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    2020, 49(7):  0. 
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    Reviews
    Progress and Perspect of Infection Behavior of Ustilaginoidea virens
    HU Xianfeng, WANG Jian, LI Ming, LI Rongyu
    2020, 49(7):  1-7.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.001
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    Rice false smut is an important disease seriously affecting the quality and yield of rice in China.The study on the infection behavior of Ustilaginoidea virens may provide theoretical references for breeding resistant varieties,selecting specific targets for new fungicides and designing control strategies.The topics were reviewed in this paper, which included the inoculation system, the primary infection source,the critical infection period,the infection site,the infection process and the infection mechanism of U.virens.Current studies have shown that the conidia of U.virens form after overwintering by sclerotia or chlamydospore as the primary source of infection.The mycelium spore suspension of U.virens is injected into the spikelets bud by artificial injection after the formation of young panicles of rice.The pathogen enters the rice glume from the gap between the palea and lemma,attacks the rice filaments first,and prevents the pollen from maturing.The ovary fertilization is broken and the rice nutrient bank is hijacked to form rice false smut balls.Molecular recognition mechanism between U.virens and rice filaments,and how U.virens can stimulate the expression of rice-related filling genes and obtain nutrients to form rice false smut balls may be the future research directions.
    Research Progress of Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms in Bad Environments
    WANG Xueli, ZHANG Ruirui, ZHOU Shaoqi, QIU Shuyi
    2020, 49(7):  8-17.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.002
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    Phosphate-solubilizing microorganism (PSM) is a kind of important plant growth promoting bacteria that could improve phosphorus supply of crops,which not only could increase the utilization rate of phosphorus in soil and improve the yield of crops,but also could effectively reduce the loss of phosphorus in soil.PSMs in bad environments particularly refered to the PSMs that have adaptability to bad environments.A comprehensive review of the current research situations of the most frequently studied PSMs in bad environments was given,including high-temperature-tolerant,cold-tolerant and salt-tolerant PSMs.The application of these PSMs in the fields among agricultural production,solid waste utilization and ecological governance was elaborated,the research highlights of PSMs in bad environments at the current stage were emphatically analyzed,and the deficiency of present research on PSMs was expounded. In particular,new research ideas for the breeding and action mechanism of PSMs with the current omics,genome-wide and metatranscriptomics technologies,and the prospects of PSMs in bad environments for development and utilization were put forward,to provide a theoretical basis for further research on microorganisms in bad environments was forecasted.
    Crop Cultivation & Genetic Breeding
    Cloning and Expression Analysis of ABA Receptor Gene TaPYL9 in Wheat
    XU Yuanyuan, ZHAO Peng, LIU Dongmei, ZHU Xiaoqin, JIA Fangfang, PEI Dongli
    2020, 49(7):  18-24.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.003
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    In order to understand the function of wheat ABA receptor gene TaPYL9(Pyrabactin resistance like 9)under abiotic stress,TaPYL9 was isolated by homologous cloning method,the complete sequence was analyzed by bioinformatics method,and the expression levels of TaPYL9 were detected by real-time PCR under ABA,NaCl and PEG conditions.The results showed that full-length of TaPYL9 was 1 173 bp,and contained a complete open reading frame of 618 bp,encoding an unstable hydrophilic protein which was consisted of 205 amino acid residues.TaPYL9 protein was predominated by α-helix,and contained a
    PYL helix structure which was composed of 2 α-helixes and 7 β-folds;TaPYL9 protein shared the highest protein sequence identity with AsPYL9-like protein in Aegilops tauschii,and it belonged to the same subfamily with AtPYL9 protein in Arabidopsis;TaPYL9 protein had the same motif with AsPYL9-like protein,and the motif similarity of TaPYL9 protein was the highest to AtPYL9 protein of all PYL proteins in Arabidopsis.Real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of TaPYL9 gene generally increased under the ABA,NaCl and PEG conditions. Overall,TaPYL9 protein is a wheat ABA receptor,which is sensitive to ABA, and maybe regulate salt and drought stress in wheat.
    Effects of Planting Density on Top Three Leaves and Panicle Traits of Summer Foxtail Millet
    LI Junxia, DAI Shutao, CHEN Yuxiang, ZHU Cancan, QIN Na, SONG Yinghui, WANG Chunyi, RUI Zhanxu, LIANG Qiufang
    2020, 49(7):  25-34.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.004
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    In order to determine the suitable planting density of summer foxtail millet in Henan Province,five main cultivars (Yugu 18,Jigu 20,Baogu 22,Yugu 23 and Yugu 28) were used to evaluate the effect of different planting densities (3.0×105 ,4.5×105,6.0×105 and 7.5×105plants/ha) on the characters of top three leaves and panicle.The results showed that the width and length of top three leaves,spike length,spike diameter,single spike weight and grain weight per spike decreased with the increase of planting density,plant height,1 000-grain weight and milled millet percentage did not change significantly with the increase of planting density,but there were slight differences among the cultivars.With the increase of planting density,on the whole,there were no significant differences in the traits of top three leaves and panicle under low planting densities (3.0×105—4.5×105plants/ha) or high planting densities(6.0×105—7.5×105 plants/ha);however,these traits changed significantly when the planting density increased from 4.5×105 to 6.0×105 plants/ha.Grain yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of planting density,Yugu 18,Jigu 20,Baogu 22 and Yugu 23 had the highest yield under the planting density of 6.0×105 plants/ha,and Yugu 28 had the highest yield under the planting density of 4.5×105 plants/ha.Correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between the traits of top three leaves(width and length of leaves)and spike traits(spike length,spike diameter,single spike weight and grain weight per spike).According to the comprehensive analysis,the recommended planting density of summer foxtail millet cultivar is 4.5×105— 6.0×105 plants/ha.

    Effects of Trace Elements on the Active Constituents of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.
    CHEN Yuanyuan, ZHANG Chao, LIAO Xuemei, SHA Xiufen, TAO Shan, YUAN Can, XU Zhengjun, PENG Fang
    2020, 49(7):  35-43.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.005
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    The “3414” experimental design was used to carry out a pot experiment,in order to study the effects of three trace elements of B(boron),Zn(zinc),and Fe(iron) foliar application on chlorogenic acid,ferulic acid,coniferyl ferulate,ligustilide and senkyunolide A accumulating of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.(Hereinafter referred to as Chuanxiong),which could lay a foundation for the formation of trace elements balanced fertilization techniques for chuanxiong.Results as follows:B was not conducive to the accumulation of coniferyl ferulate,ligustilide and senkyunolide A.Low concentration of B(1 g/L) could promote the accumulation of chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid,and the chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid content was 6.56% and 2.22% respectively higher than that without B.Excessive use of B had inhibitory effects.Zn was not conducive to the accumulation of chlorogenic acid,coniferyl ferulate,ligustilide and senkyunolide A.High concentration of Zn(4 g/L) could increase the ferulic acid content with 33.70% higher than that without Zn.The contents of coniferyl ferulate,ligustilide and senkyunolide A at low concentration of Fe(1 g/L) were respectively 5.34%,9.79% and 12.23% higher than those without Fe.The contents of chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid at high concentration of Fe(4 g/L) were respectively 8.46% and 6.98% higher than those without Fe.B and Zn had a negative interaction on the accumulation of 5 active ingredients of chuanxiong.B and Fe had a negative interaction on the accumulation of ferulic acid and a positive interaction on the other 4 active ingredients.Zn and Fe had a positive interaction on the accumulation of chlorogenic acid,ligustilide and senkyunolide A,and a negative interaction on the accumulation of ferulic acid and coniferyl ferulate.Therefore,foliar application of B,Zn and Fe fertilizers might not be effective in increasing the active ingredients content of chuanxiong.It was necessary to control the dosage so as not to have adverse effects.It should be not applied or as little as possible during cultivation.

    Effects of Main Phenotypic Characters on Quality and Yield of Isatis indigotica Fort.
    WANG Xi, HUANG Yong, LI Bin, LI Hemin, ZHOU Yan, GAO Zhiming, ZHANG Hongrui
    2020, 49(7):  44-52.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.006
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    To study the relationship between main phenotypic traits and yield and quality of Isatis indigotica gemplasm,with 31 different sources of I.indigotica germplasms as materials,cluster analysis of 16 phenotypic traits and correlation analysis of 10 main quantitative traits were conducted,and quality traits concentrations of uridine,guanosine,adenosine and (R,S)-gaoyichun in root were determined.It showed that the variance of the phenotypic traits in 31 I.indigotica germplasms was abundant and they could be divided into three categories at 10.0 of the European distance.The fresh root mass showed an outstanding positive linear correlation with fresh leaf mass and root diameter,the fresh leaf mass showed an outstanding positive linear correlation with leaf number per plant,leaf length and width(P<0.01),so root yield of I.indigotica could be improved by increasing the fresh leaf mass,leaf yield could be improved by increasing leaf length,leaf width and number of leaves per plant.It also showed that there was no direct relationship between phenotypic traits of I.indigotica and quality traits concentration of uridine,guanosine,adenosine and (R,S)-gaoyichun in root.In a word,the genetic relationship of I.indigotica germplasms can be known by cluster analysis of phenotypic traits in different I.indigotica germplasms.The yield of Folium isatidis or Radix isatidis can be increased by selective improvement of the leaf number per plant,leaf size,or root diameter.
    Anti-mutant Effect of Codonopsis pilosula on Vicia faba Root Tip Induced by Cyclophosphamide
    QIN Yongyan, ZHAO Qingsong, LIU Chen, LIU Jianjun, LIU Ruixiang
    2020, 49(7):  53-57.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.007
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    To explore the anti-mutant effect of Codonopsis pilosula,the root tip of Vicia faba induced by 30 mg/L cyclophosphamide was cultured with different concentrations(0.01,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20 g/mL) of water extract of Codonopsis pilosula,and the micronucleus was recorded,the content of reducing sugar,root activity,SOD activity,and MDA content were determined.The results showed that:Compared with the positive control(recovery culture by distilled water after 30 mg/L cyclophosphamide under treatment),different concentrations of Codonopsis pilosula decreased the micronucleus rate of Vicia faba root tip,increased the reducing sugar content of root tip,enhanced the root activity,increased the activity of SOD and decreased the MDA content under 30 mg/L cyclophosphamide treatment, when the concentration of Codonopsis pilosula was 0.05 g/mL,the inhibition rate of micronucleus in Vicia faba root tip was 35.41%,and the content of reducing sugar was the highest(2.81%),root activity was the highest[120.73 μg/(g·h)],SOD activity was the highest(88.44 U/g),and MDA content was the lowest(13.75 nmol/g).Therefore,Codonopsis pilosula had a certain anti-mutant effect on the damage of Vicia faba root tip cells induced by 30 mg/L cyclophosphamide, and the effect was the best when the concentration was 0.05 g/mL.
    Selection of Pelletization Formulas of Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid Seed
    YANG Mingxin, ZHANG Yi, HAN Lipu
    2020, 49(7):  58-67.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.008
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    In order to screen the optimum proportion of the pelletization formulas of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid seed,and promote seedling growth of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid,the mixture design was used to study the effects of different materials(super absorbent polymer,groundnut hull powder,attapulgite)ratios in pelletized preparation on the physical properties,germination characteristics and seedling growth of pelletized sorghum-sudangrass hybrid seed.The results showed that formula 4(super absorbent polymer∶groundnut hull powder∶attapulgite=12∶73∶15) had the best germination characteristics,the germination rate of formula 4 was 1.04 times of CK,the germination energy was 1.45 times of CK,and the germination index was 1.53 times of CK; the emergence rates of formula 2(super absorbent polymer ∶groundnut hull powder∶attapulgite=5∶80∶15), formula 10(super absorbent polymer∶groundnut hull powder ∶attapulgite= 19∶66∶15) and formula 21(super absorbent polymer ∶groundnut hull powder∶attapulgite=26∶52∶22) significantly increased by 23.8%,40.5% and 22.6% compared with CK;pelletization formulas had higher plant height, maximum leaf length and leaf area than CK;pelletization formulas had higher fresh and dry weight than CK except for formula 20(super absorbent polymer∶groundnut hull powder∶attapulgite=12∶66∶22) and formula 21.The ratio of super absorbent polymer had very significantly positive correlations with compressive strength, water absorption and germination characteristics;there were positive correlations between ratio of groundnut hull powder and seed germination characteristics and seedling growth;ratios of attapulgite and super absorbent polymer had negative correlation with seed germination characteristics and seedling growth. Overall,formula 4(super absorbent polymer∶groundnut hull powder∶attapulgite=12∶73∶15) was the best formula for the pelletization of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid seed.

    Agricultural Resources and Environment
    Heterologous Expression and Characterization of the β-glucosidase RpBgl7 from Reticulitermes perilucifugus
    MAO Guotao, LIU Qian, WANG Fangyuan, SU Lijuan, ZHANG Hongsen, SONG Andong
    2020, 49(7):  68-74.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.009
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    To characterize the β-glucosidase RpBgl7 from Reticulitermes perilucifugus,it was analyzed by bioinformatics methods to reveal its belonged family and structure.The recombinant vector pCold-TF-RpBgl7 was transferred into E.coli and overexpressed. RpBgl7 was purified to study its optimal conditions and kinetics.The results showed that,RpBgl7 belonged to glycoside hydrolase family 1,and contained 2 conserved catalytic residues Glu187 and Glu394.RpBgl7 overexpressed in BL21(DE3) was purified in one step using nickel chelating affinity chromatography with high purity.The optimal pH value of RpBgl7 was 6.0 and the optimum temperature was 70℃.The Km and kcat of RpBgl7 with p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside as substrate were 0.13 mmol/L and 3.15 s-1 ,respectively. RpBgl7 could be tolerant to Na+,K+,Mg2+,Cu2+and Ba2+,but it was strongly inhibited by Ca2+,Hg2+and Fe3+.
    Optimization of Wormcast Mixed Matrix and Its Effect on Cucumber Seedling
    CUI Baowei
    2020, 49(7):  75-81.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.010
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    The pig manure and mushroom residue were decomposed by earthworm,and mixed matrixes with different formulations(T1—T8,T1 for comparison)were designed with peat and vermiculite.By measuring chlorophyll content,root system activity,malondialdehyde(MDA)content,proline content,stem diameter,root-shoot ratio and seedling index of cucumber seedlings,effects of optimized wormcast on the growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings were studied,for the purpose of providing technical references for the development of new matrix for vegetable seedlings and recycling of waste resources.The results showed that,the physicochemical properties of wormcast mixed with substrate(T1—T8) all accorded with the requirement of vegetable seedling substrate,the bulk density was 0.21—0.32 g/cm3,the total porosity was between 61.04% and 75.35%,the pH value was between 5.81 and 7.42,and the conductivity was all lower than 2.5 mS/cm;organic matter content showed an upward trend with the increasement of wormcast proportion,and total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and total potassium contents showed a downward trend. According to the morphological and physiological indexes of seedlings,the treatment T5[ wormcast∶vermiculite∶peat( volume ratio)=1∶1∶1] was the best.Compared with the treatment T1[wormcast ∶vermiculite∶peat(volume ratio)=0∶1∶2],the plant height,stem diameter,root length,root-shoot ratio,and seedling index were significantly increased by 30.9%,8.1%,54.7%,26.7%,30.8%,and root system activity,chlorophyll content,MDA content and proline content were significantly increased by 40.1%,66.1%,68.4%,30.1%.
    Plant Protection
    Effects of Different Chemicals on Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead,the Natural Enemy of Wheat Aphid
    QIU Rui, GUO Meiyan, CHEN Yuguo, LI Chengjun, LI Xiaojie, BAI Jingke, LI Shujun
    2020, 49(7):  82-86.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.011
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    In order to determine the effects of common chemicals on Aphidius gifuensis,the natural enemy of wheat aphid and the appropriate release period of Aphidius gifuensis, the toxic effects of 45%Tebuconazole·prochloraz WP,30% Polyketone,430 g/ L Tebuconazole,25% Pymetrozine WP,7.5%Chlorofluoroimidacloprid and 20% Biphenyltriazophos on Aphidius gifuensis were tested.The results showed that the pesticides in the test all had effects on Aphidius gifuensis in the early stage of application,and the toxicity of insecticides to Aphidius gifuensis was stronger than that of fungicides.The contact toxicity effect of the 6 pesticides on adult parasitoids was stronger than the stomach toxicity.Among the three insecticides,7.5% Chlorofluoroimidacloprid was the most toxic,and 430 g/L Tebuconazole was the most toxic among the three fungicides. Field test results showed that 25% Pymetrozine WP of the insecticides tested had the greatest effect on Aphidius gifuensis,and 45% Tebuconazole Prochloraz WP of the fungicides tested had the greatest effect on Aphidius gifuensis.The biological control of wheat aphid with Aphidius gifuensis should be carried out at least 3 days after chemical spray.When chemical control was needed in field,Polyketone and Biphenyltriazophos which had little effect on Aphidius gifuensis should be given priority.
    Relationship between Effective Inoculation Quantity of Small Brown Planthopper and Occurrence of Rice Viral Diseases in Rice Growing Areas along the Yellow River
    FENG Chaohong, LIU Wenwen, YANG Linlin, WANG Guanghua, REN Yingdang
    2020, 49(7):  87-92.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.012
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    Rice black-streaked dwarf disease(RBSDD) and rice stripe disease(RSD) are two important viral diseases occurring in rice growing areas along the Yellow River,which are both transmitted by small brown planthopper(SBPH).In order to clarify the relationship between SBPH and the incidence of viral diseases on different rice cultivars,this study surveyed quantities and viruliferous rates of SBPH on peak days during 5 years from 2014 to 2018 in Duliang,Kaifeng.And occurrence of RBSDD and RSD in common rice cultivars was counted and analyzed. It was found that effective inoculation quantities of SBPH carrying RBSDV were highest in the years of 2014 and 2016 with 1.948 4 million and 1.711 1 million per hectare,followed by the years of 2017 and 2015,and the minimum effective inoculation quantity of SBPH was obtained in the year of 2018. During the five years,occurrence of RBSDD was common,and the years of 2014 and 2016 witnessed more serious RBSDD,with disease rates of Huaidao 5 at 50.6% and 70.8%,respectively,which showed high susceptibility,and disease rates of Zhendao 88 at 30.6% and 29.3%,showing susceptibility and moderate susceptibility,respectively.Disease rates of RBSDD were less in the years of 2015 and 2017,and that in the year of 2018 was the lowest. However,occurrence of RSD was sporadic all through the five years.Disease rates of RBSDD varied in different rice cultivars,and those in the same rice cultivar also varied during different years. Results show that effective inoculation quantities of SBPH,which are decided by quantity of SBPH and its viruliferous rates on peak days,have an important effect on the occurrence of rice viral diseases.

    Horticulture
    Effects of Vinasse Biogas Slurry Combined with Chemical Fertilizer on Yield,Quality and Nitrogen Utilization of Chinese Cabbage
    HE Fangwei, CUI Honghao, WANG Wenhua, ZHU Qing, CHEN Zhenggang, ZHANG Qin, ZHANG Aihua, YAO Danjun, KUANG Shengjian, YANG Liping, YANG Xiuhai
    2020, 49(7):  93-100.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.013
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    The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for feasibility of combined application of vinasse biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer with nitrogen reduction. Using field experiment,T1(CK,no nitrogen),T2(fertilizer),T3(biogas slurry+fertilizer),T4(biogas slurry+20% reduction of nitrogen),T5(biogas slurry +40% reduction of nitrogen),T6 ( biogas slurry + 60% reduction of nitrogen)6 treatments were set,fertilizer was N 225 kg/ha+P2O5 135 kg/ha+K2O 120 kg/ha,vinasse biogas slurry was 800 L/ha,to explore the effect of vinasse biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on yield,quality and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that compared with the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer(T1),the application of nitrogen fertilizer and biogas slurry(T2—T6)could promote the growth of cabbage,significantly increase the yield of cabbage by 58. 6%-177.1%,and improve cabbage quality including vitamin C,amino acid and nitrate content. Compared with the full amount of fertilizer treatment(T2),biogas slurry + full of amount fertilizer treatment (T3) significantly increased cabbage yield by 26.6%,vitamin C,nitrate contents were significantly increased by 17.57%,6.35%,reducing sugar,amino acid contents were significantly reduced by 36.45%,17.39%,Chinese cabbage nitrogen and potassium nutrient uptake per plant increased by 20.31% and 32.89%, respectively, to increase nitrogen use efficiency,indicating that vinasse biogas slurry had a great influence on cabbage yield,quality and nitrogen use efficiency. Compared with the total fertilizer treatment(T2),there was no significant differenc in the yield of treatments of biogas slurry with 20% and 40% nitrogen reduction (T4,T5),and the nitrogen utilization efficiency was better.T6 treatment significantly reduced production.Therefore,in order to prevent the increase of environmental pollution risk caused by excessive nitrogen application,supplementing vinasse biogas slurry can reduce nitrogen application by 20%-40% in cabbage production.

    Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Germplasm of Capsicum frutescens Based on SSR Markers
    ZHANG Man, REN Jiajia, WANG Qin, AN Chaolong, WU Peiyun, XIE Longan, LI Wei
    2020, 49(7):  101-109.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.014
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    This study investgated the genetic diversity of Capsicum frutescens germplasm of Guizhou region in the southwest of China,provide accurate reference for the conservation,utilization and molecular marker assisted selection of Capsicum frutescens germplasm.20 SSR molecular markers were used to analyze genetic diversity of 112 Capsicum frutescens germplasm resources in the southwest of China.The results showed that 20 pairs of SSR primers amplified 65 polymorphic bands,with 2—4 loci amplified by each pair of primers,the average of effective number of alleles was 1.829 4,the average of polymorphism information content(PIC)was 0.544 0,the average of Shannon’s information index(I) was 0.723 4,the mean values of observed heterozygosity(Ho),expected heterozygosity(He),Nei’s expected heterozygosity were 0.492 0,0.433 7 and 0.431 8 respectively.The 20 pairs of SSR primers were highly polymorphic and could reflect the genetic diversity information among different local varieties of Capsicum frutescens.The clustering results showed that the genetic similarity coefficient(GS)value of the material population ranged from 0.569 2 to 0.953 8,and the average of GS was 0.773 3,indicating that the genetic similarity between Capsicum frutescens local varieties was relatively high and the genetic relationship between the materials was relatively close.The materials clustered into 4 branches at GS value of 0.767 0.The clustering results showed that the overall distribution of 112 Capsicum frutescens materials was related to the geographical distribution,but there was also inter regional and inter provincial infiltration,and each category gathered materials from different geographical sources.

    Effects of Different Irrigation Amounts on Growth Characteristics,Water Consumption Laws and Yield of Walnut in Lüliang Mountain
    ZHAO Ruifen, CHENG Bin, ZHENG Pushan, HUA Xiaozan, WANG Sen, WANG Zhao
    2020, 49(7):  110-117.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.015
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    In order to research the law of water demand of walnut under micro-spray irrigation at semi-arid region of Shanxi,and plan rational irrigation schedule,taking ten-year-old Xiangling walnut as materials,the dynamic change of soil moisture in walnut root zone under different irrigation amountin the semi-arid area of Lüliang Mountain under the condition of micro-irrigation was explored and effects of different irrigation amount on growth,water consumption and yield during the whole growth period were studied.The results of field experiments showed that the new shoot length,leaf area,fruit longitudinal,transverse diameters and yield increased with the increase of irrigation quantity,but the rate of increase was reduced. When the irrigation water quantity was 120 m3/ha,the irrigation capacity could meet the water demand of walnut and get high yield and improve water efficiency.The total water consumption during the whole growth period increased with the increase of irrigation water.The water consumption intensity at the bud period was the largest,the fruit expansion period was the critical water demand period,and hard-core period was the maximum period of walnut water demand. Under the conditions,the micro-irrigation schedules for walnut were:irrigation quota of 120 m3/ha and irrigation frequency of 5 times,with one time at the flowering period,hard-core period,and oil conversion period respectively and two times at the fruit expansion period.
    RAPD and ISSR Molecular Identification of Auricularia cornea Ehrenb
    HUANG Yining
    2020, 49(7):  118-125.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.016
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    A total of 10 strains of Auricularia cornea Ehrenb were used as materials to identify and analyze genetic diversity by RAPD and ISSR.The results showed that the genetic diversity and diversity analysis of the tested strains showed that the genetic diversity was abundant.The RAPD molecular marker had a polymorphic band ratio of 100% and the ISSR molecular marker had a polymorphic band ratio of 93.75%.The combination of RAPD and ISSR was more accurate than one molecular marker alone to identify Auricularia cornea Ehrenb.It could be seen from the genetic clustering map that the difference coefficients between the tested strains ranged from 0.13 to 0.87,and the genetic diversity was abundant.When the difference coefficient D=0.60,all the tested strains were divided into 5 groups,including 2 composite groups and 3 single group. Strains 43 and 43-28 were one population, and the difference distance was 0.48,which indicated that the genetic distance between the two strains was close.The five strains Daguang,Baibeimaomuer,781,Huangbeimuer and Taier 134 were another large population with difference coefficient of 0. 40 and close genetic distance.Baibeimaomuer might be a strain with confused names.Chuanmao 10,99 Feng and 43-1 were three separate populations.The tested strains had abundant genetic diversity,and the genetic distance between three single populations and two complex populations was relatively long,so they could be used as alternative strains for breeding parents.
    Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
    Isolation,Identification and Pathogenicity and VP Gene Characterization of Goose Parvovirus from Chengde White Goose
    LIU Baoshan, LI Peiyao, XU Lili, GAO Jingping, ZHANG Ruihua, XU Tong
    2020, 49(7):  126-132.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.017
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    In order to understand the prevalence and molecular genetic characteristics of goose parvovirus(GPV) in Hebei Province,in this experiment,virus isolation,pathogenicity and VP gene characteristics were studied using clinically ill Chengde white goose. The results showed that a GPV strain was isolated from the disease material.Artificially infected 6-day-old goslings died at 96 h after infection,and clinical symptoms and necropsy changes were similar to those of the diseased goose.The sequence of the VP gene was spliced,and sequence with length of 2 475 bp was obtained,including VP1,VP2,VP3 three open reading frames.According to genetic evolution analysis and homology analysis, it was found that the isolated GPV HB strain belonged to the Ⅰb Asian group in the genetic evolution tree.The similarity of VP gene between HB strain and other GPV strains was 96.6%—99.7%,and the amino acid similarity with SHFX1201 and Y strains was the highest (99.7%).The above results indicate that, the difference between the HB strain and the domestically isolated GPV strains is small,and the viewpoint that the GPV has only one serotype is confirmed in molecular biology.
    Identification of Candidate Genes for Cattle Reproductive Traits Using Selective Sweep Method
    LÜ Shijie, CHEN Fuying, ZHANG Zijing, WANG Lihui, ZHANG Songshan, WANG Eryao, XU Zhaoxue, SHI Qiaoting
    2020, 49(7):  133-138.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.018
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    The aim of this study is to identify candidate genomic regions and genes associated with cattle reproductive traits. Blood samples were collected from 97 Jiaxian Red cows and 32 Chinese Holstein cows.Genomic DNA was isolated from each blood sample.SLAF-seq was used to obtain genome-wide SNP markers and genotypes of each SNP for every individual. Fst value and π ratio value were calculated for each SNP,and used to identify diverged genomic regions across two breeds using selective sweep method.Then the identified regions were compared with the cattle reproductive QTLs in the animal QTL database.Overlapping regions were considered as candidate regions for reproductive traits.Expression status of genes within candidate regions in tissues related to cattle reproduction was checked in the animal omics database.The highly expressed genes(FPKM>10) were prioritized as candidate genes. Based on the Fst and π ratio values which were greater than 99th percentile of genome-wide values,42 highly diverged regions were identified.Eleven regions were overlapped with QTLs for reproductive traits.In these 11 regions,9 genes were expressed in the ovary,ampula and corpus luteum(FPKM>1).CFDP1,CFDP2 and FAM204A genes were highly expressed in the three tissues(FPKM>10).Thus,CFDP1,CFDP2 and FAM204A genes are prioritized as potential candidate genes for cattle reproductive traits.

    Principal Component Analysis of Body Weight and Body Size Traits of Cherry Valley Duck at Different Ages
    WU Jinhua, LI Qingshan, TAN Shuwen, LI Hua, JING Donglin
    2020, 49(7):  139-145.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.019
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    In order to study the relationship between body weight and body size traits of Cherry valley ducks of different ages,principal component analysis was carried out on body weight and body size traits of 18- and 45-day-old Cherry valley ducks(60 each,half male and half female).The results showed that the largest variation coefficient was found in the body weight of 18- and 45-day-old Cherry valley ducks.There was a significant or a highly significant positive correlation between body weight and body oblique length,shank circumference,chest circumference,sternum length,chest width and back width(P<0.01 or0.05).The shank length of 18-day-old Cherry valley ducks was positively correlated with the semi-diving length(P<0.01) and negatively correlated with the chest circumference(P<0.05).There was a significant positive correlation between shank length and body oblique length of 45-day-old Cherry valley ducks(P<0.05).There were different degrees of association among other body size traits.The results of principal component analysis showed that the body weight and ten body size traits of 18- and 45-day-old Cherry valley ducks could be integrated into five principal component indexes,and the cumulative contribution rates were 85.147% and 87.277%,respectively. Among the five principal components of 18-day-old Cherry valley ducks,the back width,shank length,sternum length,neck length and shank circumference had the highest contribution to principal components. Moreover, the contribution of back width, body weight and body oblique length to principal component 1 was similar.Among the five principal components of 45-day-old Cherry valley ducks,the body weight,neck length,shank length,shank circumference and semi-diving length had the highest contribution to principal components,and the contribution of body weight,body oblique length and chest depth to principal component 1 was similar.In summary,the body weight,body oblique length,neck length,shank length and shank circumference can be the candidate traits for Cherry valley duck early selection and breeding.

    Analysis and Evaluation of Flesh Content and Muscle Nutritional Components of Monodactylus argenteus
    MA Lin, LIU Keming, HAO Shuang, SONG Limin, LI Mingze, LI Nan, LIU Xiaolian, YOU Hongzheng, JIANG Jufeng
    2020, 49(7):  146-154.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.020
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    In order to discuss the edible value of Monodactylus argenteus,the flesh content and routine nutritional components in muscle were tested and analyzed.The results showed that the flesh content in body of Monodactylus argenteus was 76.01%.The contents of protein,fat,ash and moisture in muscle were 18.51%,5.30%,1.28% and 74.63%,respectively.A total of 18 amino acids were identified in muscle,which represented 67.24% of total dry matter.The content of essential amino acid (EAA,8 species) was 27.54%,representing 40.96% of total amino acid(TAA) and 69.37% of non-essential amino acid(NEAA).The EAA composition met the FAO/WHO standard.The content of delicious amino acid(DAA) was 28.51%,representing 42.40% of TAA.The essential amino acid index(EAAI) was 111.64, which reflected that the composition of EAA was balanced and abundant.The muscle of Monodactylus argenteus was rich in fatty acid,including 30.90% polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) and 14.55% EPA+DHA.The composition of elements was reasonable.It was indicated that Monodactylus argenteus belonged to high-quality protein food with abundant amino acids and fatty acids,which had high edible value and development potential.
    Application of Agricultural Big Data in Pig Production in Henan Province
    FENG Lili, DUAN Junzhi, YANG Cuiping, LIU Yuxia, SUN Yan, ZHANG Huifang, YAN Zhaoling, CHEN Haiyan, QI Hongzhi, ZHUO Wenfei
    2020, 49(7):  155-160.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.021
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    The development of information technology promotes the transformation and upgrading of animal husbandry to science and technology-based and standardized industries.Pig industry is the dominant industry in animal husbandry production in Henan Province.The situation of informationization of pig industry was analyzed in Henan Province.The application of Internet of Things and big data technology in pig production was expounded.The application of agricultural big data in Internet+agricultural industry chain was researched.Some suggestions based on the key problems were put forward for the development of pig production industrialization in Henan Province.
    Agricultural Information and Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing
    Improvement Effect of Enzyme Preparations on Baking Quality of Zhengmai 158
    ZHANG Kun, QIN Maomao, LIU Yanxi, ZHOU Zhengfu, QIN Jingzi, WU Zhengqing, LEI Zhensheng
    2020, 49(7):  161-167.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.022
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    In order to improve the baking quality of domestic high-quality wheat and promote its application,Zhengmai 158,a new wheat variety,was used as the raw material to study the application effect of different amounts of α-amylase,glucose oxidase and lipase on the baking quality of bread,and the best ratio of enzyme preparations to improve the quality of bread was selected by orthogonal test.The results showed that the three enzyme preparations had significant effects on the sensory scores of bread,and the order was α-amylase>glucose oxidase>lipase.The best combination of enzyme preparations was 20 mg/kg α-amylase,15 mg/kg glucose oxidase and 10 mg/kg lipase.The sensory score of bread was 92 under the above condition.To sum up,adding a certain amount of α-amylase,glucose oxidase and lipase to Zhengmai 158 flour could make bread with better quality.
    Effect of Oxalic Acid on Fresh Cut Yam Storage and Preservation
    LI Peiyan, DANG Dongyang, YIN Fei
    2020, 49(7):  168-173.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.023
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    In order to investigate the effect of oxalic acid on the browning and preservation quality of fresh cut yam,with Chinese yam as test material,fresh cut yam pieces were treated by 0.1%,0.3%,0.5% oxalic acid solution respectively and dipped in water as control.The changes in weight loss rate,titratable acid content,ascorbic acid content,malonaldehyde(MDA) content,relative electrical conductivity,browning degree,lightness(L) value,polyphenol oxidase(PPO) activity and total phenol content were measured.The results showed that,oxalic acid treatment could maintain higher titratable acid and ascorbic acid content at the later stage of storage,sustain the lower weight loss rate and maintain the quality of fresh cut yam. In addition,0.3% oxalic acid treatment could significantly inhibit the increase of MDA content, relative conductivity,PPO activity and total phenol content,and maintain higher L value and lower browning degree.The results indicated that, 0.3% oxalic acid treatment could reduce membrane lipid peroxidation reaction of fresh cut yam,inhibit enzymatic browning,and had a better effect on fresh cut yam storage and preservation.
    Effect of Droplet Charge Characteristics on Surface Contact Angle of Rice Leaves
    Effect of Droplet Charge Characteristics on Surface Contact Angle of Rice Leaves
    2020, 49(7):  174-180.  DOI: 10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2020.07.024
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    In view of the poor wettability of rice leaf surface,easy falling of sprayed drug droplets from the leaf surface(secondary leaf) and low utilization rate of drug solution,the influence of droplet charging characteristics on the contact angle of rice leaf surface was studied.The effects of charged voltage,charge polarity,electrode ring material,inner diameter of electrode ring and NaCl content on the surface contact angle of rice leaves were studied by experiment. Results showed that,with the increase of the charged voltage,the contact angle of the droplets on the surface of rice leaves decreased first and then increased totally.The contact angle reached the minimum value when the charged voltage was±4 kV.The positive and negative charge electrode had a significant effect on the surface contact angle of rice leaves,in general,the contact angle of the droplet with the surface of the rice leaf was small when the droplet was negatively charged.Under the condition of the same material electrode ring,the contact angle of droplets on the surface of rice leaves gradually decreased with the increase of the inner diameter of electrode ring.With the increase of NaCl content,the contact angle of droplets on the surface of rice leaves decreased first and then increased,and different varieties of rice had the best NaCl content to minimize the contact angle.The results above show that,it is feasible to reduce the contact angle of droplets on the surface of rice leaves by adjusting the charge parameters of droplets,which is of great reference significance for the efficient use of pesticides.