    Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
    Grain Quality Characters and Their Correlations of 135 Japonica Rice Germplasm Resources in Henan Rice-Growing Regions alongside the Yellow River
    HU Zhenzhen, CHEN Xi’na, YUAN Zeke, DU Yanxiu, ZHANG Jing, LI Junzhou, PENG Ting, SUN Hongzheng, ZHAO Quanzhi
    2020, 49(8):  6-15.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.002
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    Grain milling quality,appearance quality,cooking and eating quality and RVA(rapid visco analyzer)parameters of 135 japonica rice germplasm resources were systematically evaluated in Henan ricegrowing regions alongside the Yellow River,so as to screen out rice germplasm resources with good quality and provide reference for quality improvement breeding of rice in Henan rice-growing regions alongside the Yellow River.The results showed that the tested japonica rice germplasm resources exhibited abundant variation in quality traits.The variation coefficient of grain milling quality traits showed head milled rice rate>milled rice rate>brown rice rate.The variation coefficient of appearance quality traits showed chalki ness degree>chalky grain rate>ratio of length to width.Alkali spreading value,amylose content,gel consistency and protein content were the important parameters affecting cooking and eating quality,and their variation coefficients showed alkali spreading value>amylose content>gel consistency>protein content.The clustering analysis results showed that the 135 japonica rice germplasm resources could be classified into two categories.Germplasm resources with better grain quality were mostly modern cultivars,and poor quality germplasm resources were mainly landrace rice cultivars.Correlation analysis results of quality traits showed that there were significant or highly significant corelations among appearance quality,cooking and eating quality and milling quality.Chalky grain rate,chalkiness degree,grain length and ratio of length to width were negatively correlated with brown rice rate;chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree were negatively correlated with the head milled rice rate;chalky grain rate was positively correlated with chalkiness degree,gelatinization temperature,amylose content and protein content,and negatively correlated with alkali spreading value and gel consistency;amylose content was positively correlated with hot paste viscosity,cold paste viscosity and consistence value,and negatively correlated with breakdown value and gel consistency;alkali spreading value was negatively correlated with peak viscosity,breakdown value,setback value,pasting temperature and protein content,and positively correlated with peak time.

    Agronomic Traits of 495 Foxtail Millet[Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.] Varieties(Lines) from Different Regions Planted in Chifeng Area
    XIANG Jishan, ZHANG Hengru, YU Jiadong, SUO Liangxi, GUO Pucheng, LI Yan, HAN Yi, DU Hetian, MA Jingze, CHEN Jianing
    2020, 49(8):  16-30.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.003
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    In order to enrich the foxtail millet germplasm resources in Chifeng area,495 foxtail millet varieties(lines) were introduced from 9 Provinces(Autonomous Region),their agronomic traits were ana lyzed,and comprehensive evaluation was done.The results showed that 431 foxtail millet varieties(lines)of the samples could mature normally,and the traits of foxtail millet varieties(lines) from 9 Provinces(Autonomous Region) were quite different. The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region had more grain number per main panicle,higher grain weight per main panicle and thousandgrains weight.The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Hebei Province had longer growth period,more grain number per main panicle,shorter main stems and lower thousand grains weight.The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Shanxi Province had longer growth period,lower milled millet rate and thousand grains weight.The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Liaoning Province had longer main stems,higher thousand grains weight and yield. The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Jilin Province had higher thousand grains weight.The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Heilongjiang Province had higher milled millet percentage and thousand grains weight,and shorter growth period,main stem and panicle length.The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Shandong Province had longer growth period and lower thousand grains weight.The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Henan Province had longer growth period,more tiller number,less grain numbers per main panicle,and lower grain weight per main panicle and yield.The foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Gansu Province had stout main stem,longer main panicle,more grain number per main panicle,and higher grain weight per main panicle and thousand grains weight.The results of yield comparison showed that there were different reasons for yield increase of foxtail millet varieties(lines) from different Provinces(Autonomous Region).The yield increase of foxtail millet varieties( lines)from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was based on the significant increase of grain number per main panicle,grain weight per main panicle and thousand grains weight,while the yield increase of foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Shanxi Province,Jilin Province,Heilongjiang Province and Henan Province was based on the significant increase of grain number per main panicle and grain weight per main panicle.For the foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Hebei Province,Shanxi Province and Liaoning Province,the growth period was significantly negatively correlated with yield,the main panicle weight and grain weight per main panicle were significantly positively correlated with yield,and the grain weight per main panicle determined the main genetic variation of yield.For the foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Heilongjiang Province,the growth period,main panicle weight and grain weight per main panicle were significantly positively correlated with yield,and the main panicle weight determined the main genetic variation of yield.For the foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Jilin Province,the main panicle weight and grain weight per main panicle were significantly positively correlated with yield,and the main panicle weight determined the main genetic variation of yield. For the foxtail millet varieties(lines) from Shandong Province,Henan Province and Gansu Province,the main panicle weight and grain weight per main panicle were significantly positively correlated with yield(except main panicle weight for Gansu Province),and the grain weight per main panicle determined the main genetic variation of yield. By combining the principal component analysis of 16 traits with Anova analysis of yield,some excellent varieties were selected,such as Jinmiao K1,Jigu 168,Yugu 28,Longgu 39,Jinfen 107,Zhushaguzi and Changboyan.Among them,8 traits of Longgu 39 were excellent,6 traits of Jinmiao K1 were excellent,5 traits of Jigu 168 and Changboyan were excellent,respectively.

    Effect of Reducing Application Rate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus and Application of Biochar and Humic Acid on Double-Cropping Rice Yield and Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
    HUANG Jiayi, RONG Xiangmin, HOU Kun, HUANG Zhuojiang, YAN Juan, HAN Yongliang, TIAN Chang
    2020, 49(8):  31-44.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.004
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    Field experiment was conducted to study the effects of each 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus and application of humic acid(900 kg/ha) and biochar(2 250 kg/ha) on rice yield and loss of nitrogen and phosphorus,so as to screen out the fertilization technology which could reduce the pollution of non-point source in paddy field.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization,20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus,and application of biochar and humic acid after 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus,had no significant effect on rice yield and the contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in straw and grain.However,compared with the treatment with 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphate,application of biochar and humic acid on the basis of 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer could significantly increase the plant height,filled grain number per panicle,seed setting rate and yield of double-cropping rice.The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in field surface water of conventional fertilization treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments with 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus and application of biochar and humic acid.In addition,compared with the treatment with 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus,the average total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of the treatments with biochar and humic acid based on 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced by 3.18%—16.35% and 3.23%—13.21% respectively,which significantly reduced the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss. Among them,the treatment with biochar and humic acid based on 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus was the best fertilization method with high yield and less loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. Under this way of fertilization,compared with the treatment with 20% reduction of nitrogen and phosphate,the concentrations of total nitrogen,soluble nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,total phosphorus and soluble phosphorus in the field surface water of early rice decreased by 16.35%,13.45%,17.39%,14.06%,13.21% and 13.95%,and by 10.51%,10.78%,9.43%,16.90%,12.90% and 13.33% in the field surface water of late rice.

    Research on Resource Utilization Efficiency of Different Crop Rotation Modes Based on Equivalent Yield
    SHAO Yun, ZHU Qunying, WENG Zhengpeng, LI Haoyang, CUI Jingming, LI Chunxi
    2020, 49(8):  45-53.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.005
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    In order to take full advantage of natural resources(such as radiation,effective accumulated temperature,rainfall and soil) in the southern part of the North China Plain,we implemented some years of rotation patterns, including maize-wheat →maize-wheat →maize-wheat (T1), soybean-wheat →soybeanwheat→maize-wheat(T2),peanut-wheat→peanut-wheat→maize-wheat(T3),sweet potato-wheat→sweet potato-wheat→maize-wheat(T4) from June 2016 to June 2019.On the basis of economic value,different crop yields were converted by equivalent substitution method,and the utilization efficiencies of radiation,effective accumulated temperature,rainfall,and soil and crop equivalent yield(EGY) of these modes during the trial period were analyzed by the methods of correlation analysis and grey correlation analysis.The results showed that,radiation use efficiency (RUE), accumulated temperature productive efficiency(PEGDD) and water use efficiency(WUE) of T3 were all the highest among these four modes,which were respectively up to 0.78%,5.37 kg/(ha·℃ ) 28.05 kg/mm.And T1 was next to T3,with 0.61% of RUE,4.82 kg/(ha·℃) of PEGDD and 25.28 kg/mm of WUE.Then correlation analysis of EGY and these four natural resources demonstrated that there was a highly significant positive correlation between EGY and PEGDD or WUE,and a significant positive correlation between EGY and land use efficiency(LUE).Furthermore,after grey correlation analysis with EGY as the parent series and natural resource utilization efficiencies as the sub-series,we could see that these four resource utilization efficiencies were in sequence as PEGDD>WUE>LUE>RUE.In summary,the yield(EGY) was more impacted by PEGDD and WUE,and these natural resources utilization efficiencies in T3 and T1 modes were much more than others.

    Comprehensive Evaluation and Germplasm Selection of Functional Tea Resources in Jiangxi Province
    WANG Zhihui, PENG Hua, YUE Cuinan, LI Chen, LI Wenjin, YANG Puxiang
    2020, 49(8):  54-62.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.006
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    In order to explore the comprehensive evaluation methods and key evaluation indexes of tea resources,and screen tea resources with excellent functions,45 tea resources from different regions of Jiangxi Province and introduced and domesticated outside were used as materials,14 main functional component indexes were determined,and the key indexes were screened by correlation analysis and principal component analysis,and comprehensive evaluation was conducted. The results showed that the main functional components of tea resources in Jiangxi Province were quite different,through correlation analysis and principal component analysis,5 principal component factors and 8 key evaluation indexes were selected,and finally a comprehensive evaluation index model of tea resources was established.According to the comprehensive evaluation model,45 tea resources could be divided into four levels,among which the comprehensive evaluation index>7.0 was the best one,including 5 varieties,successively Fuliangzhuye,Yanbeinao 2,Jiangcha 15,Huangjincha and Fuliangguangming 2.At the same time,the principal component analysis can be used as a new method for the comprehensive evaluation of tea functional components.
    Agricultural Resources and Environment
    Effects of Different Passivators on Available Heavy Metal Contents in Soil and Their Accumulation in Pakchoi
    MIAO Xiurong, LAI Xuehui, LI Mengxi, LI Yu, LI Na, FENG Ruyi
    2020, 49(8):  63-71.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.007
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    This study is to research effects of different passivating agents on the available Cd and Pb contents in soil and their accumulation in plants,and select the passivating agents with better passivating effect on Cd and Pb polluted farmland,which will provide a theoretical reference for the passivated remediation of heavy metals in situ. Took soil without passivating agent as control,and selected bentonite,calcium carbonate and biomass carbon as the passivators, with the designed addition amounts in soil of 0.5%,1.0%,2.0% and 5.0% respectively to conduct indoor pot experiment on pakchoi seedlings.The results showed that,calcium carbonate had better passivating effects on soil available Cd and Pb at the additive amounts of 5.0% and 2.0%,and the soil organic matter content was positively correlated with the soil available Cd and Pb content. After calcium carbonate was added for 45 days,the contents of Cd and Pb in the stems and leaves of pakchoil decreased by 59.3% and 57.1% compared with control.The passivating agents could inhibit the uptake and transport of Cd and Pb by pakchoi. Calcium carbonate and biomass carbon had better controlling effects on the Cd and Pb absorption and transport in the middle and later growth stage of pakchoi.Adding 2.0% calcium carbonate had the best passivating effects on soil available Cd and Pb,and calcium carbonate and biomass carbon presented stronger inhibition on Cd and Pb absorption and transport in the stems and leaves of pakchoi.

    Plant Protection
    Effects of Aphis craccivora Koch Infestation on the Nutrient Contents and Protective Enzyme Activities in Mung Bean Resistant and Susceptible Varieties
    LIANG Hongyu, JIN Yongling, ZHANG Haiyan, LIU Rui, SUN Yujia, GUO Simin, ZENG Yingting, WANG Liyan
    2020, 49(8):  72-77.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.008
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    To clarify the effect of Aphis craccivora Koch infestation on the nutrients and protective enzymes of mung bean resistant and susceptible varieties,the contents of nutrients and protective enzyme activities in the leaves of mung bean resistant and susceptible varieties infested by Aphis craccivora Koch were determined,respectively,using biochemical methods.The results showed that after the resistant and susceptible varieties were infested by Aphis craccivora Koch,the soluble sugar content of the resistant and susceptible plants decreased, and the soluble sugar content of the resistant varieties decreased by 71.698%.The content of free proline increased,the resistant varieties and susceptible cultivars increased by 400.000% and 100.000% respectively,and there were significant differences among varieties.The content of soluble protein increased,but there was no significant difference among varieties.The activities of POD,CAT,PPO and APX in resistant and susceptible mung bean cultivars increased after aphid infestation.The activities of POD and APX in resistant and susceptible mung bean cultivars increased by 66.886% and 137.417%,21.367% and 23.691%,respectively,but there was no significant difference among the varieties.There was a significant difference in CAT activity between resistant and susceptible mung bean cultivars and unaffected plants,with an increase rate of 236.515% and 124.426%.The PPO activity increased by 359.674% and 67.445% in resistant and susceptible mung bean cultivars,respectively.There were significant differences among cultivars.After the mung bean resistant and susceptible varieties are stressed by Aphis craccivora Koch,the changes of soluble sugar content,free proline content,CAT and PPO activity are related to the resistance of mung bean varieties.

    Effect of Endophytic Fungus Piriformospora indica on the Residual Dynamics of Acetochlor
    HAN Fei, ZHU Xiang, ZHANG Min, ZHAO China, LI Junkai
    2020, 49(8):  78-83.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.009
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    In order to explore the mechanism of Piriformospora indica to alleviate the phytotoxicity of acetochlor on rape, this article used the mycelium growth rate method and the mycelium suspension culture method to determine the effect of acetochlor on the growth of P.indica,and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was also used to detect the residual dynamics of acetochlor in P.indica,the soil to which P.indica was applied,and the rapes that were seed-dressed with P.indica.The results showed that when the mass concentration of acetochlor in the culture medium was 200 mg/L,its relative inhibition rate on the growth rate of P.indica in solid medium was 98.12%,the relative inhibition rates on fresh and dry quality were 95.11% and 96.40% respectively.When the mass concentration of acetochlor was 20,50,100 mg/L,in the suspension culture medium without adding P.indica,the half-life of acetochlor was 115.52 d,after adding different amounts of P.indica cake,the half-life of acetochlor was shortened to less than 9 days.After adding 2 g of P.indica per kg of soil,the half-lives of 50,100 and 200 mg/kg acetochlor in the soil were 10.35,11.18,and 11.55 d,respectively,all lower than the half-life of the treatment without adding P.indica(11.18,11.95,12.38 d).Similarly,the half-life of acetochlor in rape with P.indica was shorter than that in the control group.In summary,the growth of the endophytic fungus P.indica is slowed down by acetochlor,but it can also degrade acetochlor in the medium and accelerate the metabolism of acetochlor in soil and rapes.

    Antagonism of Bacillus sp.HT-7 against Verticillium wilt of Cotton and Exploration of Antagonistic Factors
    LI Wenpeng, TAO Ye, ZHAO Suya, NIU Qiuhong
    2020, 49(8):  84-93.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.010
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    The prupose of this study was to obtain safe,efficient and sustainable biological control resources of Verticillium wilt of cotton,explore the main antagonistic factors,and carry out green prevention of Verticillium wilt of cotton.Bacillus sp.HT-7,a strain with good control effect on Verticillium wilt of cotton was isolated from the root soil of Verticillium wilt resistant cotton(Hai 7124).Plate confrontation method and pot experiment were used to explore the disease resistance of the antagonistic strain,and the antagonistic factors were explored by ammonium sulfate salting out and gene cloning for antibacterial identification.The plate confrontation experiment showed that the inhibition rate of HT-7 on the pathogen of V.dahliae was 56%.Pot experiments showed that HT-7 strain could significantly improve the resistance of upland cotton to Verticillium wilt.Compared with the control group,the cotton roots treated with strain HT-7 had a cure effect of 82.58% after inoculated with V.dahliae.Further studies indicated that HT-7 fermentation broth could significantly inhibit the spore germination of V.dahliae.It was identified that the main antagonistic factor in strain HT-7 was protein substance β-1,3-1,4-glucanase.The β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene was cloned from HT-7 and highly expressed in E.coli BL21.The purified recombinant enzyme could obviously inhibit the growth of V.dahliae with a bacteriostatic rate of 25% and had an activity
    of 23.5 U/mL.In summary,an antagonistic Bacillus sp.HT-7 was successfully isolated and β-1,3-1,4-glucanase was an important virulence factor in HT-7,which laid a foundation for the further development of biological control strains of Verticillium wilt in cotton.

    Horticulture
    Effects of Plug Size on the Growth of Chinese Flowering Cabbage Seedlings
    CHEN Kemin, WANG Haojia, CHEN Riyuan, LIU Houcheng, SUN Guangwen, SU Wei
    2020, 49(8):  94-100.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.011
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    The experiment was carried out with Chinese flowering cabbage seedlings cultured in soilless substrates.The effects of 32-hole(T1),50-hole(T2),72-hole(T3) and 128-hole(T4) plugs on the growth of the seedlings were studied.The results showed that the differences of main growth indexes and root morphological indexes increased with the increase of seedlings age. On the 17th day,the plant height and the stem diameter of T1,T2 treatments were significantly higher than those of T3 and T4 treatments,and the aerial fresh weight and dry matter accumulation rate of T1,T2 and T3 treatments were much larger than those of T4 treatment.The ranking order of total number of root tips and the number of root branches from big to small was T1,T2,T3,T4.The total length,the total surface area and the total volume of the roots of T1 and T2 treatments were larger than those of T3 and T4 treatments.The accumulations of N,P,Ca,Mg,S in T1,T2,T3 treatments were higher those in than T4 treatment,and the accumulation of K was significantly higher in T2 treatments than that in T3 and T4 treatments.The quality of the seedlings significantly affected plant growth after transplanting.The growth indexes of the were measured 7 days after transplanted to the field(17-day-old plants).The plant height and shoot fresh weight of T1 and T2 treatments were higher than those of T3 and T4 treatments.The aerial dry weight and dry matter accumulation rate ranked as T1,T2,T3(T4) from big to small.The accumulation of N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S of T1 treatment was significantly higher than that of T2 treatment,and T2 treatment was significantly higher than that of T3 and T4 treatments.In summary,if Chinese flowering cabbage seedlings are transplanted at more than 17-day age,it will be better to be nursed in a less hole plug,such as 32-hole or 50-hole plug.

    Establishment and Application of Evaluation System for Crassulaceae Succulents Cultivars Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process
    LI Suhua, HAN Haozhang, JIANG Yahua, ZHANG Lihua, WANG Xiaoli, ZHANG Xianjin
    2020, 49(8):  101-108.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.012
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    To establish evaluation system for Crassulaceae succulents cultivars and select suitable succulents cultivars for introduction and cultivation in Suqian, an evaluation system for the succulent plants in Crassulaceae was established from four aspects:ornamental quality,ecological quality,difficulty of reproduction and maintenance,and market potential.The evaluation system was constructed based on plant shape, leaf shape, leaf color, color stage, heat resistance, cold resistance, disease and insect resistance,viability, reproduction difficulty, maintenance difficulty, frequency, sales volume, price and price fluctuation. Using the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP ), 32 species of Crassulaceae succulent plants were evaluated and analyzed.The result showed that among 14 evaluation indexes,the sales volume,heat resistance,price fluctuation,viability and color stage weight ranked the top five,which had a great impact on the comprehensive quality of Crassulaceae succulent plant varieties.According to the composite index,32 varieties were divided into three grades. Eight species were classified as grade Ⅰ,and suitable for introduction and application in Suqian.Twenty-one species in grade Ⅱ should be selected for introduction and application according to actual needs,and three species in grade Ⅲ were not suitable for introduction and cultivation in Suqian.AHP can effectively evaluate and classify the Crassulaceae succulents cultivars,and the evaluation results are basically consistent with the actual performance of cultivation and application.
    Effects of Red and Blue LED Light on the Growth and Flavonoid Metabolism of Longan Embryonic Callus
    LIU Shengcai, LI Hansheng, YANG Xichen, LAI Zhongxiong
    2020, 49(8):  109-115.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.013
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    Dimocarpus longan(Lour.) is rich in flavonoids and other secondary metabolites, and has important nutritional and medicinal values. Light quality could regulate flavonoids in the longan embryonic callus(ECs). However,the effect of red and blue composit light on the longan ECs has not been reported.Therefore,the effects of different red-blue composite light ratio on the growth status and flavonoid metabolites content of longan ECs were investigated,and the expression profiles of DlCHS,DlLAR and DlHY5 were analyzed.The results showed that the growth rates of longan ECs were highest under the light condition(red∶blue=1∶9,2∶8),up to 1 107.50% and 1 130.0%,respectively.The contents of total flavonoids and epicatechin reached the highest value under the light condition(red∶blue=1∶9),up to 12.49 mg/g and 2 187.54 μg/g,respectively.When the red-blue composite light ratio was 5∶5 and 3∶7,the DlCHS and DlLAR gene expression levels were the highest,while the DlHY5 expression level was the highest when the red-blue composite light ratio was 1∶9.The red-blue composite light was beneficial to the synthesis of flavonoids and epicatechin in longan ECs,and the synthesis of secondary metabolites were improved with the increase of the ratio of blue light.
    Effects and Physiological Mechanisms of Cold Pre-treatment on Somatic Embryo Induction in Agapanthus praecox ssp.orientalis
    YUE Jianhua, ZHANG Mengshuai, DONG Yan, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Yan
    2020, 49(8):  116-123.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.014
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    This study aims to evaluate the effects of cold pre-treatment on somatic embryo induction efficiency,and reveal the physiological mechanisms preliminarily in Agapanthus praecox ssp.orientalis.Cold pre-treatment at 4℃ for 0 d,2 d,4 d and 6 d was conducted to optimize the somatic embryo induction system of A.praecox.Furthermore,the physiological indicators including hormone metabolism,sugar metabolism and oxidative stress were investigated by using the method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The results showed that the number of somatic embryos significantly increased by 63.81% with 4℃ treatment for 2 d compared with control(P<0.05).However,the number of somatic embryos decreased by 17.43% and 75.78% under 4 d and 6 d treatment compared with control, respectively. Cold pre-treatment significantly regulated physiological metabolism during the somatic embryo induction stage.Cold pre-treatment had similar regulatory effects on endogenous IAA,GA contents and somatic embryo number,all of which reached a high level with 2 d treatment,while CTK content gradually decreased with the increase of treatment time.The correlation coefficient between active IAA content and somatic embryo quantity was 0.880, while the correlation coefficient between CTK content and somatic embryo number was 0.705.The contents of total sugar,starch and maltose in somatic embryo increased significantly by 31.44%,51.91% and 36.50% with 2 d treatment,respectively(P<0.05).The correlation coefficient between starch content and somatic embryo number was 0.786,and the correlation coefficient between maltose content and somatic embryo number was 0.742.Cold pre-treatment reduced the ROS level,and increased the activity of CAT.The content of H2O2and activity of POD were significantly decreased by 25.35% and 18.41% compared with control(P<0.05) with 2 d treatment,and the correlation coefficients with the number of somatic embryos were-0.886 and -0.993,respectively.Collectively,the results suggested that the accumulation of endogenous IAA,GA,total sugar,starch and maltose was beneficial to somatic embryo induction with cold pre-treatment. In contrast,the enhancement of H2O2 content and POD activity was unfavorable for somatic embryogenesis.

    Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
    Effects of Polymorphism of the RYDR-ITPR Domain of ITPR1 Gene on Eggshell Quality in Changshun Green-eggshell Chicken
    YOU Minfang , WU Lei, LIAO Chaomei, ZHANG Yiyu, LIU Ruoyu, TAN Guanghui, LI Jiezhang
    2020, 49(8):  124-129.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.015
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    In order to investigate the effect of polymorphism of ITPR1 gene RYDR-ITPR domain on eggshell quality in Changshun green-eggshell chicken of Guizhou Province. One pair of primers were designed using online Primer premier 3.0 software to amplify the ITPR1 gene RYDR-ITPR domain.Single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)was excavated by bidirectional direct sequencing and sequence comparison method.SPSS 18.0 software was used to analyze the influence of SNP sites on the eggshell quality of Changshun green-eggshell chicken.The results showed that three SNP sites were found in the 17th—19th introns of ITPR1 gene,which were g.18853584 G>T and g.18853600 A>G on the 18th intron,and g.18853848 C>T on the 19th exon.The three SNP sites were all moderately polymorphic and did not deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05).Four haplotypes and seven diplotypes were detected at three SNP sites.The results of correlation analysis showed that the mutation g. 18853848 C>Ton the 19th exon had a significant effect on eggshell thickness, and TT and CC genotypes were significantly higher than genotype TC (P<0.05).The shell thickness and shell strength of diplotype H3H3 were the highest.To sum up,the mutation g.18853848 C>T in the RYDR-ITPR domain of the ITPR1 gene in Changshun green-eggshell chicken may be a marker site that affects the thickness of eggshell,and diplotype H3H3 may be a favorable type for thickness and strength of eggshell.

    Correlation and Path Analyses between Body Mass and Body Measurements in Dongtao Chicken
    HUANG Dechun, LÜ Minzhi, CHI Shihong, KANG Huimin, CAI Yingfeng, GAN Shitang
    2020, 49(8):  130-135.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.016
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    To fully explore and utilize the Dongtao chicken(30 roosters and 30 hens),this study collected data of body mass and body measurements of 300-day-old adult Dongtao chickens.Correlation analysis and path analysis were conducted to research the main influencing factor on body mass.The direct and indirect effect sizes of each body measurement on body mass were calculated.The results showed that the body length was the main factor influencing body mass in roosters.Its independent effect,path coefficient and correlation coefficient were 0.533,0.730 and 0.731,respectively.Shank circumference was the main factor influencing body mass in hens and its independent effect,path coefficient and correlation coefficient were 0.176,0.419 and 0.518,respectively.In hens,the breast depth and body length had relatively high indirect effects on body mass,with the cumulative effects being 0.550 and 0.379.
    Establishment of Visual Detection Method for G1 Mutation of GDF9 Gene in Sheep
    LIU Li, YAO Rui, XU Yueren, LI Huixiang, ZHANG Mengdan, HU Shengwei
    2020, 49(8):  136-142.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.017
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    In order to establish a rapid and visual method for detecting the G1 mutation of growth differentiation factor 9 gene ( GDF9 ) in sheep, an amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS) specific primer pair for the G1 mutation of the GDF9 gene was designed,and additional mismatches at the 2nd to 4th bases at the 3′ end of the downstream primers were designed respectively to screen for primer pair with the best specificity.The G1 mutation of the GDF9 gene was visually detected by combining the improved ARMS with the nucleic acid dye SYBR Green Ⅰ.The results showed that the improved ARMS specific primers could distinguish between mutant genotype and wild type.The G1 mutation was visually detected by integrating the improved ARMS and SYBR Green Ⅰ.It was found that the known mutant genotype sample showed bright green,while the known wild type sample showed orange yellow,and the color of the two changed significantly.Twenty five small tail Han sheep samples were detected by the established method for visually detecting the G1 mutation of the GDF9 gene in sheep,and the results revealed that the method could distinguish the wild type and mutant genotype of the G1 mutation of the GDF9 gene in sheep accurately.The detection results were consistent with the sequencing results,and the accuracy was as high as 100%.Therefore,the established visual detection method can be used to detect the G1 mutation of the GDF9 gene in sheep.
    Study on Growth Curve Fitting of Dezhou Donkey
    YANG Li, FENG Peixiang, LI Haijing, ZHANG Xinhao, JI Chuanliang, LÜ Xin
    2020, 49(8):  143-148.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.018
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    To study the growth development law of Dezhou donkey,200 donkeys(100 males and 100 females) were selected randomly. Their body weight,height at withers,body length,heart girth and cannon circumference were measured at the age of 0,3,6,12,24 months,respectively.Then their growth curves were fitted by Betalanffy,Gompertz and Logistic non-linear models,respectively.The results showed that all the three models could fit the growth curves of body weight and body sizes of Dezhou donkey effectively(R2<0.850).Among them,the Bertalanffy model had the best fitting effect on body weight,height at withers,body length,heart girth(R2>0.910),and the fitting results were nearest to the measured values.Through the Bertalanffy model,the predicted mature weights of male and female donkeys were 248.51 kg and 221.60 kg,respectively; the predicted inflexion weights were 73.63 kg and 65.66 kg,respectively;the predicted inflexion month ages were 2.43 and 1.95,respectively.
    Isolation,Identification and Prebiotic Characteristics of Three Strains of Lactobacillus from Pastoral Dogs
    TIAN Qizhen, TANG Chenchen, SHEN Danqing, HUANG Yinyun, CAI Bingyan
    2020, 49(8):  149-155.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.019
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    In this study,Lactobacillius was isolated from the feces of healthy adult Chinese pastoral dogs and their prebiotic characteristics were studied.Three strains of Lactobacillus were isolated from the faeces of pastoral dogs using MRS improved medium. The results of morphological observation,physiological and biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence homology analysis showed that they were identified as L.salivarius,L.johnsonii and L.helveticus, named TCSLl, TCSL2 and TCSL3 respectively.Then acid resistance test,bile salt resistance test,cell adhesion test,bacteriostatic test and oral growth promoting test were carried out in vitro.The results showed that the three strains were tolerant to 0.6% Bile salt,pH value 2.0.The adhesion rate of dog intestinal epithelial cells was more than 65%,and the supernatant had inhibitory effect on dog pathogenic E.coli.There was no diarrhea and death in mice fed for 28 days,TCSL1 and TCSL2 could significantly increase the body weight of mice (P<0.05).Three strains of Lactobacillus isolated from the feces of scattered pastoral dogs have probiotic characteristics,which can be used as candidate strains for developing probiotic preparations for dogs.
    Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing
    The Recognition of Early Tobacco Disease Based on FA-SVM Technology
    ZHANG Hongtao, ZHU Yang, TAN Lian, XU Shuaitao, LIU Jia’nan
    2020, 49(8):  156-161.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.020
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    For the accurate identification of tobacco disease and providing scientific basis for formulating control methods.A recognition method based on(FA-SVM)technology was proposed.The tobacco brown spot and frog eye disease were selected as the research object.The leaves of tobacco plants with two diseases were photographed by visible light.The segmentation and morphology methods were used to acquire disease spot images.Thirty-two features of spot were extracted to construct the original feature space,including color features,morphological features and texture features.The ant colony optimization(ACO) algorithm was used to extract the partial features build of the optimal feature space by the fitness function.The thirteen features were determined and the max fitness value was 95.68.The firefly algorithm(FA) was used to optimize the penalty factor(c)and the kernel function parameter(g)of support vector machine(SVM).The recognition accuracy of the classification model reached 96% when c=94.12,g=2.43.The results showed that the identification of tobacco disease is feasible based on FA-SVM technology.
    Recognition Method of Bee Collecting Pollen Behavior Based on Convolutional Neural Network
    XUE Yong, WANG Liyang, ZHANG Yu, SHEN Qun
    2020, 49(8):  162-172.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.021
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    Real-time monitoring of bee feeding behavior not only contributes to assess the pollination status of local crops,but also helps to take timely measures to improve the yield and quality of bee products.Computer vision technology was introduced into monitoring of the foraging behavior of bee(whether bee was carrying pollen or not).Five kinds of convolutional neural network(CNN)with differentdepths were designed and comparisons among them were made,and the deep network GoogLeNet V1 was compared with them,to find out the optimal model for monitoring the foraging behavior of bee.The results showed that,the GoogLeNet V1 had the highest recognition accuracy rate(0.953 6),whose training took up the longest time(7 326 s);The model with highest accuracy in shallow CNN was a network with 11 layers containing four convolutional layers,and its recognition accuracy was 0.903 6 with shorter training time (1 054 s).Finally, the results of comparison between CNN and traditional machine learning algorithms proved the distinct advantage of deep learning. In conclusion,the GoogLeNet V1 deep layer network is suitable for monitoring bee environments with high precision requirements and good equipment conditions.The 11-layer CNN designed is more in line with the actual needs of intelligent beekeeping.

    Relationship between Quality and Browning Physiological Changes of Fresh-cutting Apples during Cold Storage Period
    GUO Dan, HAN Yingqun, WEI Xin, HAO Yi
    2020, 49(8):  173-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.08.022
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    Seven mid-late ripening apple varieties(Yueyanghong,Yueshuai,Wangshanhong,Qiufuhong,Yuehua,Yueguan,Yueping) bred by Liaoning Institute of Pomology were used as the materials to find out the cultivars which had browning resistance and were suitable for fresh-cutting and processing.The quality,browning relevant indicators and related enzyme activities changes were studied.The result showed that the longest cold storage period for fresh-cut apples was 12 days.The weight loss rate of each variety during the cold storage period was between 3.80% and 5.24%. Except for Yueshuai,the content of total soluble solid( TSS) in other varieties increased by 13.3%—21.3% during cold storage.The titritable acidity(TA) content continued to decrease,the Yueguan TA content decreased by a minimum of 18.8%,and the Yueshuai fell by a maximum of 71.8%.At the end of storage,Yueping had the highest browning degree of 15.1% and Yueguan was the smallest of 8.87%.The total phenol content,falconoid content,POD and PAL activity of each variety were increasing.The PPO activity showed a single peak change.The browning degree had extremely significant positive correlation with falconoid content and weight loss rate,significant positive correlation with total phenol content and PPO activity,and extremely significant negative correlation with TA content.It suggested that PPO was the dominant enzyme that affected fresh-cutting apples browning. Yueshuai and Yueguan were anti-browning varieties,suitable for fresh-cutting and processing.Yuehua and Yueyanghong had heavy color during cold storage period in spite of their small increasing amplitude of browning degree.Qiufuhong,Wangshanhong and Yueping were easy to browning,so they were not suitable for fresh-cutting and processing.